docking and drug design - bioinf · docking and drug design ... or designing a specific ligand(s)...

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Docking and Drug Design Dr. Andrew C.R. Martin, UCL With thanks to Dr. Marketa Zvelebil, LICR, Breakthrough Breast Cancer

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Page 1: Docking and Drug Design - Bioinf · Docking and Drug Design ... or designing a specific ligand(s) • Docking ... GRID uses molecular mechanics potential to find interaction sites

Docking and Drug Design

Dr. Andrew C.R. Martin, UCL

With thanks toDr. Marketa Zvelebil, LICR, Breakthrough Breast Cancer

Page 2: Docking and Drug Design - Bioinf · Docking and Drug Design ... or designing a specific ligand(s) • Docking ... GRID uses molecular mechanics potential to find interaction sites

Aims and Objectives

• Understand the nature of drugs• Know the steps in rational drug design• Understand forms of docking• Using docking for virtual screening• Describe principles of de novo drug design

Page 3: Docking and Drug Design - Bioinf · Docking and Drug Design ... or designing a specific ligand(s) • Docking ... GRID uses molecular mechanics potential to find interaction sites

• Ligands that bind to a specific protein

• Either increase its activity (an agonist)­­or­­ decrease/block its activity (an antagonist)

• Many problems…solubility, stability, selectivity

• Most drugs are not very selective…side effects

• Rational drug design…exploit structure of the protein and its natural ligands

What is a drug?

Page 4: Docking and Drug Design - Bioinf · Docking and Drug Design ... or designing a specific ligand(s) • Docking ... GRID uses molecular mechanics potential to find interaction sites

• Having a protein structure to dock into(X­ray, model)

• Defining the pocket

• Having a database of ligands ­or­ designing a specific ligand(s)

• Docking

• Sorting the docked structures

• Minimization and Dynamics

• Analysis

Steps in drug design

Page 5: Docking and Drug Design - Bioinf · Docking and Drug Design ... or designing a specific ligand(s) • Docking ... GRID uses molecular mechanics potential to find interaction sites

Two types of interactions:

• (1) Protein ­ protein/peptide/DNA ­ usually relatively flat on the surface

• (2) Protein ­ small­ligand ­ usually clefts/pockets

Defining the pocket

Page 6: Docking and Drug Design - Bioinf · Docking and Drug Design ... or designing a specific ligand(s) • Docking ... GRID uses molecular mechanics potential to find interaction sites

Type 1 ­ usually defined manually• Known interactions sites

• Explore the protein surface

• Multiple alignment­ conserved hydrophobics on the surface ­ patches of conserved residues

Also automated methods...

Defining the pocket

Page 7: Docking and Drug Design - Bioinf · Docking and Drug Design ... or designing a specific ligand(s) • Docking ... GRID uses molecular mechanics potential to find interaction sites

ProMate: http://bioportal.weizmann.ac.il/promate/promate.html

P53 analyzed by ProMate.

Predicted region shown in RED.

Corresponds to known binding site for ASPP2 (YELLOW)

Predicting protein binding sites

Page 8: Docking and Drug Design - Bioinf · Docking and Drug Design ... or designing a specific ligand(s) • Docking ... GRID uses molecular mechanics potential to find interaction sites

PPI­PRED: http://www.bioinformatics.leeds.ac.uk/ppi_pred/

Predicting protein binding sites

P53 analyzed by PPI_PRED.

Predicted regions shown in RED.

ASPP2 shown in YELLOW

Page 9: Docking and Drug Design - Bioinf · Docking and Drug Design ... or designing a specific ligand(s) • Docking ... GRID uses molecular mechanics potential to find interaction sites

Peptide interface

Peptide binding sites

Page 10: Docking and Drug Design - Bioinf · Docking and Drug Design ... or designing a specific ligand(s) • Docking ... GRID uses molecular mechanics potential to find interaction sites

Search the surface for pockets. 

