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1. INTRODUCTION
Digital printing refers to methods of printing from a digital based image directly to a
variety of media. It usually refers to professional printing where small run jobs from desktop
publishing and other digital sources are printed using large format and/or high volume laser or
inkjet printers. Digital printing has a higher cost per page than more traditional offset printing
methods but this price is usually offset by the cost saving in avoiding all the technical steps in
between needed to make printing plates. It also allows for on demand printing, short turn around,
and even a modification of the image (variable data) with each impression. The savings in labor
and ever increasing capability of digital presses means digital printing is reaching a point where
it will match or supersede offset printing technology's ability to produce larger print runs at a low
price.
The main difference between digital printing and traditional methods such as lithography,
flexography, gravure, or letterpress is that no printing plates are used, resulting in a quicker and
less expensive turnaround time. The most popular methods include inkjet or laser printers that
deposit pigment or toner onto a wide variety of substrates including paper, photo paper, canvas,
glass, metal, marble and other substances.
Consumer and professional printers such as inkjet or laser printers use the most common
examples of digital printing. Professional companies now use those practices to go green by
using better quality ink and better laser etching to get a more crisp picture that is displayed
through digital printing.
In many of the processes the ink or toner does not permeate the substrate, as does
conventional ink, but forms a thin layer on the surface and may in some systems be additionally
adhered to the substrate by using a fuser fluid with heat process (toner) or UV curing process
(ink).
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2. DIGITAL PRINTING METHODS
2.1 INKJET PRINTING
Fine art digital printing evolved from digital proofing technology in the printing industry.
As the printing industry became digital, traditional film-based proofing became cumbersome and
cost prohibitive. Kodak, 3M, and other major manufacturers stepped up to the plate and large
format inkjet printers were developed using dye based inks or archival, lightfast pigment based
inks. Initially, these printers were limited to glossy papers, but the IRIS Graphics printer allowed
the use of a variety of papers that included traditional and non-traditional media. Graham Nash,
of Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young, was one of the early pioneers of experimental digital
printmaking, and he began using the new proofing technology from IRIS Graphics to print his
own photographs and digitally manipulated images. Nash and his associate Mac Holbert opened
Nash Editions in 1991 and adapted an IRIS printer to meet the needs of artists.
Challenges in fine art printmaking include the need for exceptionally accurate high-
resolution scanning and/or photographing of original artwork, managing large file sizes, viewing
and interpreting image files onscreen, and artist-printmaker communication. Key software and
computer providers have been Adobe Photoshop and Apple Computer, along with Silicon
Graphics, who were on the forefront of color image management for both graphic arts and fine
art printmaking. Longevity is always an important consideration in fine art, whether in
reproductions (such as serigraphs or lithographs) or in an original work. It is a well-accepted fact
that paintings, especially watercolors, must be protected from the elements, therefore the light
fastness of digital inks was a critical issue. The original proofing inks were not archival, but
printmakers experimented with coatings and substrates to achieve greater longevity. A
collaborative effort by artists, including the group known as Unique Editions, worked with
printmakers to produce archival quality on a variety of substrates. The IRIS printer was the
standard for fine art digital printmaking for many years, and is still in use today, but as the field
grew, printmakers, and printer manufacturers began to offer alternative equipment for
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printmaking. More powerful computers, improved software, and viewing technologies have
expanded possibilities for artists and printmakers.
Substrates in gicle printmaking include traditional fine art papers such as Rives BFK,
Arches watercolor paper, treated and untreated canvas, experimental substrates (such as metal
and plastic), and fabric. This has allowed for the creation of limited and unlimited reproductions
of artworks.[4] Depending on the printing inks and substrate, longevity of the digital print may be
limited. Although the color range of the digital process cannot always match an original pigment,
artists and fine art digital printmakers can work together for exceptional quality with
repeatability. Digital printing also allows for the output of digital art of all types as finished
pieces or as an element in a further art piece. Experimental artists often add texture or other
media to the surface of the final prints, or use them as part of a mixed-media work. Many terms
for the process have been used over the years, including digigraph, but fine art digital
printmaking is generally known as giclée, and, although there are still a few exceptions, giclées
is widely accepted as a fine art medium by museums and galleries. Thousands of digital
printmakers now offer services to painters, photographers, and digital artists around the world.
Inkjet printing technologies
Basic Inkjet Printing Technologies
i) Continuous Flow
ii) Thermal (Bubble Jet)
iii) Piezo Electric
Now we may be wondering about the non-mentioning of memory space meant for the
program storage, the most important part of any embedded controller. Originally this
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8051 architecture was introduced with on-chip, ‘one time programmable’ version of
Program Memory of size 4K X 8. Intel delivered all these microcontrollers (8051) with
user’s program fused inside the device. The memory portion was mapped at the lower
end of the Program Memory area. But, after getting devices, customers couldn’t change
anything in their program code, which was already made available inside during
device fabrication.
Fig 2.1 Block Diagram of 8051
So, very soon Intel introduced the 8051 devices with re-programmable type of
Program Memory using built-in EPROM of size 4K X 8. Like a regular EPROM, this
memory can be re-programmed many times. Later on Intel started manufacturing these
8031 devices without any on chip Program Memory.
Microcontroller Logic Symbol:
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Fig 2.2 Microcontroller logic symbol
ALE/PROG
Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during
accesses to external memory. ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 of the oscillator frequency,
for external timing or clocking purposes, even when there are no accesses to external memory.
(However, one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory.) This pin is
also the program pulse input (PROG) during EPROM programming.
PSEN
Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external Program Memory. When the device is
executing out of external Program Memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle (except
that two PSEN activations are skipped during accesses to external Data Memory). PSEN is not
activated when the device is executing out of internal Program Memory.
EA/VPP
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EA is held high the CPU executes out of internal Program Memory (unless the Program
Counter exceeds 0FFFH in the 80C51). Holding EA low forces the CPU to execute out of
external memory regardless of the Program Counter value. In the 80C31, EA must be externally
wired low. In the EPROM devices, this pin also receives the programming supply voltage (VPP)
during EPROM programming.
XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier.
XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
Disadvantages of Existing System:
They are not safe since they are located outside the bank hall.
If one forgets the pin number he or she will not be able to withdraw money from their
accounts.
If one makes mistakes three times in entering the pin number the card will be swallowed
down the machine and it takes time to retrieve it.
3. PROPOSED MODEL
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3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig 3.1 Block Diagram
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Micro Controller(LPC2148)
LCD
Keyboard
Power Supply
GSM Modem
Finger Print Module
EEPROMMax 232
Buzzer
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3.2 EXPLANATION OF EACH BLOCK
In this section we will be discussing about complete block diagram and its functional
description of our project. And also brief description about each block of the block
diagram.
Micro Controller
In this project work the micro-controller is plays major role. Micro-controllers were
originally used as components in complicated process-control systems. However,
because of their small size and low price, Micro-controllers are now also being used in
regulators for individual control loops. In several areas Micro-controllers are now
outperforming their analog counterparts and are cheaper as well.
Power Supply
This section is meant for supplying Power to all the sections mentioned above. It
basically consists of a Transformer to step down the 230V ac to 18V ac followed by diodes. Here
diodes are used to rectify the ac to dc. After rectification the obtained rippled dc is filtered using
a capacitor Filter. A positive voltage regulator is used to regulate the obtained dc voltage.
LCD Display
This section is basically meant to show up the status of the project. This project makes use
of Liquid Crystal Display to display / prompt for necessary information.
GSM Modem
Here we are using GSM modem to communicate with the mobile phone to which we are
going to send the message. When ever an authorized person wants to know the status of
parameter or whenever parameters values increases above the threshold value then a message
will be sent through modem.This fault is indicated by displaying in LCD. This project will
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facilitates us to monitor as well as control different parameters at a time which increase accuracy
and speed.
Buzzer Section
This section consists of a Buzzer. The buzzer is used to alert / indicate the completion of
process. It is some times used to indicate the start of the embedded system by alerting during
start-up.
Finger Print Scanner
A fingerprint sensor is an electronic device used to capture a digital image of the
fingerprint pattern. The captured image is called a live scan. This live scan is digitally processed
to create a biometric template (a collection of extracted features) which is stored and used for
matching.
It supports wide range of fingerprint sensor interoperability giving you a freedom to
select suitable sensor that most fits to your application. Furthermore, the fingerprint data for
enrollment and verification are compatible among different sensors, even if they are based on
different technologies. This feature of unification presents application manufacturers and system
integrators with much more flexibility than ever before.
EEPROM
This section acts as a backend database for the project. This section is realized using an
EEPROM integrated circuit chip.
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4.IMPLEMENTATION
4.1 ARM PROCESSOR
ARM stands for Advanced RISC Machines. It is a 32 bit processor core, used for high
end application. It is widely used in Advanced Robotic Applications.
History and Development
ARM was developed at Acron Computers ltd of Cambridge, England between 1983 and
1985.
RISC concept was introduced in 1980 at Stanford and Berkley.
ARM ltd was found in 1990.
ARM cores are licensed to partners so as to develop and fabricate new microcontrollers
around same processor cores.
Features
16-bit/32-bit ARM7TDMI-S microcontroller in a tiny LQFP64 package.
8 kB to 40 kB of on-chip static RAM and 32 kB to 512 kB of on-chip flash memory.
128-bit wide interface/accelerator enables high-speed 60 MHz operation.
In-System Programming/In-Application Programming (ISP/IAP) via on-chip boot
loader software. Single flash sector or full chip erase in 400 ms and programming of
256 bytes in 1 ms.
EmbeddedICE RT and Embedded Trace interfaces offer real-time debugging with the
on-chip RealMonitor software and high-speed tracing of instruction execution.
USB 2.0 Full-speed compliant device controller with 2 kB of endpoint RAM.
In addition, the LPC2146/48 provides 8 kB of on-chip RAM accessible to USB by
DMA.
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One or two (LPC2141/42 vs. LPC2144/46/48) 10-bit ADCs provide a total of 6/14
analog inputs, with conversion times as low as 2.44 μs per channel.
Single 10-bit DAC provides variable analog output (LPC2142/44/46/48 only).
Two 32-bit timers/external event counters (with four capture and four compare
channels each), PWM unit (six outputs) and watchdog.
Low power Real-Time Clock (RTC) with independent power and 32 kHz clock input.
Multiple serial interfaces including two UARTs (16C550), two Fast I2C-bus (400
kbit/s), SPI and SSP with buffering and variable data length capabilities.
Vectored Interrupt Controller (VIC) with configurable priorities and vector addresses.
Up to 45 of 5 V tolerant fast general purpose I/O pins in a tiny LQFP64 package.
Up to 21 external interrupt pins available.
60 MHz maximum CPU clock available from programmable on-chip PLL with
settling time of 100 μs.
On-chip integrated oscillator operates with an external crystal from 1 MHz to 25
MHz.
Power saving modes include Idle and Power-down.
Individual enable/disable of peripheral functions as well as peripheral clock scaling
for additional power optimization.
Processor wake-up from Power-down mode via external interrupt or BOD.
Single power supply chip with POR and BOD circuits:
CPU operating voltage range of 3.0 V to 3.6 V (3.3 V ± 10 %) with 5 V tolerant I/O
pads.
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4.2 LPC2148 MICRO CONTROLLER
Fig 4.1 LPC2148 Pin Description
Architecture Of LPC 2148 Micro Controller
Fig 4.2 Architecture of LPC2148 Microcontroller
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Table 4.1 Pin functions of Port 0
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Register Bank
ARM 7 uses load and store Architecture.
Data has to be moved from memory location to a central set of registers.
Data processing is done and is stored back into memory.
Register bank contains, general purpose registers to hold either data or address.
It is a bank of 16 user registers R0-R15 and 2 status registers.
Each of these registers is 32 bit wide.
Data Registers- R0-R15
R0-R12 - General Purpose Registers
R13-R15 - Special function registers of which,
R13 - Stack Pointer, refers to entry pointer of Stack.
R14 - Link Register, Return address is put to this when ever a subroutine is called.
