do an tong quan thang may

8/11/2019 Do an Tong Quan Thang May

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n tt nghip Gvhd: Thy Trn Vn Khi

Svth: Do n H ong Mai 1 Lp: Trang bin-in t K 44

MC LCMc lc ..................................................................................................................... 1Chng I: Nghin cu phn t ch cu trc thang my .............................................. 3

I. Gii thiu thang my ...................................................................................... 3II. Phn loi thang my ...................................................................................... 6

1. Phn loi theo chc nng .............................................................................. 6

2. Phn loi theo tcdch chuyn. ................................................................ 63. Phn loi theo ti trng .................................................................................. 74. Phn loi theo vtr t bko ti ............................................................... 75. Theo hthng vn hnh. .............................................................................. 7

III. Trang thit bckh ca thang my ........................................................... 81. Tng thckh thang my ........................................................................... 82. Thit blpt trong bung my ................................................................... 83. Thit blp trong ging thang my .............................................................. 104. Thit blpt trong hging thang my .................................................. 105. Cc thit bcnh trong ging thang ......................................................... 11

5.1 Ray dn hng ..................................................................................... 115.2 Gim chn ............................................................................................. 11

6. Cabin v cc thit blin quan ..................................................................... 116.1 Khung cabin ........................................................................................... 116.2 Ngm dn hng.................................................................................. 116.3 Hthng treo ca bin ............................................................................... 126.4 Bung cabin .......................................................................................... 126.5 Hthng ca cabin v ca tng .......................................................... 12

7. Hthng cn bng trong thang my ............................................................. 127.1 i trng ................................................................................................ 137.2 X ch v cp cn bng ........................................................................... 137.3 Cp nng ................................................................................................ 137.4 Bko ti .............................................................................................. 14

8. Thit ban ton ckh ............................................................................... 148.1 Phanh hmin t: ............................................................................... 148.2 Phanh bo him : .................................................................................. 14

9. Cm bin vtr ............................................................................................. 15IV. Hthng mchin ca thang my ......................................................... 18

1. Mchng lc: ........................................................................................... 182. Mchiu khin: ........................................................................................ 183. Mch t n hiu: ............................................................................................ 184. Mch chiu sng: ........................................................................................ 185. Mch an ton: ............................................................................................. 18

Chng II: kho stc t nh ca thang my v cc yu cuiu khin ............. 19I. Kho stcim ca thang ....................................................................... 19II. T nh chn cng sutng cchuynng thang my ............................... 22III. Cc htruynng dng trong thang my ............................................... 26IV. cimc trng cho chl m vic ca htruynng thang my 27V. nh hng ca tc, gia tc v giti vi htruynng thangmy 27


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VI. Dng chnh xc bung thang .................................................................... 29VII. h bin tnng cv hthngiu khin pLc ................................... 33

1. skhi ca hbin tnng c........................................................... 332. Gii thiu vbin tn 3g3mv ca omron .................................................... 33

1.1 t vn. ............................................................................................ 331.2 Tng quan vbin tn 3G3MV v chc nng hotng. ................... 34

2 ....................................................................................................................... 352.1 ................................................................................................................. 35VIII. ..................................................................................................................... 35

chng III: xy dng hthngiu khin v lp tr nhiu khin thang my .... 35I. Phng php m tmch tr nh t.................................................................. 35II. Tng hp mch tr nh t.................................................................................. 38III. Xy dng cc khi chc nng ch nh ca thang ........................................... 38

1. Xcnh cc yu cu phc vv lu gicc yu cu..................... 392. bi ton xcnh vtr hin ti ca bung thang................................... 403. Bi ton xcnh hnh tr nh hin ti ca bung thang(ang nng hayang h). .......................................................................................................... 40

4. Nng hbung thang................................................................................ 405. iu khin dng bung thang.................................................................. 406. Bi tonng mca.............................................................................. 437. Bi toniu khinn v qut bung thang........................................ 468. Bi ton xl cc scxy rai vi thang......................................... 46

IV. PLC ............................................................................................................... 462.2 stng qut ca PLC. ...................................................................... 472.3 Cu trc bnhca CPU. ..................................................................... 502.4 Vng qut chng tr nh. ....................................................................... 522.4 Kthut lp tr nh. .................................................................................. 532.5 Ngn nglp tr nh. ............................................................................... 56

V. ............................................................................................................................. 57chng IV: xy dng m h nh m phng thang my ............................................ 57I. Xc nh cc vnsm phng ................................................................... 57II. Xy dng kt cu cho m h nh m phng ....................................................... 57III. Xy dng khoch m phng v kim nghim trn thc t. ..................... 57


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CHNG I: NGHIN CU PHN TCH CU TRC THANG MY

I. GII THIU THANG M YThang my l thit bvn ti dng chngi v hng ho theo phng thng

ng hoc nghing mt gc nhhn 150so vi phng thng ng theo mt tuyn

nh sn.Thang my v my nng c sdng rng ri trong cc ngnh sn xut

ca nn kinh tquc dn nhtrong ngnh khai thc hm m,trong ngnh xydng,luyn kim,cng nghip nhnhng ni thang my v my nng c s

dng vn chuyn hng ho,sn phm,a cng nhn ti ni lm vic c cao

khc nhauN thay thcho sc lc ca con ngi v mang li nng sut

cao.Hnh dng tng thca thang my c gii thiu ti hnh 1.


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Hnh 1.1 : hnh dng tng thca thang my

Trong sinh hot dn dng,thang my c lp t v sdng rng ri trong

cc to nh cao tng,trong cc khch sn,siu th,cng sv trong cc bnh

vin.Hthng thang my gip con ngi tit kim c nhiu thi gian v sc

lc

Nhiu quc gia trn thgii quy nh i vi cc to nh cao trn 6 tng trln

phi c trang bthang my m bo cho ngi i li thun tin,tit kim thi

gian v tng nng sut lao ng.Gi thnh ca thang my trang bcho cng trnh so

vi tng gi thnh cng trnh chim khong 6% n 7% l hp l.


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Vit Nam trc y thang my chyu c sdng trong cc ngnh cng

nghip chhng ho v t c phbin.Nhng trong giai on hin nay vi s

pht trin mnh mca nn kinh tquc dn v i sng nhn dn ngy cng nng

cao,vic sdng thang my trong mi lnh vc ngy cng tng ln.

Phti ca thang my thay i trong mt phm vi rt rng ,n phthuc volng hnh khc i li trong mt ngy m v hng vn chuyn hnh khch.Nh

thang my lp t trong nh hnh chnh,bui sng u gilm vic hnh khch i

nhiu theo chiu ln.cn bui chiu ,cui gilm vic,hnh khch si theo chiu

xung nhiu.

Thang my l mt thit bvn chuyn i hi tnh an ton nghim ngt ,n lin

quan trc tip n ti sn v tnh mng con ngi ,v vy yu cu chung i vi h

thng thang my khi thit k,chto ,lp t ,vn hnh,sdng v sa cha l phi

tun thmt cch nghim ngt cc yu cu kthut an ton c quy nh trong cc

tiu chun, quy trnh, quy phm.

Thang my chc cabin p ,sang trng,thng thong , m du th cha iu

kin a vo sdng m cn phi y cc thit ban ton, m bo tin cy

nh: in chiu sng dphng khi mt in,in thoi ni b(interphone), chung

bo,bhm bo him, an ton cabin(i trng), cng tc an ton ca ca cabin,kho

an ton ca tng, bcu hkhi mt ngun in

La chn thang my khng chn thun xem xt cc vn kthut m cn

phi xem xt ccc yu tkinh t.Hin nhin cng nhiu thang my c ti nh mc

ln,tc nh mc cao,hiu khin cng hin i th cng to iu kin thun li

cho khch hng sdng cng nhrt ngn thi gian chi,gim thi gian i tc

nh mc,mt mt i hi vn u tcho thang ln,mt khc lm tng din tch

chim ch,tng chi ph xy dng cho ging thangNhvy iu kin thun li cho

hnh khch v vn u tlun l hai chtiu tlnghch vi nhau.Qu trnh la

chn thang my chnh l qu trnh xc nh sthang,tnh nng kthut ca thang (ti,tc nh mc,phng php iu khin),cc kch thc cbn ca thang v v

tr t thang ph hp vi c im ,mc ch sdng ca to nh vi vn u tchp

nhn c.


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i vi nh sdng nhiu thang, bn cnh vic chn tnh nng kthut cn phi

btr chng thnh nhm sao cho hp l tn dng nng sut ti u ca thang cng

nhto thun li cho khch.

i vi cc to nh cao tng c lng hnh khch cn vn chuyn ln ngi ta

thng chi thang my ra lm cc nhm ring phc vcc thnh phn khc nhau theochiu cao ca to nh.Cc thang my cc nhm khc nhau c thc tnh nng k

thut khc nhau,thng cc thang phc vcho cc tng cao c tI v tc nh mc

ln hn cc thang phc vphn thp hn.

II. PHN LOI THANG M YTuthuc vo tnh cht,chc nng ca thang my.Thang my c thphn loi

thnh rt nhiu loi tuthuc vo cc tnh cht.v dnhphn loi theo hdn ng

cabin,theo vtr t bko ti,theo hthng vn hnh,theo cng dng.di y l

mt sphn loi:

1. Phn loi theo chc nng+ Thang my chngi

Gia tc cho php c quy nh theo cm gic ca hnh khch :Gia tc ti u l

a< 2m/s2

Thang my dng trong cc to nh cao tng : loi ny c tc trung bnh

hoc ln,i hi vn hnh m,an ton v c tnh mthut

Thang my dng trong bnh vin:Phi m bo rt an ton,sti u vm

khi dch chuyn,thi gian dch chuyn ,tnh u tin ng theo cc yu cu ca bnh

vin..

Thang my dng trong cc hm m,x nghip:p ng c cc iu c

cc iu kin lm vic nng ntrong cng nghip nhtc ng ca mI trng lm

vic:m,nhit ,thi gian lm vic,sn mn

+ Thang my chhng

c sdng rng ri trong cng nghip,trong kinh doanhN i hi cao v

vic dng chnh xc bung thang my m bo cho vic vn chuyn hng ho ln

xung thang my c ddng thun tin

2. Phn loi theo tcdch chuyn.

Thang my tc thp : v < 1 m/s


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I.

II.

III. TRANG THIT BCKH CA THANG M Y

1. Tng thckh thang myCc thit bchnh ca thang my gm c : bung thang ,ti nng, cp treo

bung thang, i trng, ng ctruyn ng, phanh hm in tv cc thit biu

khin khc.

Tt ccc thit bca thang my c trong ging bung thang (khong

khng gian ttrn ca tng cao nht n mc su nht ca tng 1), trong bung my

(trn sn tng cao nht ) v hbung thang (di mc sn tng 1). Btr c thit b

ca mt thang my c biu din trn hnh 1.2.

Cc thit bthang gm c : 1. ng cin ; 2. Puli ; 3. Cp treo; 4. Bhn

chtc ; 5.Bung thang ; 6. Thanh dn hng ;7. Hthng i trng ; 8. Trc

nh ; 9. Puli dn hng ; 10. cp lin ng ; 11. Cp cp in ; 12. ng cng

mca bung thang.

2. Thit blpt trong bung my

+ Ccu nng

Trong bung my lp t hthng ti nng hbung thang (ccu nng) 1

(trn hnh 1.2) to ra lc ko chuyn ng bung thang v i trng.

Ccu nng gm c cc bphn sau : bphn ko cp (puli hoc tang qun

cp ), hp gim tc , phanh hm in tv ng ctruyn ng. Tt ccc b

phn trn c lp t trn tm bng thp. Trong thang my thng dng hai c

cu nng (hnh 1.3) :

-

ccu nng c hp tc (hnh 1.3 a)- ccu nng khng dng hp tc (hnh 1.3 b).

Ccu nng khng c hp tc thng c sdng trong cc thang my

tc cao.


