1

nh gi tnh hnh x l cht thi ti cc

trang tri ln trn a bn huyn Vn Giang,

tnh Hng Yn

Cao Trng Sn

Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin

Lun vn ThS chuyn ngnh: Khoa hc mi trng; M s: 60 85 02 Ngi hng dn: PGS.TS. H Th Lam Tr

Nm bo v: 2012

Abstract: Tng quan v tnh hnh pht trin chn nui; vn mi trng trong

chn nui; tnh hnh qun l v x l cht thi chn nui nc ta hin nay. Phn

tch tng hp cc iu kin T nhin Kinh t - X hi trn a bn huyn Vn

Giang, Hng Yn. Hin trng pht trin v c im ca cc trang tri chn nui

ln trn a bn huyn. Phn tch, nh gi hin trng x l cht thi ti cc trang

tri chn nui ln trn a bn huyn Vn Giang. xut cc gii php ci thin

mi trng ti cc trang tri chn nui ln trn a bn huyn Vn Giang trong thi

gian ti.

Keywords: X l cht thi; Chn nui; nhim mi trng; Khoa hc mi

trng; Hng Yn

Content

LI M U

Tnh cp thit ca ti:

Trong nhng nm gn y ngnh chn nui nc ta pht trin rt mnh, tc tng

trng bnh qun t 8,7%/nm(Cc Chn nui, 2006)[7]. c im ni bt nht trong thi gian

qua ca ngnh chn nui nc ta l chuyn t hnh thc chn nui nh l ti h gia nh sang

chn nui tp trung theo quy m trang tri. Hnh thc chn nui tp trung theo quy m trang tri

dn c hnh thnh v c xu hng pht trin mnh, nht l khi Chnh ph ban hnh Ngh

quyt 03/2000/NQ-CP ngy 02/02/2000 v Pht trin kinh t trang tri [7]. y l xu hng ph

bin trn th gii v l hng chuyn dch c cu kinh t quan trng trong sn xut nng nghip

http://www.lic.vnu.edu.vn:8000/cgi-bin/gw_49_5_4/chameleon?sessionid=2013052415314215480&skin=Citrus&lng=vn&inst=consortium&host=localhost%2b1111%2bDEFAULT&search=SCAN&function=INITREQ&sourcescreen=CARDSCR&elementcount=1&t1=X%e1%bb%ad%20l%c3%bd%20ch%e1%ba%a5t%20th%e1%ba%a3i&u1=21&pos=1&rootsearch=KEYWORD&beginsrch=1http://www.lic.vnu.edu.vn:8000/cgi-bin/gw_49_5_4/chameleon?sessionid=2013052415314215480&skin=Citrus&lng=vn&inst=consortium&host=localhost%2b1111%2bDEFAULT&search=SCAN&function=INITREQ&sourcescreen=CARDSCR&elementcount=1&t1=Ch%c4%83n%20nu%c3%b4i&u1=21&pos=1&rootsearch=KEYWORD&beginsrch=1http://www.lic.vnu.edu.vn:8000/cgi-bin/gw_49_5_4/chameleon?sessionid=2013052415314215480&skin=Citrus&lng=vn&inst=consortium&host=localhost%2b1111%2bDEFAULT&search=SCAN&function=INITREQ&sourcescreen=CARDSCR&elementcount=1&t1=%c3%94%20nhi%e1%bb%85m%20m%c3%b4i%20tr%c6%b0%e1%bb%9dng&u1=21&pos=1&rootsearch=KEYWORD&beginsrch=1http://www.lic.vnu.edu.vn:8000/cgi-bin/gw_49_5_4/chameleon?sessionid=2013052415314215480&skin=Citrus&lng=vn&inst=consortium&host=localhost%2b1111%2bDEFAULT&search=SCAN&function=INITREQ&sourcescreen=CARDSCR&elementcount=1&t1=Khoa%20h%e1%bb%8dc%20m%c3%b4i%20tr%c6%b0%e1%bb%9dng&u1=21&pos=1&rootsearch=KEYWORD&beginsrch=1http://www.lic.vnu.edu.vn:8000/cgi-bin/gw_49_5_4/chameleon?sessionid=2013052415314215480&skin=Citrus&lng=vn&inst=consortium&host=localhost%2b1111%2bDEFAULT&search=SCAN&function=INITREQ&sourcescreen=CARDSCR&elementcount=1&t1=Khoa%20h%e1%bb%8dc%20m%c3%b4i%20tr%c6%b0%e1%bb%9dng&u1=21&pos=1&rootsearch=KEYWORD&beginsrch=1http://www.lic.vnu.edu.vn:8000/cgi-bin/gw_49_5_4/chameleon?sessionid=2013052415314215480&skin=Citrus&lng=vn&inst=consortium&host=localhost%2b1111%2bDEFAULT&search=SCAN&function=INITREQ&sourcescreen=CARDSCR&elementcount=1&t1=H%c6%b0ng%20Y%c3%aan&u1=21&pos=1&rootsearch=KEYWORD&beginsrch=1

2

ca nc ta.

Trong cc loi vt nui, trang tri chn nui ln chim t l ln nht vi tng s

7.475 trang tri (chim 42,2%/tng s trang tri chn nui). Trong , min Bc c 3.069

trang tri, chim 41,1%, min Nam c 4.406 trang tri, chim 58,9%. Trong 3 nm gn

y, quy m chn nui ln trong cc trang tri c xu hng tng nhanh do c tng quan

gia t l li nhun v s lng u con chn nui. Quy m chn nui ln ni ph bin t

20-50 con/trang tri, chim 71,3% trang tri chn nui ln ni v quy m ln tht ph bin

t 100-200 con/trang tri chim 75,5% trang tri chn nui ln tht (Cc Chn nui,

2008)[8].

Vic hnh thnh v pht trin mnh cc trang tri chn nui ln nc ta em

li hiu qu kinh t cao, tng nng sut lao ng v thu nhp ca ngi nng dn. Tuy

nhin, cc trang tri chn nui ln cng nh hng xu n cht lng mi trng xung

quanh bi cc loi cht thi rn, lng v kh pht sinh ngy cng nhiu v khng c x

l trit . Do , vic nghin cu, nh gi tnh hnh x l cht thi ti cc trang tri chn

nui ln l nhim v cp bch bo m pht trin ngnh chn nui mt cch bn

vng.

T nhng l do trn chng ti la chn thc hin ti nh gi tnh hnh x

l cht thi ti cc trang tri chn nui ln trn a bn huyn Vn Giang, tnh Hng

Yn.

ngha thc tin v khoa hc ca ti:

Kt qu nghin cu ca ti s l c s dn liu tham kho v tnh hnh pht

trin, cc vn mi trng cng nh cc bin php x l cht thi trong chn

nui ni chung v chn nui ln theo quy m trang tri ni ring. ng thi l

c s dn liu nh gi v so snh vi nhng nghin cu khc trong tng

lai.

Kt qu nghin cu ca ti gip cc cn b mi trng, cn b nng nghip a

ra nhng cnh bo, khuyn co, nh hng cho vic pht trin sn xut cng nh

l qun l tt cc vn mi trng pht sinh nhm pht trin bn vng cc trang

tri chn nui ln.