R15 - Program Counter
Depending upon application R13 and R14 can also be used as GPR. But not commonly used.
Table 4.2 Register bank
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In addition there are 2 status registers.
CPSR - Current program status register, status of current execution is stored.
SPSR - Saved program Status register, includes status of program as well as processor.
CPSR
CPSR contains a number of flags which report and control the operation of ARM7 CPU.
Fig 4.3 CPSR Register Format
Conditional Code Flags
N - Negative Result from ALU
Z - Zero result from ALU
C - ALU operation carried out
V - ALU operation overflowed
Interrupt Enable Bits
I - IRQ, Interrupt Disable
F - FIQ, Disable Fast Interrupt
T- Bit
If T=0, Processor in ARM Mode.
T=1, Processor in THUMB Mode
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Mode Bits
Specifies the processor Modes.
Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter 0
Features
16 byte Receive and Transmit FIFOs
Register locations conform to ‘550 industry standard
Receiver FIFO trigger points at 1, 4, 8, and 14 bytes
Built-in fractional baud rate generator with autobauding capabilities.
Mechanism that enables software and hardware flow control implementation
Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter 1
Features
UART1 is identical to UART0, with the addition of a modem interface.
16 byte Receive and Transmit FIFOs
Register locations conform to ‘550 industry standard
Receiver FIFO trigger points at 1, 4, 8, and 14 bytes
Built-in fractional baud rate generator with autobauding capabilities.
Mechanism that enables software and hardware flow control implementation
Standard modem interface signals included with flow control (auto-CTS/RTS) fully
supported in hardware (LPC2144/6/8 only).
Real Time Clock
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Features
Measures the passage of time to maintain a calendar and clock.
Ultra Low Power design to support battery powered systems
Provides Seconds, Minutes, Hours, Day of Month, Month, Year, Day of Week, and Day
of Year
Dedicated 32 kHz oscillator or programmable prescaler from VPB clock.
Dedicated power supply pin can be connected to a battery or to the main 3.3 V
4.3 GSM TECHNOLOGY
An embedded system is a special-purpose system in which the computer is completely
encapsulated by or dedicated to the device or system it controls. Unlike a general-purpose
computer, such as a personal computer, an embedded system performs one or a few pre-defined
tasks, usually with very specific requirements. Since the system is dedicated to specific tasks,
design engineers can optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product. Embedded systems
are often mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale.
Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is a set of ETSI standards specifying
the infrastructure for a digital cellular service. The standard is used in approx. 85 countries in the
world including such locations as Europe, Japan and Australia1.
GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile telephone system
that is widely used in many parts of the world. GSM uses a variation of Time Division Multiple
Access (TDMA) and is the most widely used of the three digital wireless telephone technologies
(TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down a channel
with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot. GSM operates in the 900MHz,
1800MHz, or 1900 MHz frequency bands.
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GSM has been the backbone of the phenomenal success in mobile telecoms over the last
decade. Now, at the dawn of the era of true broadband services, GSM continues to evolve to
meet new demands. One of GSM's great strengths is its international roaming capability, giving
consumers a seamless service. This has been a vital driver in growth, with around 300 million. In
the Americas, today's 7 million subscribers are set to grow rapidly, with market potential of 500
million in population, due to the introduction of GSM 800, which allows operators using the 800
MHz band to have access to GSM technology too.
GSM security issues such as theft of service, privacy, and legal interception continue to
raise significant interest in the GSM community. The purpose of this portal is to raise awareness
of these issues with GSM security.
The mobile communications has become one of the driving forces of the digital
revolution. Everyday, millions of people are making phone calls by pressing a few buttons. Little
is known about how one person's voice reaches the other person's phone that is thousands of
miles away. Even less is known about the security measures and protection behind the system.
The complexity of the cell phone is increasing as people begin sending text messages and digital
pictures to their friends and family. The cell phone is slowly turning into a handheld computer.
All the features and advancements in cell phone technology require a backbone to support it. The
system has to provide security and the capability for growth to accommodate future
enhancements. General System for Mobile Communications, GSM, is one of the many solutions
out there. GSM has been dubbed the "Wireless Revolution" and it doesn't take much to realize
why GSM provides a secure and confidential method of communication.
GSM Modems
A GSM modem can be an external modem device, such as the Wavecom FASTRACK
Modem. Insert a GSM SIM card into this modem, and connect the modem to an available serial
port on your computer.
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A GSM modem can be a PC Card installed in a notebook computer, such as the Nokia
Card Phone. A GSM modem could also be a standard GSM mobile phone with the appropriate
cable and software driver to connect to a serial port on your computer. Phones such as the Nokia
7110 with a DLR-3 cable, or various Ericsson phones, are often used for this purpose.
A dedicated GSM modem (external or PC Card) is usually preferable to a GSM mobile
phone. This is because of some compatibility issues that can exist with mobile phones. For
example, if you wish to be able to receive inbound MMS messages with your gateway, and you
are using a mobile phone as your modem, you must utilize a mobile phone that does not support
WAP push or MMS. This is because the mobile phone automatically processes these messages,
without forwarding them via the modem interface. Similarly some mobile phones will not allow
you to correctly receive SMS text messages longer than 160 bytes (known as “concatenated
SMS” or “long SMS”). This is because these long messages are actually sent as separate SMS
messages, and the phone attempts to reassemble the message before forwarding via the modem
interface. (We’ve observed this latter problem utilizing the Ericsson R380, while it does not
appear to be a problem with many other Ericsson models.)
When you install your GSM modem, or connect your GSM mobile phone to the
computer, be sure to install the appropriate Windows modem driver from the device
manufacturer. To simplify configuration, the Now SMS/MMS Gateway will communicate with
the device via this driver. An additional benefit of utilizing this driver is that you can use
Windows diagnostics to ensure that the modem is communicating properly with the computer.
The Now SMS/MMS gateway can simultaneously support multiple modems, provided
that your computer hardware has the available communications port resources.
