do soil communities differ between native and invasive ... › mura › mipn › assets › file ›...
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Do soil communities differ between native and invasive dune grasses on
Great Lakes sand dunes?
Matthew L. Reid & Sarah M. Emery
MIPN Invasive Plant Symposium
December 10, 2015
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Exotic Plants
www.inps.gov
www.iextension.entm.purdue.edu
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Plant-Plant Competition
Plant-Herbivore Interactions
Plant-Mutualist Interactions
Plant Host-Parasite Interactions
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Plant-Plant Competition
Plant-Herbivore Interactions
Plant-Mutualist Interactions
Plant Host-Parasite Interactions
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Plant-Plant Competition
Plant-Herbivore Interactions
Plant-Mutualist Interactions
Plant Host-Parasite Interactions
Plant-Soil Feedbacks
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Herbivores Parasites
Mutualists Competitors
Plant-Plant Competition
Plant-Mutualist Interactions
Plant-Herbivore Interactions
Plant Host-Parasite Interactions
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Invasive Plants & Soil Interactions
• Enemy Release
– Root herbivores & parasites
• Reduced Dependence on Native Mutualists
– But may utilize native mutualists to their advantage
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Belowground Interactions
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Nematodes
www.ipm.iastate.edu http://mycorrhizas.info/vam.html
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Nematode Functional Groups
Plant-parasite
Fungal-feeder Bacteria-feeder
Predator
www.wageningenur.nl www. plpnemweb2.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex
www.und.edu www.urbanext.illinois.edu
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Enemy Release
Plant-parasite
www.wageningenur.nl
Invasive Plants Fewer plant-parasites
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Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
• Nutrient uptake
• Bioprotection
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Reduced Mycorrhizal Dependence
Invasive Plants Lower AMF abundance (root colonization, spores)
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Study System
www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov
Aquatic-terrestrial interface
Extent 275,000 acres of dunes in MI
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Dune Grasses
Ammophila breviligulata Leymus arenarius
Native Exotic
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Leymus arenarius
• Biomass
• Height
• Leaf length & width
• Flower production
• Seed mass
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Primary Succession
Ammophila colonizes & stabilizes dune
Ammophila dieback
Colonization by later successional species Emery. 2010. Nature Education Knowledge.
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Primary Succession
Ammophila colonizes & stabilizes dune
Ammophila dieback
Colonization by later successional species Emery. 2010. Nature Education Knowledge.
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Research Questions
1. Is invasion by Leymus associated with different soil communities?
2. Can invasion by Leymus be facilitated by belowground interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and nematodes?
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Research Questions
1. Is invasion by Leymus associated with different soil communities?
– Field survey
2. Can invasion by Leymus be facilitated by belowground interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and nematodes?
– Greenhouse experiment
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Research Questions
1. Is invasion by Leymus associated with different soil communities?
– Field survey
2. Can invasion by Leymus be facilitated by belowground interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and nematodes?
– Greenhouse experiment
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Hypotheses
1. Reduced mycorrhizal dependence
– Leymus will have a weaker association with AMF.
2. Enemy release
– Leymus soil will harbor fewer plant-parasitic nematodes.
