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Wednesday, 9 December 2009

Interview Questions for L2 Engineer inInfrastructure Management Companies

Infrastructure management companies in India Like HCL, WIPRO, TCS, Microland, HP,EDS, MPHASIS, IBM, etc. Een other companies ask the below questions when recruitinga windows professional for L2 level.=====================================================================These questions would help in the interviews conducted for positions open inInfrastructure management companies for the post of WINTEL L2 positions. These arecommon questions which are always asked.===================================================================

1. How to check AD configured properly?Ans: Check NTDS and SYSVOL shared folder at %systemroot%windows\.

2. How to transfer global catalog to another domain?Ans: We can not transfer the global catalog; we can only remove the global catalogfrom one server and enable other server as a global catalog.

3. How to configure global catalog server?Ans: Go to Active directory site and services and expand till your desire servers NTDSsettings and then right click; property and check mark the Global catalog check box.

4. What are the fsmo roles and it gets down what will impact?Ans: Flexible Single Master Operation, There are five roles.

Domain Naming Master (Forest wide role)Schema Master (Forest wide role)PDC Emulator (Domain wide role)RID Master (Domain wide role)Infrastructure Master (Domain wide role)

5. What is the RID pool?Ans: RID Master provides the RID (Relative Identifier) pool to Domain controller of theDomain. When an object is create in a domain, a Unique SID (Security ID) is assignedto it which consisting of a RID (Unique ID) and a SID (Common ID for all Object), A RIDpool contain 500 RIDs.

6. How to check FSMO roles running on which server?Ans: By using DCdiag /test:Knowsofroleholders /v command.ii) Type Netdom query fsmo

7. How to transfer FSMO role one domain controller to another domain controllercommand prompt and GUI?Ans: Go to Start Run dsa.msc go the property of users and computers and transfer


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the RID, PDC, and Infrastructure roles.Go to Start Run go to the property of the active directory domain and trust andtransfer the Domain naming master roleFor transferring schema master role, first we have to register the schema master byusing regsvr32 schmgmt.dll command in run. Than Go start Run MMCAdd Active

directory schema and transfer the schema master role.

8. What is AD data base file and log file where it stored is and what is the use oflog file?Ans: AD Data base is NTDS.DIT and its location is %system root%\windows\NTDS\ntds.dit. AD Log files are EDB.log ,EDB.chk and REG.log and thelocation of there files are %system root%\windows\NTDS\ntds.dit.

9. How to recover corrupted AD data base file?

10. Is it possible to rename domain name in windows 2003?

Ans: Yes, We can rename the domain name in windows 2003.

11. What are the two types of replication?Ans: Inter-site replication, Intra-site replication.

12. What are the protocols used in replication?13. What is default time for replication?Ans: KCC (Knowledge Consistency Checker) is the algorithm and the two protocolsused are RPC over IP and SMTP over IP. They replicate in every 15 min.

14. What is the difference between the two types of replication i.e. intrasite and

intersite?Intersite replication is for replication with in the site and Intra-site replication is forthe replication between the sites.

15. What are replication partition and tell about partition?Ans: FSMO role PartitionSchema CN=Schema,CN=configuration, DC=Domain Naming Master CN=configuration,DC=PDC DC=RID DC=Infrastructure DC=

Replication partitions are.Schema PartitionConfiguration PartitionDomain PartitionApplication Partition

16. Is application partition available in windows 2003?Ans: Yes, Windows 2003 contains application partition, mainly application partition


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contains the application information like: DNS

17. What is the DNS?Ans: Domain Naming System.Used to resolve the host name (FQDN) name to IP Address and Vice Versa

18. What are types of DNS and zones?(i)Primary DNS zone(ii)Secondary DNS zone(iii)Active directory integrated zone(IV)Stub zone

19. What is the authoritys record and is the use?20. What are records available in dns?Ans: Address records, Host Records, MX Records, and CNAME records.

21. Explain about SRV, MX and CNAME records?22. Where DNS file stored and data base of DNS?Ans: %SYSTEMROOT%\Windows\System32\DNS

23. How do configure DHCP Server and steps?24. How to reserve IP address?Ans: We can assign a particular IP address to the MAC address of a machine using IPreservation in DHCP.

25. Why do we need two subnets?To segment or restrict one type of traffic to one segment.

26. Two different subnet, how to configure it in single DHCP server?Two different scopes are created for two subnets.

27. What is the use of relay agent?A router drops the DHCP packet as its a broadcast packet. The relay agent helps insending it over to the destined subnet.

28. What is the group policy?Ans: It is way to provide the desirable predefined environment to all users and it iscentrally manageable.

29. My requirement is to need disable USB port, how will you do?Through Group policy.

30. How to take backup group policy?Ans: We can use GPMC (Group Policy Management Console), right click on the GPOand select backup and take backup on destination folder


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31. You are administrator; my requirement is to configure active directory forfour different locations. How will you plan it?Ans: Depending on the requirement I' ll configure one parent domain and three childdomains, or One domain with four sites, or four different domains (least preferred).