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+ Tin : trong tin lp rp cu dao tng, cu ch cc loi, cng tc tv

cc loi rle trung gian.

+ Puli dn hng 2 (hnh 1.2).

Hnh 1.2 :cc thit bckh lp trong thang.


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Svth: Do n H ong Mai 10 L p: Trang bin-in t K 44

+ Bphn hn chtc 4 (hnh 1.2) lm vic phi hp vi phanh bohim

bng cp lin ng 10 hn chtc di chuyn ca bung thang

3. Thit blp trong ging thang my

+ Bung thang : Trong qu trnh lm vic, bung thang 5 (hnh 1.2) di chuyn

trong ging thang my dc theo cc thanh dn hng 6 (hnh 1.2). Trn nc bung

thang c lp t phanh bo him, ng ctruyn ng ng - mca bung thang 12

(hnh 1.2). Trong bung thang lp t hthng nt bm iu khin, hthng n bo,

n chiu sng bung thang, cng tc lin ng vi sn ca bung thang v in thoi

ln lc vi bn ngoi trong trng hp thang my mt in. Cung cp in cho bung

thang bng dy cp mm 11 (hnh 1.2).

+ H thng cp treo 3 (hnh 1.2) l h thng cp hai nhnh mt u ni vi

bung thang u cn li ni vi i trng 7 cng vi puli dn hng .

+ Trong ging ca thang my cn lp t cc bcm bin vtr dng

chuyn i tc ng c, dng bung thang mi tng v hn chhnh trnh nng

hca thang my.

4. Thit blpt trong hging thang my

Trong hging thang my lp t hthng gim xc 8 (hnh 1.2) l hthng

gim xc dng l xo v gim xc thu lc trnh sva p ca bung thang v i

trng xung sn ca ging thang my trong trng hp cng tc hnh trnh hn ch

hnh trnh di chuyn xung bsc(khng hot ng).


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Hnh 1.3 : Ccu nng thang

III.

5. Cc thit bcnh trong ging thang

5.1 Ray dn hng

Ray dn hng c lp t dc theo ging thang dn hng cho cabin v itrng chuyn ng dc theo ging thang. Ray dn hng m bo cho cabin v itrng lun nm vtr thit kca chng trong ging thang v khng bdch chuyntheo phng nm ngang trong qu trnh chuyn ng. Ngoi ra ray dn hng cn

phi cng vng trng lng ca cabin v ti trng trong cabin ta ln dnhng cng cc thnh phn ti trng ng khi bhm bo him lm vic (trongtrng hp bt cp hoc cabin i xung vi tc ln hn gi trcho php).

5.2 Gim chnGim chn c lp t di y hthang dng v cabin v i trng trong

trng hp cabin hoc i trng chuyn ng xung di vt qu btr t ca cng

tc hnh trnh cui cng. Gim chn phi c cao ln khi caibin hoc itrng tln n th c khong trng cn thit pha di ph hp cho ngi c trchnhim thc hin kim tra, iu chnh, sa cha.

6. Cabin v cc thit blin quanCabin l bphn mang ti ca thang my.Cabin phi c kt cu sao cho c th

tho ri n thnh tng bphn nh.Theo cu to,cabin gm 2 phn:kt cu chu

lc(khung cabin) v cc vch che, trn, sn to thnh bung cabin.Trn khung cabin

c lp cc ngm dn hng, hthng treo cabin, hthng tay n v bhm bo

him, hthng ca v ccu ng mca.Ngoi ra,cabin ca thang my chngi phi m bo cc yu cu vthng gi, nhit v nh sng.

6.1 Khung cabin

Khung cabin l phn xng sng ca cabin thang my. c cu to bng ccthanh thp chu lc ln. Khung cabin phi m bo cho thit kchu ti nh mc.

6.2 Ngm dn hngNgm dn hng c tc dng dn hng cho cabin v i trng chuyn ng dc

theo ray dn hng v khng chdch chuyn ngang ca cabin v i trng trong

ging thang khng vt qu gi trcho php. C hai loi ngm dn hng : ngm

trt(bc trt) v ngm con ln.


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6.3 Hthng treo ca binDo cabin v i trng c treo bng nhiu si cp ring bit cho nn phi c h

thng treo m bo cho cc si cp nng ring bit c cng nhnhau.Trong

trng hp ngc li ,si cp chu lc cng ln nht sbqu ti cn si cp chng

strt trn rnh puly ma st nn rt nguy him.Ngoi ra ,do c si chng si cngnn cc rnh cp trn puly ma st sbmn khng u.V vy m hthng treo cabin

phi c trang bthm tip im in ca mch an ton ngt in dng thang khi

mt trong cc si cp chng qu mc cho php phng nga tai nn.Khi thang

chc thhot ng c khi iu chnh cng ca cc cp nhnhau.Hthng

treo cabin c lp t vi dm trn khung ng trong hthng chu lc ca cabin.

6.4 Bung cabin

Bung cabin l mt kt cu c ththo ri c gm trn, sn v vch cabin.Cc

phn ny c lin kt vi nhau v lin kt vi khung chu lc ca cabin.Bung cabin

phi m bo c cc yu cu cn thit vmt kthut cng nhmt mthut

6.5 Hthng ca cabin v ca tngCa cabin v ca tng l nhng bphn c vai tr rt quan trong trong vic m

bo an ton v c nh hng ln n cht lng, nng sut ca thang my.hthng

ca cabin v ca tng c thit ksao cho khi dng ti tng no th chdng ngcmca bung thang ng thi hthng ckh gn ca bung thang lin kt vi

ca tng lm cho ca tng cng c mra.Tng tkhi ng li th hthng lin

kt skhng tc ng vo ca tng na m bung thang li di chuyn i n cc tng

khc.

7. Hthng cn bng trong thang myi trng, cp nng, cp in, cp hoc xch cn bng l nhng bphn ca h

thng cn bng trong thang my cn bng vi vi trng lng ca cabin v ti

trng nng.Vic chn sng hc v trng lng cc bphn ca hthng cn

bng c nh hng ln n mmen ti trng v cng sut ng cca ccu dn

ng, n lc cng ln nht ca cp nng v khnng ko ca puly ma st.


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7.1 i trngi trng l bphn ng vai tr chnh trong hthng cn bng ca thang

my.i vi thang my c chiu cao nng khng ln, ngi ta chn i trng sao cho

trng lng ca n cn bng vi trng lng ca cabin v mt phn ti trng nng

,cp in v khng dng cp hoc xch cn bng.Khi thang my c chiu cao nngln, trng lng ca cp nng v cp in l ng knn ngi ta phi dng cp hoc

xch cn bng b tr li phn ti trng ca cp in v cp nng chuyn tnhnh

treo cabin sang nhnh treo i trng v ngc li khi thang my hot ng.

7.2 X ch v cp cn bngKhi thang my c chiu cao trn 45 m hoc trng lng cp nng v cp in c

gi trtrn 0,1 Q th ngi ta phi t thm cp hoc xch cn bng b trli phn

trng lng ca cp nng v cp in chuyn tnhnh treo cabin sang nhnh treo i

trng v ngc li khi thang my hot ng, m bo mmen ti tng i n nh

trn puly ma st. Xch cn bng thng c dng cho thang my c tc di 1,4

m/s. i vi thang my c tc cao, ngi ta thng dng cp cn bng v c thit

bko cng cp cn bng khng b xon. Ti thit bko cng cp cn bng phi

c tip im in an ton ngt mch iu khin ca thang my khi cp cn bng b

t hoc bdn qu ln v khi c scvi thit bko cng cp cn bng.

7.3 Cp nngC cu to bng si thp cacbon tt c gii hn bn 1400 1800 N/mm2.

Trong thang my thng dng t3 n 4 si cp bn. Cp nng c chn theo iu

kin sau:

SS dMAX n *

Trong :

Smax - lc cng cp ln nht trong qu trnh lm vic ca thang my ;

Sd - ti trng ph hng cp do nh chto xc nh v cho trong bng cptiu chun tuthuc vo loi cp , ng knh cp v gii hn bn ca vt liu

si thp bn cp

n - hsan ton bn ca cp, ly khng nhhn gi trquy nh trong tiu

chun, tuthuc vo tc , loi thang my v loi ccu nng.


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7.4 Bko tiTutheo sdn ng m bti ko c t trong phng my dn ng

nm pha trn, pha di hoc nm cnh ging thang. Bti ko dn ng in

gm c hp gim tc v loi khng c hp gim tc. i vi thang my c tc ln

ngi ta dng bti ko khng c hp gim tc.8. Thit ban ton ckh

Thit ban ton ckh trong thang my c vai tr m bo an ton cho thang my

v hnh khch trong trng hp xy ra scnh:t cp, cp trt trn rnh puly

ma st, cabin hvi tc vt qu gi trcho php. Thit ban ton ckh trong

thang my gm c:

8.1 Phanh hmin t:

Vkt cu, cu to, nguyn l hot ng ging nhphanh hm in tdng trongcc ccu ca cu trc.

8.2 Phanh bo him :( c mt stn gi khc nh: phanh d hoc ccu tp). Chc nng ca phanh

bo him l hn chtc di chuyn ca bung thang vt qu gii hn cho php

v gicht bung thang ti chbng cch p vo hai thanh dn hng trong trng

hp bt cp treo. Vkt cu v cu to, phanh bo him c ba loi :

- Phanh bo him kiu nm dng hm khn cp.

- Phanh bo him kiu km (hnh 1.4) dng hm m.

- Phanh bo him kiu lch tm dng hm khn cp.

Phanh bo him lp t trn nc ca bung thang, hai gng km 2 trt dc theo haithanh dn hng 1. Nm gia hai cnh tay u ca gng km c nm 5 gn cht vihthng truyn lc trc vt v tang - bnh vt 4. Htruyn lc bnh vt - trc vt c

hai dng ren : bn phi l ren phi, cn phn bn tri l ren tri. Khi tc ca bungthang thp hn trsgii hn ti a cho php, nm 5 hai u ca trc vt vtr xa

nht so vi tang - bnh vt 4, lm cho hai gn km 2 trt bnh thng dc theo thanhdn hng 1. Trong trng hp tc ca bung thang vt qu gii hn cho php,


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Hnh 1.4 Phanh hm bo him kiu km1.thanh dn hng; 2. gng km; 3. dy cp lin ng cvi bhn chtc ;

4. tang bnh vt ; 5. Nm.

tang - bnh vt 4 squay theo chiu ko di hai u nm 5 vpha mnh , lm chohai gng km 2 p cht vo thanh dn hng, kt qushn chc tc di

chuyn ca bung thang v trong trng hp bt cp treo, sgicht bung thangvo hai thanh dn hng.

9. Cm bin vtr

Trong thang my v my nng, cc bn phn cm bin vtr dng :

- Pht lnh dng bung thang mi tng.

- Chuyn i tc ng c truyn ng ttc cao sang tc thp khi

bung thang n gn tng cn dng, nng cao dng chnh xc ca bung thang.

- Xc nh vtr ca bung thang.

Hin nay, trong s khng ch

thang my v my nng thng dng ba loi

cm bin vtr :

+ Cm bin v tr kiu c kh(cng

tc chuyn i tng)

Hnh 1.5 Cm bin vtr kiu ckh

1. Tm cch in; 2. Tip im tnh;

3.Tip im ng ; 4. Cn gt; 5. Vng m

cao su


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Cm bin vtr kiu ckh l mt loi cng tc ba vtr. Khi bung thang di

chuyn i ln, di tc dng ca vu gt (lp mi tng) sgt tay gt sang bn phi,

cp tip im 2 bn tri kn, khi bung thang di chuyn theo chiu i xung, vtr tay

gt bn tri, cp tip im 2 vtr gia, chai cp tip im 2 u h.

u im : c kt cu n gin, thc hin ba chc nng ca bphn cm

bin vtr.

Nhc im :

- Tui thlm vic khng cao, c bit l i vi thang my tc cao

- Gy ting n ln, gy nhiu cho cc thit bv tuyn.