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2014 Field Survey
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Field Survey Methods
• Vegetation survey
• 10 composite soil cores
– Nematodes and roots for AMF
• Collect tiller for nutrient analyses
20 m
1m2
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Field Survey Methods
• AMF staining via vinegar-ink
• Nematode extraction via sugar flotation
• Functional group ID
• Analyses
– Mixed model ANOVA
• Fixed effect: Native (Ammophila)/Exotic (Leymus)
• Random effect: Site, Site*Species
• Response – AMF: Root colonization
• Response – Nematodes: Abundance per functional group
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Results – Root Colonization
• Site and site*species interaction non-significant
• No difference in levels of root colonization
% R
oo
t C
olo
niz
atio
n
Ammophila Leymus
0
10
20
30
40
p = 0.330
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Results – Total Nematodes
• Site and site*species interaction non-significant
• No difference in total nematode abundance
p = 0.5864
Ammophila Leymus 0
20
40
60
80
100
Nem
ato
de
s/1
00
mL s
an
d
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Ammophila Leymus 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Nem
ato
des/1
00m
L s
and
Results – Plant Parasites
• Site and site*species interaction non-significant
• No difference in abundance of plant-parasites
p = 0.559
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Results – Predators
• Site and site*species interaction non-significant
• No difference in abundance of predators
p = 0.415
Ammophila Leymus 0
5
10
15
20
Nem
ato
des/1
00m
L s
and
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Results – Bacteria-Feeders
• Site and site*species interaction non-significant
• Marginal difference in abundance
p = 0.066
Ammophila Leymus 0
10
20
30
Nem
ato
de
s/1
00
mL s
an
d
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Field Survey Results
• No evidence supporting reduced mycorrhizal dependence
• No evidence supporting release from plant-parasitic nematodes
• Trend of increased abundance for bacterial-feeding nematodes – Litter quality or quantity?
– Root exudates?
– Root turnover?
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Field Survey Results
• Plant Tissue Properties
Site Species % Nitrogen % Phosphorus
Green Point Dunes Leymus 0.90% 0.13%
Green Point Dunes Ammophila 1.13% 0.12%
Ludington State Park Leymus 0.92% 0.08%
Ludington State Park Ammophila 1.14% 0.11%
Meinert Park Leymus 1.66% 0.10%
Meinert Park Ammophila 1.52% 0.08%
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Field Survey Results
• Soil Properties
Site Species Organic Matter Total Nitrogen
Green Point Dunes Leymus 0.52% 0.009%
Green Point Dunes Ammophila 0.67% 0.009%
Ludington State Park Leymus 0.28% 0.013%
Ludington State Park Ammophila 0.34% 0.009%
Meinert Park Leymus 0.12% 0.015%
Meinert Park Ammophila 0.17% 0.008%
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Nematode Community Composition
Dorylaimoides sp. Acrobeles sp.
Trophurus sp.
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2015 Field Survey
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Research Questions
1. Is invasion by Leymus associated with different soil communities?
– Field survey
2. Can invasion by Leymus be facilitated by belowground interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and nematodes?
– Greenhouse experiment
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Hypotheses
1. Leymus will be less susceptible to plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN).
2. Leymus will be less dependent on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF).
3. Leymus will have altered interactions with AMF and PPN in combination.
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Methods
• Treatments:
–Native Ammophila
– Invasive Leymus
AMF
PP
N
-AMF -PPN
+AMF -PPN
+AMF +PPN
-AMF +PPN
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AMF = Rhizophagus intraradices
• Obtained from INVAM at West Virginia University
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PPN = Pratylenchus penetrans
• Migratory endoparasite
www.nematode.unl.edu
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• Replication: 10 per treatment combination
• Data Analyses: 3-way ANOVA
Methods
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• Response variables of interest
– Root colonization
– Nematode abundance
– Biomass
• Root, shoot, total
– Other traits
• Root architecture, shoot characteristics
Methods
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Direct effect of AMF
p = 0.904
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Direct effect of AMF
• AMF
– (P = 0.015)
• AMF*Species
– (P = 0.444)
– Leymus 30% increase
– Ammophila 41% increase
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Direct effect of PPN
• PPN
– (P < 0.001)
• PPN*Species
– (P = 0.089)
– Leymus 50% decrease
– Ammophila 63% decrease
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AMF enhance growth in the presence of plant-parasitic nematodes
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Hypotheses
1. Leymus will be less susceptible to plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN).
– Some support
2. Leymus will be less dependent on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF).
– Not supported
3. Leymus will have altered interactions with AMF and PPN in combination.
– Supported
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Implications
• Potential competitive displacement
• Altered successional trajectories?
• Management
– Clearcast herbicide, seed head clipping
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Acknowledgments
Katie Arstingstall
Brad Gottshall
Andrea Howes
Erin Kinnetz
Land Managers
Michigan DNR
Grant Traverse Regional Land Conservancy
Muskegon County Parks
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Questions?