32. What are the two types terminal servers?User mode and applciation mode.

33. What is the default security group, groups give explanations?Ans:

34. You are maintaining remote servers that u can take remote but you cant toping them, now how to troubleshoot?

35. What is use of Kerberos protocol?Ans: Kerberos protocol is an authentication protocol.

36. What is the version Kerberos protocol?Ans: We are using Kerberos V 5.0.

37. What is the authentication protocol in Windows NT?Ans:Windows NT supported two kinds of challenge/response authentication:LanManager (LM) challenge/responseWindows NT challenge/response (also known as NTLM challenge/response)

38. What are RAID levels?Ans: Main RAID levels are RAID-0, RAID-1, RAID-5 and RAID-10.

39. Which RAID you will recommend and why?Ans: RAID-1 for O.S - mirroringRAID-5 for DATA partition- Stripe set with parity.

40. What are the different RAID1 and RAID 5?RAID-1:- In RAID-1 two hard disk are there and the data on one is mirrored to another.So even if one fails other one is there with the same data for service continuity.RAID-5: We can use minimum three hard disk and maximum depend upon RAIDcontroller card, Data written on disk in stripes with distributed parity set.

41. What are the Different between and disk mirroring and disk duplex?42. What is the dynamic disk?43. What is disk striping?

44. What are the backup types?Ans: (i) Normal or full Backup(ii) Deferential Backup(iii)Incremental Backup


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(iv)Copy backup(v)Daily Backup

45. Which type backup reset archive bits?Ans:- The bit which have checked mark on that folder which have been normal

backuped.

46. What is the use of DFS?Ans: Distributed File System, It is used for the fault tolerance because it makes theduplicate copy of every DFS root. Not only that the domain login process uses DFS tofind out the nearest DC to login.

47. Do you know about FRS?Ans: File Replication Services.Example: Replication of SYSVOL folder.

48. What are difference between TCP and UDP protocol?Ans: TCP is a connection orientated protocol while UDP is not a connection orientatedprotocol.

49. What is different between HUB and Switch?Ans: HUB broadcast the data packet but Switches multicast the data packet into thenetwork which reduces the collision of data packets.

50. Which layer working in router?Ans: One layer Three (Network layer)

51. You are going to migrate the domain how to plan?52. For project requirement you going to share 20 folders what is the step you willtake?

53. Why is it requiring VLAN?Ans: To divide/restrict the traffic to one segment of the network.

54. Right required to transfer FSMO roles?Ans. logged-on user should be a member of the Enterprise Administrators group totransfer Schema master or Domain naming master roles, or a member of the DomainAdministrators group of the domain where the PDC emulator, RID master and the

Infrastructure master roles are being transferred.

55. Write down the command line to transfer all the FSMO roles to other server?Ans: Click Start, click Run, type ntdsutil in the Open box, and then click OKType roles, and then press ENTER.Type connections, and then press ENTER.Type connect to server servername, and then press ENTER, where servername is thename of the domain controller that you want to assign the FSMO role to.


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At the server connections prompt, type q, and then press ENTER.Type transfer role, where role is the role that you want to transfer. For example,To transfer the RID master role, type transfer schema masterTo transfer the RID master role, type transfer domain naming masterTo transfer the RID master role, type transfer rid master

To transfer the RID master role, type transfer pdcTo transfer the RID master role, type transfer infrastructure master7. At the fsmo maintenance prompt, type q, and then press ENTER to gain access tothe ntdsutil prompt.

56. Write down the command line to seize all the FSMO roles to a server?Ans:Click Start, click Run, type ntdsutil in the Open box, and then click OKType roles, and then press ENTER.Type connections, and then press ENTER.Type connect to server servername, and then press ENTER, where servername is the

name of the domain controller that you want to assign the FSMO role to.At the server connections prompt, type q, and then press ENTER.Type seize role, where role is the role that you want to seize. For example,To seize the RID master role, type seize schema masterTo seize the RID master role, type seize domain naming masterTo seize the RID master role, type seize rid masterTo seize the RID master role, type seize pdcTo seize the RID master role, type seize infrastructure master.7. At the fsmo maintenance prompt, type q, and then press ENTER to gain access tothe ntdsutil prompt.

57. Command for removing active directory?Ans: dcpromo /forceremoval

58. How to test whether a domain controller is also a global catalog server:

Click Start, point to Programs, point to Administrative Tools, and then click ActiveDirectory Sites and Services.

Double-click Sites in the left pane, and then locate the appropriate site or clickDefault-first-site-name if no other sites are available.

Open the Servers folder, and then click the domain controller.

In the domain controller's folder, double-click NTDS Settings.

On the Action menu, click Properties.

On the General tab, view the Global Catalog check box to see if it is selected.


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Basic information on Active Directory, DNS,DHCP, RAIDDNS:A Domain Naming server is a hierarchical namespace structure designed toprovide host to IP address name resolution and registration.

DNS ZONE TYPE:Forward lookup zone: resolves names to IP address.Reverse lookup zone:resolves IP addresses to Host names.AD INTEGRATED ZONEADintegrated DNS enables AD storage and replication of DNS zone databases.Windows 2000 & 2003 DNS servers which accommodates storing zone data in AD.When you configure a computer as a DNS server, zones are usually stored as text fileson name servers that is, all of the zones required by DNS are stored in a text file onthe server computer. These text files must be synchronized among DNS name servers

by using a system that requires a separate replication topology and schedule called azone transfer However, if you use AD integrated DNS you configure a domaincontroller as a DNS name server, zone data is stored as an AD object and is replicatedas part of domain replication.STUB ZONEA Stub zone is a read only copy of a zone that contains only those resources recordsnecessary to identify the authoritative DNS servers for the actual zone. A stub zone isused to keep a parent zone aware of authoritative DNS servers for a delegated zoneand thereby maintain DNS name resolution efficiently. A stub zone is conposed of (A),(NS), (SOA)Types of DNS Records: -