+ Cm bin vtr kiu cm ng (hnh 1.6).

Hnh 1.6. Cm bin vtr kiu cm ng

a)Cu to ca cm bin ;b) Snguyn tca bcm bin.

1.Mch t; 2. Cun dy ; 3. Tm st chTS

i vi thang my tc cao, nu dng bcm bin kiu ckh, lm gim

tin cy trong qu trnh lm vic. Bi vy trong cc skhng chthang my tc cao thng dng cc bcm bin khng tip im: kiu cm ng, kiu in dung v

kiu quang in.

Nguyn l lm vic ca cm bin kiu cm ng vtr da trn sthay i tr

sin cm (L) ca cun dy c mch tkhi mch tkn v mch th.


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Cu to ca bcm bin vtr kiu cm ng (hnh 1.6a) gm mch in t1,

cun dy 2. Khi mch th, in trca bcm bin bng in trthun ca cun

dy, cn khi mch tbche kn bng thanh thp chU (3), in trcm bin stng

t bin do thnh phn in cm (L) ca cun dy tng.

S nguyn l ca b cm bin kiu cm ng c gii thiu trn hnh

3.31a. Bcm bin c thu ni trc tip vi rle trung gian RTr mt chiu hoc

rle trung gian xoay chiu. Khi mch th, do in trca cm bin rt nh, rle

trung gian RTr tc ng, cn khi mch tkn, do in trca cm bin rt ln rle

trung gian RTr khng tc ng. nng cao tin cy lm vic ca rle trung gian,

u tC song song vi cun dy ca bcm bin. Trsin dung ca tC c la

chn sao cho khi thanh st 3 che kn mch tca btcm bin sto c ch

cng hng dng. Thng thng bcm bin CB c lp thnh ging ca thangmy, thanh st ng lp bung thang.

+ Cm bin vtr kiu quang in

(hnh 7)

Hnh 1.7 Cm bin vtr kiu

quang in

Bcm bin vtr dng hai phn

tquang in, cu to ca n c gii

thiu trn hnh 1.7a. Cu to ca n gm

khung gi ch U (thng lm bng vt

liu khng kim loi). Trn khung cch

in g lp hai phn tquang in 2 i

din nhu : mt phn tpht quang (it pht quang F) v mt phn tthu quang (

transito quang). nng cao tin cy ca bcm bin khng bnh hng sng

ca mi trng thng dng phn tpht quang v thu quang hang ngoi. Thanh gt

3 di chuyn gia khe hca khung g cc phn tquang din.

Snguyn l ca bcm bin kiu quang in gii thiu trn hnh 1.7b.

Nguyn l lm vic ca bcm bin kiu quang in nhsau: khi bung thang

cha n ng tng, nh sng cha bche khut, transito quang TT thng, transito T1


18/59



kho v transito T2 thng, rle trung gian RTr tc ng, cn khi bung thang n

ng tng, nh sng bche khut, TT kho, T1 thng, T2 kho, rle trung gian RTr

khng tc ng.

IV. HTHNG MCHIN CA THANG M Y

1. Mchng lc:l hthng iu khin ccu dn ng thang my ng m,o chiu ccu dnng v phanh ca bti ko. Hthng phi m bo vic iu chnh tc chuynng ca cabin sao cho qu trnh mmy v phanh c m du v dng cabin chnhxc.

2. Mchiu khin:L hthng iu khin tng c tc dng thc hin mt chng trnh iu khin phc

tp, ph hp vi chc nng yu cu ca thang my,Hthng iu khin tng c

nhim v:lu trcc lnh di chuyn tcabin, cc lnh gi tng ca hnh khch v

thc hin cc lnh di chuyn hoc dng theo mt thtu tin no ,sau khi thc

hin xong lnh iu khin th xo b,xc nh v ghi nhn thng xuyn vtr cabin

v hng chuyn ng ca n.Tt ccc hthng iu khin tng u dng nt

n.

3. Mch t n hiu:l hthng cc n tn hiu vi cc k hiu thng nht ho bo hiu

trng thi ca thang my, vtr v hng chuyn ng ca cabin.

4. Mch chiu sng:l hthng n chiu sng cho cabin,bung my v hthang

5. Mch an ton:l hthng cc cng tc, rle ,tip im nhm m bo an ton cho ngi ,

hng ho v thang my khi hot ng, cthl:bo vqu ti cho ng c, thit b

hn chti trng nng,cc cng tc hnh trnh,cc tip im ti ca cabin, ca tng,

ti htreo cabin v ti bhn chtc , cc rleMch an ton ngt tng ngt

in n mch ng lc dng thang hoc thang khng hot ng c trong cc

trng hp sau:

- mt in,mt pha, o pha, mt ng tip t

- qu ti

- cabin vt qu gii hn t cng tc hn chhnh trnh.


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- t cp hoc tc hcabin vt qa gi trcho php(bhn chtc v

bhm bo him lm vic)

-mt trong cc cp nng chng qu gii hn cho php.

- ca cabin hoc mt trong cc ca tng cha ng hn.

IV.

CHNG II : KHO ST C T NH CA THANG MY V CCYU CUIU KHIN

V.

KHO S TCIM CA THANGPhti thang my thay i trong mt phm vi rt rng, n phthuc vo lnghnh khch i li trong mt ngy m v hng vn chuyn hnh khch. V dnhthang my lp t trong nh hnh chnh, bui sng u gilm vic, hnh khch inhiu nht theo chiu nng, cn bui chiu cui gilm vic sl lng hnh khchnhiu nht i theo chiu xung. Bi vy , khi thit kthang my phi tnh cho phti xung cc i.

thun tin cho vic chn thang ngi ta phn cc loi nh theo mc ch s

dng thnh cc nhm cbn sau:

-

Nh hnh chnh:

- Nh :

- Khch sn:

- Bnh vin

Trong mi nhm li c thc chia nhc thchn thang my c tnh nng

kthut ph hp hn.

V dnhm nh hnh chnh c thphn thnh nh hnh chnh thun ty(cquan

b,cquan hnh chnh snghip) v nhm nh hnh chnh c kt hp vi sn

xut,nghin cu khoa hc

D cc to nh cng nhchng loi thang rt l a dng ,song mc ch vic

chn thang nhtrn nu phi thomn c cc yu cu vn chuyn shnh

khch trong thi gian nht nh m khng phi chlu cng nhphi trong cabin

qu lu.Thc t lng hnh khch thay i cn vn chuyn li thay i khng theo


20/59



quy lut nht nh,m thay i theo nhng gikhc nhau trong ngy tutheo tnh

cht ,c im , mc ch sdng ca to nh.im chung ca sthay i ny c

nhng gicn vn chuyn nhiu hnh khch c gi l gicao im.

Tt nhin gicao im vi tng loi to nh cng khc nhau.v dnhhnh v

trn xc nh hnh khch ti gicao im trong to nh thng mi c gilm vic

bt u t9h sng.

Vic phn tch dng hnh khch ti gicao im sthy l mt bc khng th

bqua khi la chn thang my song khnng vn chuyn hnh khch nhnu trncha phn nh y cht lng phc vca thang c thhin bng thi gian

hnh khch phi chi bn chnh ti gicao im,nn khi chn thang chai ch

tiu vkhnng vn chuyn (hay cn gi l nng sut vn chuyn) v cht lng

phc vphi c phn tch y tm gii php hp l.

Lu lng hnh khch i thang my trong thi im cao nht c tnh trong thi

gian 5 pht, c tnh theo biu thc sau:

100*

)(5

N

iaNAQ

trong :

A-tng sngi lm vic trong ngi nh

N - stng ca ngi nh

a - stng m ngi lm vic khng sdng thang my (thng ly a = 2)

23

Gilm vic 9hthtlhnh khc tigicao im

1.

nng sut vnchuyn trong 5

pht2.

nng sut trong 45pht

3.

nng sut trong 1h


21/59



100

i - chscng vn chuyn hnh khch , c trng cho slng khch

(biu din di dng %) khi i ln hoc xung trong thi gian 5.

i lng Q5phthuc vo tnh cht ca ngi nh m thang my phc v: i

vi nh chung cQ5% = (4 6)% ;khch sn Q5% = (7 10) %; cng sQ5% =

(20 30) %.

Nng sut vn chuyn hnh khch

Vic xc nh chnh xc slng hnh khch cn vn chuyn bng thang my

(hoc mt nhm thang my) trong ngy cho to nh nhn chung l khng ththc

hin c, v vy khi xc nh nng sut vn chuyn hnh khch t xc nh

trng ti nh mc ca thang, ngi ta quy c tnh tnh nng sut cn thit ca

thang ttsi l tsgia lng ln nht hnh khch cn vn chuyn trong nm

pht ti gicao im v slng hnh khch ti chtrong to nh.

Nng sut ca thang my theo mt hng trn mt n vthi gian v c tnh

theo biu thc sau :

P =

tnvH

E

2*3600

(2.1)

Trong : P - l nng sut ca thang my tnh cho 1 gi;

E - trng ti nh mc ca thang my (slng ngi i c cho

1 ln vn chuyn ca thang my);

- hslp y phti ca thang my ;

H - chiu cao nng (h) , m;

V - tc di chuyn ca bung thang ,m/s;

tn - tng thi gian khi thang my dng mi tng (thi gian ng ,

mca bung thang , ca tng , thi gian ra, vo ca hnh

khch) v thi gian tng, gim tc bung thang ;

tn = (t1+t2+t3)(md+ 1) + t4+ t5+ t6

Trong : t1 - thi gian tng tc ;

t2 - thi gian gim tc ;

t3 - thi gian ng mca ;


22/59



t4 - thi gian i vo ca mt hnh khch ;

t5 - thi gian i ra ca mt hnh khch ;

t6 - thi gian khi bung thang chkhch n chm ;

md- sln dng ca bung thang (tnh theo xc sut)

Sln dng md(tnh theo xc sut c thxc nh da trn thhnh 3.26)

Hnh 3.26 thxc nh

sln dng(tnh theo xc

sut) ca bung thang.

Md - sln dng; mt s

tng ;

E - sngi trong bung

thang.

Theo biu thc (2.1) ta thy rng nng sut ca thang my tlthun vi trng ti

ca bung thang E v tlnghch vi tn ,c bit l i vi thang my c trng

ti ln.

Cn hslp y phthuc chyu vo cng vn chuyn hnh khch

thng ly bng :)8,06,0(

VI. T NH CHN CNG SUTNG CCHUYNNG THANG MY

xc nh c cng sut ng ctruyn ng di chuyn bung thang (ca

thang my) cn phi c cc iu kin thng ssau :

- Sng hc ca ccu nng ca thang my.

- Trstc v gia tc gii hn cho php.

- Trng ti ca thang my.

- Khi lng ca bung thang v i trng (nu c).


23/59



- Chlm vic ca thang my.

Tnh chn cng sut ng cthc hin theo cc bc sau :

- Chn sbcng sut ng cda trn cng sut cn tnh.

- Xy dng biu phti ton phn c tnh n phti trong cc chqu

.

- Kim tra cng sut ng c chn theo iu kin pht nhit (theo phng

php dng in ng trhoc mmen ng tr).

Cng sut cn tnh ca ng ckhi nng ti khng dng i trng c tnh

theo biu thc sau :

kW

gvGG

P bt

c

103

*

..

(2.2)

Trong : G - khi lng ca hng ho, kg;

Gbt- khi lng ca bung thang, kg ;

v - tc nng hng, m/s ;

- hiu sut ca ccu nng (thng ly bng = 0,5 0.8) ;

g - gia tc trng trng, m/ s

2

Khi c i trng, cng sut cn tnh khi nng ti ca ng cc tnh theo

biu thc :

kWgkvGGGP btbtcn 103

.....1

(2.3)

v khi hti :

kWgkvGGGP dtbt

ch 10 3....1. (2.4)

Trong : Pcn - cng sut cn tnh ca ng ckhi nng c dng i trng,

kW ;

Pch - cng sut cn tnh ca ng ckhi hc dng i trng, kW ;


24/59



k - hsc tnh n ma st trong cc thanh dn hng ca bung thang v i

trng (thng chn k = 1,15 1,3);

Gdt - khi lng ca i trng, kg.