Mc ch nghin cu:

Ch ra tnh hnh pht trin v c im ca cc trang tri chn nui ln trn a bn

huyn Vn Giang.

3

nh gi hin trng x l cht thi ca cc trang tri chn nui ln trn a bn

huyn Vn Giang.

xut cc gii php ci thin mi trng ti cc trang tri chn nui ln.

Ni dung nghin cu:

Phn tch tng hp cc iu kin T nhin Kinh t - X hi trn a bn huyn

Vn Giang, Hng Yn.

Hin trng pht trin v c im ca cc trang tri chn nui ln trn a bn

huyn Vn Giang, Hng Yn.

Phn tch, nh gi hin trng x l cht thi ti cc trang tri chn nui ln trn

a bn huyn Vn Giang, Hng Yn.

Chng 1.

TNG QUAN VN NGHIN CU

1.1 Tng quan v tnh hnh pht trin chn nui nc ta

Xu hng pht trin

Hnh thc chn nui

T l phn b

c im chung tri

1.2 Tng quan cc vn mi trng trong chn nui

Ngun thi t chn nui

Hin trng nhim mi trng chn nui nc ta

1.3 Tng quan tnh hnh qun l v x l cht thi chn nui nc ta

C s php l v qun l cht thi chn nui nc ta

T l thu gom, x l cht thi chn nui

Cc bin php qun l v x l cht thi chn nui

Chng 2

I TNG PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

2.1. i tng, phm vi nghin cu

4

2.1.1. i tng nghin cu

Nghin cu tp trung vo cc trang tri chn nui c s lng Ln nui xc nh

theo Thng t s 27/2011/BNNPTNT- Quy nh v Quy ch v th tc cp giy

chng nhn kinh t trang tri.

Cc bin php x l cht thi chn nui ca cc trang tri Ln

2.1.2. Phm vi nghin cu

Khu vc nghin cu: Nghin cu c tin hnh ti cc trang tri chn nui Ln

trn a bn huyn Vn Giang, tnh Hng Yn.

Thi gian nghin cu: t 02/2011 02/2012

2.2. Phng php nghin cu

2.2.1. Phng php thu thp s liu th cp

Thu thp s liu th cp t cc cng trnh nghin cu, cc bo co, bi bo khoa

hc v cc s liu thng k sn c lin quan ti ti nhm:

Vit tng quan vn nghin cu

Tm hiu cc iu kin t nhin, kinh t, x hi ca a im nghin cu

Nm r tnh hnh pht trin ca cc trang tri chn nui Ln trn a bn nghin

cu trong nhng nm qua.

2.2.2. Phng php thu thp s liu s cp

* Phng php iu tra bng hi:

Tin hnh lp v phng vn cc ch trang tri theo bng hi nhm thu thp cc

thng tin lin quan ti tnh hnh sn xut, c im v cc hnh thc qun l, x l cht

thi ca cc trang tri nui Ln. Qu trnh phng vn c tin hnh ti 42 trang tri Ln

trn tng s 60 trang tri Ln ca huyn Vn Giang. Mu phiu phng vn c trnh by

trong phn ph lc 1.

* Phng php iu tra kho st thc a:

Tin hnh iu tra kho st cc trang tri nui Ln trn a bn huyn Vn Giang

nhm quan st, chp nh v thu thp cc thng tin lin quan ti ti.

2.2.3. Phng php ly mu v phn tch

*Phng php ly mu:

Tin hnh ly mu nc mt ti cc ao nui c, knh mng xung quanh cc

trang tri (theo TCVN 5994-1995); mu nc thi u vo, u ra ca h thng Biogas

v mu nc ngm (theo TCVN 6000-1995) tin hnh phn tch trong phng th

5

nghim:

Mu nc mt trn cc ao nui c: chng ti la chn 3 trang tri ln ti mi h

thng VAC v AC tin hnh ly mu. Phng php ly mu tun theo TCVN

5994-1995.

Tng s mu: 6 mu/6 trang tri (3 VAC v 3 AC)

Thi gian v tn sut ly mu: qu trnh ly mu c tin hnh 3 ln vi

khong thi gian 1 thng/ln t thng 6/2012 n 8/2012.

Cc thng s phn tch: pH, DO, COD, BOD5, NH4+, NO3

- v PO4

3-

Ly mu nc mt trn cc knh, mng xung quanh cc trang tri Ln: nhm

nh gi nh hng ca vic thi b cht thi ra ngoi mi trng h thng trang

tri VC v C. Phng php ly mu tun theo TCVN 5994-1995.

Tng s mu: 6 mu/6 trang tri

Thi gian v tn sut ly mu: qu trnh ly mu c tin hnh 3 ln vi

khong thi gian 1 thng/ln t thng 6/2012 n 8/2012.

Cc thng s phn tch: pH, DO, Eh, COD, BOD5, NH4+, NO3

- v PO4

3-

Ly mu nc u vo v u ra ca b Biogas: nhm nh gi hiu qu x l ca

b biogas ti cc trang tri nui ln.

Tng s mu ly: 8 mu (4 u vo v 4 u ra) ti 4 b biogas (1 b ti h

thng trang tri VAC, 1 b ti h thng trang tri AC, 1 b ti h thng VC v 1

b ti h thng C).

Tn sut v thi gian ly mu: cc mu u vo v u ra ca b biogas c

tin hnh ly 1 ln vo thng 08 nm 2012.

Cc thng s phn tch: pH, COD, BOD5, T-N, T-P

Mu nc ngm: c ly ti cc ging khoan trong cc trang tri ti mi h thng.

Phng php ly mu tun theo TCVN 6000-1995.

Tng s mu ly: 12 mu (mi h thng 3 mu)

Tn sut ly mu: mu c ly 3 ln vi khong thi gian 1 thng/ln t thng

6/2012 8/2012.

Cc thng s phn tch: pH, NO3- v NH4

+

*Phng php phn tch

Cc thng s o nhanh nh: pH, DO c tin hnh o ngay ti hin trng bng

cc my o cm tay.

6

Cc thng s cn li c phn tch trong phng th nghim khoa Ti nguyn &

Mi trng Trng i hc Nng Nghip H Ni theo ng cc th tc quy nh

hin hnh c ch ra trong bng 2.1:

Bng 2.1: Cc phng php phn tch cht lng nc

STT Thng s Phng php phn tch

1 pH phng php o pH bng my o pH meter.

2 DO phng php o pH bng my o pH meter.

3 BOD5 TCVN 6001-1995

4 COD TCVN 6941-1999

5 NH4+ TCVN 6179-1996

6 NO3- TCVN 7323-2: 2004

7 PO43-

TCVN 6202-1999

8 T-N SMEWW 4500.Norg.A.B.C

9 T-P SMEWW 4500.P.B.E

7

2.2.4. Phng php so snh

Cc kt qu nghin cu ca ti s c so snh vi mt s Quy chun k

thut sau:

QCVN 08: 2008/BTNMT-Quy chun k thut Quc gia v cht lng nc mt.

QCVN 09: 2008/BTNMT-Quy chun k thut Quc gia v cht lng nc

ngm.