A(Host):Represents a computer or device on the network. 'A'records are the most common andmost used DNS records.PTR(Pointer):Used for finding the DNS name that corresponds to an IP address. The PTR is foundonly in the reverse lookup zone.NS(NameServer):The NS RRs facilitate delegation by identifying DNS servers for each zone. Theyappear in all forward and reverse look-up zones.SOA(Start Of Authority):The first record in any zone file is a SOA. the SOA identifies a primary DNS name

server for the zone as the best source of information for the data within that zoneand as an entity processing the updates for the zone.SRV(Service Record):Indicates a network service offered by a host.- CNAME(Alias):an alias is hostname thatrefers to another hostname.=========================================DHCP: Is a standard for simplifing management of host IP configuration.SUPERSCOPE: Superscope is a administrative feature of DHCP server that you can
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create and manage through the DHCP console. Using a Superscope you can groupmultiple scopes as a single administrative entity.DHCP Authorize: This procedure is usually only needed if you are running a DHCPserver on a member server. In most cases, if you are installing a DHCP server on acomputer also running as a domain controller, the server is automatically authorized

the first time you add the server to the DHCP console.SCOPE: DHCP scope is a poole of IP addresses which are offered to DHCP clients.=========================================WHAT ARE FSMO ROLES IN ACTIVE DIRECTORY?Windows 2000 and Windows 2003 Active directory follow the multimaster model.Under this model there are five roles which which can be held by the DCs (DomianControllers).

The five roles are given below: Schema Master: The schema master domain controller controls all updates andmodifications to the schema. To update the schema of a forest, you must have access

to the schema master. There can be only one schema master in the whole forest. Domain naming master: The domain naming master domain controller controls theaddition or removal of domains in the forest. There can be only one domain namingmaster in the whole forest. Infrastructure Master: The infrastructure is responsible for updating referencesfrom objects in its domain to objects in other domains. At any one time, there can beonly one domain controller acting as the infrastructure master in each domain. Relative ID (RID) Master: The RID master is responsible for processing RID poolrequests from all domain controllers in a particular domain. At any one time, therecan be only one domain controller acting as the RID master in the domain. PDC Emulator: The PDC emulator is a domain controller that advertises itself as the

primary domain controller (PDC) to workstations, member servers, and domaincontrollers that are running earlier versions of Windows. For example, if the domaincontains computers that are not running Microsoft Windows XP Professional orMicrosoft Windows 2000 client software, or if it contains Microsoft Windows NTbackup domain controllers, the PDC emulator master acts as a Windows NT PDC. It isalso the Domain Master Browser, and it handles password discrepancies. At any onetime, there can be only one domain controller acting as the PDC emulator master ineach domain in the forest.

What is replication in active directory?REPLICATION Replication is a process of sending update information for data that has

changed in the directory to other domain controllers, as a Part of the AD planning animplementation process.*2000/2003 uses MULTI-MASTER replication for the AD.Types of UPDATES which force replication: Add, Modify, ModifyDN, deleteUSN: Update sequence numbersGUID: Globally unique identifier

REPLICATION PARTITIONS: Schema Partition: contains object and attributedefinitions. In other words it contains a list of definitions that define what objects


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and attributes for those objects can exist in the AD.Configuration partition: containsinformation about the physical structure of the AD, such as the sites and domains andwhere DC resides in the enterprise. It is replicated to all DC's in the tree orforest.Domain partition: contains information about all AD objects that are specific tothat domain, such as users, groups and other resources. All domain partition

information is completely replicated to all domain controllers within the domain.

REPLICATION TOPOLOGYKCC: Knowledge Consistency Checker: It builds the topology for the intrasitereplication between the DCs. It uses only RPC to communicate with the directoryservice.Bridgehead server: A point where a replication information leaves or enters a site forintersite replication.

BENIFITS Optimize replication for speed and bandwidth consumption between domain

controllers. Locate the closest domain controller for client logon, services, anddirectory searches. Direct a Distributed File System (DFS) client to the server that is hosting therequested data within the site. Replicate the system volume (SYSVOL), a collection of folders in the file system thatexists on each domain controller in a domain and is required for implementation ofGroup Policy=============================================================What is RAID?ANS: Redundant Array of Inexpensive disk is a way to increase capaxity, performanceand reliablility.

RAID0: (Striping) Not really RAID as it has no fault tolerance, Data is striped across alldisks, Excelent read/write performance.RAID1: (Mirroring) Need at least 2 drives, tolerates single drive failure, often used forOS drive or boot volume.RAID5: Requires at least 3 drives, data and parity striped across all disks, can toleratefailure of any one disk without losing data but performance does degrade.

TCP/IP MODEL:Application LayerTransport LayerInternet

Network Interface

OSI MODELApplication LayerPresentation layerSession layerTransport LayerNetwork Layer


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Data-link LayerPhysical layer

What is a switch?

