do now: what are the 4 steps of the water cycle? what is the difference between transcription and...
TRANSCRIPT
Do Now:What are the 4 steps of the
Water Cycle?What is the difference between
transcription and evaporation?
The Water Cycle
1.Evaporation & Transpiration2.Condensation3.Precipitation4.Infiltration, Storage & Runoff
Essential QuestionsHow is moving water an energy
source?How can flowing water do work?What is hydropower’s potential?
The Water CycleThe Water Cycle ensures that water flows from mountain peaks, down rivers and streams back into the ocean. That continuous flow of water carries with it a large amount of kinetic energy.
…kinetic energy that can be transformed into electrical energy, with the aid of hydroelectric power plants, to power our homes and businesses!
Hydroelectric Power Plants
Water enters hydroelectric plants from a river or reservoir; each plant has essentially 8 different elements:
1. Reservoir2. Penstock3. Turbine Blades &
Shaft4. Generator5. Step-up Transformer6. Transmission Lines7. Tailrace8. Dam & Spillway
ReservoirThe reservoir for a hydroelectric
plant is a man-made lake/pond where water stored so that it backs up behind a dam; the height of such a mass of water is a way of storing gravitational potential energy.
PenstockPenstock is the pipe that
channels water from the reservoir to the blades of the turbine. As the water moves through the penstock, its potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy.
Turbine Blades & ShaftThe turbine blades transform
the kinetic energy of the water into mechanical energy which the shaft transmits on to the generator.
GeneratorThe generator transforms the
mechanical energy transmitted from the turbine blades into electricity, into electrical energy.
Step-up TransformerThe step-up transformer
increases the voltage of the electrical current generated so that it can be transmitted long distances more efficiently.
Dam & SpillwayA Dam is a barrier that blocks
the regular flow of a river or stream, causing the water to back up behind it.
Spillways are holes in the dam that can be opened to allow water to flow past the dam to prevent water from overflowing the dam.
Types of Hydroelectric Plants
There are 3 main types of hydroelectric plants:
1. Traditional2. Pumped Storage3. Run-of-River
The Potential Energy of Reservoirs
Dams force water to back up behind them into reservoirs which store the gravitational potential energy of water.
head,h
The amount of energy stored is proportional to the head – the height of water in the reservoir above the turbine. The stored energy can be used to generate power.
Volumetric Flow RateVolume Flow Rate Through a
Pipe
Q = AVQ, volumetric flow rateA, cross-sectional area
V, average fluid velocity
In this case, the pipe we’re talking about is the penstock that channels water from the reservoir to the turbines where power is transmitted to the generators.
Example: Water flows at a rate of 1 m/s through a round pipe with a diameter of 3 cm. What is the volumetric flow rate [L/s]?
How much power does a hydro turbine produce?
Power = hrghQ
h, efficiency g, acceleration of gravity
r, density h, head
Q, volume flow rate
Example: A hydroelectric plant employs a turbine with an overall efficiency of 85% in conditions where the flow rate is 30000 liters per second and the surface of the reservoir is 20m above the turbine. How much power is produced [kW]?
Power, Head & Flow Rate
This image shows a cross-section of surface run-off at three separate locations: (A) a small, fast-flowing, steep mountain stream; (B) a deep, quick flowing river in a narrow channel; and (C) a very wide, but shallow, slow-moving river.
As we follow the run-off from A to C, the vertical drop of the water flow decreases (h goes down), but the volumetric flow rate increases (Q goes up).
This means that, in theory, it would be possible to achieve the same power when installing a hydroelectric power plant at any of the three locations shown.
Large hSmall Q
Average hAverage Q
Small hLarge Q
Types of TurbinesImpulse
◦Pelton Wheel - large h, small QReaction
◦Kaplan - small h, large Q◦Francis - large h, large Q
Pelton Wheel Kaplan Francis
Choosing Turbines
Which type of turbine would you choose if you were designing a hydroelectric power plant for a site similar to the conditions at location C? Why?