QCVN 01-14:2010/BTNMT-Quy chun k thut Quc gia iu kin tri chn nui

Ln an ton sinh hc.

QCVN 01:2009/BYT-Quy chun k thut quc gia v cht lng nc n ung

2.2.5. Phng php nh gi mi v ting n

Mi v ting n t cc trang tri Ln c xc nh bng cm quan ti cc khong

cch 50m, 100m v 150m trong qu trnh iu tra ti cc trang tri.

Mc mi v ting n c chng ti phn thnh 4 mc theo bng 2.2.

Bng 2.2: Phn hng mc mi v ting n

Mc n M t

Khng c Khng nghe thy ting n t cc chung nui Ln

Hi n C nghe thy ting n nhng mc va phi khng kh chu

n Ting n nghe r v gy cm gic kh chu

Rt n Ting n to, lin tc v gy au u

Mc mi M t

Khng c mi Hon ton khng gi thy mi hi

Mi nh C mi thoang thong nhng khng kh chu

Mi kh chu Gi r mi hi thi, c cm gic kh chu

Mi nng Mi nng nc, gy cm gic kh chu, nhc u

2.2.6. Phng php x l s liu

Cc s liu thu thp c ca ti c tng hp v x l thng k trn phn

mm Excel 2007.

Chng 3

KT QU NGHIN CU

3.1 Phn tch tng hp cc iu kin t nhin, kinh t, x hi huyn Vn Giang

8

3.1.1 Phn tch cc iu kin t nhin

3.1.1.1 V tr a l

Vn Giang nm pha Bc ca tnh Hng Yn, c to a l l t 20o5405

n 20o5815 v Bc v t 105

o5533 n 106

o0105 kinh ng. Huyn c tng

din tch t nhin l 71,79 km2, bao gm 10 x v 1 th trn trung tm.

Hnh 3.1: S hnh chnh huyn Vn Giang

3.1.1.2 Cc iu kin t nhin

*a hnh, a mo

Vn Giang nm trung tm ca ng bng chu th sng Hng nn a hnh tng

i bng phng. a hnh ca huyn nghing dn theo hng Ty Bc ng Nam.

*c im thy vn

Do c im a hnh nghing theo hng Ty Bc-ng Nam nn tt c cc

sng ca huyn cng chy theo hng ny.

*c im thi tit, kh hu

9

Do nm trong vng trung tm ng bng chu th sng Hng nn kh hu ca

huyn mang c im chung ca kh hu nhit i gi ma.

Nhit : nhit trung bnh hng nm ca Vn Giang l 23,2 oC vi tng lng

nhit trung bnh nm l 8.503oC/nm.

Ch Nng: Tng s gi nng trung bnh ca huyn l 1.750 gi/nm.

Lng ma: tng lng ma trung bnh ca huyn l t 1.500-1.600 mm/nm.

Gi: bao gm hai hng gi chnh l: gi ng Bc thi vo ma ng v gi

ng Nam thi vo ma h.

m khng kh: nhn chung m khng kh ca huyn l tng i cao dao

ng t 79% (thng 3) n 92% . m trung bnh nm l khong 85%.

Nhn chung, huyn Vn Giang c iu kin t nhin tng i thun li pht

trin cc ngnh kinh t, c bit l sn xut nng nghip.

3.1.1.3 Cc ti nguyn thin nhin

*Ti nguyn t

Theo s liu thng k nm 2009, tng din tch t t nhin ca huyn Vn Giang

l 7.180,88 ha. t ai ca huyn Vn Giang chia lm hai phn chnh: vng t trong v

vng t ngoi .

*Ti nguyn nc

Ti nguyn nc ca huyn bao gm ngun nc mt v ngun nc ngm vi tr

lng kh di do v phn b u trn a bn huyn:

Ngun nc mt: ngun nc mt ca Vn Giang ch yu c ly t h thng cc

sng ngi, ao h v lng ma hng nm.

Nc ngm: ngun nc ngm ca huyn tng i di do phn b c tng

nc nng v tng nc su. Cht lng nc ngm ca huyn kh tt bo m

cung cp ngun nc sinh hot cho ngi dn.

*Mt s ti nguyn khc

Bn cnh hai ti nguyn quan trng l t v nc th trn a bn huyn Vn

Giang cn c mt s ti nguyn khc c th k ti nh sau:

Ngun ct en: vi tr lng kh ln, phn b ti cc vng dc theo sng Hng.

Ngun ct ny c th khai thc phc v nhu cu xy dng cho ngi dn trong

huyn v cc vng ln cn.

Ngun than nu: Vn Giang c tr lng than nu tng i ln thuc m than nu vng

10

ng bng chu th sng Hng (tng tr lng ca m l 90 t tn). 3.1.2 iu kin Kinh

t - X hi

3.1.2.1 Tnh hnh pht trin v chuyn dch c cu kinh t

Bng 3.1. C cu kinh t huyn Vn Giang qua cc nm 2005 - 2011

Lnh vc Ch tiu Nm

2005

Nm

2008

Nm

2011

Tng/

gim

Bnh

qun/nm

Nng nghip

Thy sn

Gi tr

(t ng) - 503,69 992,42 488,73 122,18

T l (%) 42,66 27,46 26,00 -16,66 -2,38

Cng nghip

Xy dng

Gi tr

(t ng) - 767,52 1.206,17 438,65 109,66

T l (%) 24,45 41,85 31,60 7,15 1,02

Thng mi

Dch v

Gi tr

(t ng) - 562,76 1.618,41 1.055,65 263,91

T l (%) 32,89 30,69 42,40 9,51 1,36

Tng

Gi tr

(t ng) - 1.833,97 3.817,00 1.983,03 495,76

T l (%) 100 100 100

Ngun: y ban nhn dn huyn Vn Giang

3.1.2.2 Dn s v ngun lao ng

Bng 3.2: Dn s v Lao ng huyn Vn Giang giai on 2005 - 2011

Ch tiu VT

Nm 2005 Nm 2008 Nm 2011

Dn s T l

Dn s T l

Dn s T l

(%) (%) (%)

1. Dn s Ngi 96.945 100 102.437 100 110.198 100

th Ngi 9.053 9,34 9.503 9,28 10.277 9,33

Nng thn Ngi 87.892 90,66 92.934 90,72 99.921 90,67

2. Lao ng Lao ng 48.421 100 50.978 100 51.001 100

Lao ng NN Lao ng 36.287 74,94 43.309 72 37.760 74,04

Lao ng PNN Lao ng 12.134 25,06 14.135 28 13.241 25,96

Ngun: Thng k huyn Vn Giang

3.1.3 Thc trng pht trin cc ngnh kinh t

3.1.3.1 Pht trin nng nghip

Sn xut nng nghip nm 2011 trn a bn huyn c nhiu thun li hn so vi

nm trc, c ma ton din c v nng sut, cht lng, gi tr. Tng gi tr sn xut

nm 2011 t 1.074 t ng.

