dnvgl-rp-e403 recommendation for selecting...

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DNV GL AS

RECOMMENDED PRACTICE

DNVGL-RP-E403 Edition June 2016

Recommendation for selectingstandards for steel bulk items (tentativerecommended practice)

FOREWORD

DNV GL recommended practices contain sound engineering practice and guidance.

© DNV GL AS June 2016

Any comments may be sent by e-mail to [email protected]

This service document has been prepared based on available knowledge, technology and/or information at the time of issuance of thisdocument. The use of this document by others than DNV GL is at the user's sole risk. DNV GL does not accept any liability or responsibilityfor loss or damages resulting from any use of this document.

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Recommended practice — DNVGL-RP-E403. Edition June 2016 Recommendation for selecting standards for steel bulk items (tentative recommended practice)

DNV GL AS

CHANGES – CURRENT

This is a new document.

This is a tentative edition of a DNV GL recommended practice. Tentative editions apply to new servicedocuments to which DNV GL reserves the right to make adjustments during a period of time to obtain theinteded purpose.

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DNV GL AS

AcknowledgementThis recommended practice is one of a series resulting from a Joint Industry Project (JIP) led by DNV GLto reduce cost and increase predictability without compromising quality and safety in international offshoredevelopment projects by recommending standardized parameter for selected items. The partners of theJIP were Hyundai Heavy Industries (HHI), Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering Company (DSME),Samsung Heavy Industries (SHI), Korea Offshore and Shipbuilding Association (KOSHIPA) and the KoreaMarine Equipment Research Institute (KOMERI).The present series of recommended practices also include:

— Recommendation for selecting standards for piping components— Recommendation for selecting standards for structural steel materials— Recommendation for selecting standards for electrical and instrumentation components.

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DNV GL AS

CONTENTS

Changes – current.................................................................................................. 3Acknowledgement...................................................................................4

Section 1 Introduction............................................................................................ 61.1 General............................................................................................. 61.2 Objective...........................................................................................61.3 Applicability...................................................................................... 61.4 Scope................................................................................................ 61.5 References – informative..................................................................71.6 Definitions.........................................................................................7

1.6.1 Abbreviations.................................................................................71.6.2 Verbal forms................................................................................. 8

Section 2 Summary of standards, key parameters and requirements..................... 92.1 General............................................................................................. 92.2 Requirements for handrails............................................................ 102.3 Requirements for stairs.................................................................. 112.4 Requirements for vertical ladders...................................................122.5 Requirements for gratings..............................................................13

Section 3 Evaluation..............................................................................................143.1 General........................................................................................... 143.2 Handrails.........................................................................................143.3 Stairs.............................................................................................. 163.4 Vertical ladders...............................................................................183.5 Gratings.......................................................................................... 20

Section 4 Recommended requirements................................................................. 214.1 Handrails.........................................................................................214.2 Stairs.............................................................................................. 234.3 Vertical ladders...............................................................................254.4 Grating............................................................................................28

Appendix A List of standards and regulations.......................................................30

Changes - historic.................................................................................................55


DNV GL AS

SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 GeneralThe joint industry effort followed an aligned development approach, which consisted of three distinguishedand iterative process steps as follows:

— define items to be included in the scope— identify relevant standards and regulations— define requirements and formulate recommendations.

The first step defined potential standardization areas in more detail, e.g. intended function of the item, itsoperational context and possible parameters to be standardized. In the second step the relevant internationalstandards and regulations for the selected items were identified and structured. Differences betweenstandards and regulations were identified as a basis for defining standardized requirements and developingrecommendations.This recommended practice (RP) is the direct outcome of the third and last step defining requirementsand formulating recommendations. It aims to reduce the number and variations in requirements to theminimum necessary to reflect a common and global best practice based upon the standards and regulationsidentified in second step. A risk based approach has been used when defining the proposed requirements andrecommendations.

1.2 ObjectiveThe objective of this RP for selection of standards for tertiary structural items is to provide a uniformreference for design and construction of such items. This standardization in the selection and use ofstandards is expected to result in significant cost and schedule savings.

1.3 ApplicabilityThis RP covers offshore oil and gas projects involving topsides equipment on any type of productioninstallation, fixed or floating, or drilling unit. The RP should not be applied for systems covered by classrules. This RP was developed based on major international standards to comply with requirements of shelfregulations of the UK, US, Norway and Australia. Overall the requirements recommended in this RP will meetthe majority of the specified regulatory requirements. Exemptions where regulatory requirements are notmet in this RP are clearly stated.

1.4 ScopeThe underpinning factors for determining the recommended requirements are to provide sufficient safety forpeople in combination with cost efficiency in implementing the requirements. This RP provides dimensions ofitems only. Requirements to clearances with other structures are not included.Material selection is limited to references with more detailed information to be found in DNVGL RP B201Recommended international standards for specification of structural steel.The following tertiary structural items are covered by this RP:

— hand rails— stairs— vertical ladder— grating.


DNV GL AS

1.5 References – informativeThis RP is based on the international standards and regulations listed in Table 1-1. These standards are usedfor the majority of offshore installations.

Table 1-1 Informative standards and regulations

DNVGL RP B201:2016 Recommended international standards for material selection specification of structuralsteel

EN ISO 14122-1:2001 Safety of machinery – Permanent means of access to machinery – Part 1: Choice of fixedmeans of access between two levels, 2001

EN ISO 14122-2:2001 Safety of machinery – Permanent means of access to machinery – Part 2: Workingplatforms and walkways, 2001

EN ISO 14122-3:2001 Safety of machinery – Permanent means of access to machinery – Part 3: Stairs,stepladders and guard-rails, 2001

EN ISO 14122-4:2004 Safety of machinery – Permanent means of access to machinery – Part 4: Fixed ladders,2005

ANSI/ASSE A1264.1-2007 Safety Requirements for Workplace Walking/Working Surfaces and Their Access;Workplace, Floor, Wall and Roof Openings; Stairs and Guardrails Systems, 2007

ANSI A14.3-2000 Ladders – Fixed – Safety Requirements, 2000

NORSOK S-002 Working environment, Rev. 4, August 2004

NORSOK C-002 Architectural components and equipment, Edition 3, June 2006

Australian Standard 1657-2013, 2013

Norwegian Maritime Authority regulation

Petroleum Safety Authority Facilities regulation

Health and Safety Executive, OTO 2001-069

Occupational Safety And Health Administration 1910

National Offshore Petroleum Safety and Environmental Management Authority regulation

1.6 Definitions

1.6.1 AbbreviationsTable 1-2 Abbreviation

Abbreviation Full text

AS Austrian Standard

ANSI American National Standards Institute

ASSM American Society of Safety Engineers

CS Carbon steel


DNV GL AS

Abbreviation Full text

HSE Health, Safety & Environment

ISO International Standards Organization

NMA Norwegian Maritime Authority

NOPSEMA National Offshore Petroleum Safety and Environmental Management Authority

NORSOK Norsk Sokkels Konkuranseposisjon

OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration

PSA Petroleum Safety Authority Norway

SMYS Specified minimum yield strength

1.6.2 Verbal formsTable 1-3 Verbal forms

Term Definition

shall verbal form used to indicate requirements strictly to be followed in order to conform to the standard and fromwhich no deviation is permitted, unless accepted by all involved parties

should verbal form used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as particularly suitable,without mentioning or excluding others, or that a certain course of action is preferred but not necessarilyrequired

may verbal form used to indicate a course of action permissible within the limits of the standard


DNV GL AS

SECTION 2 SUMMARY OF STANDARDS, KEY PARAMETERS ANDREQUIREMENTS

2.1 GeneralApplicable standards and regulations identified for each item included in the scope of this RP are summarizedin Table 2-1 and Table 2-2, respectively. The requirements and regulations listed in Table 21 and Table 2-2cover the majority of standards and regulations applied in offshore projects. In general, ANSI is appliedin the US, EN-ISO in the UK, NORSOK in Norway and AS in Australia. NORSOK requirements for tertiarystructure refer to EN-ISO. However, there are some additional NORSOK specific requirements. The standardsare generally not specifying detailed design requirements of tertiary structure.

Table 2-1 Identified standards

Name Handrail Stair Vertical ladder Grating

EN ISO EN ISO 14122-3:2001EN ISO 14122-1:2001EN ISO 14122-3:2001

EN ISO 14122-4:2006EN ISO 14122-2:2001EN ISO 14122-4:2006

ANSI A1264.1-2007 A1264.1-2007 A14.3-2008 A1264.1-2007

NORSOKS-002 2004, Rev. 4C-002 2006, Edition 3

S-002 2004, Rev. 4C-002 2006, Edition 3

S-002 2004, Rev. 4C-002 2006, Edition 3

S-002 2004, Rev. 4C-002 2006, Edition 3

AS AS 1657-2013 AS 1657-2013 AS 1657-2013 AS 1657-2013

Table 2-2 Identified regulations

Name Handrail Stair Vertical ladder Grating

NMANMA 856/87NMA 2318/86

NMA 856/87NMA 2318/86

NMA 856/87 NMA 856/87

PSA PSA Facilities PSA Facilities PSA Facilities PSA Facilities

HSE OTO 2001-069 OTO 2001-069 OTO 2001-069 OTO 2001-069

OSHA 1910.231910.211910.24

1910.261910.27

1910.26

All relevant requirements of the relevant standards are listed in Appendix A.


DNV GL AS

2.2 Requirements for handrailsTable 2-3 shows a comparison of requirements for different parameters between standards and regulationsfor handrail. An empty cell in Table 2-3, Table 2-4, Table 2-5 and Table 2-6 means that there are no specificrequirements in the standard/regulation towards that parameter. It can be seen that the requirements arevery similar with some deviations such as “number of intermediate kneerails” and “toe plate horizontalclearance”.