• Define the solvent­accessible surface• Identify clefts and cavities• Usually the largest pocket is the binding site

Finding pockets and clefts

Small ligand binding sites are usually clefts or pockets

Page 11: Docking and Drug Design - Bioinf · Docking and Drug Design ... or designing a specific ligand(s) • Docking ... GRID uses molecular mechanics potential to find interaction sites

Finding pockets and cleftsPocket­finderPotential binding sites based only on geometry

Q­siteFinder ­and­ GridFind regions with favourable interaction energy with a probe group

Pocket­finder: http://www.bioinformatics.leeds.ac.uk/pocketfinder/Q­siteFinder: http://www.bioinformatics.leeds.ac.uk/qsitefinder/Grid: http://www.moldiscovery.com/soft_grid.php 

Page 12: Docking and Drug Design - Bioinf · Docking and Drug Design ... or designing a specific ligand(s) • Docking ... GRID uses molecular mechanics potential to find interaction sites

Virtual Docking

Page 13: Docking and Drug Design - Bioinf · Docking and Drug Design ... or designing a specific ligand(s) • Docking ... GRID uses molecular mechanics potential to find interaction sites

Van der Waals forcesElectrostatic (Salt bridge) InteractionHydrogen bondsHydrophobic bonding

+ + ­+ +

Surface complementarity

­+ + + ++

Page 14: Docking and Drug Design - Bioinf · Docking and Drug Design ... or designing a specific ligand(s) • Docking ... GRID uses molecular mechanics potential to find interaction sites

Docking can be between...

• Protein / small ligand• Protein / peptide• Protein / protein• Protein / nucleotide

Page 15: Docking and Drug Design - Bioinf · Docking and Drug Design ... or designing a specific ligand(s) • Docking ... GRID uses molecular mechanics potential to find interaction sites

Both molecules are flexible:• Hundreds of degrees of freedom 

• Astronomical number of possible conformations

Difficulties in docking

Protein / ligand• Often treat protein as rigid

Page 16: Docking and Drug Design - Bioinf · Docking and Drug Design ... or designing a specific ligand(s) • Docking ... GRID uses molecular mechanics potential to find interaction sites

Six degrees of freedom­ protein and ligand both treated as rigid­ 3 rotations / 3 translations

Docking methods ­ rigid body

Just like docking the space shuttle with a satellite

Image from NASA

Page 17: Docking and Drug Design - Bioinf · Docking and Drug Design ... or designing a specific ligand(s) • Docking ... GRID uses molecular mechanics potential to find interaction sites

Treat receptor as static / ligand as flexibleDock ligand into binding pocket

­ generate large number of possible orientationsEvaluate and select by energy function

Docking methods ­ flexible ligand

Page 18: Docking and Drug Design - Bioinf · Docking and Drug Design ... or designing a specific ligand(s) • Docking ... GRID uses molecular mechanics potential to find interaction sites

Many programs available

• Make use of:• cavities• surface complementarity• electrostatics• full energy function

DOCK: http://www.cmpharm.ucsf.edu/kuntz/dock.htmlAUTODOCK:  http://www.scripps.edu/pub/olson­web/doc/autodock/FTDOCK:  http://www.bmm.icnet.uk/ftdock/HOTDOCK:  http://www.uni­paderborn.de/~lst/HotDock/features.html

Automated docking

Page 19: Docking and Drug Design - Bioinf · Docking and Drug Design ... or designing a specific ligand(s) • Docking ... GRID uses molecular mechanics potential to find interaction sites

HIV­1 protease as the target receptor

Active site aspartyl groups shown in red.

Generate molecular surface for the receptor

Connolly's molecular surface (MS)

Shown in yellow

DOCK

Page 20: Docking and Drug Design - Bioinf · Docking and Drug Design ... or designing a specific ligand(s) • Docking ... GRID uses molecular mechanics potential to find interaction sites

Generate spheres to fill the active site 

Cavities in the receptor used to define spheres

Sphere centres become potential locationsfor ligand atoms

DOCK

Page 21: Docking and Drug Design - Bioinf · Docking and Drug Design ... or designing a specific ligand(s) • Docking ... GRID uses molecular mechanics potential to find interaction sites

Ligand Matching 

• Match sphere centres against ligand atoms• Find possible ligand orientations• Often >10,000 orientations possible 

Find the transformation (rotation + translation) to maximize sphere matching

DOCK

Page 22: Docking and Drug Design - Bioinf · Docking and Drug Design ... or designing a specific ligand(s) • Docking ... GRID uses molecular mechanics potential to find interaction sites

Each orientation is scored

Dock provides 3 scoring schemes: 

• Shape scoring

• Electrostatic scoring ­ uses DELPHI to calculate  electrostatic potential 

• Force­field scoring ­ uses the AMBER potential

Scoring docked models

Page 23: Docking and Drug Design - Bioinf · Docking and Drug Design ... or designing a specific ligand(s) • Docking ... GRID uses molecular mechanics potential to find interaction sites

Shape complementarity is key! 