3.1.3.2 Pht trin cng nghip xy dng

11

Bng 3.3: Mt s ch tiu pht trin cng nghip ca huyn Vn Giang giai on 2004

2011

Ch tiu 2004 2006 2008 2011 Tng/

gim

Bnh

qun/nm

S doanh nghip

(doanh nghip) 1.073 1.994 2.158 2.210 1.137 284

Din tch t sn xut

phi nng nghip (ha) 52,05 53,78 72,37 201,09 149,04 21,29

Gi tr sn xut

cng nghip (triu ng) 71.876 211.281 196.056 246.300 174.424 24.917,71

S lao ng cng nghip

(ngi) 2.825 4.597 4.247 7.079 4.254 607,71

ng gp vo c cu

kinh t (%) 24,45 28,52 41,85 31,60 7,15 1,02

Ngun: S liu thng k huyn Vn Giang

3.1.3.3 Tnh hnh pht trin ngnh dch v

Nh c s ch o ng n v thng xuyn ca lnh o huyn m gi c cc

mt hng trn th trng kh n nh, khng xy ra tnh trng khan him, thiu ht hng

ha, gy st gi. Trong nm 2011, hot ng thng mi, dch v ca huyn tip tc pht

trin, sc mua trn th trng tng. Tng mc bn l hng ha v doanh thu dch v nm

2001 t 1.585 t ng, tng 27,9% so vi nm 2010.

3.1.4 nh gi chung v iu kin t nhin, kinh t, x hi

Qua qu trnh tm hiu cc iu kin t nhin, kinh t, x hi ca huyn Vn Giang

ta c th rt ra nhng nhn xt, nh gi chnh nh sau:

3.2. Tnh hnh pht trin trang tri chn nui ln trn a bn huyn Vn Giang

3.2.1. Tnh hnh chung

Theo bo co kinh t x hi nm 2011 ca huyn Vn Giang th hu ht cc loi vt

nui ca huyn u gim so vi nm 2010. Theo s liu thng k ca huyn Vn Giang,

tnh n cui nm 2011 ton huyn c 228 trang tri cc loi trong trang tri chn nui

c 64 trang tri chim t l kh cao 28% (hnh 3.2).

12

Ngun: Phng NN v PTNT, huyn Vn Giang 2012

Hnh 3.2: T l cc loi hnh trang tri trn a bn

huyn Vn Giang nm 2011

3.2.2. c im ca cc trang tri chn nui Ln trn a bn huyn Vn Giang

* Cc kiu h thng trang tri nui Ln

Hin ti cc trang tri chn nui ln trn a bn huyn Vn Giang pht trin theo 4

kiu h thng. Kiu h thng VAC vi cc b phn l Vn cy Ao C Chung nui

Ln; h thng AC vi cc b phn l Ao C Chung nui Ln; h thng VC vi b phn

Vn cy Chung nui Ln v h thng C ch bao gm chung nui Ln. T l cc h

thng ny c ch ra trong hnh 3.3:

Hnh 3.3: T l cc kiu h thng trang tri nui Ln trn a bn

huyn Vn Giang

* Lch s hnh thnh

28%

13%

12%

47%

Chn nui Trng trt Thy sn Tng hp

38%

19%

19%

24%

VAC AC VC C

13

i a s cc trang tri chn nui Ln ca huyn Vn Giang c thnh lp trong

khong thi gian t nm 2000-2010, ch c mt s t c thnh lp ti cc thi im trc

v sau giai on ny.

Bng 3.4: Thi gian thnh lp ca cc trang tri nui Ln trn a bn huyn Vn

Giang, Hng Yn

H thng Trc nm 2000 T 2000 2010 Sau nm 2010 Tng

S lng T l S lng T l S lng T l S lng T l

VAC 2 12,50 13 81,25 1 6,25 16 100

AC 2 25,00 5 62,50 1 12,50 8 100

VC 0 0 7 87,50 1 12,50 8 100

C 2 20,00 7 70,00 1 10,00 10 100

Tng 6 14,29 22 52,38 4 9,52 42 100

Ngun: Tng hp t s liu iu tra.

* Quy m nui

Hu ht cc trang tri Ln trn a bn huyn Vn Giang ch tin hnh nui Ln,

mt s trang tri c nui thm G nhng vi s lng rt t. S lng Ln nui trong cc

kiu h thng khc nhau c s bin ng ln.

Bng 3.5: Quy m nui trong cc kiu h thng trang tri Ln huyn Vn Giang

H thng Gi tr Ln tht (con) Ln ni (con) Tng (con)

VAC

(n = 16)

Nh nht 100 0 100

Ln nht 1.000 70 1.000

Trung bnh 365 10 375

Trung v 200 0 235

Sai s chun 69,44 5,42 69,98

lch chun 277,75 21,68 279,93

AC

(n = 8)

Nh nht 160 0 160

Ln nht 1.600 100 1.700

Trung bnh 603,75 26,5 630

Trung v 310 1 330

Sai s chun 187,29 13,94 193,37

lch chun 529,74 39,44 546,92

VC

(n = 8)

Nh nht 0 0 100

Ln nht 400 150 415

Trung bnh 186 21,88 208

Trung v 200 0 205

Sai s chun 42,8 18,41 35,96

14

lch chun 121,06 52,09 101,7

C

(n = 10)

Nh nht 100 0 103

Ln nht 420 73 420

Trung bnh 217 15,4 232

Trung v 200 3 230

Sai s chun 31,27 8,63 31,58

lch chun 98,89 27,29 99,87

Ngun: Tng hp t phiu iu tra

* V tr v c im chung tri

V tr v mt s c trng c bn ca cc trang tri chn nui ln trn a bn

huyn Vn Giang c trnh by trong bng 3.6 v 3.7. Din tch v tnh hnh s dng t

ca cc h thng trang tri c ch ra trong bng 3.8.

15

Bng 3.6: Mt s c trng ca cc trang tri chn nui Ln huyn Vn Giang, Hng Yn

H

thng Gi tr

V tr so vi

khu dn c Ngun nc Kiu chung Tn sut dn chung

Trong Ngoi Ging

khoan

Nc

my Ao h Kin c

Bn kin

c n s 1 - 2 ln

3 - 4

ln > 4 ln

VAC

(n=16)

S lng 3 13 16 0 0 15 1 0 10 6 0

T l (%) 18,75 81,25 100 0 0 93,75 6,25 0 62,50 37,50 0

AC

(n=8)

S lng 2 6 8 0 0 8 0 0 6 2 0

T l (%) 25,00 75,00 100 0 0 100 0 0 75,00 25,00 0

CV

(n=8)

S lng 2 6 8 0 0 7 1 0 3 5 0

T l (%) 25,00 75,00 100 0 0 87,5 12,5 0 37,50 62,50 0

C

(n=10)

S lng 7 3 10 0 0 10 0 0 7 3 0

T l (%) 70,00 30,00 100 0 0 100 0 0 70,00 30,00 0

Tng

S lng 14 28 42 0 0 40 2 0 26 16 0

T l (%) 33,33 66,67 100 0 0 95,24 4,76 0 61,90 38,10 0

Ngun: Tng hp t phiu iu tra

Ghi ch: n = s trang tri iu tra

16

Bng 3.7. Khong cch t chung nui trong cc h thng trang tri ln huyn Vn

Giang ti mt s v tr nhy cm

H thng Gi tr Khu dn c

(m)

Ngun nc

sinh hot (m)