Table 2-3 Comparison of requirements of standards and regulations for handrail

Standard Regulation Parameter EN ISO ANSI NORSOK AS PSA NMA OSHA

Height Min.1100 mm

Min 42"(1100 mm)

Min.1100 mm

Min.900 mm

(900-1100mm)

Referenceto NORSOK

Min.1000 mm 42"

Height on Stair 900 –1000 mm

34" – 38"(863-965

mm)

Min.1000 mm Reference

to NORSOK 30" – 34"

Number ofIntermediatekneerail

Min. 1 Min. 1 Min. 2 Min. 1 Referenceto NORSOK Min. 2 Min. 1

Verticalopening

Max.500 mm

Max. 21"(550 mm)

Max.380 mm

Max.450 mm

Referenceto NORSOK

Max. 380 mm(lower max.230 mm)

Max. 21"

Diameter 25 – 50 mm1.25" – 2”

(32 –51 mm)

25 – 50 mm 50 mm Referenceto NORSOK Min. 1 1/2 "

Distance btwstanchions

Max.1500 mm

Max. 8 ft(2440 mm)

Max.1500 mm Reference

to NORSOKMax.

1500 mm 8 ft

Height of toeplate

Min.100 mm

Min. 3.5"(89 mm)

Min.100 mm

Min.100 mm

Referenceto NORSOK 4"

Toe plateverticalclearanceabove floorlevel

Max. 10 mmMax. 1/4"(6 mm)

Max. 10 mm Max. 10 mm Referenceto NORSOK 1/4"

Toe platehorizontalclearance

Max. 1" Continuoustype

Continuoustype

Referenceto NORSOK Max. 1"

Space betweentwo segments 75-120 mm 75-120 mm Reference

to NORSOK

Sharp edges No No No No Referenceto NORSOK


DNV GL AS

2.3 Requirements for stairsTable 2-4 shows a comparison of requirements for different parameters between standards and regulationsfor stairs. The “step overlap” requirement varies between the standards whereas the other requirements arevery similar.

Table 2-4 Comparison of requirements of standards and regulations for stair


Stairwayslopes 30˚- 38˚

30˚- 50˚(30˚- 35˚ ispreferred)

Max. 38˚ 20˚- 45˚ Referenceto NORSOK Max. 45˚ 30˚- 50˚

Width

Min.600 mm

(800 mm)

Min. 1000mm (Traffic

area)

Min. 22"(559 mm)

Min.600 mm

(800 mm)

Min. 1000mm (Traffic

area)

Min.600 mm

Referenceto NORSOK Min. 800 mm Min. 22"

Step overlap(nosing)

Min. 10 mmMax. 1.5"(38 mm)

Min. 20 mm Max.-30 mm

Referenceto NORSOK

nosing withslip-resistant

Climbingheight perflight

Max.3000 mm(multiple

flight)Max. 4000mm (single

flight)

12ft – 15ft(3660 –

4500 mm)

Max.3000 mm Reference

to NORSOK

Number of rise Max. 16 Referenceto NORSOK

Rise height Max. 9.5”(241 mm)

Max.190 mm

130 –225 mm

Referenceto NORSOK 6 1/2"

– 9 1/2"

Going length

215 –355 mm

(min. 185mm +

30 mm)

Referenceto NORSOK

Going(g) andrise(h)

600 ≤ g+ 2h ≤660 mm

Going:min. 9.5”(241 mm)

Rise:max. 9.5”

(241 mm)

GOING +TWICE THE

RISE =630 mm

+/- 30 mm

540 ≤(2R + G)≤700 mm

Referenceto NORSOK

Toe plate onlanding 100 mm Reference

to NORSOK


DNV GL AS


Level ofuppermoststep

Same levelwith thelanding

Same levelwith thelanding

Referenceto NORSOK

Length oflanding area

Min.800 mm

Stair width≤ landing

length(depth)

Min.30" (763

mm)Stair width≤ landing

length(depth)

Stair width≤ landing

length(depth)

Referenceto NORSOK

2.4 Requirements for vertical laddersTable 2-5 shows a comparison of requirements for different parameters between standards and regulationsfor vertical ladder. The main difference between the standards is related to the requirement for “Location oflowest part of safety cage”.

Table 2-5 Comparison of requirements of standards and regulations for vertical ladder


Spacingbetweensuccessiverungs

225 –300 mm

Max. 12"(305 mm)

225 –300 mm

250 –300 mm


Spacingbetweenrungs and thedeparture andarrival area

Max.400 mm(225 –

300 mm)

Max. 14"(356 mm)

Max.400 mm(225 –

300 mm)

225 –300 mm

(90 – 100%)


Width 400 –600 mm

Min. 16"(406 mm)

400 –600 mm

375 –525 mm

Referenceto NORSOK Min. 16"

Rung shape

Polygonaland U-shapedrungs

Polygonaland U-shapedrungs

Referenceto NORSOK

Diameter ofrungs 20 – 35 mm 20 – 50 mm 20 – 50 mm Reference

to NORSOK

Cross-sectionprofile of stiles(diameter)

Max. 80 mm Max.80 mm 40 – 80 mm Reference

to NORSOK

Location oflowest part ofsafety cage

2200 –3000 mm

7' – 8'(2134 –

2438 mm)

2200 –3000 mm

2000 –2200 mm

Referenceto NORSOK 7-8'


DNV GL AS


Clear distanceswithin safetycage hoop

650 –800 mm

27"-30"(686-762

mm)

650 –800 mm 750 mm Reference

to NORSOK 27" (31")

Distancefrom thesurroundingstructure(safety cage)to stiles

325 –400 mm 325 –

400 mm Referenceto NORSOK

Distancebetween twohoops of safetycage

Max.1500 mm Max.

1500 mmMax.

2000 mmReference

to NORSOK

Distancebetween twouprights ofsafety cage

Max.300 mm Max.

300 mmMax.

150 mmReference

to NORSOK

Ladder heightwithout restplatform(single flight)

Max.10000 mm

Max.10000 mm

Referenceto NORSOK

Ladder heightwith staggeredflights

Max.6000 mm

30'(9144 mm)

Max.6000 mm

Referenceto NORSOK

30'(9144 mm)

2.5 Requirements for gratingsTable 2-6 shows a comparison of requirements for different parameters between standards and regulationsfor grating. The comparison between the standards shows that AS allows a significantly wider opening in thegrating compared to the other standards.

Table 2-6 Comparison of requirements of standards and regulations for grating


Openingdiameter

Max. 20 mm(max.

35 mm)Max. 1 "

Max. 20 mm(max.

35 mm)Max. 45 mm Reference

to NORSOK Max. 15 mm 1 "

Surface finish Non Slip Non Slip non-slip

checkeredplate

Non Slip Referenceto NORSOK


DNV GL AS

SECTION 3 EVALUATION

3.1 GeneralTypical challenges building offshore installations in the yards are different definitions of material properties,shape of items and fabrication methods. Due to different requirements and insufficient definition of shape inthe regulations and standards, manufacturers and vendors provide a wide range of structure types.UK regulations are more challenging than other regulations due to a goal based regulatory regime and lack ofreference to prescriptive standards. Handrails, stairs, vertical ladders and grating are procured and installedassumed to be in compliance with UK regulations but are in some cases not accepted by the owner, thuscausing arguments between owner and yard. This can lead to significant rework and delays.Different manufacturers provide many different types of tertiary structures. Different design and constructionmethods lead to inefficiency in construction, higher procurement and logistic cost and less possibility to reusetertiary structures design and fabrication processes between projects.Table 3-1 shows a distribution of standards applied for offshore projects in a shipyard in South Korea over aperiod of five years. The NORSOK standard is mostly applied only for Norway and its application will thereforestrongly depend on the share of projects designed and built for the Norwegian continental shelf.

Table 3-1 Statistics on offshore standards applied in projects 2010 – 2015

Applied standard % of project in the last five years

EN ISO standard 55%

American standard 10%

NORSOK Standard 25%

Australian Standard 10%

By taking into account occupational safety aspects, regulatory compliance as well as cost efficient design andconstruction, the EN ISO standard was identified as the most efficient basis for developing the recommendedrequirements for handrails, stairs, vertical ladders and grating. For some few parameters though the EN ISOstandard is not aligned with stricter shelf state regulations. International standards were developed for thegeneral industry including onshore industry and some of the requirements do not give sufficient dimension orlimitation for safe work onboard offshore installations due to motion at sea and harsh environments.NORSOK requirements can therefore in some cases provide better requirements for offshore safety since thisstandard was developed for offshore environments. As a result NORSOK standard requirements were in somecases identified and recommended to be included in this RP.

3.2 HandrailsIn the identification of the preferred requirements to be selected for handrails, the main function of handrailsto prevent fall from heights and dropped objects was used as the main criteria in addition to compliancewith regulations and cost efficient design and construction. Table 3-2 shows the basis and criteria for therecommended requirement for handrails.


DNV GL AS

Table 3-2 Evaluation of requirements for handrails

Parameter Requirements in standards Evaluation aspects Recommendedrequirement

Height

— EN ISO: min. 1100 mm— ANSI: min 42" (1100 mm)— NORSOK: min. 1100 mm— AS: min. 900 mm

— Sufficient height of handrails onplatforms to prevent a fall from heights.

— NORSOK is an offshore standard asopposed to ANSI which is applied forgeneral industries.

— EN ISO, NORSOK,ANSI

— Min. 1100 mm

Height on stair

— EN ISO: 900 – 1000 mm— ANSI: 34" – 38" (863-965

mm)— NORSOK: min. 1000

— Sufficient height of handrails onstairways to prevent a fall from heights.

— NORSOK is an offshore standard asopposed to ANSI which is applied forgeneral industries.

— EN ISO, NORSOK— Min. 1000 mm

Vertical opening

— EN ISO: max. 500 mm— ANSI: max. 21” (550 mm)— NORSOK: max. 380 mm— AS: max. 450 mm

— Sufficiently narrow space to prevent afall from height between rails.

— The space of lowest course (between toeboard and lowest Intermediate kneerail)should be less than upper space in orderto reduce the risk for fall from heightsthrough the lowest course.

— NORSOK— Max. 380 mm— (lowest course:

230 mm)

Number ofIntermediatekneerail

— EN ISO: min. 1— ANSI: min. 1— NORSOK: min. 2— AS: min. 1

— Sufficiently narrow space to prevent afall from heights between rails.

— Additional Intermediate kneerail is alsorecommended to attach equipmenton the top kneerail such as lighting,junction box. Attaching such equipmenton the top rail is not allowed to preventaccidental passage of a body part andattachment on the lower knee rails isalso not allowed since this position is toolow.