A network switch, or bridge, is a specialized device that connects multiple networksegments. It's a more modern and efficient form of the ubiquitous (and outdated)network hub. A hub, also known as a repeater, is a simple device that has been usedfor years to connect all nodes, or computers, on a network to a central location. Eachnode on a network has a unique hardware address called a MAC address. A hub isknown as a repeater because when a packet of data, or frame, is sent through thehub, it is repeated to each and every computer on the network.This means that if a 1GB video is sent to one computer through the hub, the file will also be sent to all ofthe other computers on the hub. This is very inefficient for bandwidth management."Hubs have two major drawbacks," says Ben deGonzague, a deployment engineer withTopCoder Software, a Glastonbury, Conn.-based software engineering firm. "First,

network bandwidth is consumed as each and every frame is sent to all devices on anetwork. Second, your network is only as fast as the slowest device. Hubs havebecome obsolete with switching-based networks."A switch-based network is one thatutilizes switches instead of hubs. A switch is a major upgrade to a hub. Instead ofsending all network data to each and every network node, the switch will analyze theMAC address and determine where to send the data. Network bandwidth is not wastedby sending every frame to every port.So when a switch receives data for a file, if itwas addressed to one computer it will only be sent there. The other computers on thenetwork wouldn't know about it. This means that the network is now much moreefficient, but it's also a step toward being more secure: "Since switches can segregatetraffic from different nodes," says deGonzague, "this makes it more difficult for

anyone to capture packets on your network.

What is a router?While switches connect multiple computers, a router is required to connect multiplenetworks, like your LAN to the Internet. Routers work by storing large tables ofnetworks and addresses, then using algorithms to determine the shortest routes toindividual addresses within those networks. In this way efficient routers not onlyfacilitate intra-network communications, but also play a role in overall networkperformance. delivering the information faster.While many consumers are familiarwith small routers from companies like Linksys, which can be purchased for less than$50 at computer hardware stores, they shouldn't be confused with a proper router forbusiness. "A typical router at home will connect your cable modem or DSL network toyour internal network. This is just connecting two different networks. Routers forbusinesses on the other hand might have to connect several different networks," saysdeGonzague. Small business routers from vendors like Cisco often includemanagement software, enabling IT staff to better manage network stability and,ultimately, performance.


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How To Become A Desktop EngineerInterview Questions===================

A) Tell me something about yourself.Tell about your eductaion, place you belong to, some struggle in life which shows thatyou have positive attitude and will to fight the odds.

B) Technical Questions:

1) What is Active Directory?A central component of the Windows platform, Active Directory directory serviceprovides the means to manage the identities and relationships that make up networkenvironments. For example we can create, manage and administor users, computersand printers in the network from active directory.

2) What is DNS? Why it is used? What is "forward lookup" and "reverse lookup" inDNS? What are A records and mx records?DNS is domain naming service and is used for resolving names to IP address and IPaddresses to names. The computer understands only numbers while we can easilyremember names. So to make it easier for us what we do is we assign names tocomputers and websites. When we use these names (Like yahoo.com) the computeruses DNS to convert to IP address (number) and it executes our request.Forward lookup: Converting names to IP address is called forward lookup.Reverse lookup: Resolving IP address to names is called reverse lookup.'A' record: Its called host record and it has the mapping of a name to IP address. Thisis the record in DNS with the help of which DNS can find out the IP address of a name.'MX' Record: its called mail exchanger record. Its the record needed to locate themail servers in the network. This record is also found in DNS.

3) What id DHCP? Why it is used? What are scopes and super scopes?DHCP: Dynamic host configuration protocol. Its used to allocate IP addresses to largenumber of PCs in a network environment. This makes the IP management very easy.Scope: Scope contains IP address like subnet mask, gateway IP, DNS server IP andexclusion range which a client can use to communicate with the other PCs in thenetwork.Superscope: When we combine two or more scopes together its called super scope.

4) What are the types of LAN cables used? What is a cross cable?Types of LAN cables that are in use are "Cat 5" and "Cat 6". "Cat 5" can support 100Mbps of speed and "CAT 6" can support 1Gbps of speed.Cross cable: Its used to connect same type of devices without using a switch/hub so
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that they can communicate.

5) What is the difference between a normal LAN cable and cross cable? What couldbe the maximum length of the LAN cable?

The way the paired wires are connected to the connector (RJ45) is different in crosscable and normal LAN cable.The theoritical length is 100 meters but after 80 meters you may see drop in speeddue to loss of signal.

6) What would you use to connect two computers without using switches? Crosscable. 7) What is IPCONFIG command? Why it is used?IPCONFIG command is used to display the IP information assigned to a computer.Fromthe output we can find out the IP address, DNS IP address, gateway IP addressassigned to that computer.

8) What is APIPA IP address? Or what IP address is assigned to the computer whenthe DHCP server is not available?When DHCP server is not available the Windows client computer assignes anautomatic IP address to itself so that it can communicate with the network cmputers.This ip address is called APIPA. ITs in the range of 169.254.X.X.APIPA stands for Automatic private IP addressing. Its in the range of 169.254.X.X.

9)What is a DOMAIN? What is the difference between a domain and a workgroup?

Domain is created when we install Active Directory. It's a security boundary which isused to manage computers inside the boundary. Domain can be used to centrallyadministor computers and we can govern them using common policies called grouppolicies.We can't do the same with workgroup.

10) Do you know how to configure outlook 2000 and outlook 2003 for a user?Please visit the link below to find out how to configure outlook 2000 and outlook2003.http://www.it.cmich.edu/quickguides/qg_outlook2003_server.asp

11) What is a PST file and what is the difference between a PST file and OST file?What file is used by outlook express?PST file is used to store the mails locally when using outlook 2000 or 2003. OST file isused when we use outlook in cached exchanged mode. Outlook express useds odb file.