Bp n

(m)

Nh

(m)

VAC

(n = 16)

Nh nht 0 1 2 3

Ln nht 3.000 40 50 35

Trung bnh 812,5 9,5 16,79 16,77

Trung v 500 5 15 15

Sai s chun 212,11 2,95 3,51 2,93

lch chun 848,43 11,79 13,15 10,55

AC (n = 8)

Nh nht 0 1 2 0

Ln nht 2.000 30 20 30

Trung bnh 687,5 7,38 11,14 9,29

Trung v 200 3 7 7

Sai s chun 308,47 3,5 2,76 3,86

lch chun 872,5 9,91 7,31 10,21

VC (n = 8)

Nh nht 0 1 1 2

Ln nht 3.000 15 10 78

Trung bnh 1.350 6,63 5,88 9,75

Trung v 1.250 6 5 10

Sai s chun 438,34 1,53 1,29 2,54

lch chun 1.239,82 4,34 3,64 7,19

C (n = 10)

Nh nht 0 1 1 2

Ln nht 2.000 30 12 13

Trung bnh 440 7,4 6,25 7,57

Trung v 0 5 5,5 5

Sai s chun 216,64 2,74 1,19 1,99

lch chun 685,08 8,67 3,37 5,26

17

Bng 3.8: S dng t trong cc h thng trang tri ln ti Vn Giang, Hng Yn

H thng Gi tr Tng din tch

m2

Nh

m2

Chung ln

m2

Vn cy

m2

Ao c

m2

X l cht thi

m2

Khc

m2

VAC

(n=16)

Nh nht 1.430,00 - 120,00 360,00 500,00 - -

Ln nht 38.800,00 180,00 2.000,00 33.010,00 22.430,00 10,00 50,00

Trung bnh 11.648,63 43,00 607,50 5.427,50 5.565,00 2,50 3,13

Trung v 5.412,50 34,00 400,00 1.890,00 3.420,00 - -

Sai s chun 3.045,84 11,28 127,78 2.182,37 1.602,11 1,02 3,13

lch chun 12.183,38 45,14 511,12 8.729,47 6.408,44 4,08 12,50

AC

(n = 8)

Nh nht 1.710,00 - 300,00 - 1.000,00 - -

Ln nht 29.340,00 360,00 7.200,00 - 28.800,00 10,00 -

Trung bnh 12.657,50 111,25 1.340,00 - 11.205,00 1,25 -

Trung v 10.535.00 75,00 530,00 - 9.835,00 - -

Sai s chun 3.566,87 39,93 840,22 - 3.241,12 1,25 -

lch chun 10.088,64 112,94 2.376,50 - 9.167,28 3,54 -

VC

(n = 8)

Nh nht 400,00 20,00 70,00 90,00 - - -

Ln nht 5.400,00 200,00 2.000,00 5.070,00 - 10,00 -

Trung bnh 1.673,75 86,50 462,50 1.121,63 - 3,13 -

Trung v 1.095,00 41,00 290,00 415,00 - 2,50 -

Sai s chun 593,39 26,93 225,36 586,84 - 1,32 -

lch chun 1.678,35 76,16 637,42 1.659,82 - 3,72 -

C

(n = 10)

Nh nht 155,00 - 100,00 - - - -

Ln nht 820,00 170,00 700,00 - - 20,00 360,00

Trung bnh 461,90 63,20 342,00 - - 7,00 49,70

Trung v 437,00 60,00 265,00 - - 5,00 437,00

Sai s chun 76,67 17,40 72,99 - - 2,49 35,44

lch chun 242,44 55,02 230,83 - - 7,89 112,09

Ngun: Tng hp t phiu iu tra

18

3.3. nh gi tnh hnh x l cht thi ti cc trang tri chn nui Ln trn a bn

huyn Vn Giang.

3.3.1. Ngun thi pht sinh t cc trang tri chn nui Ln

Cht thi rn v cht thi lng pht sinh t cc trang tri chn nui ln trn a bn

huyn Vn Giang c c tnh nh trong bng 3.9 v 3.10.

Bng 3.9: Khi lng phn thi pht sinh ti cc h thng trang tri Ln

trn a bn huyn Vn Giang.

n v: kg/ngy

Gi tr VAC AC VC C

Nh nht 200,00 320,00 200,00 206,00

Ln nht 2.000,00 3.400,00 830,00 840,00

Trung bnh 750,00 1.260,50 416,25 464,80

Tng 12.000,00 10.084,00 3.330,00 4.648,00

Trung v 470 660 410 460

lch chun 559,87 1.093,85 203,4 199,75

Bng 3.10: Lng nc thi pht sinh t cc h thng trang tri Ln

huyn Vn Giang (m3/ngy)

Gi tr VAC AC VC C Tng

Nh nht 4,0 6,4 4,0 4,12 18,52

Ln nht 40,0 68,0 16,6 16,8 141,40

Trung bnh 15,0 25,21 8,33 9,3 57,84

Tng 240,0 201,68 66,6 92,96 601,24

Trung v 9,4 13,2 8,2 9,2 -

lch chun 11,2 21,88 4,07 3,99 -

3.3.2. Hin trng x l cht thi ti cc h thng trang tri chn nui Ln

Theo kt qu kho st v iu tra ti 42 trang tri chn nui Ln trn a bn huyn

Vn Giang th t l phn tch cht thi rn v cht thi lng ti cc trang tri l tng i

thp ch t 30,95%; cn li hu ht cc trang tri u khng tin hnh phn tch cht thi

(69,05%).

19

Hnh 3.4: T l phn tch v khng phn tch cht thi

trong cc h thng trang tri Ln trn a bn huyn Vn Giang, Hng Yn

Tnh hnh x l cht thi ca cc h thng ny c m t qua hnh 3.5.

Hnh 3.5. S t l p dng cc hnh thc x l cht thi ca cc trang tri Ln trn

a bn tnh Hng Yn

*Biogas

37.5

12.5

50

2030.95

62.5

87.5

50

8069.05

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

VAC AC VC C Tng

C phn tch Khng phn tch

20

Xy dng cc hm biogas x l cht thi c p dng nhiu cc trang tri

chn nui trn a bn c nc. Theo kt qu iu tra, t l s dng hm biogas ti cc

trang tri Ln ca huyn Vn Giang l 47,62% (20/42 trang tri). Trong , cc h thng

VC v C l nhng h thng c t l s dng Biogas cao hn vi ln lt l 75% v 60%.

T l s dng biogas ti cc h thng VAC v AC thp hn vi 37,5% v 25% (Bng

3.11).

Bng 3.11: Cc bin php x l cht thi ti cc h thng trang tri Ln

trn a bn huyn Vn Giang

Hnh thc

x l cht thi

VAC AC VC C Tng

H % H % H % H % H %

Biogas 6 37,50 2 25,00 6 75,00 6 60,00 20 47,62

Compose 2 12,50 0 0,00 2 25,00 0 0,00 4 9,52

Thu gom bn 5 31,25 1 12,50 4 50,00 2 20,00 12 28,57

Bn cho cy trng 9 56,25 1 12,50 5 62,50 1 10,00 16 38,10

Cho c n 14 87,50 8 100,00 0 0,00 0 0,00 22 52,38

Thi b ra ngoi

mi trng 2 12,5 0 0 4 50,00 6 60,00 12 28,57

T l x l cht thi ca cc b Biogas t bnh qun 51,75% (Bng 3.12).