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Fig 4.4 GSM Smart Modem
Smart Modem (GSM/GPRS)Smart Modem (GSM/GPRS)
Analogic’s GSM Smart Modem is a multi-functional, ready to use, rugged and versatile
modem that can be embedded or plugged into any application. The Smart Modem can be
customized to various applications by using the standard AT commands. The modem is fully
type-approved and can directly be integrated into your projects with any or all the features of
Voice, Data, Fax, SMS, and Internet etc.Smart Modem kit contain the following items:
Analogic’s GSM/GPRS Smart Modem
SMPS based power supply adapter.
3 dBi antenna with cable (optional: other types)
Data cable (RS232)
User Manual
Installing the Modem
To install the modem, plug the device on to the supplied SMPS Adapter. For Automotive
applications fix the modem permanently using the mounting slots (optional as per your
requirement dimensions).
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Inserting/ Removing the SIM Card
To insert or Remove the SIM Card, it is necessary to press the SIM holder ejector button
with Sharp edged object like a pen or a needle. With this, the SIM holder comes out a little, then
pulls it out and insert or remove the SIM Card
Fig 4.5 Inserting/Removing the SIM card into the Modem
Make sure that the ejector is pushed out completely before accessing the SIM Card holder
do not remove the SIM card holder by force or tamper it (it may permanently damage). Place the
SIM Card Properly as per the direction of the installation. It is very important that the SIM is
placed in the right direction for its proper working condition
Connecting External Antenna
Connect GSM Smart Modem to the external antenna with cable end with SMA male. The
Frequency of the antenna may be GSM 900/1800 MHz. The antenna may be ( 0 dbi, 3 dbi or
short length L-type antenna) as per the field conditions and signal conditions.
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Services provided by GSM
GSM was designed having interoperability with ISDN in mind, and the services provided
by GSM are a subset of the standard ISDN services. Speech is the most basic, and most
important, teleservice provided by GSM.
In addition, various data services are supported, with user bit rates up to 9600 bps.
Specially equipped GSM terminals can connect with PSTN, ISDN, Packet Switched and Circuit
Switched Public Data Networks, through several possible methods, using synchronous or
asynchronous transmission. Also supported are Group 3 facsimile service, videotex, and teletex.
Other GSM services include a cell broadcast service, where messages such as traffic reports, are
broadcast to users in particular cells.
A service unique to GSM, the Short Message Service, allows users to send and receive
point-to-point alphanumeric messages up to a few tens of bytes. It is similar to paging services,
but much more comprehensive, allowing bi-directional messages, store-and-forward delivery,
and acknowledgement of successful delivery.
Supplementary services enhance the set of basic teleservices. In the Phase I
specifications, supplementary services include variations of call forwarding and call barring,
such as Call Forward on Busy or Barring of Outgoing International Calls. Many more
supplementary services, including multiparty calls, advice of charge, call waiting, and calling
line identification presentation will be offered in the Phase 2 specifications.
4.4 LCD
Liquid crystal displays (LCD) have materials which combine the properties of both
liquids and crystals. Rather than having a melting point, they have a temperature range within
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which the molecules are almost as mobile as they would be in a liquid, but are grouped together
in an ordered form similar to a crystal.
An LCD consists of two glass panels, with the liquid crystal material sand witched in
between them. The inner surface of the glass plates are coated with transparent electrodes which
define the character, symbols or patterns to be displayed polymeric layers are present in between
the electrodes and the liquid crystal, which makes the liquid crystal molecules to maintain a
defined orientation angle.
One each polarisers are pasted outside the two glass panels. These polarisers would rotate
the light rays passing through them to a definite angle, in a particular direction
When the LCD is in the off state, light rays are rotated by the two polarisers and the liquid
crystal, such that the light rays come out of the LCD without any orientation, and hence the LCD
appears transparent.
When sufficient voltage is applied to the electrodes, the liquid crystal molecules would be
aligned in a specific direction. The light rays passing through the LCD would be rotated by the
polarisers, which would result in activating / highlighting the desired characters.
The LCD’s are lightweight with only a few millimeters thickness. Since the LCD’s
consume less power, they are compatible with low power electronic circuits, and can be powered
for long durations.
The LCD s won’t generate light and so light is needed to read the display. By using
backlighting, reading is possible in the dark. The LCD’s have long life and a wide operating
temperature range.Changing the display size or the layout size is relatively simple which makes
the LCD’s more customer friendly.
The LCD s used exclusively in watches, calculators and measuring instruments is the
simple seven-segment displays, having a limited amount of numeric data. The recent advances in
technology have resulted in better legibility, more information displaying capability and a wider
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temperature range. These have resulted in the LCD s being extensively used in
telecommunications and entertainment electronics.
The LCD s has even started replacing the cathode ray tubes (CRTs) used for the display of
text and graphics, and also in small TV applications.
LCD operation
In recent years the LCD is finding widespread use replacing LEDs (seven-segment LEDs or
other multisegment (LEDs). This is due to the following reasons:
The declining prices of LCDs.
The ability of display numbers, characters, and graphics. This is ain contrast to LEDs,
which are limited to numbers and a few characters.
Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, thereby relieving the CPU of the
task of refreshing the LCD. In contrast, the LED must be refreshed by the CPU (or in
some other way) to keep displaying the data.
Ease of programming for characters and graphics.
LCD Pin Description
The LCD discussed in this section has 14 pins. The function of each pin is given in table.
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Fig 4.7 LCD pin diagram
Table 4.6 LCD Pin Description
Vcc, Vss, and VEE
While Vcc and Vss provide +5V and ground, respectively, VEE is used for controlling
LCD contrast.
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RS – register select
There are two very important registers inside the LCD. The RS pin is used for their
selection as follows. If RS = 0, the instruction command code register is selected, allowing the
user to send a command such as clear display, cursor at home, etc. If RS = 1 the data register is
selected, allowing the user to send data to be displayed on the LCD.
R/W – read/write
R/W input allows the user to write information to the LCD or read information from it.
R/W = 1 when reading; R/W =0 when writing.
E – Enable
The enable pin is used by the LCD to latch information presented to its data pins. When
data is supplied to data pins, a high to low pulse must be applied to this pin in order for the LCD
to latch in the data present at the data pins. This pulse must be a minimum of 450 ns wide.