Khi tnh chn khi lng ca i trng G, lm sao cho khi lng ca n cn

bng c vi khi lng ca bung thang G v mt phn khi lng ca hng ho

G. Khi lng ca i trng c tnh theo biu thc sau :

kgGGG btdt (2.5)

Trong : - hscn bng, trsca n thng ly bng = 0.3 0.6.

Phn ln cc thang my chkhch chvn hnh y ti trong nhng gicao

im, thi gian cn li lun lm vic non ti nn nn thng ly bng : = 0.34

0.5

i vi thang my ch hng khi nng thng lm vic y ti, cn khi h

thng khng ti (G = 0) nn chn = 0,5.

Da trn hai biu thc (2.2) v (2.3) c thxy dng biu phti (n gin

ho) ca ng ctruyn ng v chn sbcng sut ng ctrong cc stay tra

cu.

xy dng biu ph ti ton phn (biu ph ti chnh xc) cn phi

tnh n thi gian tng tc, thi gian hm ca htruyn ng, thi gian ng, mca

bung thang v ca tng, sln dng ca bung thang, thi gian ra, vo bung thang

ca hnh khch trong thi gian cao im. Thi gian ra vo ca hnh khch thng ly

bng 1s cho mt hnh khch. S ln dng ca bung thang (tnh theo xc sut) md

c tnh chn da trn cc ng cong trn hnh 3.26.

Mt khc khi tin hnh xy dng biu phti ton phn cng cn phi tnh

n mt syu tkhc phthuc vo chvn hnh v iu kin khai thc thang

my nh: thi gian chkhch, thi giant hang my lm vic vi tc thp khi n

tng gn dng, v.v


25/59



Khi tnh chn chnh xc cng sut ng c truyn ng thang my cn phn

bit haichca ti trng : ti trng ng u (hu nhkhng i) v tI trng bin

i.

Phng php tnh chn cng sut ng cvi chti trng ng u thc

hin theo cc bc sau :

1)Tnh lc ko ca cp t ln vnh bnh ngoi ca puli ko cp trong c cu

nng, khi bung thang cht y ti ng tng 1 v cc ln dng theo dkin.

NgGkGGGF dtbt 11 (2.6)

Trong : k1 - sln dng theo dkin ca bung thang ;

G

1

- thay i ca ti trng sau mi ln dng, kg thng ly bng

G 1 =k

G

d

; trong kd - s ln dng bun thang (theo dkin) c xc nh

trn dng cong hnh 3.26.

2)Tnh mmen theo lc ko

Vi F > 0

Vi F < 0

Trong : R - bn knh ca puli ko cp, m ;

i - tstruyn ca ccu nng ;

- hiu sut ca ccu nng.

3)Tnh tng thi gian hnh trnh nng v h ca bung thang bao gm : Thi

gian bung thang di chuyn vi tc n nh, thi gian tng tc, thi gian hm

v thi gian phkhc (thi gian ng, mca, thi gian ra, vo bung thang ca

hanh khch).

N

N

i

RFM

iRF

M

.

.


26/59



4)Da trn kt quca cc bc tnh ton trn, tnh mmen ng trv tnh cng

sut ca ng cbo m tha mn iu kin MM dtr

5)Xy dng biu phti ton phn ca htruyn ng c tnh n qu trnh

qu , tin hnh kim nghim ng ctheo dng in ng tr.

i vi chph ti khng ng u (bin i), cc bc tnh chn cng

sut ng ctruyn ng tin hnh theo cc bc trn. Nhng tnh lc ko t ln

puli ko cp phi c biu thay i ca ti trng theo tng tng mt khi bung

thang di chuyn ln v xung.

VII.C C HTRUYNNG DNG TRONG THANG M YKhi thit k, tnh chn htruyn ng cho thang my phi da trn cc yu cu

chnh sau :

-

dng chnh xc ca bung thang.

- Tc di chuyn ca bung thang.

- Trsgia tc ln nht cho php.

- Phm vi iu chnh tc yu cu.

+ Htruyn ng xoay chiu vi ng ckhng ng b(rto lng sc v r to

dy qun ) c sdng truyn ng cc loi thang my v my nng c tc

thp v trung bnh.

-

Htruyn ng xoay chiu vi ng ckhng ng brto lng sc thng

dng trong thang my tc thp .

-

Htruyn ng xoay chiu vi ng ckhng ng brto dy qun thng

dng cho cc loi thang my trng ti ln, cho php cht lng ca hthng truyn

ng khi tng tc v gim tc, nng cao chnh xc khi dng.

- Htruyn ng xoay chiu vi ng ckhng ng brto lng sc hai cp

tc (c hai bdy qun stato c lp ni theo shnh sao ) thng dng trong

cc thang my tc trung bnh. Si cc ca dy qun stato ng cthng chnl : 2p = 6 2p = 24 hoc 2p = 42p = 20, tng ng vi tc ng b ca

ng cbng : n0 =1000/250 vng/pht hoc 1500/300 vng/pht.

- Htruyn ng xoay chiu vi ng ckhng ng brto lng sc c cp

ngun tbbin tn thng dng trong cc thang my tc cao (khi v>1,5 m/s) ,


27/59



cho php hn chc gia tc v git trong gii hn cho php v t chnh xc

khi dng rt cao ( mmS 5 )

- Htruyn ng mt chiu thng dng cho cc thang my tc cao

( v 1,5 m/s). Thng dng hai htruyn ng sau:

+ HF - c khuych i trung gian lm ngun cung cp cho cun kch tcamy pht .( Khuych i trung gian c thl my in khuych i hoc khuch i

t).

- H T - , my pht mt chiu c thay thbng bchnh lu dng tiristo.

- Khi chn ng ctruyn ng thang my phi da trn sng hc ca c

cu nng. i vi thang my v my nng khi dng ccu c hp tc , thng

dng loi ng cxoay chiu kiu A2, AO2 ; ng ckhng ng bc hstrt

cao kiu AC, AOC ; ng chai cp tc v ng crto dy qun kiu AK.i vi thang my tc cao ( V >1,5 m/s), khi dng ccu nng khng c hp

gim tc thng chn loi ng ctc chm. Cc nh my chto in c ch

to ra loi ng cmt chiu chuyn dng cho thang my vi cng sut P = (28

40)kW v tc nh mc n = 83 vng/pht.

VIII.CIMC TRNG CHO CHLM VIC CA HTRUYNNG THANG M Y

Thang my thng c lp t trong mi trng kh l khc nghit. Phng my

thng c t thng c t ti nh ca to nh v vy my nhit caphng my thng cao.Chlm vic ca ng cl ngn hn lp li vi tn sng ct in ln, mmy , hm dng lin tc.Do nhng c th trn, ngnh cngnghip chto my in sn xut cc loi ng cchuyn dng cho thang my. Ccloi ng c l : ng cKB ba pha r to lng sc, r to dy qun, ng cinmt chiu kch tsong song hoc ni tip

IX. NH HNG CA TC, GIA TC V GITI VI HTRUYNNG THANG M Y


28/59



Hinh 3 thbiu din sphthuc ca qung ng S, tc v , gia tc a

v git theo thi gian

Mt trong nhng yu cu cbn i vi h thng truyn ng thang my l

phi m bo cho bung thang di chuyn m. Bung thang di chuyn m hay khng,

ph thuc ch yu vo tr s gia tc ca bung thng khi m my v hm dng.

Nhng tham s chnh c trng cho ch lm vic ca thang my l : tc di

chuyn bung thang v [m/s], gia tc a [m/s2 ] v git [m/ s

3 ]. Trn hnh 3.33

biu din cc ng cong : qung ng i ca thang my S, tc v, gia tc a, v

git theo hm thi gian t.T biu thc (3.20) ta rt ra nhn xt rng : tr s tc di chuyn bung

thang quyt nh nng sut ca thang my, trstc di chuyn c bit c ngha

quan trng i vi thang my trong cc nh cao tng. Nhng thang my tc cao (v

> 3,5 m/s) ph hp vi chiu cao nng ln, s ln dng md t. Trong trng hp

ny thi gian khi tng tc v gim tc rt nhso vi thi gian di chuyn ca bung

thang vi tc cao, trstc trung bnh ca thang my gn t bng tc nh

mc ca thang my.

Mt khc, cn phi nh rng, tr s tc di chuyn ca bung thang t l

thun vi gi thnh ca thang my. Nu tng tc ca thang my tv = 0,75 m/s

ln v = 3,5 m/s, gi thnh ca thang my tng ln (4 5) ln. Bi vy tuthuc vo


29/59



cao cu nh m thang my phc vchn trsdi chuyn ca thang my ph

hp vi tc ti u, p ng y cc chtiu kinh tv kthut.

Trstc di chuyn trung bnh ca thang my c thtng bng cch gim

thi gian tng tc v gim tc ca htruyn ng thang my, c ngha l tng gia

tc. Nhng khi bung thang di chuyn vi gia tc qu ln s gy ra cm gic kh

chu cho hnh khch (chng mt, c cm gic shi v nght thv.v). Bi vy, tr

sgia tc c chn ti u l a 2 m/ s2.

Mt i lng khc quyt nh s di chuyn m ca bung thang l tc

tng ca gia tc khi mmy v tc gim ca gia tc khi hm my. Ni cch khc

l git (o hm bc nht ca gia tc

td

Sd

td

vd

dt

da3

3

3

2

). Khi gia tc

a < 2m/ s2, trsgit ca tc ti u l < 20m/s

3.

Biu lm vic ti u ca thang my vi tc trung bnh v tc cao

c biu din trn hnh 3.33. Biu ny c thphn thnh 5 giai on theo tnh

cht thay i tc di chuyn bung thang : tng tc, di chuyn vi tc n nh,

hm xung tc thp, bung thang n tng v hm dng.

Biu ti u (hnh 3.33) s t c nu dng h truyn ng mt chiu

hoc dng hbin tn - ng cxoay chiu. Nu dng h truyn ng xoay chiu

vi ng ckhng ng brto lng sc hai cp , biu lm vic t gn vi

biu ti u nhhnh 3.33.

i vi thang my tc chem., biu lm vic c 3 giai on : thi gian tng tc(mmy), di chuyn vi tc n nh v hm dng.

X. DNG CH NH XC BUNG THANG

Bung thang ca thang my cn phi dng chnh xc so vi mt bng ca sn

tng cn n sau khi hm dng.

Nu bung thang dng khng chnh xc sgy ra cc hin tng bt li sau :

- i vi thang my chkhch, lm cho hnh khch ra vo bung thang kh

khn hn, tng thi gian ra, vo dn n gim nng sut ca thang my.


30/59



- i vi thang my chhng gy kh khn trong vic bc v xp dhng

ha. Trong mt strng hp khng thc hin c vic bc xp, dhng ho.

khc phc hu qu, c thn nhp cc nt bm n tng (T) lp trong

bung thang t chnh xc deng bung thang theo yu cu, nhng n sdn

n cc vn khng c li sau :

- Hng cc thit biu khin.

- Gy tn tht nng lng trong htruyn ng, nu dng ng ckhng ng

brto lng sc truyn ng thang my sdn n gy ra spht nng ca ng c

qu gii hn cho php.

- Gy hng cc thit bckh ca thang my.

- Tng thi gian t lc phanh hm tc ng cho n khi bung thang dnghn.

dng chnh xc ca bung thang c nh gi bng i lng S (hnh

3.34).