12) What is BSOD? What do you do when you get blue screen in a computer? How
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do you troubleshoot it?BSOD stands for blue screen of Death. when there is a hardware or OS fault due towhich the windows OS can run it give a blue screen with a code. Best way to resolve itis to boot the computer is "LAst known good configuration". If this doesn't work thanboot the computer in safe mode. If it boots up than the problemis with one of the

devices or drivers.

13) What is RIS? What is Imaging/ghosting?RIS stands for remote installation services. You save the installed image on a windowsserver and then we use RIS to install the configured on in the new hardware. We canuse it to deploy both server and client OS. Imaging or ghosting also does the same jobof capturing an installed image and then install it on a new hardware when there is aneed. We go for RIS or iamging/ghosting because installing OS everytime using a CDcan be a very time consuming task. So to save that time we can go forRIS/Ghosting/imaging.

14) What is VPN and how to configure it?VPN stands for Virtual private network. VPN is used to connect to the corporatenetwork to access the resources like mail and files in the LAN. VPN can be configuredusing the stepsmentioned in the KB: http://support.microsoft.com/kb/305550

15) Your computer slowly drops out of network. A reboot of the computer fixesthe problem. What to do to resolve this issue?Update the network card driver.

16) Your system is infected with Virus?How to recover the data?Install another system. Insall the OS with the lates pathces, Antivirus with latestupdates. Connect the infected HDD as secondary drive in the system. Once done scanand clean the secondary HDD. Once done copy the files to the new system.

17) How to join a system to the domain? What type of user can add a system tothe domain?Please visit the article below and read "Adding the Workstation to the Domain"http://www.microsoft.com/technet/prodtechnol/windowsserver2003/technologies/d

irectory/activedirectory/stepbystep/domxppro.mspx

18) What is the difference between a switch and a hub?Switch sends the traffic to the port to which its meant for. Hub sends the traffic to allthe ports.

19) What is a router? Why we use it?
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Router is a switch which uses routing protocols to process and send the traffic. It alsoreceives the traffic and sends it across but it uses the routing protocols to do so.

20) What are manageable and non manageable switches?

Switches which can be administered are calledmanageable switches. For example wecan create VLAN for on such switch. On no manageable swiches we can't do so.

++++++++++++++++++++++

IT Helpdesk Questions

Technical Questions

1. What is NIC?A network card, network adapter or NIC (network interface controller) is a piece ofcomputer hardware designed to allow computers to communicate over a computernetwork

2. What is USB?

Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a serial bus standard to interface devices. Devices like

Modem, Mouse, Keyboard etc can be connected.

3. Dialup vs. Broadband

A broadband connection (ADSL) provides high-speed Internet access over a standardphone line. The advantage of a broadband connection over a standard dialup service,is that Broadband is considerably faster, and is "always-on", meaning that once you"relogged on, your PC is online until the PC is turned off again.

Broadband offer high-speed Internet access and allows telephone calls and apermanent Internet connection to share a single phone line simultaneously whereas in

Dialup connection either Internet connection or telephone call can made at giventime.

4. LAN and WAN

A local area network is a computer network covering a small geographic area, like ahome, office, or group of buildings


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Wide Area Network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a broad area (i.e., anynetwork whose communications links cross metropolitan, regional, or nationalboundaries). Or, less formally, a network that uses routers and public communicationslinks

5. Microsoft Access

Microsoft Office Access, previously known as Microsoft Access, is a relational databasemanagement system from Microsoft.

6. What is RAS?

Remote Access Services (RAS) refers to any combination of hardware and software toenable the remote access to tools or information that typically reside on a network ofIT devices.

7. Difference between Client Mail and Web Mail?

Email clients download your emails onto your computer. Using a specialized emailprogram such as Outlook Express or Apple Mail has the advantage of giving youcomplete control over your email; every email you receive is placed on your computerand you can keep as many large file attachments as you want.Checking your email through our webmail is similar to using Hotmail or Yahoo! Mail.You never actually copy your messages to your computer; in fact, you are looking atthem through your web browser on somebody else"s computer. When you are notonline, you are not able to see your email.

8. RAM and ROM

random access memory, a type of computer memory that can be accessed randomly;that is, any byte of memory can be accessed without touching the preceding bytes.RAM is the most common type of memory found in computers and other devices, suchas printers.

Pronounced rahm, acronym for read-only memory, computer memory on which datahas been prerecorded. Once data has been written onto a ROM chip, it cannot beremoved and can only be read. Unlike main memory (RAM), ROM retains its contentseven when the computer is turned off. ROM is referred to as being nonvolatile,

whereas RAM is volatile.

9. Spamguard

Spam Guard is an Outlook add-in that filters email that arrives in your inbox. If thesender of any message cannot be identified then the message is moved into a spamquarantine folder. Messages deposited in the spam quarantine folder can be inspected


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and either deleted or approved at your leisure.

10. Firewall and Antivirus

A system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network.Firewalls can be implemented in both hardware and software, or a combination ofboth. Firewalls are frequently used to prevent unauthorized Internet users fromaccessing private networks connected to the Internet, especially intranets. Allmessages entering or leaving the intranet pass through the firewall, which examineseach message and blocks those that do not meet the specified security criteria.

Antivirus is a software program which helps protect a computer against being infectedby a virus.