D0 – D7
The 8 bit data pins, D0 – D7, are used to send information to the LCD or read the contents of
the LCD’s internal registers. To display letters and numbers, we send ASCII codes for the letters
A – Z, a – z, and numbers 0 – 9 to these pins while making RS = 1.There are also instructions
command codes that can be sent to the LCD to clear the display or force the cursor to the home
position or blink the cursor. Table below lists the instruction command codes.
LCD Interfacing
Sending commands and data to LCDs with a time delay
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To send any command from table 2 to the LCD, make pin RS=0. For data, make
RS=1.Then place a high to low pulse on the E pin to enable the internal latch of the LCD.
4.5 BUZZER
The "Piezoelectric sound components" introduced herein operate on an innovative
principle utilizing natural oscillation of piezoelectric ceramics. These buzzers are offered in
lightweight compact sizes from the smallest diameter of 12mm to large Piezo electric sounders.
Today, piezoelectric sound components are used in many ways such as home appliances, OA
equipment, audio equipment telephones, etc. And they are applied widely, for example, in
alarms, speakers, telephone ringers, receivers, transmitters, beep sounds, etc.
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Fig4.7 Types of Buzzers
4.6 EEPROM
EEPROM (also written E2PROM and pronounced e-e-prom or simply e-squared), which
stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory, is a type of non-volatile
memory used in computers and other electronic devices to store small amounts of data that must
be saved when power is removed, e.g., calibration tables or device configuration.
When larger amounts of more static data are to be stored (such as in USB flash drives)
other memory types like flash memory are more economical. EEPROMs are realized as arrays of
floating-gate transistors.
4.7 MAX-232
The MAX232 from Maxim was the first IC which in one package contains the necessary
drivers (two) and receivers (also two), to adapt the RS-232 signal voltage levels to TTL logic. It
became popular, because it just needs one voltage (+5V) and generates the necessary RS-232
voltage levels (approx. -10V and +10V) internally.
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This greatly simplified the design of circuitry. Circuitry designers no longer need to
design and build a power supply with three voltages (e.g. -12V, +5V, and +12V), but could just
provide one +5V power supply, e.g. with the help of a simple 78x05 voltage converter. The
MAX232 has a successor, the MAX232A. The ICs are almost identical, however, the MAX232A
is much more often used (and easier to get) than the original MAX232, and the MAX232A only
needs external capacitors 1/10th the capacity of what the original MAX232 needs.
It should be noted that the MAX 232(A) is just a driver/receiver. It does not generate the
necessary RS-232 sequence of marks and spaces with the right timing, it does not decode the RS-
232 signal, it does not provide a serial/parallel conversion. All it does is to convert signal
voltage levels. Generating serial data with the right timing and decoding serial data has to be
done by additional circuitry, e.g. by a 16550 UART or one of these small micro controllers (e.g.
Atmel AVR, Microchip PIC) getting more and more popular.
4.8 FINGER PRINT SCANNER
NITGEN FIM 3030
A fingerprint sensor is an electronic device used to capture a digital image of the
fingerprint pattern. The captured image is called a live scan. This live scan is digitally processed
to create a biometric template (a collection of extracted features) which is stored and used for
matching.
General Descriptions
FIM30 is an evolutionary standalone fingerprint recognition module consisted of optic
sensor and processing board. As CPU and highly upgraded algorithm are embedded into a
module, it provides high recognition ratio even to small size, wet, dry, calloused fingerprint.
High speed 1: N identification and 1: N verification.
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FIM 30 has functions of fingerprint enrollment, identification, partial and entire deletion
and reset in a single board, it does not require connection with a separate PC, thereby offering
convenient development environment. Off-line functionality stores logs on the equipment
memory (up to 100 fingerprints) and it’s identified using search engine from the internal
algorithm. Evolutionary standalone fingerprint recognition module FIM30 is ideal for on-line
applications, because allows ASCII commands to manage the device from the host. On-line
functionality, fingerprints to verify (1:1) or identify (1: N) can be stored on non volatile memory,
or be sent by RS-232 port.
Features
On-line and off-line fingerprint identification incorporated
Identification rate 1:1 and 1:N; FAR: 1/100.000 y FRR: 1/1.000
Algorithm and high hardness optical sensor
It provides high recognition ratio even to small size, wet, dry, calloused fingerprint.
Fast acquisition of difficult finger types under virtually any condition.
Memory capacity for 100 fingerprints
Memory events: up to 2,000 authentications
Access host can be protected by fingerprint or password
It offers convenient development environment.
Two communication ports: RS-232 or host ( on-line applications )
ASCII protocol
Supply voltage: 5V
This FIM 3030 is going to have the Optical Sensor to Enroll and Identify the Finger Print.
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Optical sensor
Optical fingerprint imaging involves capturing a digital image of the print using visible
light. This type of sensor is, in essence, a specialized digital camera. The top layer of the sensor,
where the finger is placed, is known as the touch surface. Beneath this layer is a light-emitting
phosphor layer which illuminates the surface of the finger. The light reflected from the finger
passes through the phosphor layer to an array of solid state pixels (a charge-coupled device)
which captures a visual image of the fingerprint. A scratched or dirty touch surface can cause a
bad image of the fingerprint. A disadvantage of this type of sensor is the fact that the imaging
capabilities are affected by the quality of skin on the finger. It can also be easily fooled by an
image of a fingerprint if not coupled with a "live finger" detector. However, unlike capacitive
sensors, this sensor technology is not susceptible to electrostatic discharge damage.
Fingerprint biometry
High Universality
A majority of the population (>96%) have legible fingerprints. More than the
number of people who possess passports, license and IDs.
High Distinctiveness
Even identical twins have different fingerprints (most biometrics fail).
Individuality of fingerprints established through empirical evidence
High Performance
One of the most accurate forms of biometrics available. Best trade off between
convenience and security.
High Acceptability
Fingerprint acquisition is non intrusive. Requires no training.