— NORSOK— Min. 2

Diameter

— EN ISO: 25-50 mm— ANSI: 1.25" – 2" (32 – 51

mm)— NORSOK: 25-50 mm— AS: max. 50 mm

— Ergonomic design for holding hand tohandrail.

— EN ISO, NORSOK,AS

— ANSI (partly)— 25 – 50 mm

Distancebetween verticalstanchions

— EN ISO: max. 1500 mm— ANSI: max. 8' (2438 mm)— NORSOK: max. 1500 mm

— Maximum distance between verticalstanchions should be limited based onthe stanchion anchoring strength andthe fixing devices.

— EN ISO, ANSI,NORSOK, NMA

— Max. 1500 mm

Height of toeplate

— EN ISO: min. 100 mm— ANSI: min.3.5" (89 mm)— NORSOK: min. 100 mm— AS: min. 100 mm

— The solid toe plate at the bottom shouldbe provided to prevent fall of minorobjects.

— EN ISO, NORSOK,ANSI, AS

— Min. 100 mm


DNV GL AS

Parameter Requirements in standards Evaluation aspects Recommendedrequirement

Vertical clearancebetween toe plateand floor level

— EN ISO: max. 10 mm— ANSI: 0.25" (6 mm)— NORSOK: max. 10 mm— AS: max. 10 mm

— The gap between the toe plate and thebottom should be minimised to preventthe fall of minor objects.


— Max. 10 mm

Horizontalclearancebetween toeplates

— ANSI: Max 1"— NORSOK: continuous type— AS: continuous type

— The gap between the toe plates shouldbe minimised to prevent fall of minorobjects. However, the constructionefforts to obtain no gap according toNORSOK are significant and considereddisproportionate comparted to thesafety benefit.

— NORSOK, AS, ANSI— Continuous type or

max. 10 mm

Space betweentwo segments

— EN ISO: 75-120 mm— NORSOK: 75-120 mm

— To prevent that hand is trapped in theclearing space between the segments

— EN ISO, NORSOK— 75-120 mm

Sharp edges

— EN ISO: Not allowed— ANSI: Not allowed— NORSOK: Not allowed— AS: Not allowed

— The ends of the handrail shall bedesigned to eliminate any risk of harmcaused by sharp edges of the product orby catching of the user's clothing.

— EN ISO, ANSI,NORSOK, AS

— Not allowed

3.3 StairsThe main function of stairs is to provide safe access between two different levels. The RP was developedto fulfil this safety requirement in addition to compliance with regulations and cost efficient design andconstruction. Table 3-3 shows the basis for the recommended requirements for stairs.

Table 3-3 Evaluation of requirements for stairs

Parameter Requirements in standards Evaluation aspects Recommendedrequirements

Stairway slopes(α)

— EN ISO: 30˚- 38˚— ANSI: 30˚- 50˚ (30˚- 35˚

is preferred)— NORSOK: max. 38˚— AS: 20˚- 45˚

— Stairway slopes should be based onergonomic principles.

— EN ISO, NORSOK,AS, OSHA

— ANSI (partly)— 30˚- 40˚— (38˚ is

recommended)

Width (W)

— EN ISO: min. 600 mm

(800 mm)

mMin. 1000 mm (trafficarea)

— ANSI: min. 22" (559 mm)— NORSOK: min. 600 mm

(800 mm)

Min. 1000 mm (trafficarea)

— AS: min. 600 mm

— It should provide proper horizontalclearance of stairs for safe and easyaccess based on frequency, purpose ofaccess and the number of personnel

— EN ISO, NORSOK,(AS)

— Escape way: min.1000 mm

— Main access way:min. 800 mm

— Other access way:min. 600 mm


DNV GL AS


Step overlap (r)(nosing)

— EN ISO: min. 10 mm— ANSI: max. 1.5" (38 mm)— NORSOK: min. 20 mm— AS: max. -30 mm

— For safe access, step overlap or nosingshould be provided on all treads toprevent slipping.

— Overlap of 20mm in NORSOK consideredoverly conservative not providing anysignificant safety benefits compared to10mm.

— EN ISO, ANSI,(NORSOK)

— Min. 10 mm— Nonslip finish

Climbing heightper flight (H)

— EN ISO: max. 3000 mm

Max. 4000 mm (singleflight)

— ANSI: 12' – 15' (3660 –4500 mm)

— NORSOK: max. 3000 mm

— Maximum flight should be limited forsafe access based on ergonomic design.

— EN ISO, NORSOK— Max. 3000 mm for

multi flight— Max. 4000 mm for

single flight

Number of rise — NORSOK: max. 16 — The maximum number of rises should belimited based on ergonomic design.

— NORSOK— Max. 16

Rise height (h)

— NORSOK: max. 190 mm— ANSI: max. 9.5" (241

mm)— AS: 130 – 225 mm

— Height of stairs should be dimensionedbased on ergonomic design.

— NORSOK— Max. 190 mm

Going(g) andrise(h)

— EN ISO: 600 ≤ g + 2h ≤660 mm

— ANSI: going: min.9.5” (241 mm), rise: max.9.5” (241 mm)

— NORSOK: GOING + TWICETHE RISE = 630 mm +/-30 mm

— AS: 540 ≤ (2R + G) ≤700mm

— General requirements for standards forstairs should be applied.


— 600 ≤ g + 2h ≤660 mm

Toe plate onlanding — NORSOK: 100 mm

— The solid toe plate at the bottom shouldbe provided to prevent the fall of minorobjects. However, the toe plate onthe other stairs (requirement 50mmin NORSOK) is not recommended asthe safety benefit of this requirementis considered disproportionate to thesafety benefit.

— NORSOK— Min 100 mm

Level ofuppermost step

— EN ISO: uppermost step islevel with landing

— The uppermost shall be level with thelanding to prevent trip hazards. — EN ISO, NORSOK


DNV GL AS


Length of landingarea

— EN ISO: min. 800 mm,Stair width ≤ landinglength (depth)

— ANSI: min. 30" (763mm),Stair width ≤ landinglength (depth)

— NORSOK: atair width ≤landing length (depth)

— The landing area should give properspace for easy and safe access.

— Stretcher handling should be consideredin the main access way.

— EN ISO, ANSI,NORSOK

— Min. 800 mm, atairwidth ≤ landinglength (depth)

3.4 Vertical laddersThe main function of vertical ladders is to provide safe access between two different levels and to prevent afall from heights and dropped objects. The RP was developed to fulfil these safety requirements in additionto compliance with regulations and cost efficient design and construction. Table 3-4 shows the recommendedrequirements for vertical ladders.

Table 3-4 Evaluation of requirements for vertical ladders

Parameter Requirements in standards Selection criteria for guide line Recommendedrequirements

Spacing betweensuccessive rungs

— EN ISO: 225 – 300 mm— ANSI: max. 12" (304 mm)— NORSOK: 225 – 300 mm— AS: 250 – 300 mm

— The spacing between successive rungsshould be constant and limited for easyand safe access based on ergonomicdesign.


— 225 – 300 mm

Spacing betweenrungs, departureand arrival area


(225 – 300 mm)— ANSI: max. 14" (356 mm)— NORSOK: max. 400 mm

(225 – 300 mm)— AS: 225 – 300 mm

(90–100%)

— The spacing between rungs, departureand arrival area should be limitedfor easy and safe access based onergonomic design.


— Max. 400 mm

(225 – 300 mm)

Width

— EN ISO: 400 – 600 mm— ANSI: min. 16" (406 mm)— NORSOK: 400 – 600 mm— AS: 375 – 525 mm

— The width should be properlydimensioned based on ergonomicprinciples.


— 400 – 600 mm

Rung shape

— EN ISO: Polygonal and U-shaped rungs

— NORSOK: Polygonal and U-shaped rungs

— The rungs shape should be non-sliptype.

— The surface of the rungs shall not causeinjuries, notably to hands, e. g. no sharpedges

— EN ISO, NORSOK— Diamond type

Diameter of rungs— EN ISO: 20 – 35 mm— NORSOK: 20 – 50 mm— AS: 20 – 50 mm

— The rungs should be dimensioned toeasy grasp by hand.

— EN ISO, NORSOK— 20 – 50 mm


DNV GL AS


Cross-sectionprofile of stiles(stringer)(diameter)

— EN ISO: max. 80 mm— NORSOK: max. 80 mm— AS: 40 – 80 mm

— The stiles should be dimensioned andshaped to easy grasp by hand.

— Recommendedpractice byoperators

— Plat bar

Max. 80 mm (< 3m – unsupportedlength)

Location of lowestpart of safetycage

— EN ISO: 2200 – 3000 mm— ANSI: 7-8' (2133 – 2438

mm)— NORSOK: 2200 – 3000

mm— AS: 2000 – 2200 mm

— The vertical clearance between lowestpart of safety cage and floor levelshould be dimensioned for safe and easyaccess.


— 2200 – 3000 mm

Clear distanceswithin safety cagehoop

— EN ISO: 650 – 800 mm— ANSI: 27"-30" (686-762

mm)— NORSOK: 650 – 800 mm— AS: 750 mm

— Distances within safety cage hoopshould be dimensioned for easy and safeaccess.

— EN ISO, NORSOK,(AS)

— 650 – 800 mm

Distance fromthe surroundingstructure (safetycage) to stiles

— EN ISO: 325 – 400 mm— NORSOK: 325 – 400 mm

— The space between stiles (stringer) andsafety cage hoop should be properlydimensioned to give sufficient spaceto grasp the stiles (stringer) by handwithout interruption.

— EN ISO, NORSOK— 325 – 400 mm

Distance betweentwo hoops ofsafety cage

— EN ISO: max. 1500 mm— NORSOK: max. 1500 mm— AS: max. 2000 mm

— Distance between two hoops is limitedto prevent risk to fall from heights.


— Max. 1500 mm

Distance betweentwo uprights ofsafety cage

— EN ISO: max. 300 mm— NORSOK: max. 300 mm— AS: max. 150 mm

— Distance between two uprights isminimised to prevent risk to fall fromheights.

— EN ISO, NORSOK— Max. 300 mm

No. of fixingsupport(Plat bar only)

— Recommended practice— The number of fixing supports is to be

decided based on strength and riskreduction.