11. DNS

Short for Domain Name System (or Service or Server), an Internet service thattranslates domain names into IP addresses. Because domain names are alphabetic,they"re easier to remember. The Internet however, is really based on IP addresses.Every time you use a domain name, therefore, a DNS service must translate the nameinto the corresponding IP address. For example, the domain name www.example.commight translate to 198.105.232.4.

12. IPConfig

IPConfig is a command line tool used to control the network connections on WindowsNT/2000/XP machines. There are three main commands: "all", "release", and "renew".IPConfig displays all current TCP/IP network configuration values and refreshesDynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and Domain Name System (DNS) settings.Used without parameters, IPConfig displays the IP address, subnet mask, and defaultgateway for all adapters.

13. Trace route

Trace route is the program that shows you the route over the network between twosystems, listing all the intermediate routers a connection must pass through to get toits destination. It can help you determine why your connections to a given servermight be poor, and can often help you figure out where exactly the problem is. It alsoshows you how systems are connected to each other, letting you see how your ISPconnects to the Internet as well as how the target system is connected.


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Please find the technical questions:

1) What is IP Address ?

2) What are the layers of network ?

3) What are the different types of network ?

4) What is networking ?

5) What is the difference between OSI and TCP/IP Model ?

6) What is TCP/IP ?

7) What is HTTP?

8) What is Protocol ?

9) What is communication medium ?

10) What is PORT ?

11) What is SOCKET ?

12) What is the difference between PORT and SOCKET?

13) What is wireless networking ?

14) What is topology ?

15) What are the different types of topology ?

16) What is the size of IP Address?

17) What is FTP ?

18) What is SMTP ?

19) What are the different types of protocol ?

20) What is Dial-Up connection ?

21) What is Broad Band Connection?

22) What is the difference between Dial-up and broad band connection?


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23) What IEEE standard for wireless networking?

Ans: 802.11g

24) What is IEEE standard ?

Ans: Institute of electrical and electronic engineer.They develop standard fornetworking

Posted by Chandan Patralekh at 05:410 comments

Thursday, 19 June 2008

Basic information on Active Directory, DNS,DHCP, RAIDDNS:A Domain Naming server is a hierarchical namespace structure designed to

provide host to IP address name resolution and registration.

DNS ZONE TYPE:Forward lookup zone: resolves names to IP address.Reverse lookup zone:resolves IP addresses to Host names.AD INTEGRATED ZONEADintegrated DNS enables AD storage and replication of DNS zone databases.Windows 2000 & 2003 DNS servers which accommodates storing zone data in AD.When you configure a computer as a DNS server, zones are usually stored as text fileson name servers that is, all of the zones required by DNS are stored in a text file on

the server computer. These text files must be synchronized among DNS name serversby using a system that requires a separate replication topology and schedule called azone transfer However, if you use AD integrated DNS you configure a domaincontroller as a DNS name server, zone data is stored as an AD object and is replicatedas part of domain replication.STUB ZONEA Stub zone is a read only copy of a zone that contains only those resources recordsnecessary to identify the authoritative DNS servers for the actual zone. A stub zone isused to keep a parent zone aware of authoritative DNS servers for a delegated zoneand thereby maintain DNS name resolution efficiently. A stub zone is conposed of (A),(NS), (SOA)

Types of DNS Records: -A(Host):Represents a computer or device on the network. 'A'records are the most common andmost used DNS records.PTR(Pointer):Used for finding the DNS name that corresponds to an IP address. The PTR is foundonly in the reverse lookup zone.NS(NameServer):
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The NS RRs facilitate delegation by identifying DNS servers for each zone. Theyappear in all forward and reverse look-up zones.SOA(Start Of Authority):The first record in any zone file is a SOA. the SOA identifies a primary DNS nameserver for the zone as the best source of information for the data within that zone

and as an entity processing the updates for the zone.SRV(Service Record):Indicates a network service offered by a host.- CNAME(Alias):an alias is hostname thatrefers to another hostname.=========================================DHCP: Is a standard for simplifing management of host IP configuration.SUPERSCOPE: Superscope is a administrative feature of DHCP server that you cancreate and manage through the DHCP console. Using a Superscope you can groupmultiple scopes as a single administrative entity.DHCP Authorize: This procedure is usually only needed if you are running a DHCPserver on a member server. In most cases, if you are installing a DHCP server on a

computer also running as a domain controller, the server is automatically authorizedthe first time you add the server to the DHCP console.SCOPE: DHCP scope is a poole of IP addresses which are offered to DHCP clients.=========================================WHAT ARE FSMO ROLES IN ACTIVE DIRECTORY?Windows 2000 and Windows 2003 Active directory follow the multimaster model.Under this model there are five roles which which can be held by the DCs (DomianControllers).

The five roles are given below: Schema Master: The schema master domain controller controls all updates and

modifications to the schema. To update the schema of a forest, you must have accessto the schema master. There can be only one schema master in the whole forest. Domain naming master: The domain naming master domain controller controls theaddition or removal of domains in the forest. There can be only one domain namingmaster in the whole forest. Infrastructure Master: The infrastructure is responsible for updating referencesfrom objects in its domain to objects in other domains. At any one time, there can beonly one domain controller acting as the infrastructure master in each domain. Relative ID (RID) Master: The RID master is responsible for processing RID poolrequests from all domain controllers in a particular domain. At any one time, therecan be only one domain controller acting as the RID master in the domain.

