Do Now

What is Biochemistry?

What are living creatures made of?

Why do we have to eat?

BIOCHEMISTRY

Biochemical processes are chemical reactions that occur in ALL living things

Objectives:Classify the variety of organic compounds.

Compare the chemical structures macromolecules and relate their importance to living things.

Building Blocks of Life

Lesson 1

Elements of Life

96% of living organisms is made of: carbon (C) oxygen (O) hydrogen (H) nitrogen (N)

Molecules of Life

Put C, H, O, N together in different ways to build living organisms

What are bodies made of? carbohydrates

sugars & starches proteins fats (lipids) nucleic acids

DNA, RNA

The Role of Carbon in Organisms

Organic compounds contain carbon & hydrogen

Inorganic compounds do not contain both carbon & hydrogen

Which of the following molecules is considered organic?

Acids

Defined as a proton donor (H+) – hydrogen atom stripped of

it’s single electron, leaving a positively charged proton

Strong acid – HCl, ionic bonding holds these together

HCl H+ + Cl-

Bases

Substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution

More OH- ions than H+ ions Strong Base – NaOH

NaOH Na+ + OH-

Acids and Bases

Use the pH scale to determine acidity

pH Scale

pH is the concentration of hydrogen ions given in units of molarity. Ex. If the concentration of protons in

solution is 10-8 then the pH = 8. pH for acidic solutions is less than 7 pH for basic solutions is greater

than 7.

Buffers

Substances that help to maintain a relatively constant pH

Act as proton acceptors and donors Can release or absorb protons to keep the

pH constant

More protons absorbed the fewer protons that are available in solution and the smaller the change in pH when acid is added to a solution

In Class Assignment

Acid & Base Lab

Homework

Complete acid-base lab

MONOMERS/POLYMERS

Lesson 2

Do Now

How does a cookie “stick” together? Why doesn’t it fall apart?

Building large molecules of life

Chain together smaller molecules building block molecules = monomers

Big molecules built from little molecules polymers

Building large organic molecules

Small molecules = building blocks

Bond them together = polymers

Making and Breaking of POLYMERS

Cells link monomers to form polymers by dehydration synthesis (building up)

Short polymer Unlinked monomerRemoval ofwater molecule

Longer polymer

Making and Breaking of POLYMERS

Polymers are broken down to monomers by the reverse process, hydrolysis (hydro ~ add water; lysis ~ to split)

Addition ofwater molecule

animation

In Class Assignment

Make 2 monomers of glucose C6H12O6 out of play dough (3 colors)

Create a polymer by simulating dehydration synthesis

Create 5 monomers by simulating hydrolysis

CARBOHYDRATES

LESSON 3

Do Now

Clear everything off your desks except for something to write with.

Inorganic/organic Pop Quiz! =)

Carbohydrates Building block molecules = AKA Saccharides

sugarsugarsugarsugarsugarsugarsugarsugar

sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar

sugars

sucrose

Carbohydrates

Function: quick energy energy storage structure

cell wall in plants

Examples sugars starches cellulose (cell wall)

glucoseC6H12O6

starch

Sugars = building blocks

Names for sugars usually end in glucose fructose sucrose maltose

OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

HH

H

OH

O

glucoseC6H12O6

sucrose

fructose

maltose

-ose

The structure of carbohydrates

The monomer (building block) of a carbohydrate is a simple sugar called a monosaccharide*

(ie. glucose, fructose)

are the fuels for cellular work

Function as energy storage

Mono ~ one sacchar ~ sugar)

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars with only 1 sugar building block

Most common simple sugars have 5 or 6 carbons

Ratio of Carbon:Hydrogen:Oxygen is always the same 1:2:1

Always have one carbonyl group (C=O) Remaining carbons have hydroxyl groups

(OH)

Building carbohydrates Synthesis

|glucose

|glucose

1 sugar = monosaccharide

2 sugars = disaccharide

|maltose

mono = onesaccharide = sugardi = two

Building carbohydrates Synthesis

|fructose

|glucose

1 sugar = monosaccharide

|sucrose(table sugar)

2 sugars = disaccharide

Do Now – September 30, 2013

What is the ratio of carbon:hydrogen:oxygen in a carbohydrate?