Advantages
• Uniqueness
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• Surety over the Cards and Keypads
• Against to Cards Duplication, misplacement and improper disclosure of
password
• No excuses for RF/Magnetic Cards forget ness
• No need to further invest on the Cards Cost
• No need to further manage the Cards Writing Devices
Fingerprint Patterns
• Loops
– Ridge lines enter from one side and curve around to exit from the same side
– 60-65% of population
• Whorls
– Rounded or circular ridge pattern
– 30-35% of population
• Arches
– Ridge lines enter from one side of print and exit out the other
– 5% of population
4.9 POWER SUPPLY
The power supplies are designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low
voltage supply for electronics circuits and other devices. A power supply can by broken down into a
series of blocks, each of which performs a particular function. A d.c power supply which maintains the
output voltage constant irrespective of a.c mains fluctuations or load variations is known as “Regulated
D.C Power Supply”
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Fig 4.8 Power Supply
Transformer
Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of power.
Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity is AC.
Step-up transformers increase in output voltage, step-down transformers decrease in output
voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains
voltage to a safer low voltage. The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called
the secondary. There is no electrical connection between the two coils; instead they are linked by
an alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines in the
middle of the circuit symbol represent the core. Transformers waste very little power so the
power out is (almost) equal to the power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down current is
stepped up. The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turn’s ratio, determines the
ratio of the voltages. A step-down transformer has a large number of turns on its primary (input)
coil which is connected to the high voltage mains supply, and a small number of turns on its
secondary (output) coil to give a low output voltage.
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An Electrical Transformer
Rectifier
The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating D.C.
The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is used
because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification.
Fig 4.9 Bridge Rectifier
The Bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using both half
cycles of the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in the figure. The circuit has
four diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to the diagonally opposite
ends of the bridge. The load resistance is connected between the other two ends of the bridge.
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For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct, whereas
diodes D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series with the load
resistance RL and hence the load current flows through RL.
For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4 conduct whereas, D1
and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in series with the load resistance
RL and hence the current flows through RL in the same direction as in the previous half cycle.
Thus a bi-directional wave is converted into a unidirectional wave.
Filter
Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier
and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and
load is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this
point changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage.
Regulator
Voltage regulator ICs is available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output
voltages. The maximum current they can pass also rates them. Negative voltage regulators are
available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators include some automatic protection
from excessive current ('overload protection') and overheating ('thermal protection'). Many of
the fixed voltage regulator ICs have 3 leads and look like power transistors, such as the 7805
+5V 1A regulator shown on the right. The LM7805 is simple to use. You simply connect the
positive lead of your unregulated DC power supply (anything from 9VDC to 24VDC) to the
Input pin, connect the negative lead to the Common pin and then when you turn on the power,
you get a 5 volt supply from the output pin.
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Fig 4.10 Voltage Regulator
78XX
The Bay Linear LM78XX is integrated linear positive regulator with three terminals. The
LM78XX offer several fixed output voltages making them useful in wide range of applications.
When used as a zener diode/resistor combination replacement, the LM78XX usually results in an
effective output impedance improvement of two orders of magnitude, lower quiescent current.
The LM78XX is available in the TO-252, TO-220 & TO-263packages.
Features
• Output Current of 1.5A
• Output Voltage Tolerance of 5%
• Internal thermal overload protection
• Internal Short-Circuit Limited
• No External Component
• Output Voltage 5.0V, 6V, 8V, 9V, 10V,12V, 15V, 18V, 24V
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4.10 LINEAR KEYPAD
This section basically consists of a Linear Keypad. Basically a Keypad can be classified into
2 categories. One is Linear Keypad and the other is Matrix keypad.
Matrix Keypad
This Keypad got keys arranged in the form of Rows and Columns. That is why
the name Matrix Keypad. According to this keypad, In order to find the key being
pressed the keypad need to be scanned by making rows as i/p and columns as output or
vice versa.
This Keypad is used in places where one needs to connect more no. of keys with
less no. of data lines.
Linear Keypad
This Keypad got ‘n’ no. of keys connected to ‘n’ data lines of microcontroller.
This Keypad is used in places where one needs to connect less no. of keys. Generally, in
Linear Keypads one end of the switch is connected to Microcontroller (Configured as i/p)
and other end of the switch is connected to the common ground. So whenever a key of Linear
Keypad is pressed the logic on the microcontroller pin will go LOW.
Here in this project, a linear keypad is used with switches connected in a serial
manner. Linear keypad is used in this project because it takes less no. of port pins. The
Linear Keypad with 4 Keys is shown below.
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Fig 4.11 Linear Keypad
Working process
The project “Design of ATM terminal based on finger print recognition” is used to provide
the high security for ATM access. The project will use ARM7 TDMI-S based NXP’s (national
semiconductors and Philips) LPC 2148 microcontroller in LQFP (Liquid Quad Flat package)
with 64 pins. The Power requirement of LPC2148 Microcontroller is 3.3VDC and VSS ground.
The power supply for the LPC2148 is produced by using available 1 Φ 230VAC with the
help of conversion AC to DC supply which includes four most basic steps of step down the
available power to required level of power supply, Rectification of 1Φ supply to the pulsated DC
supply, filtering of Pulsated DC supply to non regulated DC supply and then through regulator a
pure regulated DC supply is produced.
This project mainly consists of the LPC2148 microcontroller, GSM modem, and
Fingerprint Module and ATM terminal with key pad. The fingerprint module is used to enroll the
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fingerprint and verification of the finger tips of that person. This can also be used to identify the
person’s fingerprint, which is already stored in the database. The fingerprint module is connected
to the microcontroller using the serial communication port UART0.GSM module is connected to
the microcontroller using the serial communication port UART1. The fingerprint module
consists of the finger print scanner and the driver circuit for the fingerprint.
Every person is given with a unique account number and password for that account. Each
and every person has to enter the account number which is stored in the database (EEPROM). If
the entered account number is matched with the existed account, it will request for the password
to access that account. If the entered account number is wrong, it will buzz the buzzer. If the
entered account number and the entered password are correct, it will request for the finger print
verification.