Protein/ligand surfaces are complementary ­ a simple geometric descriptor

 Evaluation differs between methods

­ two basic approaches:

• use surface curvature or surface areas (based on Connolly surface)

• grid­based evaluation of surface packing

Scoring docked models

Page 24: Docking and Drug Design - Bioinf · Docking and Drug Design ... or designing a specific ligand(s) • Docking ... GRID uses molecular mechanics potential to find interaction sites

1.Best binding site is not always lowest energy

2.True binding site often has an energy barrier around the site

1.Need more energy to leave the true site than other potential sites. 

Potential Site Real Site Potential Site

10 kcal/mol15 kcal/mol

8 kcal/mol

Energy

Lowest Energy

Energy scoring

Page 25: Docking and Drug Design - Bioinf · Docking and Drug Design ... or designing a specific ligand(s) • Docking ... GRID uses molecular mechanics potential to find interaction sites

Top­scoring orientation for thioketal docked to HIV1­protease (force­field scoring). 

Comparison with crystal structure…

Performance of DOCK

Page 26: Docking and Drug Design - Bioinf · Docking and Drug Design ... or designing a specific ligand(s) • Docking ... GRID uses molecular mechanics potential to find interaction sites

7 of 10 final orientations fit well with crystal structure3 fit in NADPH binding site

Inhibitor docked into Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) using pocket identified by Pocket­Finder

GOLD ­ flexible genetic algorithm docking

Page 27: Docking and Drug Design - Bioinf · Docking and Drug Design ... or designing a specific ligand(s) • Docking ... GRID uses molecular mechanics potential to find interaction sites

Virtual Screening

• Docking can be used for virtual screening

• Scan a library of potential drug molecules• Identify leads

Page 28: Docking and Drug Design - Bioinf · Docking and Drug Design ... or designing a specific ligand(s) • Docking ... GRID uses molecular mechanics potential to find interaction sites

LUDI (InsightII) ­ find fragments that can bindGRID ­ uses molecular mechanics potential to find interaction sites for probe groupsX­site ­ uses an empirical potential to find interaction sites for probe groups

De Novo Drug Design

Page 29: Docking and Drug Design - Bioinf · Docking and Drug Design ... or designing a specific ligand(s) • Docking ... GRID uses molecular mechanics potential to find interaction sites

Designing specific ligands

Page 30: Docking and Drug Design - Bioinf · Docking and Drug Design ... or designing a specific ligand(s) • Docking ... GRID uses molecular mechanics potential to find interaction sites

First designed drug was Relenza (influenza).Identified molecules to bind to conserved regions of  neuraminidase

Relenza

Page 31: Docking and Drug Design - Bioinf · Docking and Drug Design ... or designing a specific ligand(s) • Docking ... GRID uses molecular mechanics potential to find interaction sites

Drugs to treat HIVDesigned to inhibit viral proteases

Retinovir and Indinavir

Page 32: Docking and Drug Design - Bioinf · Docking and Drug Design ... or designing a specific ligand(s) • Docking ... GRID uses molecular mechanics potential to find interaction sites

Side effects

Side effects can be interesting...

• A drug designed for heart problems had unexpected side­effects…

• Viagra!

Page 33: Docking and Drug Design - Bioinf · Docking and Drug Design ... or designing a specific ligand(s) • Docking ... GRID uses molecular mechanics potential to find interaction sites

Summary

• Find pockets• Principles for docking ­ complementarity• Docking

– rigid body / ligand flexibility• Virtual screening• Identifying probe interaction sites

– build ligands de novo