Take out carbohydrate reading and carbohydrate hand out.

BIG carbohydrates Polysaccharides

large carbohydrates starch

energy storage in plants potatoes

glycogen energy storage in animals

in liver & muscles cellulose

structure in plants cell walls

chitin structure in arthropods & fungi

exoskeleton

poly = many

Carbohydrates

All carbohydrates are composed of Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

Simple sugars have the general molecular formula CnH2nOn

In class assignment

Carbohydrates Reading/Worksheet

LIPIDS

Lesson 4

Lipids

Very non-polar, hydrophobic molecules

Composed of C, H, O, like carbohydrates but much lower oxygen content

Lipids Examples

fatsoilswaxeshormones

sex hormonestestosterone (male)estrogen (female)

Lipids

Function: energy storage

very concentrated twice the energy as carbohydrates! Called triglycerides (3 fatty acids joined by ester

linkages to one glycerol molecule) Fatty acids contain long carbon chains that

are hydrophobic cell membrane cushions organs insulates body

think whale blubber!

Structure of Fatnot a chain (polymer) = just a “big fat molecule”

Waxes

Protective coatings to keep water out of skin fur and leaves of higher plants

exoskeleton of many insects

Steroids

3 fused cyclohexane rings and one fused cyclopentane ring. Ex cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone,

cortisol

Saturated fats

Most animal fats solid at room

temperature Limit the amount

in your diet contributes to

heart disease deposits in arteries

Unsaturated fats

Plant, vegetable & fish fats liquid at room

temperature the fat molecules

don’t stack tightlytogether

Better choice in your diet

Video

Other lipids in biology

Cholesterol good molecule in cell membranes make hormones from it

including sex hormones but too much cholesterol in blood may

lead to heart disease

Other lipids in biology

Cell membranes are made out of lipids phospholipids heads are on the outside touching water

“like” water tails are on inside away from water

“scared” of water forms a barrier

between the cell & the outside

NUCLEIC ACIDS

Lesson 5

Do Now

What do you know about DNA?

Nucleic Acids

Examples DNA

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

RNA RiboNucleic Acid

RNA

DNADNA

Nucleic Acids Function:

genetic materialstores information

genesblueprint for building proteins

DNA RNA proteinstransfers information

blueprint for new cellsblueprint for next generation

proteinsproteins

Nucleic acids Building block =nucleotides

5 different nucleotides different nitrogen bases A, T, C, G, U

nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide

phosphate

sugar N base

Nitrogen basesI’m the A,T,C,G or Upart!

Nucleotide chains Nucleic acids

nucleotides chained into a polymer DNA

double-sided double helix A, C, G, T

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine

RNA single-sided A, C, G, U

Adenine Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil

ATP Adenosine triphosphate WHERE CELLS GET THEIR

ENERGY!!!

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

strong bonds

RNA

DNA Double strand twists into a double helix

weak bonds between nitrogen bases join the 2 strandsA pairs with T

A :: TC pairs with G

C :: G the two strands can

separate when our cells need to make copies of it

weak bonds

Copying DNA Replication

copy DNA 2 strands of DNA helix are

complementary they are matching have one, can build other have one, can rebuild the whole

Copying DNA pairing of the bases

allows each strand to serve as a pattern for a new strand

Newly copied strands of DNA

DNA replication

In Class Assignment

Building DNA MUST BUILD ONE NUCLEOTIDE AT A TIME

Take 1 backbone strip and place it on the table Take 1 phosphate circle and tape it on to the backbone strip Attach a sugar molecule to the side of the backbone with the

point of the sugar facing UPWARDS (at the upper right of the phosphate circle

Attach a base to the right of the sugar (1 nucleotide is now complete)

Repeat steps 2-4 until the first backbone strip is complete Take your second backbone strip and do the opposite of the

first one. (Make sure your attaching the complimentary base!!!