Bng 3.12: Th tch v t l x l cht thi ca cc b biogas

trong cc trang tri Ln trn a bn huyn Vn Giang

Gi tr Th tch hiu dng

(m3)

T l x l

cht thi (%)

Nh nht 10 10

Ln nht 50 100

Trung bnh 18,05 51,75

Trung v 15 55

Sai s chun 1,95 7,4

lch chun 8,74 33,1

Hiu qu x l ca b biogas c th hin trong bng 3.13

Bng 3.13: c trng nc thi chn nui Ln trc v sau x l Biogas

Gi tr Trc Biogas (mg/L) Sau Biogas (mg/L)

21

COD BOD T-N T-P COD BOD T-N T-P

Nh nht 1.220 530 86 68 386 98 41 42

Ln nht 1.472 724 151 82 525 212 82 54

Trung Bnh 1.352 650 117 75 475 145 63 47

lch chun 128,28 83,90 33,90 5,97 62,71 54,09 19,45 5,26

nh gi v tnh hnh hot ng cng nh cc vn gp phi khi s dng hm

biogas ca cc trang tri c trnh by trong bng 3.14.

Bng 3.14: Tnh hnh hot ng v cc vn ny sinh ca b biogas

trong cc trang tri Ln huyn Vn Giang

Hng mc Tnh trng S trang tri T l (%)

Hot ng

Tt 13 65,00

Bnh thng 5 25,00

Khng tt 2 10,00

Lng kh

sinh ra

Tha 14 70,00

4 20,00

Thiu 2 10,00

Cc vn

gp phi

Khng sinh kh 2 10,00

Trn b 3 15,00

Rn nt 1 5,00

Khng vn g 14 70,00

* phn compose

Theo kt qu iu tra t l phn compose x l cht thi l kh thp vi 9,52%

(4/42 trang tri).

Bng 3.15: T l v thi gian x l phn thi ca bin php compose

Gi tr T l x l (%) Thi gian (ngy)

Nh nht 3 8

Ln nht 17 28

Trung bnh 12,5 14,5

Trung v 15 12,5

Sai s chun 3,2 3,8

lch chun 6,4 7,59

* Thu gom phn bn

Bin php ny cng c p dng kh ph bin cc trang tri Ln ca huyn Vn

Giang vi t l l 28,57% (12/42 trang tri) (hnh 3.5). Trong , t l cao nht l h

thng VC vi 50%; tip l h thng VAC 31,25% v h thng C vi 20%; t l thp

22

nht l h thng AC vi ch 12,5% (Bng 3.16).

Bng 3.16: Thng tin chung v bin php thu gom phn thi bn

cc trang tri Ln trn a bn huyn Vn Giang.

Gi tr Nh

nht

Ln

nht

Trung

bnh

Trung

v

Sai s

chun

lch

chun

T l x l (%) 3 80 40,25 45 8,08 27,99

Tn sut thu gom (ln/ngy) 0,1 3 1,6 2 0,28 0,95

Thi gian thu gom (pht/ln) 20 180 84,17 75 11,96 41,44

S bao thu gom c (bao/ngy) 0,2 30 6,06 4,5 2,28 7,91

Gi bn (1.000VN/bao) 10 16 13,17 13,5 0,63 2,21

Ngun: Tng hp s liu iu tra

* Bn cho cy

y cng l mt trong nhng bin php c p dng kh ph bin vi t l cc

trang tri s dng l 38,10%. Trong , bin php ny c s dng ch yu hai kiu h

thng VC (62,50%) v VAC (56,25%); kh thp hai h thng AC (12,5%) v C (10%).

* S dng lm thc n cho c

y l hnh thc x l cht thi bng cch a cht thi t cc chung Ln xung

ao nui C nhm cung cp thc n cho C. T l cc trang tri p dng bin php ny l

52,38% cao nht trong cc bin php x l cht thi. Tuy nhin, bin php ny ch p

dng hai h thng VAC v AC vi cc t l rt cao ln lt l 87,5% v 100% (Bng

3.11).

Theo kt qu iu tra th bin php ny gp phn gii quyt c khong 76,73 %

lng phn thi v nc thi pht sinh trong cc trang tri Ln thuc h thng VAC v AC

(Bng 3.17).

23

Bng 3.17: T l x l cht thi bng bin php cho c n

Gi tr T l x l (%)

Nh nht 10

Ln nht 100

Trung bnh 76,73

Trung v 80

Sai s chun 5,81

lch chun 29,63

* Thi b ra ngoi mi trng

Theo kt qu bng 3.11 th t l cc trang tri x thi trc tip cht thi ra ngoi

mi trng vn mc kh cao 28,57%. T l ny, thng tp trung cao cc trang tri

thuc h thng VC v C ln lt l 50% v 60%.

3.3.3. Hin trng mi trng ca cc trang tri ln trn a bn huyn Vn Giang

* Mi v ting n

Mc nh hng ca mi v ting n ti cc trang tri Ln trn a bn huyn

Vn Giang c trnh by trong bng s 3.18 v 3.19.

Bng 3.18: nh hng ca mi t cc trang tri Ln

trn a bn huyn Vn Giang

Mc mi

Khong cch

50 m 100 m 150 m

s h % S h % S h %

Khng c mi 9 21,43 31 73,81 42 100

Mi nh 20 47,62 10 23,81 0 0

Mi kh chu 7 16,67 1 2,38 0 0

Mi nng 6 14,29 0 0,00 0 0

Tng 42 100,00 42 100,00 100 100

Bng 3.19: nh hng ca ting n t cc trang tri Ln huyn Vn Giang.

Mc n

Khong cch

50 m 100 m 150 m

s h % S h % S h %

Khng c 26 61,90 41 97,62 42 100

Hi n 16 38,10 1 2,38 0 0

n 0 0,00 0 0,00 0 0

Rt n 0 0,00 0 0,00 0 0

Tng 42 100,00 42 100,00 42 100

* Hin trng mi trng nc mt

24

Kt qu quan trc nc mt trn cc ao nui c trong cc trang tri thuc h thng

VAC v AC c ch ra trong bng 3.20.

