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DNA

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What is the genetic code DNA is the genetic code

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What does the code code for? DNA codes for genes which contain the information on how to make proteins.

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What is the shape of DNA?

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What is the job of DNA To hold the genetic or heredity information for a living organism

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What is the monomer that makes up DNA? The mononmer of DNA is the Nucleotide

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What is the shape of DNA? Double Helix

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What are the parts of the nucleotide?

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Phosphate Sugar Base

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What is the DNAs job?

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Molecule that stores genetic information in all organisms

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What kind of bonds are there in DNA?

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Covalent-appear between the phosphate and the sugar (deoxyribose) Hydrogen- appear between the nitrogen bases

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What are the four bases of DNA?

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Thymine Adenine Cytosine Guanine

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What is the base pairing rules of DNA?

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A=T C=G

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What is the difference between a pyrimidine and a purine?

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Pyrimidine- Single ring Purine- Double ring

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When do cells replicate?

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During S Phase of the cell cycle

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What is made during replication?

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2 strands of DNA

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Why is replication needed?

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Replication assures that every cell has a complete set of identical genetic information

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What molecules are involved in replication?

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DNA molecules DNA polymerase

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Describe the steps in the process

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1. Enzymes begin to unzip the the double helix along the chromosome. 2. Floating nucleotides pair with the bases on the template strands. DNA polymerases bond the nucleotides together. 3. Two identical molecules of DNA result. Each molecule has one strand from the original molecule and one new strand.

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Why is replication semi conservative?

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One strand of the DNA came from the original molecule and another part is newly formed

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Where does transcription happen?

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Transcription happens in the nucleus as DNA converts into an intermediate molecule called RNA

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What is made?

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mRNA is made

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What molecules are involved?

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DNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) RNA polymerase

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Why is it needed?

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To create RNA which will make a protein.

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Describe the steps of the process

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1. A transcript ion complex of RNA polymerase recognizes a start of a gene and begins to unwind a segment of DNA 2. RNA polymerase use one strand of DNA as a template. G pairs with C and A pairs with U 3. RNA separates from the DNA template

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What is a codon?

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Three nucleotide sequence

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What do they code for?

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Amino acids

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What is translation? Where does it happen?

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A process that converts or translates mRNA message into a polypeptide It happens in the cytoplasm on a ribosome.

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How is the code read?

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In units of three nucleotides left to right.

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What are the steps for translation

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1. Exposed codon attracts a complementary tRNA molecule bearing an amino acid. The tRNA anticodon pairs with the mRNA codon 2.Ribosomes form a peptide bond with two amino acids and break the bond with the first tRNA and its amino acid 3. Ribosome pulls the mRNA strand the length of the codon. The first tRNA shifts into the exit site where it leaves the ribosome and returns to the cytoplasm to recharge. The first site is empty, exposing the next mRNA codon.

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What is produced at the end?

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Protein

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What things can the product of translation do?

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Makes proteins for the cells use Makes hormones Makes enzymes Helps express traits

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Summary of protein synthesis What or where it is Job/other features

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DNA What or where it is Job/other features

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DNA What or where it is In the nucleolus Job/other features Stores genetic information

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DNA Polymerase What or where it is Job/other features

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DNA Polymerase What or where it is Nucleus Job/other features Checks and fixes the nucleotide bonds that are incorrect, helps to bind nucleotides.

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Gene What or where it is Job/other features

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Gene What or where it is Region of DNA Job/other features Codes for a particular protein

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RNA Polymerase What or where it is Job/other features

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RNA Polymerase What or where it is Nucleus Job/other features Helps to bind the strand of RNA from a DNA template.

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mRNA What or where it is Job/other features

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mRNA What or where it is Nucleus and cytoplasm Job/other features Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the message that will be translated to form a protein.

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tRNA What or where it is Job/other features

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tRNA What or where it is Cytoplasm Job/other features Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome.

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Ribosome What or where it is Job/other features

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Ribosome What or where it is Cytoplasm Job/other features Organelle that links amino acids

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Amino Acid What or where it is Job/other features

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Amino Acid What or where it is Molecules that make up proteins Job/other features Connect by peptide bonds to form a protein.

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Proteins/Polypeptides What or where it is Job/other features

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Proteins/Polypeptides What or where it is Cytoplasm Job/other features To help cells perform their functions.

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You need to write this down!!!!! Chargaffs BASE-PAIRING RULES STATE THAT IN DNA: A pairs with T, C pairs with G iN RNA: A pairs with U, C pairs with G.