— Recommendedpractice

— Min. 2 (< 3 m)— Min. one support

for every 3 m (>3m)

Extension fromarrival area

— EN ISO:— ANSI:— NORSOK:— AS:

— If there is no good handholds at thearrival area, top of the ladder should beextended for safe access and preventionof fall from heights.

— At the arrival area the safety cageshould be extended up to the heightof the guard-rail of the arrival area toprevent a fall from heights.

— EN ISO, NORSOK— Min. 1125 mm

(Min. 5 steps=225x 5) for ladder

— Min. 1100 mm forsafety cage


DNV GL AS


Ladder heightwithout restplatform(single flight)

— EN ISO: max. 10000 mm— NORSOK: max. 10000 mm

— Distance between two levels isminimised to prevent risk to fall fromheights.

— EN ISO, NORSOK

Ladder heightwith staggeredflights

— EN ISO: max. 6000 mm— ANSI: 30' (9144 mm)— NORSOK: max. 6000 mm

— Distance between two levels isminimised to prevent risk to fall fromheights

— ISO, NORSOK

3.5 GratingsThe main function of gratings is to provide safe access and to prevent dropped objects. The RP wasdeveloped to fulfil these safety requirements in addition to compliance with regulations and cost efficientdesign and construction. Table 3-5 shows the recommended requirements for gratings.

Table 3-5 Evaluation of requirements for gratings


Opening diameter


(max. 35 mm)— ANSI: max. 1 " (2.54 mm)— NORSOK: max. 20 mm

(max. 35 mm)— AS: max. 45 mm

— The opening diameter should beminimised to prevent the fall of minorobjects through the opening.

— Two opening size will be considered forwork area and other area.

— EN ISO, NORSOK— Max. 20 mm

(above areaswhere personnelcan be present)

— Max. 35 mm(above areaswhere peopleshould normallynot be present)

Surface finish— EN ISO: Non Slip— NORSOK: non-slip

checkered plate

— The surface should be non-slip type toprevent slipping.

— EN ISO, NORSOK— Non slip: ex.

punched type,Serrated type orequivalent


DNV GL AS

SECTION 4 RECOMMENDED REQUIREMENTS

4.1 HandrailsThe main recommended dimensions for handrails are summarized in Table 4-1. The following requirementsare recommended for plate and pipe material.

— Plate: SMYS 235 MPa according to DNVGL RP B201 MDS-CS001, material grade-CS235-R— Pipe: SMYS 235 MPa according to DNVGL RP B201 MDS-CS201, material grade- CT235-R.

Table 4-1 Recommended dimensions for handrails

Parameter Recommendation Comments and limitations

Height — Min. 1100 mm

Height on stair — Min. 1000 mmNot in compliance with ANSI: min. 34"– max. 38" (863-965 mm).

Vertical opening — Max. 380 mm— (lowest course: max. 230 mm)

Intermediate kneerail — Min. 2 kneerails

Diameter — Min.25 – max. 50 mmOnly partly in compliance with ANSI:1.25" – 2" (32 – 51 mm).

Distance between vertical stanchions — Max. 1500 mm

Height of toe plate — Min. 100 mm

Vertical clearance between toe plateand floor level — Max. 10 mm

Not in compliance with ANSI: max.0.25" (6 mm).

Horizontal clearance between toeplates — Continuous type (or max. 10 mm) NORSOK does not allow any gap.

Space between two segments — Min.75 – max. 120 mm

Sharp edges — Not allowed

Figure 4-1 shows recommended dimensions for handrail on floors or platforms.


DNV GL AS

Figure 4-1 Recommended dimension for handrails

Figure 4-2 shows the recommended design to avoid sharp edge at the end of handrails. The end extensionof the handrail should not exceed 600 mm to prevent occupational safety hazards. For interrupted handrails,the space between the two segments should be 75 – 120 mm as shown Figure 4-3 to prevent hand traphazards.

Figure 4-2 Recommended end of handrail


DNV GL AS

Figure 4-3 Recommended connection of handrails

4.2 StairsThe recommended dimensions for stairs are summarized in Table 4-2.The following requirements are recommended for plate and section material:

— Plate: SMYS 235 MPa according to DNVGL RP B201 MDS-CS001, material grade-CS235-R— Section: SMYS 235 MPa according to DNVGL RP B201 MDS-CS101, material grade-CS235-R.

Table 4-2 Recommended dimensions for stairs


Stairway slopes (α) — 30˚- 40˚ Recommendation is 38˚.

Width (W)— Escape way: min. 1000 mm— Main access way: min. 800 mm— Other access way: min. 600 mm

Step overlap (r)(Nosing)

— Min. 10 mm— Nonslip finish

Not in compliance with NORSOK: min.20 mm.

Climbing – Height per flight (H) — Max. 3000 mm for multi flight— Max. 4000 mm for single flight

Number of rises — Max. 16 for multi flight— Max. 22 for single flight

Rise height (h) — Max 190 mm

Going(g) and rise(h) — 600 ≤ g + 2h ≤ 660 mm

In the case where it is not possible tomaintain the height of the rise betweenthe level of departure and the first step,it may be reduced by a maximum of15%.


DNV GL AS


Toe plate on landing — Min 100 mm50mm toe plate on other treadsnot recommended and hence not incompliance with NORSOK.

Uppermost step — The uppermost step shall be levelwith the landing.

Length of landing area

— Min. 800 mm, Stair width ≤ landinglength (depth)

— Min. 1500 mm if stretcher handlingsrequired and/or for escape ways.

Sufficient landing length should beconceded in the main access way andescape way for stretcher handling andsafe escape.

Figure 4-4 shows the recommended dimensions for stairs. The landing area should provide sufficient spaceas per the recommendation shown in Figure 4-5 when stretcher handling is required or the stair is used asescape way.

Figure 4-4 Recommended dimension for stairs


DNV GL AS

Figure 4-5 Recommendation for size of landing area in stairs where stretcher handling is required

4.3 Vertical laddersThe recommended dimensions for vertical ladders are summarized in Table 4-3.The following requirements are recommended for plate and section material.


Table 4-3 Recommended dimensions for vertical ladders


Spacing between successive rungs — Min. 225 – max. 300 mm

Spacing between rung and thedeparture and arrival area — Max. 400 mm Recommendation is 225 – 300 mm.

Width of ladder — Min. 400 – max. 600 mm ANSI: min 16” (406.4 mm).

Rung shape — Diamond type

Diameter of rungs — Min. 20 – max. 50 mm

Cross-section profile of stiles(stringer) (diameter) — Plat bar with max. 80 mm

Unsupported length is less than 3000mm only.

Location of lowest part of safety cage — Min. 2200 – max. 3000 mmNot in compliance with ANSI: min. 7-max. 8’ (2133 – 2438 mm).

Clear distance within safety cagehoop — Min. 650 – max. 800 mm

Distance from the surroundingstructure (safety cage) to stiles — Min. 325 – max. 400 mm


DNV GL AS


Distance between two hoops ofsafety cage — Max. 1500 mm

Distance between two uprights ofsafety cage — Max. 300 mm

AS: max. 150 mm when verticalopening is 2000 mm.

No. of fixing support(plat bar only)

— Min. 2 (< 3m)— Min. one additional support for

every 3 m (> 3 m)

Extension from arrival area— Min. 1125 mm (min. 5 steps=225 x

5) for ladder— Min 1100 mm for safety cage

Extension is measured from arrival.Extension of ladder is required when noeffective handholds are provided.

Ladder height without rest platform(single flight) — Max. 10000 mm

Ladder height with staggered flights — Max. 6000 mm

Figure 4-6 shows the recommended dimensions for vertical ladders. In the case of side access type, theladder should be extended at least 5 steps as shown in the Figure 4-7.


DNV GL AS

Figure 4-6 Recommended dimensions for vertical ladders (through access type)


DNV GL AS

Figure 4-7 Recommended dimension for vertical ladders (side access type)

4.4 GratingThe recommended dimensions for gratings are shown in Table 4-4.The following requirements are recommended for plate and section material.


Table 4-4 Recommended dimensions for gratings


Opening diameter

— Max. 20 mm (above places wherepersonnel can be present)

— Max. 35 mm (other areas wherepeople normally should not bepresent)

Not compliant with NMA: max. 15 mm.

Surface finish — Non slip: ex. punched type,Serrated type or equivalent

Low-density punched plate normallyused.

Figure 6-8 shows the recommended dimensions for grating.


DNV GL AS

Figure 4-8 Recommended dimensions for gratings

The surface of the grating should be non-slip type such as punched, serrated or equivalent to preventslipping hazard as shown in Figure 4-9.

Figure 4-9 Recommended surface finish for gratings


DNV GL AS

APPENDIX A LIST OF STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS

Items Parameters Regulations/standard Clause Requirement

summary Requirement full text Relevantreferences

Handrail Dimension OSHA1910.23 1910.23(e)(1) Vertical height:

42 inches

A standard railing shall consistof top rail, intermediate rail, andposts, and shall have a verticalheight of 42 inches nominal fromupper surface of top rail to floor,platform, runway, or ramp level. Thetop rail shall be smooth-surfacedthroughout the length of the railing.The intermediate rail shall beapproximately halfway betweenthe top rail and the floor, platform,runway, or ramp. The ends of therails shall not overhang the terminalposts except where such overhangdoes not constitute a projectionhazard.

Handrail(stairrailing)

Dimension OSHA1910.23 1910.23(e)(2)

vVertical heightof railing < 34inches

A stair railing shall be ofconstruction similar to a standardrailing but the vertical height shallbe not more than 34 inches nor lessthan 30 inches from upper surfaceof top rail to surface of tread in linewith face of riser at forward edge oftread.

Handrail Dimension OSHA1910.23

1910.23(e)(3)(ii)

Diameter: min.1 1/2 inchesposts space: 8feet

For pipe railings, posts and top andintermediate railings shall be atleast 1 1/2 inches nominal diameterwith posts spaced not more than 8feet on centers.

Handrail Dimension OSHA1910.23

1910.23(e)(3)(iii)

For structural steel railings, postsand top and intermediate rails shallbe of 2-inch by 2-inch by 3/8-inchangles or other metal shapes ofequivalent bending strength withposts spaced not more than 8 feeton centers.