31/59



hnh 3.34 a) Sxc nh chnh xc khi dng bung thang ; b) Sph

thuc ca dng chnh xc S ca bung thang vo trstc v gia tc

ng sa mMAX2

/11 ; ng sa mMAX2

/22 ; ng sa mMAX2

/33

S l mt na hiu sca hai qung ng cubung thang trt I ctkhi phanh hm in ttc ng n khi bung thang dng hn khi c ti v khng

c ti theo cng mt hng di chuyn ca bung thang. Cc yu tnh hng n

dng chnh xc ca bung thang gm : mmen do ccu phanh hm in tsinh ra,

mmen qun tnh ca bung thang v ti trng, trstc di chuyn bung thang

khi bt u hm dng v mt syu tphkhc.

Qu trnh hm dng bung thang xy ra nhsau : Khi bung thang i gn n

snm tng cn dng, stc ng vo cm bin vtr (cng tc chuyn i tng) ra lndng bung thang. Cc thit b chp hnh trong siu khin thang my (rle,

cng tc t) c thi gian tc ng l t (qun tnh in tca phn tchp hnh),

trong qung thi gian , bung thang i c qung ng S cho n khi phanh

hm in ttc ng l :

tvS '0

[m] (2.7)

Trong : v0 - trsdi chuyn cu bung thang khi bt u hm, m/s.

Sau khi phanh hm in ttc ng (m phanh ca phanh hm in tp cht

vo trc ng ctruyn ng) l qu trnh hm dng bung thang. Trong thi gian

nt bung thang i c mt qung ng l 'S .

FFvm

Scph

2''2

0 [m] (2.8)

Trong : m l khi lng tt ccc khu chuyn ng ca thang my, kg ;

Fph - lc p do ccu phanh hm in tsinh ra (N) ;

Fc - lc cn tnh do ti trng gy ra (N).


32/59



Du (+) hoc du (-) trong biu thc (3.29) tu thuc vo ch lm vic

bung thang : Khi hm (+), khi chuyn ng (-).

Biu thc (3.29) c thvit i dng khc nhsau :

MMi

DJ

Scph

22

''

2

0 [m] (2.9)

Trong : J - mmen qun tnh quy i vtrc ng ctruyn ng, kgm2;

Mph, Mc -mmen do ccu phanh hm in tsinh ra v m

men cn tnh do ti trng gy ra , N.m ;

0 - tc gc ca ng ckhi bt u hm dng, rad/s ;

D - ng knh ca puli ko cp , m;i - tstruyn.

Qung ng bung thang i c tkhi cm bin vtr ra lnh dng n khi

bung thang dng ti sn tng dng bng :

10.2)(2

22

0

0

"'m

i

DJ

tMM

vSSSCph

Bcm bin vtr c t cch sn tng mt khong cch no hiu sca hai qung ng ca bung thang i c y ti v khi khng ti chia i thnh

hai phn bng nhau so vi mc ca sn tng . Sai sln nht ( dng khng chnh

xc ln nht ) c tnh theo biu thc sau :

11.22

12 mSS

SMAX

Trong : S1 - qung ng trt nhnht ca bung thang ;

S2 - qung ng trt ln nht ca bung thang ;Phn tch biu thc (3.31) ta rt ra kt lun : cc thng snh hng n chnh

xc khi dng bung thang gm :

- J m men qun tnh ca cc phn tchuyn ng ca bung thang .

- t qun tnh in tca cc phn tchp hnh trong siu khin ca

thang my.


33/59



- Mph,MC m men do ccu phanh hm in tsinh ra v ti trng ca thang

my .

i vi mt thang my , ba thng strn c thcoi nhkhng i

Mt thng squan trng nht nh hng n dng chnh xc ca bung thang

l i lng V0(tc di chuyn ca bung thang khi bt u hm dng ). nng cao chnh xc dng bung thang i vi thang my dng, gim tc di

chuyn ca bung thang khi bcm bin vtr cho lnh dng bung thang.

nh gi chnh xc dng bung thang S phthuc vo tc V0v gia tc

ca bung thang , c thkho st theo ng cong trn hnh 3.34b. i vi thang

my, khng chnh xc khi dng bung thang cho php l: mmSMAX 20

XI.

H BIN TNNG CV HTHNGIU KHIN PLC

1. skhi ca hbin tnng c

2. Gii thiu vbin tn 3g3mv ca omron

1.1 t vn.thay i tc ng ckhng ng bba pha mt cch bng phng tuyn tnh

trong phm vi rng, cn ngun xoay chiu c ththay i c tn sngi ta s

dng h thng bin tn. Bin tn 3G3MV p ng c tiu chun chu u EC v

PLCIU KHIN TRUNG TM

Bin tn Bin tn

ng cnng h

ng cng mca

cc cmbin u

vo

Ngun dphng

Hthng rle

Hthng phtr

phanh


34/59



UL/CUL cho vic lu hnh trn ton thgii. V vy khi sdng bin tn 3G3MV

ca omron m bo c slm vic n nh, mc tin cy cao, cho php phm vi

iu chnh rng, lm vic an ton.v.v.

1.2 Tng quan vbin tn 3G3MV v chc nng hotng.

Hnh 2.1: Bin tn 3G3MV

Bin tn 3G3MV c thhot ng chcbn v c cc chc nng hot

ng cao cp. i vi cc chc nng hot ng cbn ta phi ci t y cc

thng scho n nhla chn chhot ng ph hp, chiu khin c la

chn l ti chhay txa ... Cn i vi cc chc nng hot ng cao cp ta c tht

tn smang, pht hin qu momen, b momen v b trt...Cc chc nng hot ng cbn.

- t chiu khin (n002).

- t chti ch/txa (n004 v n008).

-La chn lnh hot ng.

- t tn schun...

. Cc chc nng hot ng cao cp.

- t tn smang (n046).

- Chc nng phanh hm DC.

- Chng tt tc .

- Chc nng pht hin qu momen.

- Chc nng b momen.

- Chc nng b trt.


35/59



- iu khin tit kim nng lng.

- Truyn thng.

- Chc nng PID... .

2

2.1

XII.

CHNG I II : XY DNG HTHNGIU KHIN V LP TR NHIU KHIN THANG MY

I. PHNG PHP M TMCH TR NH T

C nhiu phng php m tthng c dng trong phn tch v tng hp

mc trnh t. l cc phng php bng chuyn trng thi,phng php hnh

trng thi (hnh Mealy v hnh Moore), phng php lu nhng ta chxt

phng php bng chuyn trng thi l n gin v dxt nht vi phng php ny

th cc trng thi u ra ca ta sc thp bi cc trng thi u vo.Sau y l

ni dung ca phng php bng chuyn trng thi

Phng php ny m tqu trnh chuyn i trng thi di hnh thc bng.

Trong bng hnh 1 di bao gm:

- Cc ct ca bng ghi cc bin vo v cc bin ra.Cc tn hiu vo l cc tn

hiu iu khin( ,, ) c thl tn hiu iu khin ca ngi vn hnh ,ca thit

bchng trnh hoc cc tn hiu pht ra tcc thit bcng ngh.

-

Cc tn hiu ra (Y1,Y2) l tn hiu kt quca qu trnh iu khin v ghi

ct u ra

- Cc hng ca bng ghi cc trng thi trong ca mch (S1,S2,S3). Shng ca

bng chr strng thi ca h.


36/59



- Cc giao nhau ca ct bin vo v cc hng trng thi sghi trng thi ca

mch.Nu trng thi mch khng trng vi tn hng th l trng thi khng n

nh.

- Cc giao nhau ca ct tn hiu ra v cc hng trng thi sghi gi trtn hiu

ra tng ng.

- bng trn hnh 2 , ,, l cc tn hiu vo Y1, Y2l cc tn hiu ra .Hc 3

trng thi :S1 ( lm vic tc thp) ,S2(o chiu quay), S3(dng my).

Mi trng thi ca mch c thdin t bng ngn ngv km theo mt con s

gi tn trng thi .V dta xt trng thi S1 lc ny my hot ng tc thp

.Nu lc ny cho bin tc ng th my vn lm vic chthp (trng thi S1 l

trng thi n nh), nu cho bin tc ng th my schuyn sang trng thi S2,

nhng trng thi S2ghi hng S1l trng thi khng n nh -trng thi trung gian

,mch ang chun bchuyn sang trng thi n nh khc ,nu cho bin tc ng

th mch schuyn ttrng thi S1sang trng thi S3(trng thi S3khng n nh).

Cc bin u ra Y1, Y2lc ny u bng 0. Tng tnhvy ta sl gii cc trng

thi kt quhng 2, hng 3.

Khi bng trng thi chuyn chc mt tn hiu th c thkhng dng ct tn hiu

ra, cc gi trtn hiu ra c ghi lun vo cc trng thi chuyn (hnh 3)

Trng

Thi

tn hiu vo tn hiu ra

Y1 Y2

S1

S2

S3

Hnh 1

Trng thi tn hiu vo Tn hiu ra


37/59



Y1 Y2

S1(tc thp) S1 S2 S3 0 0

S2(o chiu quay) S1 S2 1 0

S3(ngng my) S3 0 0

Hnh 2

iu quan trng nht y l ghi c y v ng cc trng thi trong ca

cc ca bng.C hai ch thc hin cng vic ny:

Cch 1 . Trc ht da vo cc dliu bi ton, cc hiu bit vqu trnh

cng ngh,t ghi cc trng thi hin nhin c. Tip theo cc trng thi chuyn rrng (cc trng thi ny c so ghi trng thi khc vi cc thtcc hng cc trng

thi xut pht ), nu trng thi no khng chc chn th trng, sbsung sau.

Cch 2. Phn tch xem xt tng in trng thi .Vic lm ny l logic,

cht chv r rng , tuy nhin nhiu khi phn tch khng thqu chi ly dn n

khnng phn bit gia cc c trng thi gn nhnhau, do vy rt kh in y

cc .

Bin (V)

Trng

thi (S)

S1 S2/1 S4/0 S4/0

S2 S4/1 S4/0 S4/1

S2 S4/1 S4/1 S4/1

S4 S4/1 S4/0 S4/0

S5 S4/0 S4/0 S4/0

Hnh 3


38/59



I I. TNG HP MCH TR NH T

Bi ton tng hp mch trnh tl bi ton kh, hn na t mt yu cu ra li

c nhiu cch gii quyt khc nhau , do vy vn chung y l phi da vo mt

chtiu ti u no , ng thi tm c li gii ti u th ngoi cc suy lun

ton hc logic ngi thit kcn phi tn dng cc kinh nghim thc trt phongph v a dng . y chnu ra mt sbc thc chung v cc v dcthminh

hophng php tng hp mch trnh t.

Tng hp theo bng trng thi

Trnh tca cc bc nhsau:

a) Thnh lp bng chuyn trng thi.Thc cht y l vic din t cc yu k

thut thnh k hiu kiu bng

b)

Thnh lp bng kch thch v bng u ra

c) Tm hm logic ti gin v chon mch

C nhiu phng php ti gin bng trng thi nhng ta dng phng php

tng hp bng trng thi rt gn bng bng cac-no .

I I I.

XY DNG CC KHI CHC NNG CH NH CA THANGTphng php tng hp bng trng thi ta sa ra cc c tnh ca thang my

v t tng hp c trng thi u ra .Tcc phng trnh trng thi lp c vi

u vo ta s vit chng trnh lad cho thang.Cc khi chc nng chnh ca thang

gm c:

Xc nh cc yu cu phc vv lu gicc yu cu

Bi ton xcnh vtr hin ti ca bung thang

Bi ton xcnh hnh tr nh hin ti ca thang(ang nng hayang h)

Nng-hbung thang

iu khin dng bung thang

Bi tonng- mca bung thang

iu khin Qut v n trong thang

Sc(hng hc thit btruynng,cc thit bckh ; cc cm bin(qu

hnh tr nh, qu trng ti, sai hnh tr nh); scngun,...)


39/59



iu khin thang my chngi (9 tng) ta sk hiu thp v a ra phng

trnh trng thi cho n gin.