If the entered password and the account number are not matched then microcontroller
will send a message to the account holder with the GSM technology. If the finger print of that
person is matched with the details of that account, then that person will be able to do the ATM
transactions like balance check, mini statement, deposit and withdrawal. If the finger print of that
person is not matched then microcontroller will send a message to the account holder with the
GSM technology.
The ATM terminal is constructed as in general. The balance checking, Deposit required
amount, the withdrawal amount and mini statement. The result of that transaction is stored in the
EEPROM for the further transactions.
This project useful for the advanced security for the ATM transactions and also for the
Locker system.
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5 SOFTWARE
5.1 KEIL SOFTWARE
It is possible to create the source files in a text editor such as Notepad, run the Compiler on
each C source file, specifying a list of controls, run the Assembler on each Assembler source file,
specifying another list of controls, run either the Library Manager or Linker (again specifying a
list of controls) and finally running the Object-HEX Converter to convert the Linker output file
to an Intel Hex File. Once that has been completed the Hex File can be downloaded to the target
hardware and debugged. Alternatively KEIL can be used to create source files; automatically
compile, link and covert using options set with an easy to use user interface and finally simulate
or perform debugging on the hardware with access to C variables and memory. Unless you have
to use the tolls on the command line, the choice is clear. KEIL Greatly simplifies the process of
creating and testing an embedded application.
Simulator/Debugger
The simulator/ debugger in KEIL can perform a very detailed simulation of a micro
controller along with external signals. It is possible to view the precise execution time of a single
assembly instruction, or a single line of C code, all the way up to the entire application, simply
by entering the crystal frequency. A window can be opened for each peripheral on the device,
showing the state of the peripheral. This enables quick trouble shooting of mis-configured
peripherals. Breakpoints may be set on either assembly instructions or lines of C code, and
execution may be stepped through one instruction or C line at a time. The contents of all the
memory areas may be viewed along with ability to find specific variables. In addition the
registers may be viewed allowing a detailed view of what the microcontroller is doing at any
point in time.
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ARM Software
About Keil ARM
1. Click on the Keil u Vision3 Icon on Desktop
2. The following fig will appear
3.Click on the Project menu from the title bar
4.Then Click on New Project
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5. Save the Project by typing suitable project name with no extension in u r own folder sited in either C:\ or D:\
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6. Then Click on Save button above.
7. Select the component for u r project. i.e.NXP……
8. Click on the + Symbol beside of NXP
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9.Select LPC2148 as shown below.
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10.Then Click on “OK”
11.The Following fig will appear
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12. Then Click YES
13. Now your project is ready to USE
14. Now double click on the Target1, you would get another option “Source group 1” as
shown in next page.
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15. Click on the file option from menu bar and select “new”
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16.The next screen will be as shown in next page, and just maximize it by double clicking on its blue boarder.
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17.Now start writing program in either in “C” or “ASM”
18.For a program written in Assembly, then save it with extension “. asm” and for “C”
based program save it with extension “ .C”
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19.Now right click on Source group 1 and click on “Add files to Group Source”
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20.Now you will get another window, on which by default “C” files will appear
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21. Now select as per your file extension given while saving the file
22. Click only one time on option “ADD”
23. Now Press function key F7 to compile. Any error will appear if so happen.
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24. If the file contains no error, then press Control+F5 simultaneously.
25. The new window is as follows
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26. Then Click “OK”
27. Now Click on the Peripherals from menu bar, and check your required port as shown in
Fig below
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29.Drag the port a side and click in the program file
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29.Now keep Pressing function key “F11” slowly and observe.
30.You are running your program successfully
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6.CONCLUSION
The project “ Design of ATM Terminal Based On Fingerprint Recognition” has been
successfully designed and tested.
Integrating features of all the hardware components used have developed it. Presence of
every module has been reasoned out and placed carefully thus contributing to the best working of
the unit.
Secondly, using highly advanced IC’s and with the help of growing technology the
project has been successfully implemented.
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7.REFERENCES
The 8051 Micro controller and EmbeddedSystems