Handrail Material OSHA1910.23

1910.23(e)(3)(iv) Min. 200 pounds

The anchoring of posts and framingof members for railings of all typesshall be of such construction thatthe completed structure shall becapable of withstanding a load ofat least 200 pounds applied in anydirection at any point on the top rail.

Handrail Shape OSHA1910.23

1910.23(e)(3)(v)(a)

Smooth-surfaced top rail

A smooth-surfaced top rail ata height above floor, platform,runway, or ramp level of 42 inchesnominal;


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Handrail Material OSHA1910.23

1910.23(e)(3)(v)(b)

In. 200 poundstop rail pressure

A strength to withstand at leastthe minimum requirement of 200pounds top rail pressure;

Handrail Shape OSHA1910.23

1910.23(e)(3)(v)(c) Intermediate rail

Protection between top rail and floor,platform, runway, ramp, or stairtreads, equivalent at least to thatafforded by a standard intermediaterail;

Handrail Dimension OSHA1910.23 1910.23(e)(4)

Toeboard: 4inchesMax. 1/4-inchclearance abovefloor level

A standard toeboard shall be 4inches nominal in vertical heightfrom its top edge to the level of thefloor, platform, runway, or ramp. Itshall be securely fastened in placeand with not more than 1/4-inchclearance above floor level. It maybe made of any substantial materialeither solid or with openings notover 1 inch in greatest dimension.

Where material is piled to suchheight that a standard toeboarddoes not provide protection,paneling from floor to intermediaterail, or to top rail shall be provided.


Shape OSHA1910.23

1910.23(e)(5)(i)

A handrail shall consist of alengthwise member mounteddirectly on a wall or partition bymeans of brackets attached to thelower side of the handrail so as tooffer no obstruction to a smoothsurface along the top and both sidesof the handrail. The handrail shall beof rounded or other section that willfurnish an adequate handhold foranyone grasping it to avoid falling.The ends of the handrail should beturned in to the supporting wall orotherwise arranged so as not toconstitute a projection hazard.


Dimension OSHA1910.23

1910.23(e)(5)(ii)

Height ofhandrails:,min.30 – max. 34inches

The height of handrails shall be notmore than 34 inches nor less than30 inches from upper surface ofhandrail to surface of tread in linewith face of riser or to surface oframp.

Handrail Dimension EN ISO14122-3 7.1.4 Height: min.

1100 mmThe minimum height of the guard-rail shall be 1100 mm.


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Handrail Dimension EN ISO14122-3 7.1.5

Intermediatekneerail: min.oneSpace: max.500 mm

The guard-rail shall include at leastone intermediate kneerail or anyother equivalent protection. Theclear space between the handrailand the kneerail, as well as betweenthe kneerail and the toe plate, shallnot exceed 500 mm.


Horizontaldistanceof verticaluprights: max.180 mm

When vertical uprights are usedinstead of a kneerail the clearhorizontal distance betweenthose uprights shall be 180 mmmaximum.

Handrail Dimension EN ISO14122-3 7.17

Toe-plate: min.100 mmGap: max. 10mm

A toe-plate with a minimum upstandof 100 mm shall be placed 10 mmmaximum from the walking leveland the edge of the platform


Space betweentwo segments:75–120 mm

In the case of an interruptedhandrail, to prevent hand trapsthe clear space between the twosegments should not be less than 75mm and not greater than 120 mm(see Figure 5). If there is a largeropening, a self closing gate shall beused.

Handrail Shape EN ISO14122-3 7.1.11 Eliminate sharp

edges

The ends of the handrail shall bedesigned in such a manner as toeliminate any risk of harm causedby sharp edges of the product or bycatching of the user's clothing.


Dimension EN ISO14122-3 7.2.3

Vertical height:900–1000 mmDiameter: 25–50 mm

The vertical height of the handrailon a stair shall be between 900 mmand 1 000 mm above the nosingon the step of the flight and be aminimum of 1100 mm above thewalking level on the landing. Theshape of the handrail should have adiameter between 25 mm to 50 mmor an equivalent section, to providea good grip for the hand.

Handrail DimensionANSIA1264.1-2007

5.4 Vertical height:min. 42"

A railing system shall consist of toprail, intermediate rail or equivalentprotection, and posts, and shallhave a minimum vertical heightof 42 inches (1.1m) from uppersurface of top rail to floor, platform,runway, stair landing, or ramp level.


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E5.4

Height > 42”:additionalhorizontalintermediaterails

Generally speaking, guardrails are42 inches to 45 inches in height.However,guardrails that are higher than42 inches may need additionalhorizontal intermediate rails.


5.4

Smooth surfacedtop railno projectionhazard at end ofhandrails

The top rail shall be smoothsurfaced throughout the length ofthe railing.The intermediate rail shall beapproximately halfway betweenthe top rail and the floor, platform,runway, stair, or ramp.

The ends of the rails shall notoverhang the terminal posts, exceptwhere such overhang does notconstitute a projection hazard.


5.8Vertical heighton stairs: 34"–38"

The height of handrails shall benot more than 38 inches (965mm)or less than 34 inches (864mm)as measured vertically from theupper surface of the handrail to thesurface of the tread in line with theface of the riser or to the surface ofthe ramp.


5.7

Height oftoeboard: min.3.5"Toe plate verticalclearance abovefloor level: max.1/4"

Toe platehorizontalclearance: max.1"

A toeboard shall be a minimumthree and one-half inches (89mm)in height and securely fastenedin place, with not more than one-fourth inch (6mm) clearance abovefloor level. Toeboards shall be madeof a substantial material, either solidor with openings not over one inch(25mm) in their greatest dimension.


E5.8 Diameter:1.25"–2"

Handrail cross sections should beone and one-fourth to two inches(32 to 51mm) in diameter forcircular shapes.

Handrail Material NORSOKC-002 6.1 1,5 kN/m2

Handrails should be designed for 1,5kN/m2, acting horizontally on top ofthe supports.

EN ISO14122


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Handrail Shape NORSOKC-002 6.1 Continuous

handrail

The hand- and guardrail systemconsists typically of a continuoushandrail at the top to be graspedby the hand, or just a continuoustop-rail when hand support isnot required, knee-rails placedparallel with the handrail to preventaccidental passage of a body,vertical stanchions for anchorage ofthe guardrail system, and a solid toeplate at the bottom to prevent thefall of minor objects.

Handrail Dimension NORSOKC-002 6.1 c/c distance:

max 1500 mm

Handrail and guardrail supports shallnormally be arranged at a maximumc/c distance of 1500 mm.

Handrail Dimension NORSOKC-002 6.1

Height: min.1100 mmHeight inhelideck min.1400 mm

The top of the handrail shall beminimum 1 100 mm above thefinished floor or deck. Exemptedis the top of handrails around thelowered helideck perimeter walkway,where the height shall be minimum1 400 mm.The distance between stanchionsshall in this case be maximum 750mm.

Handrail Dimension NORSOKC-002 6.1 Vertical opening:

max. 380 mm

Vertical openings between horizontalknee-rails, handrails and toe plates,shall not exceed 380 mm.


Toe plate: min100 mmGap: max. 10mm

The toe plate shall have a minimumheight of 100 mm, and a clearanceof maximum 10 mm to the deck.

EN ISO14122


Stanchion ineach cornertwo stanchionsbefore and aftera corner

A stanchion shall be provided ineach corner (change of direction),unless stanchions are providedon either side of the corner, at amaximum c/c distance of 350 mmfrom the corner.There shall always be at least twostanchions before and after a corner.

Handrail Shape NORSOKC-002 6.1

Sharp corners,rough edges,welds withburrs, etc. arenot acceptable.

Hand- and guardrails shall not causehindrance or injury to personnel.Sharp corners, rough edges, weldswith burrs, etc., are not acceptable.Bolts, nuts and screws shall have auser-friendly design, which will notcatch fingers or any part of a bodyin motion.


DNV GL AS




continuous,smoothhandgrip,without anysharp angles,rough edges,obstructions,protrudingbrackets, orsimilar.No screwsand bolts onhandgrip area.

All handrails shall provide acontinuous, smooth handgrip,without any sharp angles, roughedges, obstructions, protrudingbrackets, or similar. The handgriparea shall be without screws andbolts, unless they are completelyrecessed.


Distance toobstructionInternal LQareas: 50 mm

External LQareas: 100 mm

The distance between the handrailand any obstruction shall beminimum 50 mm in internal LQareas. In other areas the minimumdistance shall be 100 mm.

Handrail Material NORSOKC-002 6.2

Lowmaintenancefinish

All handrails in LQ shall have a lowmaintenance finish, e.g. brushedstainless steel or suitable hardwood

Handrail Dimension NORSOKC-002 6.2 Diameter: 25–

50 mmThe outside diameter of the handrailshall be between 25 mm to 50 mm.

EN ISO14122


Dimension NORSOKC-002 6.2 Handrail: min.

1000 mm

All stairs shall have a handrail andguardrail on each side of everyflight and every open intermediatelanding. Handrails and guardrailsshall be parallel to the pitch line ofthe stair flights and shall be levelat open landings. Top of handrailshall be positioned minimum 1000mm (measured vertically) abovethe tread pitch line, and minimum1100 mm above landings and decks.The handrail shall be continuousfrom the top to the bottom of thestairway and shall be terminated ina safe manner at both ends.


Dimension NORSOKC-002 6.2

Distancebetween rails:100 mm

Handrails on flights that are 180°to each other shall have a minimumof 100 mm clear distance betweenrails or between rails and supportingstructures, to avoid the possibility ofcatching hands and fingers.


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Self-closinggates

Shape NORSOKC-002 6.5

Self-closing gates shall provideaccess through guardrails, asrequired. The gates shall have thesame design and strength as thesurrounding guardrails. It shall opentowards a deck or platform, andhave a firm outward stop, to preventaccidents. A safe and user-friendlyopening/locking device shall beprovided.

Handrail DimensionNMAConstructionregulation

§ 17 1.2 Height: min.1000 mm

The height of railings, handropes,etc. shall be at least 1 metre fromdeck to upper rail. There shallbe two intermediate rails with adistance of maximum 380 mm. Theopening below the lower rail in therailing shall not exceed 230 mmat the open part of the deck. Thedistance between stanchions shallbe maximum 1.5 metres.