- Trong bung thang c 9 nt n cc tng ( T ) la chn cc tng cn di

chuyn ti ln lt l (DT1,DT2,DT3,DT4,DT5,DT6,DT7,DT8,DT9) v 2 nt

ng mca cng bc l (C, MC) .- Ngoi bung thang trn mi tng cn c cc nt gi tng 9 tng sc 16 nt

gi tng ( GT ).Ta sk hiu GTL(l nt gi tng ln ), GTX (l gi tng

xung). Cc nt gi tng ln lt l :GTL1 (Gi tng i ln tng 1),

GTL2,GTL3,GTL4,GTL5,GTL6,GTL7,GTL8 v cc nt gi tng xung

GTX9 (Gi tng xung tng

9),GTX8,GTX7,GTX6,GTX6,GTX5,GTX4,GTX3,GTX2 .

- Cc nt T, GT khi c nhn trng thi sphi c lu li chn khi

c xl.

- Cc yu cu T ,GT c xl khi thang my ri hoc khi ang cng hnh

trnh chuyn ng ca bung thang v thang my ca chng ta lp trnh u tin

theo hnh trnh.

- Khi bung thang n tng yu cu ,n huyu cu c xl, dng li mt

thi gian mca n trkhch hoc c thlu hn nu c nhn nt

cng bc.Sau nu cn yu cu n tip tc c xl nu khng n s

dng ti vtr tng ny.

xl yu cu ca cc tng

cc tng ging nhau nn ta chvit mt tng l c thsuy ra cc tng khc

di y l vit cho tng 2

1. Xcnh cc yu cu phc vv lu gicc yu cu

Cc yu cu ca hnh khch phi c xl khi thang my ang hot ng tibt kthi im no. Bi ton t ra l phi lu c trng thi yu cu ca cc ntgi tng trong bung thang cng nhnt n tng ti cc tng. Lu tt ccc lnhnm ngoi khng cho php di chuyn n so vi lnh u tin nht, ng thi lu ttccc lnh khng cng hnh trnh chnh (c xc nh l nhbin trung gian angnng hoc ang h), sau khi thc hin xong cc lnh chnh, thang my squay trlithc thi cc lnh c lu.


40/59



2. bi ton xcnh vtr hin ti ca bung thang.Vtr hin ti ca bung thang l iu kin u vo xc nh c rle

tng.

3. Bi ton xcnh hnh tr nh hin ti ca bung thang(ang nng hayang h).

Bi ton sl mt bc trung gian chng ta xl lnh u tin theo hnhtrnh. Nu tn hiu ang nng c set th tt ccc lnh gi theo chiu ln sc

u tin xl n khi ht mt hnh trnh ln v ngc li.

4. Nng hbung thangNng hbung thang l tn hiu u ra a vo bin tn iu khin ng

c.

5. iu khin dng bung thangDng bung thang chnh xc l rt quan trng bi khi dng thiu chnh xc c th

gy ra cc sc. Nu dng c sai lnh t th c thgy ra sdi chuyn kh khncho cc phng tin xe y hng vo bung thang. Nu thiu chnh xc nhiu c thgy kt ca khng mc ca v gy ra nhiu sckhc. Lnh dng bung thangc dng khi bung thang n ng vtr tng cn n. Cc iu kin an ton cadng bung thang gm c : cc ca tng cha ng, ca bung thang cha ng, tcqu gii hn cho php hoc t cp treo v.v

Cc bin u vo ca dng thang gm c : cc cng tc tng ti cc tng v cc rle tng. Cc cng tc tng gm c CTT1, CTT2, CTT3, CTT4, CTT5, CTT6,CTT7,CTT8, CTT9, CTT10. Ta btr 10 cng tc tng cho thang my 9 tng v vy chngta sxt 2 cng tc tng l mt cp xc nh bung thang ang tng no. V dkhi thang my ang tng 1 th bung thang stc ng ln 2 cng tc tng l

(CTT1, CTT2) , bung thang ang tng 2 stc ng ln 2 cng tc tng l (CTT2,CTT3) tng tvi cc tng khc. Cc Rle tng (RLT) l bin trung gian xcnh c cc bin chn tng (ChnT) cn dng. Ti mi tng cng sc tng ngmt rle tng v mt bin chn tng. Vi thang my ca ta sc cc bin nhsau:rle tng 1(RLT1), rle tng 2(RLT2), rle tng 3(RLT3) , rle tng 4(RLT4) , rletng 5(RLT5) , rle tng 6(RLT6) , rle tng 7(RLT7) , rle tng 8(RLT8) , rle tng9(RLT9). Trng thi chn tng gm c : chn tng 1(ChonT1), chn tng 2(ChonT2),chn tng 3(ChonT3), chn tng 4(ChonT4), chn tng 5(ChonT5), chn tng6(ChonT6), chn tng 7(ChonT7), chn tng 8(ChonT8), chn tng 9(ChonT9). Luca trng thi dng :


41/59



Bng trng thi cho bi ton iu khin dng thang:

ChnT CTT Dng

1 1 1

Tbng trng thi ta suy ra phng trnh logic cho dng bung thang:

10*9*99*8*88*7*7

7*6*66*5*55*4*4

4*3*33*2*22*1*1*

CTTCTTChonTCTTCTTChonTCTTCTTChonT

CTTCTTChonTCTTCTTChonTCTTCTTChonT

CTTCTTChonTCTTCTTChonTCTTCCTChonTDung

CTTChonTDung

xc nh c trng thi chn tng (ChonT) th phi qua mt sbc trung

gian to ra cc bin phxl u vo. Ta thm bin trung gian rle tng (RLT) dng

xl cc yu cu ca hnh khch khi thang my ang chy.

Ta c lu xc nh rle tng:

vtr thang bngtng

v ng vi yu cu

Dng bung thang

Di chuyn bung thang

No

ng mca thang


42/59



Bng trng thi cho rle tng:

CT2 CGTL2 CGTX2 CTT2_1 CTT2_3 N H RLT2

1 1 0 0 0 1

1 1 0 1 0 0

1 1 0 0 1 1

1 0 1 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0 1

1 0 1 0 1 0

1 1 0 0 0 1

1 1 0 1 0 0

1 1 0 0 1 0

1 0 1 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0 1

1 0 1 0 1 0

1 1 0 0 0 1

1 1 0 0 1 1

1 1 0 1 0 0

1 0 1 0 0 1

CT

CGTL

CGTX

CTT x_1

CTT x_3

H

N

Phng trnh logic

RLT

CT: c ngi gi trong

bung thang.CGT x: c ngi gi tngln hoc xungCTT x_1,CTT x_3 : bintrung gian xc nh bungthang ang trn ca tngcn dng hay di.N,H : bin trung gianxc nh thang ang nnghay ang hu tin xl theo hnh trnh


43/59



1 0 1 0 1 0

1 0 1 1 0 0

*tng hp phng trnh lgic ta c kt qunhsau:

)*3_21_2(**2*3*41*2*)*3_2**1_2(

)*3_2*1_2(*22

DNCTTCTTDNGTXGTXGTX

GTLGTLDHCTTDHDNCTT

DHCTTDNCTTDTRLT

Tng tvy vit cho cc trng hp cc tng khc:

DHDNCTTGTLDNCTTDTRLT **1_1*1*1_1*11

9

8

7

6

5

**3_4*4*3_4*44

)*3_31_3(3*4

)*3_3**1_3(*1*2*3

)*3_3*1_3(33

RLT

RLT

RLT

RLT

RLT

DNDHCTTGTXDNCTTDTRLT

DHCTTCTTDNGTXGTX

DHCTTDHDNCTTGTLGTLGTL

DHCTTDNCTTDTRLT

6. Bi tonng mcang mca bung thang cho php hnh khch v hng ho c thdi

chuyn ra v vo bung thang mt cch hp l, an ton khi thang my hot

ng. Cthl khi bung thangang nng hoc hth ca bung thang khng

c php mra gy nguy him cho hnh khch. Ca bung thangc m

tng trong thi gian quynh khi thang my dng ti tng no sau t

ngng li v ca cng c thcng mcng bc nhntng m

ca cng bc trong bung thang hoc khi c yu cu gi tng ca ch nh

hnh khch ti tng khi thang my cha nng hoc h. Hoc khi thangang

ng th gp chng ngi vt khng thng ca thang. Lusau xcnh

cc trng thi cang mca:


44/59



iu khinng mca ta c cc thp binu vo gm c:

- ng cng bc(DCB)

- Mcng bc(MCB)

- Cm bin vt cn khi ng ca(CBVC)

- C yu cu ca tng ( yu cu gi tng v yu cun tng)(YCT)

- Thi gian t ng mca.(T)

-

Cm bin hnh tr nh mht ca(CBMC)- Cm bin hnh tr nhng ht ca(CBDC)

Xt trng hp mca ta thy rngthp binu vo chou ra m

ca ta thy:

Dng im5 s

ng ca

Chm cmbin ng

Xo lnh

Mca

Ca chm cmbincha

No

No

Lnh = Vtr


45/59



Cc bin yu cu tng(YCT),cm bin hnh tr nhng(CBDC),cm bin vt

cn(CBVC) phi lun lun gitrng thi cnh.Nhvy chcn li 2 bin

l ng cng bc(DCB),thi gian(T) ta cn thp.

Bng di thhin sthp cc trng thiu vou ra:

DCB T CBT CBDC CBVC DC

1 0 1 0 0 1

0 0 1 0 0 0

0 1 1 0 0 1

1 1 1 0 0 1

Sau khi thp tac phng tr nh logic cho trng thing ca(DC) l :

)(***

)*(***

******

TDCBCBVCCBTCBDCDC

TTDCBCBVCCBTCBDCDC

TDCBTDCBTDCBCBVCCBTCBDCDC

*vi trng hp thp cho mca th cc bin thpu vo tng tvi

trng hpng ca tuy nhin thm bin yu cu tng:

- cc binu vo ca trng hp mca bao gm

- Mcng bc(MCB)

- Thi giancho php mca(T)

- Cm bin tng(cm bin cho php dng ch nh xc ti tng)(CBT).

- Cm bin hnh tr nh mht ca(CBMC).

- Yu cu ca tng(YCT)

- Cm bin vt cn(CBVC)

- trong cc bintrn ta thy cc bin cm bin tng lun =1 ,cm bin m

ht ca cng lun bng 0 v nu cm bin mht ca =1 th khng cn m

ca,v cm bin vt cn lun =1 th ca mi c mra bi nu cm bin vtcn khng c th ca sng .cn li 3 bin kia thayi ta sthp trng thi

u vo chou ra mca.Di y l bng trng thi thp:

MCB T YCT CBT CBMC CBVC MC

0 1 0 1 0 1 1


46/59



0 0 0 1 0 1 0

1 0 0 1 0 1 1

1 1 0 1 0 1 1

0 1 1 1 0 1 1

0 0 1 1 0 1 11 0 1 1 0 1 1

1 1 1 1 0 1 1

-thp tac phng tr nh trng thi mca nhsau:

YCTTMCBCBVCCBMCCBTMC ***

7. Bi toniu khinn v qut bung thang.

8. Bi ton xl cc scxy rai vi thang.I .

I I.

IV. PLCThit biu khin logic kh trnh (Programmable Logic Control), vit tt thnh

PLC, l loi thit bcho php thc hin linh hot cc thut ton iu khin sthng

qua mt ngn nglp trnh, thay cho vic phi thhin thut ton bng mch s.

Biu khin logic khtrnh l tng ca mt nhm kshng General Motors

vo nm 1968 v h ra cc chtiu kthut nhm p ng nhng yu cu iukhin trong cng nghip:

Dlp trnh v dthay i chng trnh iu khin, s dng thch hp

trong nh my.

Cu trc dng module ddng bo tr v sa cha.

Tin cy hn trong mi trng sn xut ca nh my cng nghip.