Bng 3.20: Mt s gi tr thng k kt qu quan trc cht lng nc mt

trn cc ao nui C thuc 2 h thng VAC v AC

Thi gian Gi tr COD

mg/L

BOD

mg/L

pH

DO

mg/L

NH4

mg/L

NO3

mg/L

PO4

mg/L

t 1

(n = 6)

06/2012

Nh nht 20 8 7,03 2,46 0,5 0,46 0,02

Ln nht 64 24 7,81 5,26 9,43 1,63 1,89

Trung bnh 38,67 13,83 7,42 3,37 3,10 0,79 0,98

Trung v 34,00 12,50 7,43 2,83 2,20 0,68 1,05

lch chun 20,19 6,40 0,26 1,16 3,22 0,44 0,92

t 2

(n = 6)

07/2012

Nh nht 120 40 7,19 1,56 2,20 0,08 0,20

Ln nht 200 72 8,05 5,53 11,71 0,31 0,33

Trung bnh 153,33 59,00 7,47 4,34 6,21 0,11 0,31

Trung v 160,00 59,00 7,47 4,34 6,21 0,11 0,31

lch chun 30,11 10,85 0,30 1,68 4,33 0,09 0,06

t 3

(n = 6)

08/2012

Nh nht 40,00 10,00 7,21 1,12 2,13 0,08 0,26

Ln nht 120,00 64,00 8,02 4,44 15,00 0,36 3,05

Trung bnh 73,33 28,50 7,59 3,09 6,82 0,16 2,01

Trung v 80,00 25,00 7,54 3,83 5,53 0,15 2,64

lch chun 30,11 19,18 0,30 1,55 5,20 0,10 1,31

Ton t

(n = 18)

Nh nht 20 8 7,03 1,12 0,50 0,08 0,02

Ln nht 200 72 8,05 5,53 15,00 1,63 3,05

Trung bnh 88,44 33,50 7,51 3,45 5,48 0,37 1,09

Trung v 80 26 7,44 3,65 2,98 0,18 0,37

lch chun 55,63 22,69 0,28 1,43 4,42 0,40 1,14

QCVN08/A2 15 6 6-8,5 >= 5 0,2 5 0,2

Tn sut khng t chun (%) 100 100 0 66,67 100 0 83,33

Ghi ch: n s trang tri ly mu

25

Hnh 3.6: So snh gi tr trung bnh ca mt s thng s quan trc cht lng nc

ao nui C vi QCVN 08/A2

T nhng nhn xt trn c th thy nc ao nui C trong m hnh VAC v AC

ang kh xu v khng bo m tt cho s sinh trng, pht trin ca cc loi sinh vt

thy sinh khi c ti 5/7 thng s quan trc cht lng nc thng xuyn khng t chun

(Hnh 3.6).

38.67

153.33

73.3382.57

0

50

100

150

200

t 1 t 2 t 3 C 3 t

mg/L

COD QCVN08/A2

13.83

59

28.5 31.31

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

t 1 t 2 t 3 C 3 t

mg/L

BOD5 QCVN08/A2

3.37

4.34

3.093.45

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

t 1 t 2 t 3 C 3 t

mg/L

DO QCVN08/A2

0.980.31

2.01

5.48

3.11

6.216.82

1.09

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

t 1 t 2 t 3 C 3 t

mg/L

PO4 NH4 QCVN08/A2

26

Bng 3.21: Kt qu quan trc cht lng nc mt trn cc knh, mng, ao, h xung quanh hai h thng trang tri ln VC v C huyn

Vn Giang.

Thi gian Mu/Gi tr COD

(mg/L)

BOD

(mg/L) pH

DO

(mg/L)

NH4+

(mg/L)

NO3-

(mg/L)

PO43-

(mg/L)

t 1

(n=16)

(06/2012)

Nh nht 520 210 7,20 0,60 5,04 0,77 0,81

Ln nht 1.240 540 8,35 2,86 52,00 4,37 10,00

Trung bnh 835 352 7,73 1,41 22,47 1,92 3,62

Trung v 805 335 7,73 0,99 18,40 1,46 2,36

lch chun 299,85 132,58 0,44 0,92 18,94 1,41 3,42

t 2

(n=8)

(07/2012)

Nh nht 400 180 7,06 0,54 2,79 0,06 0,19

Ln nht 1.200 540 7,92 2,49 20,10 0,42 1,23

Trung bnh 807 375 7,34 1,49 9,36 0,14 0,45

Trung v 810 400 7,25 1,51 7,77 0,09 0,32

lch chun 334,82 159,72 0,31 0,82 6,27 0,14 0,40

t 3

(n=8)

(08/2012)

Nh nht 124 64 6,78 0,36 6,13 0,12 1,92

Ln nht 1.440 560 7,85 3,04 55,88 0,38 6,86

Trung bnh 801 309 7,22 1,55 17,71 0,23 3,65

Trung v 780 300 7,12 1,22 8,98 0,23 3,13

lch chun 495,29 213,59 0,38 1,04 19,35 0,10 1,84

C 3 t

(n=10)

(6 8/2012)

Nh nht 124,00 64,00 6,78 0,36 2,79 0,06 0,19

Ln nht 1.440,00 560,00 8,35 3,04 55,88 4,37 10,00

Trung bnh 814,11 345,22 7,43 1,49 16,51 0,76 2,57

Trung v 805,00 335,00 7,31 1,17 8,68 0,25 2,02

lch chun 363,05 163,96 0,42 0,88 16,07 1,14 2,62

QCVN08/A2 15 6 6-8,5 >= 5 0,2 5 0,2

Tn sut khng t chun (%) 100 100 0 100 100 0 91,67

27

Theo kt qu bng 3.21 ta c th thy cht lng nc ti cc knh, mng, ao, h xung

quanh hai h thng VC v C b nhim nghim trng khi cc gi tr ca COD, BOD5, NH4+

v PO43-

u mc rt cao, vt qu ngng A2, trong QCVN 08. Nh vy, mc d cng b

nhim bi cc hp cht hu c v cc cht dinh dng nh i vi nc mt ca cc ao nui C

nhng mc nhim ti cc knh, mng, ao h ny l cao hn rt nhiu. Kt qu so snh gi tr

trung bnh ca cc thng s quan trc cht lng nc ca hai khu vc ny c th hin qua hnh

3.7.

Hnh 3.7: So snh gi tr trung bnh ca cc thng s cht lng nc ti cc ao nui C

(VAC v AC) vi nc ti cc knh, mng, ao h t nhin (VC v C) ti/quanh cc h

thng trang tri Ln huyn Vn Giang

*Hin trng mi trng nc ngm

Kt qu quan trc nit v c trong nc ngm ti cc h thng trang tri Ln ca Vn

Giang c chng ti trnh by trong bng 3.22.

Bng 3.22: Kt qu quan trc cht lng nc ngm ti cc trang tri Ln

huyn Vn Giang

Gi tr NH4

+ (mg/L) NO3

+ (mg/L)

6/2012 7/2012 8/2012 6/2012 7/2012 8/2012

Nh nht 0,26 2,58 1,76 0,22 0,09 0,04

Ln nht 6,60 8,39 7,26 0,53 0,42 0,32

Trung bnh 2,94 4,70 3,06 0,40 0,27 0,11

Trung v 2,26 4,08 2,41 0,40 0,26 0,09

lch chun 2,13 2,13 1,65 0,10 0,08 0,08

QCVN09/BTNMT 0,1 15

Tn xut vt chun 100% 0%

QCVN01/BYT 3 50

Tn xut vt chun 47,22% 0%

3.3.4. nh gi chung

82.5731.31

801

309

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

COD BOD5

VAC - AC

VC - C

28

Qua vic nghin cu v nh gi cc vn mi trng ti cc trang tri chn nui Ln

trn a bn huyn Vn Giang ta c th rt ra nhng nhn xt chung v tnh hnh x l cht thi

ca cc trang tri nh sau:

Ngun thi pht sinh t cc h thng trang tri ln ch yu l phn thi v nc thi

chung tri vi khi lng vo khong hn 30 tn phn thi/ngy v 600 m3 nc thi/ngy.