PDC Emulator: The PDC emulator is a domain controller that advertises itself as theprimary domain controller (PDC) to workstations, member servers, and domaincontrollers that are running earlier versions of Windows. For example, if the domaincontains computers that are not running Microsoft Windows XP Professional orMicrosoft Windows 2000 client software, or if it contains Microsoft Windows NTbackup domain controllers, the PDC emulator master acts as a Windows NT PDC. It isalso the Domain Master Browser, and it handles password discrepancies. At any onetime, there can be only one domain controller acting as the PDC emulator master in


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each domain in the forest.

What is replication in active directory?REPLICATION Replication is a process of sending update information for data that haschanged in the directory to other domain controllers, as a Part of the AD planning an

implementation process.*2000/2003 uses MULTI-MASTER replication for the AD.Types of UPDATES which force replication: Add, Modify, ModifyDN, deleteUSN: Update sequence numbersGUID: Globally unique identifier

REPLICATION PARTITIONS: Schema Partition: contains object and attributedefinitions. In other words it contains a list of definitions that define what objectsand attributes for those objects can exist in the AD.Configuration partition: containsinformation about the physical structure of the AD, such as the sites and domains andwhere DC resides in the enterprise. It is replicated to all DC's in the tree orforest.Domain partition: contains information about all AD objects that are specific to

that domain, such as users, groups and other resources. All domain partitioninformation is completely replicated to all domain controllers within the domain.

REPLICATION TOPOLOGYKCC: Knowledge Consistency Checker: It builds the topology for the intrasitereplication between the DCs. It uses only RPC to communicate with the directoryservice.Bridgehead server: A point where a replication information leaves or enters a site forintersite replication.

BENIFITS

Optimize replication for speed and bandwidth consumption between domaincontrollers. Locate the closest domain controller for client logon, services, anddirectory searches. Direct a Distributed File System (DFS) client to the server that is hosting therequested data within the site. Replicate the system volume (SYSVOL), a collection of folders in the file system thatexists on each domain controller in a domain and is required for implementation ofGroup Policy=============================================================What is RAID?ANS: Redundant Array of Inexpensive disk is a way to increase capaxity, performance

and reliablility.RAID0: (Striping) Not really RAID as it has no fault tolerance, Data is striped across alldisks, Excelent read/write performance.RAID1: (Mirroring) Need at least 2 drives, tolerates single drive failure, often used forOS drive or boot volume.RAID5: Requires at least 3 drives, data and parity striped across all disks, can toleratefailure of any one disk without losing data but performance does degrade.


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TCP/IP MODEL:Application LayerTransport LayerInternetNetwork Interface

OSI MODELApplication LayerPresentation layerSession layerTransport LayerNetwork LayerData-link LayerPhysical layer

What is a switch?A network switch, or bridge, is a specialized device that connects multiple networksegments. It's a more modern and efficient form of the ubiquitous (and outdated)network hub. A hub, also known as a repeater, is a simple device that has been usedfor years to connect all nodes, or computers, on a network to a central location. Eachnode on a network has a unique hardware address called a MAC address. A hub isknown as a repeater because when a packet of data, or frame, is sent through thehub, it is repeated to each and every computer on the network.This means that if a 1GB video is sent to one computer through the hub, the file will also be sent to all ofthe other computers on the hub. This is very inefficient for bandwidth management."Hubs have two major drawbacks," says Ben deGonzague, a deployment engineer with

TopCoder Software, a Glastonbury, Conn.-based software engineering firm. "First,network bandwidth is consumed as each and every frame is sent to all devices on anetwork. Second, your network is only as fast as the slowest device. Hubs havebecome obsolete with switching-based networks."A switch-based network is one thatutilizes switches instead of hubs. A switch is a major upgrade to a hub. Instead ofsending all network data to each and every network node, the switch will analyze theMAC address and determine where to send the data. Network bandwidth is not wastedby sending every frame to every port.So when a switch receives data for a file, if itwas addressed to one computer it will only be sent there. The other computers on thenetwork wouldn't know about it. This means that the network is now much moreefficient, but it's also a step toward being more secure: "Since switches can segregate

traffic from different nodes," says deGonzague, "this makes it more difficult foranyone to capture packets on your network.

What is a router?While switches connect multiple computers, a router is required to connect multiplenetworks, like your LAN to the Internet. Routers work by storing large tables of


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networks and addresses, then using algorithms to determine the shortest routes toindividual addresses within those networks. In this way efficient routers not onlyfacilitate intra-network communications, but also play a role in overall networkperformance. delivering the information faster.While many consumers are familiarwith small routers from companies like Linksys, which can be purchased for less than

$50 at computer hardware stores, they shouldn't be confused with a proper router forbusiness. "A typical router at home will connect your cable modem or DSL network toyour internal network. This is just connecting two different networks. Routers forbusinesses on the other hand might have to connect several different networks," saysdeGonzague. Small business routers from vendors like Cisco often includemanagement software, enabling IT staff to better manage network stability and,ultimately, performance.

Posted by Chandan Patralekh at 02:182 comments

Friday, 25 January 2008

How to Become a Desktop EngineerInterview Questions===================

A) Tell me something about yourself.Tell about your eductaion, place you belong to, some struggle in life which shows thatyou have positive attitude and will to fight the odds.

B) Technical Questions:

1) What is Active Directory?

A central component of the Windows platform, Active Directory directory serviceprovides the means to manage the identities and relationships that make up networkenvironments. For example we can create, manage and administor users, computersand printers in the network from active directory.