Dng linh kin bn dn nn c kch thc nhgn hn mch role chc

nng tng ng. Gi thnh c khnng cnh tranh cao.

c trng ca kthut PLC l vic sdng vi mch xl thng tin. Cc ghp ni

logic cn thit trong qu trnh iu khin c x l bng phn mm do ngi s

dng lp nn v ci t vo. Chnh do c tnh ny m ngi sdng c th gii

quyt nhiu bi ton v tng ha khc nhau trn cng mt biu khin v hu


47/59



nhkhng phi bin i g ngoi vic np nhng chng trnh khc nhau. Nhvy,

vi chng trnh iu khin trong mnh, PLC trthnh mt biu khin snhgn,

d thay i thut ton v c bit d trao i thng tin vi mi trng xung quanh

(vi cc PLC khc hoc vi my tnh). Ton b chng trnh iu khin c lu

nhtrong bnhca PLC di dng cc khi chng trnh (khi OB, FC hoc FB)v c thc hin lp theo chu kca vng qut (scan).

thc hin mt chng trnh iu khin tt nhin PLC phi c chc nng nhmt

my tnh ngha l phi c mt bvi xl (CPU), mt hiu hnh, bnh lu

chng trnh iu khin, dliu v phi c cc cng vo ra giao tip c vi i

tng iu khin v trao i thng tin vi mi trng xung quanh. Bn cnh

phc vbi ton iu khin s, PLC cn cn phi c thm cc khi chc nng c

bit khc nh l bm (Counter), b thi gian (Timer) v cc khi hm chuyn

dng.

Sra tng nhng ng dng PLC trong cng nghip thc y cc nh sn xut trn

thgii hon chnh cc hPLC vi mc khc nhau vkhnng, tc xl v

hiu xut. Cc hPLC pht trin t loi lm vic c lp, chvi 20 ng vo/ra v

dung lng bnhchng trnh 500 bc n cc module nhm ddng m rng

thm khnng v chc nng chuyn dng:

Xl tn hiu lin tc (Module Analog).

iu khin ng cServo, ng cbc.

Truyn thng.

Cng vi spht trin ca kthut vi mch, kthut PLC c nhng bc tin b

vt bc. C thni nu khng c kthut PLC th khng c tng ha trong cc

ngnh cng nghip.

2.2 stng qut ca PLC.Hu ht cc hPLC ca cc hng sn xut trn thgii u c cc module chnh nh

sau:

- B x l trung tm CPU: l b no ca PLC, x l chng trnh iu

khin.

- Bvo/ra (Input/Output Module): nhn tn hiu vo v gi tn hiu ra.

- Bnh(Memory Module): dng cha chng trnh iu khin dliu.


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Hnh 1.2 : Nguyn l chung vcu trc ca mt biu khin logic khtrnh PLC.

Thng thng tng tnh mm do trong ng dng thc tm phn ln

cc i tng iu khin c stn hiu u vo, u ra cng nhchng loi tn hiu

vo/ra khc nhau m cc biu khin PLC c thit kkhng bcng ho vcu

hnh. Chng c chia nhthnh cc module. Smodule c sdng nhiu hay t

tu theo tng bi ton, song ti thiu bao gi cng phi c mt module chnh l

module CPU. Cc module cn li l nhng module nhn/truyn tn hiu vi i tng

iu khin, cc module chc nng chuyn dng nh PID, iu khin ng c

Chng c gi chung l module m rng. Tt c cc module c g trn nhng

thanh ray (Rack)

2.2.1 Module CPU.

Module CPU l loi module c cha bvi xl, hiu hnh, bnh, cc b

thi gian, b m , cng truyn thng (RS485) v c th cn c mt vi cng

vo/ra s. Cc cng vo/ra sc trn module CPU c gi l cng vo ra onboard.

Trong hPLC S7-300 c nhiu loi module CPU khc nhau. Ni chung chng

c t tn theo bvi xl c trong n nhmodule CPU312, CPU314, CPU315


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Hnh 1.3: Module CPU314.

2.2.2 Module mrng.Cc module mrng c chia thnh 5 loi chnh:

1)

PS (Power supply): Module ngun nui. C 3 loi 2A, 5A v 10A.2)

SM (Signal module): Module m rng cng tn hiu vo/ra, bao

gm:

a) DI (Digital input): Module mrng cc cng vo s. Scc

cng vo sm rng c th l 8, 16 hoc 32 tu thuc vo

tng loi module.

b) DO (Digital output): Module mrng cc cng ra s. Scc

cng ra s m rng c th l 8, 16 hoc 32 tu thuc vo

tng loi module.

c) DI/DO (Digital input/Digital output): Module m rng cc

cng vo/ra s. S cc cng vo/ra s m rng c th l 8

vo/ 8 ra, 16 vo/16 ra tuthuc vo tng loi module.

d) AI (Analog input): Module mrng cc cng vo tng t.

Vbn cht chng chnh l nhng bchuyn i tng ts

12 bits (AD), tc l mi tn hiu tng tc chuyn thnh

mt tn hiu s (nguyn) c di12 bits. Scc cng vo

tng tc thl 2, 4 hoc 8 tutng loi module.

e) AO (Analog output): Module mrng cc cng ra tng t.

Vbn cht chng chnh l nhng bchuyn i stng t


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(DA). Scc cng vo tng tc thl 2, hoc 4 tutng

loi module.

f) AI/AO (Analog input/Analog out):Module mrng cc cng

vo/ra tng t. Scc cng vo/ra tng tc thl 4 u

vo/ 2 ra, hoc 4 vo/4 ra tutng loi module.3) IM (Interface module): Module ghp ni. ay l loi module

chuyn dng c nhim vni tng nhm cc module m rng li

vi nhau thnh mt khi v c qun l chung bi mt module

CPU. Thng thng cc module mrng c g lin vi nhau trn

mt thanh gi l rack. Trn mi mt rack ch c th g c

nhiu nht 8 module m rng (khng k module CPU, module

ngun nui PS). Mt module CPU S7-300 c thlm vic trc tip

c vi nhiu nht 4 racks v cc rack ny phi c ni vi nhau

bng module IM.

4) FM (Function module): Module c chc nng iu khin ring, v

dnhmodule iu khin ng cbc, module iu khin ng

cservo, module PID, module iu khin vng kn

5) CP (Communication module): Module phc v truyn thng trong

mng gia cc PLC vi my tnh.

2.3 Cu trc bnhca CPU.Bnhca S7-300 c chia lm 3 min chnh:

1)

Vng cha chng trnh ng dng. Vng nh chng trnh c

chia thnh 3 min:

OB (Organisation block): Min cha chng trnh t

chc.

FC (Function): Min cha chng trnh con c tchc

thnh hm c bin hnh thc trao i dliu vi chng trnh gi

n.

FB (Function block): Min cha chng trnh con, c

tchc thnh hm v c khnng trao i dliu vi bt cmt khi


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chng trnh no khc. Cc dliu ny phi c xy dng thnh mt

khi dliu ring (gi l DB-Data block).

2) Vng cha tham s ca h iu hnh v chng trnh ng dng,

c phnchia thnh 7 min khc nhau, bao gm:

I (Process image input): Min bm cc d liu cngvo s. Trc khi bt u thc hin chng trnh, PLC sc gi tr

logic ca tt ccc cng u vo v ct gi chng trong vng nh I.

Thng thng chng trnh ng dng khng c trc tip trng thi

logic ca cng vo sm chly dliu ca cng vo tbm I.

Q (Process image output): Min bm cc dliu cng

ra s. Kt thc giai on thc hin chng trnh, PLC schuyn gi tr

logic ca b m Q ti cc cng ra s. Thng thng chng trnhkhng trc tip gn gi trti tn cng ra m chchuyn chng vo b

m Q.

M: Min cc bin c. Chng trnh ng dng s dng

vng nhny lu gicc tham scn thit v c thtruy nhp n

theo a chbit(M), byte(MB), t(MW) hay tkp (MD).

T: Min nhphc vb thi gian (Timer) bao gm vic

lu gi gi tr thi gian t trc(PV-Preset value), gi tr m thi

gian tc thi(CV-Current value) cng nhgi tr logic u ra ca thi

gian.

C: Min nhphc vbm (Counter) bao gm vic lu

gigi trt trc(PV-Preset value), gi trm tc thi(CV-Current

value) v gi trlogic u ra ca bm.

PI: Min a chcng vo ca cc module tng t (I/O

External input). Cc gi trtng tti cng vo ca module tng t

s c module c v chuyn t ng theo nhng a ch. Chng

trnh ng dng c thtruy nhp min nhPI theo tng byte (PIB), tng

t(PIW) hoc theo tng tkp (PID).

PQ: Min a ch cng ra cho cc module twong t (I/O

External output). Cc gi tr theo nhng a ch ny s c module


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tng t chuyn ti cc cng ra tng t. Chng trnh ng dng c

thtruy nhp min nhPQ theo tng byte (PQB), tng t(PQW) hoc

tng tkp (DBD).

3)

Vng cha cc khi dliu, c chia thnh 2 loi:

DB(Data block): Min cha cc d liu c t chcthnh khi. Kch thc cng nhslng khi do ngi sdng quy

nh, ph hp vi tng bi ton iu khin. Chng trnh c th truy

nhp min ny theo tng bit (DXB), byte (DBB), t(DBW) hoc theo

tng tkp (DBD).

L (Local data block): Min d liu a phng,c cc

khi chng trnh OB, FC, FB tchc v sdng cho cc bin nhp

tc thi v trao i dliu ca bin hnh thc vi nhng khi chngtrnh gi n. Ni dung ca mt sdliu trong min nhny sb

xo khi kt thc chng trnh tng ng trong OB, FC, FB. Min ny

c thc truy nhp tchng trnh theo bit (L), byte(LB), t(LW)

hoc tkp(LD).

2.4 Vng qut chng tr nh.PLC thc hin chng trnh theo chu k lp. Mi vng lp c gi l vng

qut (scan). Mi vng qut c bt u bng giai on chuyn dliu tcc cng

vo sti vng bm o I, tip theo l giai on thc hin chng trnh. Trong tng

vng qut, chng trnh c thc hin t lnh u tin n lnh kt thc ca khi

OB1 (Block end). Sau giai on thc hin chng trnh l giai on chuyn cc ni

dung ca bm o Q ti cc cng ra s. Vng qut c kt thc bng giai on

truyn thng ni bv kim li.

Thi gian cn thit PLC thc hin c mt vng qut gi l thi gian vng

qut (Scan time). Thi gian vng qut khng cnh, tc l khng phi vng qut

no cng c thc hin trong mt khong thi gian nhnhau. C vng qut c

thc hin lau, c vng qut c thc hin nhanh tuthuc vo slnh trong chng

trnh c thc hin, vo khi dliu c truyn thng trong vng qut .

Nhvy gia vic c dliu ti tng xl, tnh ton v vic gi tn

hiu iu khin ti i tng c mt khong thi gian trng bng thi gian vng


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qut. Ni cch khc, thi gian vng qut quyt nh tnh thi gian thc ca chng

trnh iu khin trong PLC. Thi gian vng qut cng ngn, tnh thi gian thc ca

chng trnh cng cao.

2.4 Kthut lp tr nh.

Chng trnh cho S7-300 c lu trong bnhca PLC vng dnh ringcho chng trnh v c thc lp vi hai dng cu trc khc nhau:

Lp trnh tuyn tnh (linear programming):Ton bchng trnh iu khin

nm trong mt khi trong bnh. Loi hnh cu trc tuyn tnh ny ph hp

vi nhng bi ton tng nh, khng phc tp. Khi c chn phi l khi

OB1, l khi m PLC lun qut v thc hin cc lnh trong n thng xuyn,

tlnh u tin n lnh cui cng v quay li lnh u tin. Khi nyc h

iu hnh gi theo chu klp vi khong thi gian khng cch u nhau mphthuc vo di ca chng trnh. Cc loi khi chng trnh khc khng

tham gia trc tip vo vng qut. Cc khi OB khc khng tham gia vo vng

qut m c gi bng nhng tn hiu bo ngt. S7-300 c nhiu loi tn hiu

bo ngt nhtn hiu bo ngt khi c scngun nui, tn hiu bo ngt khi

c scchp mch cc module mrng, tn hiu bo ngt theo chu kthi

gian v mi loi tn hiu bo ngt nhvy cng ch c khnng gi mt

loi khi OB nht nh. Mi khi xut hin mt tn hiu bo ngt h thng s

tm dng cng vic ang thc hin li, chng hn nhtm dng vic thc hin

chng trnh xl ngt trong cc khi OB tng ng.