§ 17 1.2

TwointermediaterailsDistance btwrails: max. 380mm

Lower distance:max. 230 mm



§ 17 1.2stanchionsdistance: max.1500 mm


Handrail Dimension AS1657-2013 5.6.2 Height: 900–1100 mm

The height of a handrail, measuredvertically above the floor, walkwaysurface or the nosing of a stairtread, shall be not less than 900mm or greater than 1100 mm, asshown in Figure 5.3.


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Handrail Dimension AS1657-2013 5.6.6

Toeboard: min.100 mmGap: max. 10mm

A toeboard complying with Clause6.1.2 shall be installed whererequired by Clause 5.5 and shall befirmly attached to the posts or thefloor. Any gap between the toeboardand the floor shall not exceed 10mm. The top of the toeboard shallbe not less than 100 mm above thefloor.

Handrail Dimension AS1657-2013 6.2.1

No sharp edgesIntermediatekneerail: min.one

Space: max.450 mm

Height: min. 900mm

Any part of a guard railing thatcould come into contact with theuser shall have no sharp edgesor other attributes that couldcause injury to the user. If mobilityassistance is required and theguardrail does not provide this,a handrail shall also be provided.Where the guardrail is used asa handrail, it shall meet therequirements of Clause 5.6 andthere shall be a minimum handclearance of 50 mm between thehandrail and any adjacent structure.The height of a guardrail measuredvertically above the floor shall benot less than 900 mm.

NOTES:

1) For key dimensions of typicalguard railing, see Figure 6.1.

2) Requirements for handrails aregiven in Clause 5.6.

Handrail Dimension AS1657-2013 C6.2.1.1

Where the fallheight from aplatform: min.1000 mm

Where the fall height from aplatform is significant or wherepersons on the platform may besubjected to wind forces, it isdesirable to increase the heightof the guardrail to at least 1000mm to provide a greater sense ofsecurity to persons on the exposedplatforms.

Handrail Dimension AS1657-2013 6.2.1.2

No toeboard:space betweenthe lowest railand the floor:max. 560 mm

Where no toeboard is installed, theclear space between the lowest railand the floor shall not exceed 560mm.

Stair Shape EN ISO14122-1 5.3.1.2 Angles: 30˚-

38˚

stairs with an angle of pitch from aminimum of 30 ° to maximum of 38° (see 5.4.c))


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Stair Shape OSHA1910.24 1910.24 (e) Angles: 30˚-

50˚

"Angle of stairway rise." Fixed stairsshall be installed at angles to thehorizontal of between 30 deg. and50 deg. Any uniform combinationof rise/tread dimensions may beused that will result in a stairwayat an angle to the horizontal withinthe permissible range. Table D-1gives rise/tread dimensions whichwill produce a stairway within thepermissible range, stating the angleto the horizontal produced by eachcombination.

Stair Shape NMA P5 Ch.5 §15-1.3 Angles: max 45˚

Stair Dimension

EN ISO14122-1EN ISO14122-3

5.3.1.25.7

Width: min. 600mm (preferably800 mm)Traffic area:min. 1000 mm

Escape way: therequirementsof appropriateregulations

Unless there are exceptionalcircumstances, the clear width ofa stair shall be a minimum of 600mm but preferably 800 mm. Whenthe stairway is usually subject tothe passage or crossing of severalpersons simultaneously, the widthshall be increased to 1000 mm. Thewidth of the stair, when designatedas an escape way shall meetthe requirements of appropriateregulations.

Stair Dimension OSHA1910.24 1910.24 (d) Width: min. 22

inches"Stair width." Fixed stairways shallhave a minimum width of 22 inches.

Stair Dimension NMA P5 Ch.5 §15-1.3 Width: min. 800mm

Stair Dimension OSHA1910.24 1910.24 (e) Max. rise height:

6 1/2–9 1/2the rise/tread combinations are notlimited to those given in Table D-1.

Stair Dimension EN ISO14122-3 5.1 600 g + 2h 660 Going, g, and rise, h, shall meet the

formula (1):

Stair Dimension EN ISO14122-3 5.2 Step overlap:

min. 10 mm

The overlap, r, of the step shall be10 mm and shall apply equally tolandings and floors.

Stair Dimension EN ISO14122-3 5.3

Rise shall beconstant.Different: max.15%

On the same flight, the rise shallbe constant wherever possible. Inthe case where it is not possibleto maintain the height of the risebetween the level of departure andthe lower step, it may be reduced bya maximum of 15%. If it is justified,it may be increased, for example inthe case of certain mobile machines.


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Stair Dimension EN ISO14122-3 5.8

Flights: max.3000 mmLength oflanding: min.800 mm

Length oflanding >=width

The climbing height H of individualflights shall not exceed 3000 mm,otherwise a landing is deemednecessary before continuing on toanother flight. The length of thelanding, I, shall be at least 800 mmand in any case equal to or greaterthan the width of the stair. Only inthe case of a single flight (see 3.1.2)shall the climbing height not exceed4000 mm.

Stair Material EN ISO14122-3 4.7

1,5 kNUp to 5 kN/m2

4.7.1 For the structure theunfactored loads used in theindustrial field, may vary from 1,5kN/m2 for low density pedestriantraffic without load, up to 5 kN/m2 for low density pedestriantraffic with load or for high densitypedestrian traffic.

4.7.2 Steps shall resist the followingunfactored loadings:

if the width w < 1200 mm, then 1,5kN shall be distributed over an areaof 100 mm x 100 mm where oneboundary is the leading edge of thenosing applied at the middle of thestair width;

if the width w >= 1200 mm,then respectively 1,5 kN shall bedistributed simultaneously over eachof the 100 mm x 100 mm areasapplied at the most unfavourablepoints spaced at intervals of 600mm where one boundary is theleading edge of the nosing.

The deflection between the structureand the steps under an unfactoredload shall not exceed 1/300 th ofthe span or 6 mm whichever is thelesser.

Stair Shape EN ISO14122-3 4.4 Non-slip surface

Steps and landings shall offersatisfactory slip resistance to avoidany risk of slipping.

Stair Shape EN ISO14122-3 5.4 Uppermost step

= landing levelThe uppermost step shall be levelwith the landing.


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Stair DimensionANSIA1264.1-2007

E6.4Slope: 30˚- 50˚(30˚- 35˚ ispreferred)

The preferred slope for a stairway is30 to 35 degrees from the horizontal(seeFigure 6.4). The InternationalBuilding Code (IBC), and/or applicable building codes,regulations, standards or ordinancesshould also be considered.


7.2.17.2.2

7.2.3

7.2.4

7.2.5

Side enclosedwith onehandrail:max. 44” (1100mm) or

max. 88” (2200mm)

Two handrails:more than 88”

7.2.1 Stairways not exceeding 44inches (1.1m) in width, having bothsides enclosed, shall have at leastone handrail preferably on the rightside descending.7.2.2 Stairways not exceeding 44inches (1.1m) in width, having oneside open, shall have at least onestair-railing system on the openside.

7.2.3 Stairways not exceeding 44inches (1.1m) in width, and havingboth sides open, shall have onestair-railing system on each side.

7.2.4 Stairways of more than 44inches (1.1m) in width, but notexceeding 88 inches (2.2m) inwidth, shall have one handrail oneach enclosed side and one stair-railing system on each open side.

7.2.5 Stairways more than 88 inches(2.2m) in width, shall have onehandrail on

each enclosed side, one stair-railingsystem on each open side, and oneintermediate stair-railing systemlocated approximately midway ofthe width of the stairway.


6.3 Width of stairs:min. 22"

Fixed stairs shall have a minimumclear width of 22 inches (559mm).


6.5

Tread depthand riser heightdepend on slopeRise height:max. 9.5"

Any uniform combination of tread-riser dimensions shall be used thatresults in a stairway at an angle tothe horizontal within the permissiblerange; but minimum tread depthand maximum riser height shall benine and one-half inches (241mm).


DNV GL AS




6.6 Nosings: max.1.5" (38 mm)

Nosings shall have an even leadingedge and not extend more than oneand one-half inches (38mm) beyondthe face of the lower riser.


E6.8

Variation oftreads: 3.16"Tolerancebetweentreads:3.8"

Variation in excess of 3/16 inches(4.8 mm) in the depth of adjacenttreads orin the height of adjacent risersshould be avoided. The tolerancebetween the largest and smallestriser or between the largest andsmallest tread should not exceed3/8 inches (9.5 mm) in any flight.


E6.9

Height of flights:12ft–15ft(3660–4500mm)

Flights (runs) of stairs are generally12 feet (3.66m) vertical betweenlanding, but not more than 15 feet(4.5m).

Stair Dimension OSHA1910.24 1910.24(g)

Stairwayplatform: min 30inches

"Stairway platforms." Stairwayplatforms shall be no less than thewidth of a stairway and a minimumof 30 inches in length measured inthe direction of travel.

Stair Shape OSHA1910.24 1910.24(f) Slip-resistant

treads

"Stair treads." All treads shall bereasonably slip-resistant and thenosings shall be of nonslip finish.Welded bar grating treads withoutnosings are acceptable providingthe leading edge can be readilyidentified by personnel descendingthe stairway and provided the treadis serrated or is of definite nonslipdesign. Rise height and treadwidth shall be uniform throughoutany flight of stairs including anyfoundation structure used as one ormore treads of the stairs.

Stair Dimension OSHA1910.24 1910.24(i)

Verticalclearance: min.7 feet

"Vertical clearance." Verticalclearance above any stair tread toan overhead obstruction shall beat least 7 feet measured from theleading edge of the tread.

Stair Material OSHA1910.24 1910.24(C) Load: min. 1000

pounds

"Stair strength." Fixed stairwaysshall be designed and constructed tocarry a load of five times the normallive load anticipated but never ofless strength than to carry safely amoving concentrated load of 1,000pounds.


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Stair Shape NORSOKC-002

Stairways in escape routes shall bedesigned to allow for transportationof injured personnel by use ofstandard stretchers (length x width= 2 200 mm x 650 mm).