2) What is DNS? Why it is used? What is "forward lookup" and "reverse lookup" inDNS? What are A records and mx records?DNS is domain naming service and is used for resolving names to IP address and IPaddresses to names. The computer understands only numbers while we can easilyremember names. So to make it easier for us what we do is we assign names to

computers and websites. When we use these names (Like yahoo.com) the computeruses DNS to convert to IP address (number) and it executes our request.Forward lookup: Converting names to IP address is called forward lookup.Reverse lookup: Resolving IP address to names is called reverse lookup.'A' record: Its called host record and it has the mapping of a name to IP address. Thisis the record in DNS with the help of which DNS can find out the IP address of a name.'MX' Record: its called mail exchanger record. Its the record needed to locate themail servers in the network. This record is also found in DNS.
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3) What id DHCP? Why it is used? What are scopes and super scopes?DHCP: Dynamic host configuration protocol. Its used to allocate IP addresses to largenumber of PCs in a network environment. This makes the IP management very easy.

Scope: Scope contains IP address like subnet mask, gateway IP, DNS server IP andexclusion range which a client can use to communicate with the other PCs in thenetwork.Superscope: When we combine two or more scopes together its called super scope.

4) What are the types of LAN cables used? What is a cross cable?Types of LAN cables that are in use are "Cat 5" and "Cat 6". "Cat 5" can support 100Mbps of speed and "CAT 6" can support 1Gbps of speed.Cross cable: Its used to connect same type of devices without using a switch/hub sothat they can communicate.

5) What is the difference between a normal LAN cable and cross cable? What couldbe the maximum length of the LAN cable?The way the paired wires are connected to the connector (RJ45) is different in crosscable and normal LAN cable.The theoritical length is 100 meters but after 80 meters you may see drop in speeddue to loss of signal.

6) What would you use to connect two computers without using switches? Cross

cable. 7) What is IPCONFIG command? Why it is used?IPCONFIG command is used to display the IP information assigned to a computer.Fromthe output we can find out the IP address, DNS IP address, gateway IP addressassigned to that computer.

8) What is APIPA IP address? Or what IP address is assigned to the computer whenthe DHCP server is not available?When DHCP server is not available the Windows client computer assignes anautomatic IP address to itself so that it can communicate with the network cmputers.This ip address is called APIPA. ITs in the range of 169.254.X.X.

APIPA stands for Automatic private IP addressing. Its in the range of 169.254.X.X.

9)What is a DOMAIN? What is the difference between a domain and a workgroup?Domain is created when we install Active Directory. It's a security boundary which isused to manage computers inside the boundary. Domain can be used to centrallyadministor computers and we can govern them using common policies called grouppolicies.


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We can't do the same with workgroup.

10) Do you know how to configure outlook 2000 and outlook 2003 for a user?Please visit the link below to find out how to configure outlook 2000 and outlook

2003.http://www.it.cmich.edu/quickguides/qg_outlook2003_server.asp

11) What is a PST file and what is the difference between a PST file and OST file?What file is used by outlook express?PST file is used to store the mails locally when using outlook 2000 or 2003. OST file isused when we use outlook in cached exchanged mode. Outlook express useds odb file.

12) What is BSOD? What do you do when you get blue screen in a computer? Howdo you troubleshoot it?

BSOD stands for blue screen of Death. when there is a hardware or OS fault due towhich the windows OS can run it give a blue screen with a code. Best way to resolve itis to boot the computer is "LAst known good configuration". If this doesn't work thanboot the computer in safe mode. If it boots up than the problemis with one of thedevices or drivers.

13) What is RIS? What is Imaging/ghosting?RIS stands for remote installation services. You save the installed image on a windowsserver and then we use RIS to install the configured on in the new hardware. We canuse it to deploy both server and client OS. Imaging or ghosting also does the same job

of capturing an installed image and then install it on a new hardware when there is aneed. We go for RIS or iamging/ghosting because installing OS everytime using a CDcan be a very time consuming task. So to save that time we can go forRIS/Ghosting/imaging.

14) What is VPN and how to configure it?VPN stands for Virtual private network. VPN is used to connect to the corporatenetwork to access the resources like mail and files in the LAN. VPN can be configuredusing the stepsmentioned in the KB: http://support.microsoft.com/kb/305550

15) Your computer slowly drops out of network. A reboot of the computer fixesthe problem. What to do to resolve this issue?Update the network card driver.

16) Your system is infected with Virus?How to recover the data?Install another system. Insall the OS with the lates pathces, Antivirus with latestupdates. Connect the infected HDD as secondary drive in the system. Once done scan
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and clean the secondary HDD. Once done copy the files to the new system.

17) How to join a system to the domain? What type of user can add a system tothe domain?

Please visit the article below and read "Adding the Workstation to the Domain"http://www.microsoft.com/technet/prodtechnol/windowsserver2003/technologies/directory/activedirectory/stepbystep/domxppro.mspx

18) What is the difference between a switch and a hub?Switch sends the traffic to the port to which its meant for. Hub sends the traffic to allthe ports.

19) What is a router? Why we use it?Router is a switch which uses routing protocols to process and send the traffic. It also

receives the traffic and sends it across but it uses the routing protocols to do so.

20) What are manageable and non manageable switches?Switches which can be administered are calledmanageable switches. For example wecan create VLAN for on such switch. On no manageable swiches we can't do so.
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