When your done you should have 2 complete backbones with complimentary bases.

Do Now

Finish working on your Nucleotides

Do Now

How do cells get energy?

How do cells get energy?

Glycolysis Fermentation Aerobic Respiration Krebs Cycle Electron Transport

Need to make ATP!

Glycolysis

Takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell First pathway to capture energy from glucose to

make ATP 10 steps – each catalyzed by a different enzyme

Takes glucose (sugar, with 6 C) breaks it into pyruvate molecules (3 C each)

ATP is put into the reaction to drive the splitting of glucose molecules Uses 2 ATP molecules for EACH glucose that

enters the pathway 4 ATP molecules are generated for a NET production

of 2 ATP molecules (we used 2 to start the pathway)

Glycolysis

Glycolysis

Fermentation/Anaerobic Respiration

Regenerates NAD+ that is used in glycolysis

Happens in the absence of oxygen/anaerobic organisms

Allows glycolysis to continue w/o oxygen

NADH is regenerated into NAD+ Products: Ethanol or Lactic acid Occurs in the cytoplasm

Fermentation

Ethanol Carried out by

yeast w/o oxygen Used to make

beer/wine Occurs when

pyruvate is decarboxylated and becomes a 2 carbon molecule

Lactic Acid Carried out by

bacteria/fungi/human muscles during exercise

Used when no oxygen is present

Occurs when pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid

Fermentation

Fermentation

Aerobic Respiration

Uses oxygen to make energy Glucose is fully burned by the cell as an energy

source Krebs Cycle Electron Transport chain

Pyruvate molecule left at end of glycolysis still has a lot of energy that is extracted in Oxidative metabolism

Produces a maximum of 38 ATP compared to only 2 in glycolysis/fermentation

Krebs Cycle

AKA Citric Acid Cycle Series of reactions linked in a circle Extracts energy from products of glycolysis

to make NADH and FADH2 Occurs in the mitochondria (the pyruvate

from glycolysis is transported through the mitochondria membrane) Pyruvate is converted into a 2-carbon molecule

(acetate), releases CO2 & linked to coenzyme A

Pyruvate + CoA + NAD+ acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH

Krebs Cycle

Acetyl-CoA is important and is involved in many metabolic pathways Enters the Krebs cycle by combining with the 6-

carbon citrate Every loop completed

Two CO2 molecules are produced for every acetyl-CoA that enters

3 NADH, 1 FADH2 and 1 ATP Net result

2 Acetyl-CoA + 6NAD+ + 2FAD + 2ADP+2Pi + 4H2O 4CO2 + 6NADH + 2FADH2 + 2ATP + 4H+ + 2CoA

Krebs Cycle

Krebs Cycle

Electron Transport Chain

Used to convert energy held by NADH and FADH2 into a more useful form that results in ATP production

Series of proteins and electron carriers in the inner mitochondrial membrane

Carriers alternate between oxidized and reduced forms as they transfer electrons through the chain to the final electron acceptor at the end, oxygen.

Protein called ATP Synthase found in inner mitochondrial membrane harvest energy of pH gradient to produce much of the ATP from oxidative metabolism

Net Results – 36 ATP molecules

Electron Transport Chain

Glycolysis vs. Krebs

PROTEINS

Lesson 6

PROTEINS

Essential to the structures and activities of life Make up 50% of dry weight of cells Contain carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen PLUS

nitrogen and sometimes sulfur Proteins are involved in

cellular structure Movement (muscles) Defense (antibodies) Transport (blood) Communication

Monomers are called amino acids

The structure of proteins

20 common amino acids that can make literally thousands of proteins.

Their diversity is based on different arrangements of amino acids

R = variable group- which distinguishes each of the 20 different amino acids

A protein’s specific shape determines its function

A protein consists of polypeptide chains folded into a unique shape The shape determines the protein’s

function A protein loses its specific function when its

polypeptides unravel

Macromolecules

Enzymes

Enzymes are important proteins found in living things. An enzyme is a protein that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.

(SEE SEPARATE LECTURE.)