Stair Shape NORSOKC-002 5.3 Pitch: max. 38° The maximum pitch of stairs shall

not exceed 38°.

Stair Dimension NORSOKC-002 5.3 Rise height:

max. 190 mm The maximum rise shall be 190 mm.

Stair Dimension NORSOKC-002 5.3 Step overlap:

min. 20 mm

Treads shall be evenly spaced. Themaximum allowable deviation ofthe rise dimension in a single flightof stairs is +/-5 mm, including thefirst and last riser of every flight.Stairs for areas requiring installationcontingency, may incorporate anadjustment facility. The projection ofthe treads shall overlap one anotherwith minimum 20 mm.

Stair Dimension NORSOKC-002 5.5 Max. 16 rises

There shall be a maximum of 16risers in any single stair flight.There shall be a minimum of tworisers for any flight in a stair thathas more than one flight.

In long, straight stairways, after amaximum of 36 risers in consecutiveflights, there shall be a changein direction of minimum 30°, ora landing of minimum 2 000 mmlength.

Stair Material NORSOKC-002 5.6

2 000 N (200kg)/100 mm x100 mm

Treads shall withstand a foot loadof 2 000 N (200 kg) on an area of100 mm x 100 mm at any positionwithout permanent deflection.


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Stair Material AS1657-2013 7.1.1 Min. 1.5 kN/100mm x 100 mm

Stairways and integral landingsshall be designed for the deadload of the stairway structure plusa superimposed live loading ofnot less than 2.5 kPa uniformlydistributed on each tread andlanding. The maximum deflectionshall be L/100 or 40 mm, whicheveris the lesser, over the horizontalspan (L) of the stairway betweensupports, including landings whereprovided.

Where the stairs are likely to beloaded in excess of the aboverequirements, the loading shall bebased on the requirements of AS/NZS 1170.1 for imposed actions.

Treads shall be designed for adistributed loading of not less than2.2 kN per linear metre of stairtread width or a concentratedloading of not less than 1.5 kNapplied through a 100 mm × 100mm steel pad, whichever loadingproduces the more adverse effect.The load shall be applied at thecentre of the tread span. In all casesthe design actions for stairwaysshall be determined using loadfactors and combination of actionsaccording to AS/NZS 1170.0.

AS/NZS1170.0.

Stair Material AS1657-2013 7.2.1

Width: min. 600mmAngles: 20˚-45˚

Stairways shall be not less than600 mm wide, measured betweenthe inside edges of the stiles. Theclear space between handrails andmidrails shall be not less than 550mm. The angle of slope between thestiles and the horizontal shall be notless than 20° and not greater than45° (see Figure 2.1).


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Stair Material AS1657-2013 7.2.3.2

Rise: 130–225mmGoing: 215–355mm

Tread gap: max.30 mm

540 ≤ (2R + G)≤700

All risers and all goings in the sameflight of stairs shall be of uniformdimensions within a tolerance of ±5mm.NOTE: In some cases it may benecessary to modify the landing atthe base of the stairway to achieveuniformity in the risers.

A riser (R) shall be not less than 130mm and not greater than 225 mm.

The going (G) shall be not less than215 mm and not greater than 355mm.

The going shall be not greaterthan the tread depth (TD) plus amaximum gap of 30 mm betweenthe rear edge of one tread and thenosing of the tread above.

Ladder Material EN ISO14122-4 4.2.1.1

Maximumdeflection: 50mm

The ladder elements are consideredto fulfil the requirements mentionedin 4.2.1 when they meet therequirements of EN 131-2. Themaximum deflection as indicated in5.1 shall not exceed 50 mm.

EN 131-2

Ladder Material EN ISO14122-4 4.2.2.2 3000 N per stile

The anchoring points andconnections to them shall becapable of supporting 3000 N perstile. Up to four anchorages maybe considered to contribute tothis support. See 5.5 for the testmethod.

Ladder Shape EN ISO14122-4 4.3.1

Fall protectiondevice:

a) height >3000 mm

b) there isthe risk offalling anadditionaldistance

The ladder shall be fitted with a fallprotection device when:

a) height of the ladder flight ismore than 3000 mm;

b) height of the ladder is 3000mm or less, but at thedeparture area there is the riskof falling an additional distance.In this case, the total distanceof fall from the upper level ofthe ladder could be more than3000 mm.

Ladder Dimension EN ISO14122-4 4.4.1.1

Spacing betweenthe rungs: 225–300 mm

The spacing between successiverungs shall be constant and shall bebetween 225 mm and 300 mm.


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Spacing betweenrungs and thedeparture andarrival area.

— Departure:225–300 mm

— Arrival: max.400 mm

— Gap betweenthe walkingsurface andthe ladder:max. 75 mm

The distance between the walkingsurface of the departure area andthe first rung shall not exceed thespacing between two consecutiverungs.NOTE) In case of mobile machineryto be used on uneven ground,the distance between the walkingsurface of the departure area andthe first rung may be 400 mm max.

The top rung shall be positionedat the same level as the walkingsurface of the arrival area (seeFigure 6a). If the gap between thewalking surface and the ladderis greater than 75 mm, a floorextension shall be provided at thearrival area to reduce this gap.

Ladder Shape EN ISO14122-4 4.4.2.1 Polygonal and U-

shaped rungs

Polygonal and U-shaped rungs shallbe positioned so that the treadwalking surface is horizontal (seeFigure 6.b, 6.c and 6.d).


Clear widthbetween the twostiles: 400–600mm

The clear width between the twostiles shall be between 400 mm and600 mm (see Figure 4). However,a shorter length between 300 mmand 400 mm is permissible, in caseswhere the immediate environmentmakes it impossible to use 400 mm.Before a shorter length is considereda check should be carried out tosee if it is possible to find a morefavourable position for the ladderallowing a clear width of 400 mm ormore.


Rungs of fixedladders with onestile

The clear width between the stileand the protective device againstslipping-off shall be between 150mm and 250 mm and the thicknessof the stile shall not be more than80 mm (see Figure 5).

Ladder Dimension OSHA1910.24

1910.27(a)(1)(i)

Load: 200pounds

The minimum design live load shallbe a single concentrated load of 200pounds.


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1910.27(b)(1)(i)

Rung diameter:3–4 inches

All rungs shall have a minimumdiameter of three-fourths inch formetal ladders, except as covered inparagraph (b)(7)(i) of this sectionand a minimum diameter of 1 1/8inches for wood ladders.


1910.27(b)(1)(ii)

Between rungs:max. 12 inches

The distance between rungs, cleats,and steps shall not exceed 12 inchesand shall be uniform throughout thelength of the ladder.


1910.27(b)(1)(iii)

length of rung:min. 16 inches

The minimum clear length of rungsor cleats shall be 16 inches.

Ladder Dimension OSHA1910.24 1910.27(c)(4)

Clearance inback of ladder:min. 7 inches

"Clearance in back of ladder."The distance from the centerlineof rungs, cleats, or steps to thenearest permanent object in backof the ladder shall be not lessthan 7 inches, except that whenunavoidable obstructions areencountered, minimum clearancesas shown in figure D-3 shall beprovided.

Ladder Dimension OSHA1910.24 1910.27(c)(5)

Clearance inback of grabbar: min. 4inches

"Clearance in back of grab bar." Thedistance from the centerline of thegrab bar to the nearest permanentobject in back of the grab bars shallbe not less than 4 inches. Grab barsshall not protrude on the climbingside beyond the rungs of the ladderwhich they serve.

Ladder Dimension OSHA1910.24 1910.27(d)(3) Ladder

extensions

"Ladder extensions." The side railsof through or side-step ladderextensions shall extend 3 1/2 feetabove parapets and landings. Forthrough ladder extensions, therungs shall be omitted from theextension and shall have not lessthan 18 nor more than 24 inchesclearance between rails. For side-step or offset fixed ladder sections,at landings, the side rails and rungsshall be carried to the next regularrung beyond or above the 3 1/2 feetminimum (fig. D-10).


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Ladder Dimension OSHA1910.27 1910.27(d)(2)

Max height offixed ladder: 30feet

"Landing platforms." When laddersare used to ascend to heightsexceeding 20 feet (except onchimneys), landing platforms shallbe provided for each 30 feet ofheight or fraction thereof, exceptthat, where no cage, well, or laddersafety device is provided, landingplatforms shall be provided foreach 20 feet of height or fractionthereof. Each ladder section shall beoffset from adjacent sections. Whereinstallation conditions (even for ashort, unbroken length) require thatadjacent sections be offset, landingplatforms shall be provided at eachoffset.

Ladder Dimension ANSI A14.3 5.1.2 length of rung:min. 16 inches

Width. The minimum inside clearwidth of step surface for steps andrungs shall be 16 inches, and thiswidth shall be uniform in the samelength of climb(see Fig. 6).

Ladder Dimension ANSI A14.3 5.1.1 Between rungs:max. 12 inches

Steps and Rungs and rungs shall notexceed 12 inches on centers, andthis spacing shall be uniform in thesame length of climb (see Fig. 6)

Safetycage Material EN ISO

14122-4 4.2.1.2 Deformation:max 10 mm

The safety cage is considered tomeet these requirements if thepermanent deformation as the resultof a vertical load of 1000 N is notmore than 10 mm and as the resultof a horizontal load of 500 N is notmore than 10 mm.


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Safetycage Shape EN ISO

14122-4 4.3.2

Two mainalternatives:safety cages orfall arresters

Two main alternatives for protectionof the users of fixed ladders againstfalls from a height are safety cagesor fall arresters:

— The cage shall be the requiredchoice, as it is a means which isalways present and the actualsafety function is independent ofthe operator's actions,

— Where it is not possible to usea cage, individual protectiveequipment shall be provided.The fall arrester is only effectiveif the user chooses to use it. Ifa harness with an incompatiblesliding system is used with aguided type fall arrester, therewill be a risk (requirements forinformation for use see Clause6).

A fall arrester shall be designed onlyfor low frequency and specialisedaccess (e. g. maintenance).

Safetycage Dimension EN ISO

14122-4 4.5lowest part ofsafety cage:2200–3000 mm

The lowest part of safety cage, e.g. the lowest hoop shall start at aheight of between 2200 mm and3000 mm above the departure area.