Lp trnh c cu trc (structure programming): l k thut ci t thut ton

iu khin bng cch chia nhthnh cc khi chng trnh con FC hay FB vi

mi khi thc hin mt nhim vcthca bi ton iu khin chung v ton

bcc khi chng trnhny li c qun l mt cch thng nht bi khi

OB1. Trong OB1 c cc lnh gi nhng khi chng trnh con theo thtph

hp vi bi ton iu khin t ra.

Hon ton tng t, mt nhim v iu khin con cthcn c chia nhthnh

nhiu nhim vnhvcthhn na, do mt khi chng trnh con cng

cth c gi tmt khi chng tr nh con khc. Duy cmt iu cm kta

cn phi trnh l khng bao gi mt khi chng trnh con li gi n chnh n.


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Ngoi ra, do cshn chvngn xp ca cc modul e CPU nn khng c t

chc chng trnh con gi lng nhau qusln mmodule CPU c sdng

cho php.

PLC S7-300 c bn loi khi cbn:

* Loi khi OB (Organization block): Khi t chc v qun l

chng trnh iu khin. C nhiu loi khi OB vi nhng chc nng khc

nhau, chng c phn bit vi nhau bng mt snguyn i sau nhm k t

OB, v dnhOB1, OB35, OB40

* Loi khi FC(Program block): Khi chng trnh vi nhng chc nng ring

ging nhmt chng trnh con hoc mt hm (chng trnh con cbin hnh

thc). M t chng trnh ng dng cthcnhiu khi FC vcc khi FC ny c

phn bit vi nhau bng nhng snguyn sau nhm k tFC. Chng hn nhFC1,

FC2

* Loi khi FB (Function block): L loi khi FC c bit ckhnng trao i mt

lng dl iu l n vi cc k hi chng trnh khc. Cc dl iu ny phi c tchc

thnh khi dl iu ring ctn gi lData bl ock. M t chng trnh ng dng cthc

nhiu khi FB vcc khi FB ny c phn bit vi nhau bng mt snguyn sau

nhm k tFB. Chng hn nhFB1, FB2

* Loi khi DB (Data block): Khi cha cc dl iu cn thit thc hin chng

trnh. Cc tham sca khi do ngi dng t t. M t chng trnh ng dng cth

cnhiu khi DB vcc khi DB ny c phn bit vi nhau bng mt snguyn sau

nhm k tDB. Chng hn nhDB1, DB2

Chng trnh trong cc khi c lin kt vi nhau bng cc lnh gi khi, chuyn

khi. Xem nhng phn chng trnh trong cc khi nhl cc chng trnh con th

S7-300 cho php gi chng trnh con lng nhau, tc l tchng trnh con ny gi

mt chng trnh con khc v tchng trnh con c gi li gi ti mt chng

trnh con th3 . Scc lnh gi lng nhau phthuc vo tng chng loi module

CPU m ta sdng. V dnhi vi module CPU314 th s lnh gi lng nhau


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nhiu nht c thcho php l 8. Nu s ln gi khi lng nhau m vt qu con

sgii hn cho php, PLC stchuyn sang chSTOP v t cbo li.

Hnh 1.5: Lp trnh c cu trc.

Hnh 1.6: Thc hin gi khi FC10.

Nhvy, khi thc hin lnh gi mt khi con, hiu hnh s:

Chuyn khi con c gi tvng Load memory vo vng Work memory.

Cp pht cho khi con mt phn bnhtrong Work memory lm local

block. Cu trc local block c quy nh khi son tho cc khi.

Truyn cc tham trtkhi mcho bin hnh thc IN, IN-OUT ca local

block.

Sau khi khi con thc hin xong nhim vv ghi kt qudi dng tham

tru ra cho bin OUT, IN-OUT ca local block, hiu hnh schuyn


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cc tham trny cho khi mv gii phng khi con cng local block ra

khi vng Work memory.

2.5 Ngn nglp tr nh.Cc loi PLC ni chung thng c nhiu ngn nglp trnh nhm phc vcc i

tng sdng khc nhau. PLC S7-300 c ba ngn nglp trnh cbn. l: Ngn ng lit k lnh, k hiu l STL (Statement list). y l dng ngn

ng lp trnh thng thng ca my tnh. Mt chng trnh c ghp bi

nhiu cu lnh theo mt thut ton nht nh, mi lnh chim mt hng v u

c cu trc chung

tn lnh + ton hng.

Ngn nghnh thang, k hiu l LAD (Ladder logic). y l dng ngn ng

hothch hp vi nhng ngi quen thit kmch iu khin logic. Ngn nghnh khi, k hiu l FBD (Function block diagram). y cng l

kiu ngn nghodnh cho ngi c thi quen thit kmch iu khin

s.

Mt chng trnh vit trn LAD hoc FBD c thchuyn sang c dng STL,

nhng ngc li th khng. Trong STL c nhiu lnh khng c trong LAD hay FBD.

Step7 l mt phn mm htr:

-Khai bo cu hnh cng cho mt trm PLC thuc hSimatic S7-300/400.

- Xy dng cu hnh mng gm nhiu trm PLC S7-300/400 cng nh th tc

truyn thng gia chng.

- Son tho v ci t chng trnh iu khin cho mt hoc nhiu trm.

-

Quan st vic thc hin chng trnh iu khin trong mt trm PLC v gri

chng trnh.

Ngoi ra Step7 cn c cmt thvin y vi cc hm chun hu ch, phn

trgip online rt mnh c khnng trli mi cu hi ca ngi sdng vcch

sdng Step7, vc php lnh trong lp trnh, vxy dng cu hnh cng ca mt

trm cng nhca mt mng gm nhiu trm PLC


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I I I.

IV.

V.

V.

VI .

VII.

VIII.

IX.

X.

CHNG IV: XY DNG M H NH M PHNG THANG MY

XI .

XC NH CC VNSM PHNGv trn thc tc y cc thit bnn ta c thxy dng bi ton m phng vi

y cc chc nng ca thang my.Nhng khi m phng trn m hnh ca em viiu kin hin c ti phng th nghim v trn thtrng.M hnh thc tca em cthkhng thm phng c ht cc tnh nng ca thang.Mt scc thit bkhngging thit btht, cc cm bin c thay thtng ng

XII.

XY DNG KT CU CHO M H NH M PHNG

XIII. XY DNG KHOCH M PHNG V K IM NGHIMTRN THC T.

Vi hthng l thuyt c nghin cu cc chng trc, chng ta thit lp

c hthng thang my trn l thuyt nhng c mt im l tt cu chc m ttrn

l thuyt v cha c a vo kim nghim. tng thm tnh st thc ca n v tng

thm tnh thuyt phc.

Xut pht t nhng im chnh , em i vo xy dng m hnh thang my ch

ngi 4 tng n gin c n gin ho bt cc chc nng so vi cc tnh nng xy dng

trn. Mc d khng m tc ht cc tnh nng ca thang my nhng n cng phn no

m tc nhng tnh nng iu khin bung thang.

Vi m hnh ny chng ta c th vn dng phng php tng hp cc hiu khin

logic.

Cu trc chi tit ca m hnh c m t:


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+ Bn trong bung thang c 4 nt iu khin ( tm gi l cc nt yu cu n tng - DT:

DT1, DT2, DT3, DT4) v 4 n tng ng minh hocho trng thi yu cu ca mi nt n.

+ Bn ngoi bung thang c 6 nt n v 6 n tng ng m ttrng thi yu cu ca 6 nt

n :

- Tng 1 c 1 nt n yu cu ln cc tng trn ( 1GTL), v c 1 n trng thi

(DENL1) minh hocho yu cu ca nt n : khi nt 1GTL c nhn th DENL1 s sng,

n khi no bung thang dng tng 1 th DENL1 s sng nhp nhy, sau 1 khong thi

gian thit lp n stt i.

- Tng 2 c 2 nt n gi tng (2GTL, 2GTX) v 2 n trng thi.

- Tng 3 c 2 nt n gi tng (3GTL, 3GTX) v 2 n trng thi.

- Tng 4 c 1 nt n gi tng (4GTX) v 1 n trng thi.

+ Ccu truyn ng nng, hbung thang y dng 1 ng cin 1 chiu v hp

gim tc, bung thang c ko bi 1 cp gn puly trc hp gim tc qua dng dc gn

trn nc ca ccu.

+ Mt ccu ng mca tng khi bung thang n tng cn phc v( dng 1 ng c

1 chiu c o chiu).

+ iu khin cp in cho 2 ng c: 1 ng ctruyn ng nng - hbung thang, v

1 ng ctruyn ng ng - mca tng, y dng 4 rle iu khin cho 2 ngcng vi 2 chiu chuyn ng(nng-h, ng-m).

+ Tng ng trn mi tng c gn 1 cng tc tng (cm bin tng) xc nh v tr ca

bung thang.

+ Ngun in sdng cho m hnh :

- Dng ngun 5V DC hoc 12V DC cp cho 2 ng ctruyn ng (I


59/59


- iu khin thang my bng 4 nt n tng (DT1, DT2, DT3, DT4) trong bung

thang v 4 nt gi tng tng ng trn mi tng (1GT,2GT, 3GT,4GT).

- C 4 cng tc tng btr 4 tng xc nh vtr ca bung thang.

- Minh hotrng thi c chn ca cc nt yu cu bng cc n tng ng.

- Cc nt yu cu iu khin (DT v GT) c thc chn lin tip v c lu gi,

khi chng c xl u tin theo hnh trnh.

- Khi bung thang c iu khin n tng yu cu n sdng li trong vng 5s,

lc ny n bo rtng thi ti tng cng sng nhp nhy. Sau 5s n stt, nu cn yu

cu n cc tng khc th thang my tip tc, cn nu khng n sdng li ti vtr .

3. Cng ngh3.

Xy dng chng trnh iu khin thang my chngi 4 tng n gin.

- iu khin thang my bng 4 nt DT trong bung thang v 4 nt GT ti mi tng.

C 4 cng tc tng btr ti mi tng.

- Cc yu cu iu khin c thc la chn lin tip, minh hobng n trng thi

sng. Cc yu cu ny sc x l u tin theo hnh trnh ang chuyn ng. Khi bung

thang di chuyn ti tng yu cu, ca bung thang smra ng thi n trng thi ssng

nhp nhy, sau khong 5s ca bung thang ng li, n trng thi tt. Nu cn yu cu iu

khin th bung thang tip tc c iu khin, nu khng n sdng ti vtr tng .

4. Cng ngh4.

Xy dng chng trnh iu khin thang my chngi 4 tng n gin.

- iu khin thang my bng 4 nt DT (DT1, DT2,DT3,DT4) trong bung thang v 6nt GT (1GTL, 2GTL, 2GTX, 3GTL, 3GTX, 4GTX) ti cc ca tng. C 4 cm bin tng b

tr ti cc tng xc nh vtr ca bung thang.

- Khi nhn cc nt DT hoc GT , cc yu cu ny sc lu giv sc xl

u tin theo hnh trnh.

- Khi bung thang ti tng yu cu, n hu yu cu c x l, dng li trong

khong 5s, lc ny n trng thi nhp nhy vi tn s0,5Hz. Sau khong thi gian ny n

trng thi tt, nu cn yu cu n tip tc xl, nu khng n sdng li ti vtr tng .

do an tong quan thang may

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