-Muhammad Ali Mazidi Janice Gillispie Mazidi
The 8051 Micro controller Architecture,Programming & Applications
-Kenneth J.Ayala
Micro processor Architecture, Programming& Applications
-Ramesh S.Gaonkar
Wireless Communications Theodore S. Rappaport
Mobile Tele Communications William C.Y. Lee
References on the Web
http://www.garmin.com/products/gps35
http://www.alldatasheet.com
http://www.mathworks.com
http://www.national.com/ds/LM/LM35.pdf
http://www.nxp.com/documents/user_manual/UM10139.pdf
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APPENDIX
A.Source Code
/***** HEADER FILES ****/
#include <LPC214x.H>
#include"lcdheader.h"
#include"new_finger.h"
/*****functions declaration*****/
void init_serial2 (void);
void init_serial (void);
/****variables****/
unsigned int mask1=0x00000000;
unsigned char a,flag,ID,ID_H,ID_L,D_LEN,CMD,scan_flag;
unsigned char byte1[50],value;
char *accno,*passwd,person;
/*****interrupts******/
/***GSM MODEM***/
void serialint1 (void)__irq
{
if(U1IIR==0x00000004 ){byt[u]=U1RBR;u=u+1;
}
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VICVectAddr=0X00000000;
}
/*****FINGER PRINT MODULE****/
void serialint2 (void)__irq
{
if(U0IIR==0x00000004 | U0IIR==0x00000005 )
{ byte1[a]=U0RBR;a=a+1;
} flag=1;
VICVectAddr=0X00000000;
}
/*****main program*****/
int main(void)
{ unsigned char i='1';
PINSEL0|= 0x00050005;
IODIR0|=0x001F0000;
IOSET0|=0x001F0000;
init();i2cInit();
init_serial2 (); init_serial ();
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a=0;u=0;
LCDstr("FINGERPRINT BASE",0x80);
LCDstr(" BANKING SYSTEM ",0xC0);
gap(300);
mask=IOPIN0 & 0x00080000; //delete sw-p0.19
mask1=IOPIN0 & 0x00020000; //enrolling sw-p0.17
if(mask1==0x00000000)
{
lcdcmd(0x01);LCDstr("ENROLLING ",0x80);a=0;flag=0;
GSM_IMAGE();//enrolling
gap(100);
while(flag!=1);
{flag=0;a=0;
if(byte1[9]==0x00)LCDstr("sucess image",0xc0);
else if(byte1[9]==0x01)LCDstr("receive error",0xc0);
else if(byte1[9]==0x02)LCDstr("no image",0xc0);
else if(byte1[9]==0x03)LCDstr("input not success",0xc0);
memset(byte1,'\0',sizeof(byte1));
}
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gap(400);lcdcmd(0x01); GSM_CHAR(); //convert to character
gap(200);
if(flag==1 ){flag=0;a=0;
if (byte1[9] == 0x00){ lcdcmd(0x01);LCDstr("ENTER ID_NO:",0xc0);
while(1){
mask=IOPIN0 & 0x00060000;
if(mask==0x00040000){lcdcmd(0xcd);i++;if(i>0x35)i=0x31;lcddata(i);gap1(9000);} if(mask==0x00020000)
{value=i-0x30;break;}
}STORE_CHAR(value);gap(200);flag=0;a=0;}
else{lcdcmd(0x01); LCDstr(" INVALID ",0xc0);}
}gap(30);}
if(mask==0x00000000)
{flag=0;a=0;DELETE_ALL();//to delete all id's
lcdcmd(0x01); LCDstr("DELETING...",0x80);gap(200);
if(flag==1 ){flag=0;a=0;
if (byte1[9] == 0x00){ LCDstr("ALL DATA DELETED",0xc0);gap(500);lcdcmd(0x01); }
} }
memset(byte1,'\0',sizeof(byte1));
a=0; flag=0;
while(1)
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{
lable:LCDstr("BANKING SYSTEM: ",0x80);gap(200);lcdcmd(0x01);LCDstr("ENTER ACC-NO:",0x80);
accno=switches();
if(!(strcmp(accno,"123"))){person='1';}
else if(!(strcmp(accno,"234"))){person='2';}
else if(!(strcmp(accno,"345"))){person='3';}
else {lcdcmd(0x01);LCDstr(accno,0x80);LCDstr("WRONG ACC-NO",0xc0);gap(500);
init_b ;BUZZER_ON();gap(200);BUZZER_OFF();
gsm_send("WRONG ACC_NO","919885379047");lcdcmd(0x01);goto lable;}
lcdcmd(0x01);LCDstr("ENTER PASSWORD:",0x80);
passwd=switches();
if((!(strcmp(passwd,"111")))& person=='1'){LCDstr("PERSON1",0xc0);}
else if((!(strcmp(passwd,"222")))& person=='2'){LCDstr("PERSON2",0xc0);}
else if((!(strcmp(passwd,"333")))& person=='3'){LCDstr("PERSON3",0xc0);}
else {lcdcmd(0x01);LCDstr(passwd,0x80);LCDstr("WRONG PASSWD",0xc0);gap(500);
init_b ;BUZZER_ON();gap(200);BUZZER_OFF();
gsm_send("WRONG PASSWORD","919885379047");lcdcmd(0x01);goto lable;}
finger: LCDstr(" KEEP FINGER & ",0x80);LCDstr(" PRESS THE ENT ",0xc0);
mask1=0x00100000 &IOPIN0;
gap(20);
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if(mask1==0x00000000){ lcdcmd(0x01);LCDstr("TO IDENTIFY",0x80);a=0;flag=0;
IDENTIFY();//finger identification
gap(100); while(flag!=1);flag=0;a=0;
if(byte1[9]==0x00){
if( byte1[11]==0x01 & person=='1')LCDstr("PERSON1",0xc0);
else if( byte1[11]==0x02& person=='2')LCDstr("PERSON2",0xc0);
else if( byte1[11]==0x03& person=='3')LCDstr("PERSON3",0xc0);
else
{lcdcmd(0x01);LCDstr("INVALID PERSON",0x80);gap(500);
init_b ;BUZZER_ON();gap(200);BUZZER_OFF();
lcddata(byte1[11]+0x30);gap(200);
gsm_send("INVALID PERSON","919885379047");
memset(byte1,'\0',sizeof(byte1));goto lable;
}
memset(byte1,'\0',sizeof(byte1));
} else {lcdcmd(0x01);LCDstr("INVALID FINGER",0x80);gap(500);
init_b ;
BUZZER_ON();gap(200);BUZZER_OFF();
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lcddata(byte1[11]+0x30);gap(200);
gsm_send("INVALID finger","919885379047");
memset(byte1,'\0',sizeof(byte1));goto lable;
}
}
else goto finger;
lcdcmd(0x01);LCDstr("SELECT OPTIONS:",0x80);gap(500);
lcdcmd(0x01);LCDstr("MINISTA WITHDRA",0x80);
LCDstr("DEPOSIT BALANCE",0xc0);
while(1){
mask=IOPIN0 &0x001E0000;
if(mask==0x001c0000){lcdcmd(0x01);mini_statement(person);break;}
if(mask==0x001a0000){lcdcmd(0x01);withdral(person); break;}
if(mask==0x00160000){lcdcmd(0x01);deposit(person); break;}
if(mask==0x000E0000){lcdcmd(0x01);balance(person); break;}
}
gap(100);lcdcmd(0x01);
}}
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/****sub programs****/
void init_serial2 (void)
{ U0LCR = 0x83;
U0DLL =97;//here bard rate 9600 //for bard rate 4800 (U1DLL=0xc3 )
U0LCR = 0x03;
VICIntEnable|=0x00000040;
U0IER=0x01;
VICVectCntl1|=0x00000026;
VICVectAddr1|=(unsigned)serialint2;
} void init_serial (void)
{
//PINSEL0 = 0x00040000;
U1LCR = 0x83;
U1DLL =97;//here bard rate 9600 //for bard rate 4800 (U1DLL=0xc3 )
U1LCR = 0x03;
VICIntEnable=0x00000080;
U1IER=0x01;
VICVectCntl2 =0x00000027;
VICVectAddr2=(unsigned)serialint1;
}
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