14122-4 4.5

Clear distanceswithin the hoop:650–800 mmDistance fromthe surroundingstructure: 325–400 mm

The clear distances within the hoopof the safety cage shall be between650 mm and 800 mm (see Figure4.c). This applies equally to non-circular as well as circular safetycages. The distance from the rungto the safety cage shall be between650 mm and 800 mm (see Figure4.d). With regard to the ladder axis,the distance from the surroundingstructure in the absence of a safetycage shall be between 325 mm and400 mm (see Figure 4.d).


14122-4 4.5

Clearance withinthe cage: 500–700 mm (rungsbetween theinside face ofthe cage)

The clearance within the cage at thearrival area, measured along thetransverse axis of the ladder rungsbetween the inside face of the cageshall be between 500 mm and 700mm (see Figure 4.c).


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14122-4 4.5

Distancebetween twohoops: max.1500 mmDistancebetween twouprights: max.300 mm

The distance between two hoopsshall not exceed 1500 mm and thedistance between two uprights onthe cage shall not exceed 300 mm.The hoops shall be placed at rightangles to the uprights on the cage.The safety cage uprights shall befixed to the inside of the hoop andbe equally spaced.


14122-4 4.5Spacing ofsafety cage:max. 0.4 m2

The spacing of safety cagecomponents shall be designed sothat the empty spaces are in anycase not more than 0,40 m2.

Safetycage Shape EN ISO

14122-4 4.7.1.2

If the horizontaldistance tothe guard-railof the raiseddeparture areais not more than1500 mm, theguard-rail shallbe fitted withan extension orthe structure ofthe cage shall beextended downto the guard-rail

If the horizontal distance froma fixed ladder, equipped with asafety cage, to the guard-rail ofthe raised departure area is notmore than 1500 mm, the guard-rail shall be fitted with an extensionor the structure of the cage shallbe extended down to the guard-rail(see Figure 8).

The top of the extension shallat least meet the followingrequirements:

— no dimension between the cageand the extension shall exceed400 mm, or

— it shall have an angle, formed bythe vertical and a straight linelinking the upper section of theextension to the nearest part ofthe safety cage of 45 degrees ormore.

The components shall be positionedso that:

— horizontal width of any space isnot more than 300 mm and,

— area of a free space is ≤ 0,4 m2.

Safetycage Dimension OSHA

1910.241910.27(d)

(1)(ii)Cages height:20 feet – 30 feet

Cages or wells (except as providedin subparagraph (5) of thisparagraph) conforming to thedimensions shown in figures D-7,D-8, and D-9 shall be provided onladders of more than 20 feet to amaximum unbroken length of 30feet.


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1910.241910.27(d)

(1)(iii)

Cages extendingto up: min. 42inches

Cages shall extend a minimum of42 inches above the top of landing,unless other acceptable protection isprovided.


1910.241910.27(d)

(1)(iv)

Cages extendingto down: 7–8feet

Cages shall extend down the ladderto a point not less than 7 feet normore than 8 feet above the baseof the ladder, with bottom flarednot less than 4 inches, or portion ofcage opposite ladder shall be carriedto the base.

Safetycage Dimension ANSI A14.3 4.1.3 Cages height:

24 feet – 50 feet

A cage, well, or ladder safety deviceshall be provided where a singlelength of climb is greater than 24feet but does not exceed 50 feet(see Fig. 4).

Safetycage Dimension ANSI A14.3 5.3.2.1

Cages extendingto up: min. 42inches (3 feet 6inches)

The side rails of through or side-stepladders shall extend 3 feet 6inches above the top of the access/egress Ievel or landing platformserved by the ladder (see Fig. 8,9,and 10).For a parapet ladder, the accesslegress level shall be the roof if theparapet is cut to permit passagethrough the parapet; if the parapetis continuous, the access/egresslevel shall be the top of the parapet(see Fig. 9)

Safetycage Dimension ANSI A14.3 6.1.2.4

Cages extendingto down: 7–8feet

The bottom of the cage shall beat a level not less than 7 feet ormore than 8 feet above the point ofaccess/egress to the bottom of theladder. The bot-tom of the cage shallbe flared not less than 4 inches allaround within the distance betweenthe bottom horizontal band and thenext higher band (see Fig. 16). werepractical difficulties are encountered,cages may start at 10 feet abovethe point of access/egress. of 3feet 6 inches above the top of theplatform, or the point of access/egress at the top of the ladder, withprovision for access/egress to theplatform or point of access/egress(see Fig. 16).


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Ladder Dimension AS1657-2013 7.4.2.1

Clear widthbetween the twostiles: 375–525mm

The clear width between stiles shallbe not less than 375 mm and notgreater than 525 mm.

Ladder Dimension AS1657-2013 7.4.2.2 Cross-section:40-80 mm

The cross-section profile of the stilemay be of any shape, provided itfits within a circle not greater than80 mm and not less than 40 mmdiameter.

Ladder Dimension AS1657-2013 7.4.3.1Diameter ofrung: min. 20mm

The surface of rungs shall be slipresistant (e.g. corrugated, serrated,knurled, dimpled or coated with aslip-resistant material).Rungs shall be securely connectedto the stiles and shall not rotate.

Rungs shall be not less than 20 mmdiameter and not greater than 50mm diameter

Ladder Dimension AS1657-2013 7.4.3.2Spacing betweenrungs: 250–300mm

Rungs shall be spaced as follows:(a) For ladders having a lengthgreater than 1 m, a rung spacing ofnot less than 250 mm, or greaterthan 300 mm.

(b) For ladders having a length lessthan or equal to 1 m, rungs shall beevenly spaced but not greater than300 mm apart.

Ladder Dimension AS1657-2013 7.4.3.4

Distancebetween bottomrung/tread andbottom landing:90%–100% ofspace btw rungs

The distance between the bottomrung/tread and the bottom landingshall be not less than 90% and notgreater than 100% of the rung/tread spacing (see Figure 7.5).


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Safetycage Dimension AS1657-2013 7.4.3.7

Opening: max.150 mmExtend fromtop: min. 1000mm

Bottom of case:2000–2200 mm

(a) The inside of the cage shall befree from projections.(b) The ladder cage shall beconstructed so that any openingdoes not permit a 150 mm sphere topass through it.

(c) The cage shall extend not lessthan 1000 mm or to the height ofthe guardrail (if provided) above thetop of the platform landing.

(d) The bottom of the cage shallterminate not less than 2000 mm ormore than 2200 mm above the baseof the ladder.

(e) Where the bottom of theladder terminates at a platformfitted with guardrailing that is lessthan 900 mm horizontally fromthe front of the ladder, the areabetween the cage and the top ofthe guardrailing shall be guarded toprovide sufficient edge protection.

Safetycage Dimension AS1657-2013 7.4.3.7

Sectionaldimensions ofcage: 750 mm

(g) The rear half of the cage shallbe approximately semicircular. Thesectional dimensions of the cageshall provide an internal width of700 mm and a clearance of 750 mmbetween the back of the cage andthe front of the rungs, measured at90° to the slope of the ladder.

Grating Dimension EN ISO14122-2 4.2.4.4

DiameterManned area: 20mm

Un mannedarea: 35 mm

The flooring of a working platformor walkway shall only have suchmaximum openings that a ball witha diameter of 35 mm cannot fallthrough;floorings above a place wherepeople are working, as opposed tooccasional passage, shall have suchmaximum openings that a ball witha diameter of 20 mm cannot fallthrough unless the same safety isguaranteed by other suitable means.

Grating Shape EN ISO14122-2 4.2.4.6 Non Slip

Floorings shall have a surface finishwhich is designed to reduce the riskof slipping. Whilst waiting for theEuropean standards on enhancedslip resistance, see informativeannex A.


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Grating Dimension

NORSOKC-002,Edition 3,June 2006

5.6


Unmanned area:35 mm

Grating openings shall not allowa 20 mm diameter ball to passthrough at any point. This appliesabove places where personnel arelikely to be present. Otherwise 35mm diameter is acceptable. Low-density punched plate shall be usedfor treads and landings in externalareas where open grating is notsuitable. Maximum openings in theplate shall be as above.

Grating ShapeNMAConstructionregulation

§14 3.8 Diameter: 15mm

The openings of the grating shallbe so small that a ball of 15 mmdiameter will not fall through.

Grating Material


5.6Withstand a footload of 2 000 N(200 kg)

Treads shall withstand a foot loadof 2 000 N (200 kg) on an area of100 mm x 100 mm at any positionwithout permanent deflection.

Grating Shape


5.6 Non-slipcheckered plate Non-slip checkered plate

Grating Material EN ISO14122-2 4.2.5 2 kN/m2

2 kN/m2 under distributed load forthe structure;1,5 kN concentrated load applied inthe most unfavourable position overa concentrated load area of 200 mmx 200 mm for the flooring.

When loaded with the design load,the deflection of the flooring shallnot exceed 1/200th of the spanand the difference between theloaded and a neighbouring unloadedflooring shall not exceed 4 mm inheight.

Grating Dimension

NORSOKS-002, Rev.4, August2004

Annex B


Un mannedarea: 35 mm

Maximum opening in grating: Ø 20mmGrating shall not allow a ball withgreater diameter to fall through.Applies above places with presenceof persons, otherwise Ø 35 mm.

NORSOKC-002


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Grating Dimension OSHA1910.24 1910.23(a)(9) Diameter: 1 inch

Every floor hole into which personscannot accidentally walk (on accountof fixed machinery, equipment,or walls) shall be protected bya cover that leaves no openingsmore than 1 inch wide. The covershall be securely held in place toprevent tools or materials fromfalling through.

Grating Dimension AS1657-2013 3.2.3.4

Openingdiameter: max.45 mm(max. 5000mm2)

Gap: max. 10mm

For grating and expanded metalflooring, the smallest dimension ofany opening shall not exceed 45 mmand the area of any opening shallnot exceed 5000 mm2. Any gapbetween adjacent made-up sectionsof grated floor shall not exceed 10mm. The gap may be of any length.

Where straightedge bars are notfitted, the size of any opening atthe joint between adjacent panelsshall not exceed the requirementsfor openings in the grating, as givenin Figure 3.1.

Cha

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CHANGES - HISTORICThere are currently no historical changes for this document.

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