Trong , hai h thng VAC v AC c khi lng pht thi nhiu nht. y l ngun thi c kh

nng gy nhim mi trng cao, c bit l mi trng nc khi chng c cha nng cao

ca cc hp cht hu c v cc cht dnh dng.

Hin nay, cht thi ca trang tri c x l bng nhiu bin php khc nhau, trong

cc bin php ph bin nht l: biogas, bn cho cy trng, cho c n. Cc bin php ny c

s dng vi t l khc nhau ty thuc vo c im ca tng h thng trang tri.

Mc d p dng nhiu bin php x l nhng cht thi ca cc trang tri cha c

x l trit vn c mt lng ln cht thi c thi b trc tip ra ngoi mi trng. Mt

khc, bn thn mi bin php x l vn cn nhng hn ch nht nh, cha c bin php no c

th gii quyt trit ngun thi pht sinh t cc chung nui Ln.

V cht lng mi trng, ting n v mi t cc trang tri chn nui ch tc ng

trong phm vi 100 m tr li do ch c cc trang tri nm trong khu dn c l gy ra cc vn

v ting n v mi cho ngi dn xung quanh.

Mi trng nc ca cc h thng trang tri Ln c cho l vn mi trng ni cm

nht khi nc mt b nhim bi cc cht hu c v cc cht dinh dng, trong khi nc ngm b

nhim NH4+ mc kh cao. nhim nc mt trong cc ao nui c ca h thng VAC v AC c mc

nh hn nhiu ln so vi mc nhim nc mt trn cc knh mng, ao h xung quanh cc h

thng VC v C.

Nguyn nhn gy nhim mi trng nc ca cc h thng trang tri Ln l do

ngun cht thi pht sinh qu ln, cha c x l trit trc khi x thi vo cc ngun nc

tip nhn.

3.4. xut mt s bin php ci thin tnh hnh mi trng ti cc trang tri chn nui Ln

trn a bn huyn Vn Giang.

3.4.1. Gii php v mt qun l, t chc

Quy hoch vng pht trin cc trang tri Ln

Ban hnh cc vn bn php lut qun l cc vn mi trng trong sn xut chn

29

nui.

Pht trin cc trang tri ln theo ng cc tiu ch ca QCVN 01/BNNPTNT v trang

tri Ln sinh hc.

nh hng v khuyn khch ngi dn pht trin trang tri Ln theo kiu h thng

VAC hoc AC.

3.4.2. Gii php v mt kinh t

Vn ngun vn l mt trong nhng tr ngi ln i vi cc ch trang tri, do

ngun vn hn hp nn rt t cc ch trang tri tp trung vo vic xy dng cc cng trnh x l

cht thi.

Cn ci tin c ch tn dng, tng hnh thc cho vay vn trung v di hn.

Cc a phng cn tip tc ch o, thc hin tt quyt nh s 423/2000/Q-

NHNN ngy 22/9/2000 ca Thng c Ngn hng nh nc v Chnh sch tn dng ngn hng

i vi kinh t trang tri.

To lp c ch ch cc trang tri c th tip cn vay vn u i t cc ngun vn

thuc kinh ph mi trng.

3.4.3. Gii php v mt k thut

Cn phi ci tin v phi kt hp cc bin php ny vi nhau nng cao hiu qu x

l.

Thc hin nghin cu xy dng m hnh trang tri Ln sinh thi.

Nghin cu p dng cc bin php sn xut sch v sn xut sch hn cho cc trang

tri Ln.

Nghin cu ci tin cc bin php x l c, pht trin cc bin php x l cht thi

mi.

3.4.4. Gii php tuyn truyn Gio dc

Trang b v nng cao kin thc bo v mi trng trong chn nui cho cc cn b

khuyn nng.

Tuyn truyn, gio dc ngi dn c bit l ch cc trang tri v ngha ca vic p

dng cc bin php bo v mi trng trong chn nui.

M cc lp tp hun o to k nng qun l cht thi tng hp cho cc ch trang

tri.

30

KT LUN V KIN NGH

Kt lun:

V tnh hnh pht trin ca cc trang tri Ln trn a bn huyn Vn Giang

Cc trang tri chn nui Ln trn a bn huyn Vn Giang ch yu c hnh thnh

trong giai on 2000-2010 theo 4 kiu h thng: VAC, AC, VC v C.

S lng Ln nui bnh qun trong cc trang tri l t 208-630 con/trang tri. Cc trang

tri nm bn ngoi khu dn c chim t l cao vi 66,67%. iu kin chung tri ca cc trang

tri l tng i bo m khi t l chung nui kin c chim trn 90%.

Din tch t ca cc trang tri cng bin ng ln ty theo cc kiu h thng. Trong

, hai h thng VAC v AC c din tch ln hn c vi bnh qun hn 1ha/trang tri, trong khi

h thng VC ch c din tch bnh qun vo khong 1.000 m2, cn h thng C ch vo khong

500 m2.

V tnh hnh x l cht thi ti cc trang tri Ln trn a bn huyn Vn Giang

Ngun thi pht sinh t cc trang tri chn nui Ln l khong 30 tn cht thi rn v

600 m3 nc thi/ngy.

Hin ti cc trang tri nui Ln ca Vn Giang p dng kh nhiu cc bin php x l cht

thi khc nhau trong ph bin nht l cc bin php nh: Biogas vi 47,62%; bn cho cy l

38,10%; s dng lm thc n cho c vi 52,38%; thu gom phn bn 28,57%, compose l

9,52%. Tuy nhin t l cht thi khng x l m thi b trc tip ra ngoi mi trng vn cn mc

cao vi 28,57%.

Cht lng mi trng nc mt ca cc trang tri Ln l kh xu. Trong , mc

nhim nc cc ao nui C trong m hnh VAC v AC nh hn nhiu so vi mc nhim

cc ao, h, knh, mng xung quanh hai h thng VC v C.

Nc ngm hu ht cc trang tri Ln u b nhim bn nit v c, trong nng

NH4+ vt qu ngng cho php ca QCVN09/BTNMT v QCVN01/BYT.

Mi v ting n pht sinh t cc trang tri nui Ln ch tc ng trong phm vi 100 m

quanh trang tri nn ch cc trang tri nm trong khu dn c mi nh hng ti i sng ca

ngi dn.

Kin ngh

Tp trung gii quyt trit cc vn mi trng hin ti cc khu vc chn nui

Ln theo quy m trang tri bng cch thc hin ng b cc nhm gii php v chnh sch, kinh

31

t, k thut v truyn thng.

a ra nhng nh hng v quy hoch c th cho cc trang tri chn nui Ln trong phi

gn kt mc tiu pht trin kinh t vi mc tiu v bo v mi trng.

y mnh nghin cu trong lnh vc qun l cht thi chn nui, c bit l nghin cu

xy dng cc m hnh trang tri sinh thi v p dng cc gii php sn xut sch hn vo cc

trang tri chn nui Ln gp phn pht trin bn vng ngnh chn nui trong thi gian ti.

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