Reformed Ministry & Worship

D.Min. Program

RTS – Charlotte – 2012

Terry L. Johnson

Course Syllabus

Table of Contents

I. Syllabus..............................................................................................................................i-iv

II. Lecture Outline..................................................................................................................1-7

III. Daily Worship Format...........................................................................................................8

IV. Time-Line of Reform.......................................................................................................9-11

V. Charts of Early Reforms................................................................................................12-13

VI. Antiquity of Reformed Worship....................................................................................14-16

VII. Appendix A “Our Order of Service”..............................................................................17-23

VIII. Appendix B “Charts”.....................................................................................................24-26

IX. Bibliography...................................................................................................................27-54

Reformed WorshipD.Min. RTS - Charlotte

July 23-27, 2012Dr. Terry L. Johnson

Course ObjectiveThe primary purpose of this course is to study the history and principles of the worship of Reformed Protestantism, beginning with the Reformers and continuing to the present day. We will look at the biblical and theological justification for the sixteenth century reforms and evaluate their relevance for today, particularly interacting with the student’s current convictions and practices.

Hours9:00 a.m. – 4:30 p.m., Monday-Thursday9:00 a.m. – 12:00 Noon, Friday

RequirementsStudents are required to submit three synopses of the required reading of no less than four and no more than five pages (double-spaced, 12 pt. type). A fourth paper (also 4-5 pages) describing and defending the worship as currently practiced in their church will also be required. All course work is due in the D.Min. Office by October 31, 2012.

1. Textbooks – Purchase of all of the following books for your collection is advised, but report on one of the following asterisked (*) books (we will make substantial use of Leading in Worship and Liturgies of the Western Church as well):

*Hart & Muether, With Reverence & Awe*Johnson, Reformed Worship and Pastor’s Public Ministry (together)Johnson, Leading in Worship*Old, Worship: Reformed According to Scripture (2nd revised & expanded edition)

*Themes & Variations for a Christian Doxology*Patristic Roots of Reformed WorshipLeading in Prayer*Reading & Preaching of Scriptures in the Worship of the Christian Church, Vol.

4, The Reformation Thompson, Liturgies of the Western ChurchRayburn, O Come Let Us Worship

2. Primary Sources – Submit a 4-5 page synopsis/summary of two of the following liturgies (considered together) or one of the asterisked (*) books.

Martin Luther, Babylonian Captivity of the Church*- or - [*Formula Missae (1523), found in Thompson, pp. 95f.

[*Deutsche Messe (1526), found in Thompson, pp. 123f.

i

Martin Bucer, The Strasbourg Liturgy, found in Thompson, pp. 159f.Grund und Ursach (Basic Princples):* An English translation is now available. See bibliography.

Ulrich Zwingli, Liturgy of the Word (1525), found in Thompson, pp. 141f.Action or Use of the Lord’s Supper, found in Thompson, pp. 149f.

*John Calvin, Form of Church Prayers (Genevan Psalter), found in Thompson, pp. 185f.Institutes of the Christian Religion, Book II, Ch. VIII, Sec. II-34, Chapters

XIV-XIX*

John Knox, The Form of Prayers, found in Thompson, pp. 287f.

Middleburg Liturgy of the English Puritans, found in Thompson, pp 311f.

The Westminster Directory, found in Thompson, pp. 345f.

Richard Baxter, The Savoy Liturgy, found in Thompson, pp 375f.

3. Contemporary Discussion – Submit a 4-5 page synopsis/summary of one of the following texts:

Dawn, Reaching Out without Dumbing DownFrame, Worship in Spirit & Truth

Contemporary Worship MusicFrankforther, Stones for BreadGore, Covenantal WorshipHorton, A Better WayLucarini, Why I Left the Contemporary Christian Music MovementMorgenthaler, Worship Evangelism Redmann, The Great Worship AwakeningKauflin, Worship MattersKidd, With One VoicePlantinga & Roseboom, Discerning the SpiritsWarren, Purpose Driven Church

Other Background Reading:

Bainton, Here I StandEire, War Against the Idols

4. Paper on student’s current worship practices (4-5 pages)

ii

DMin* Student Learning OutcomesIn order to measure the success of the DMin curriculum, RTS has defined the

following as the intended outcomes of the student learning process. Each course contributes to these overall outcomes. This rubric shows the contribution of this

course to the DMin outcomes.

RubricStrongModerateMinimalNone

Mini-Justification

Biblical/Theological Foundations:

Significant knowledge of biblical and theological foundations for pastoral ministry. (This includes interaction with Biblical texts, as well as awareness of Reformed Theology.)

Strong

1. Biblical texts upon which reforms were based, and,2. Theological principles out of which reforms flowed are thoroughly studied

Historical/Contemporary Practices:

Significant knowledge of historical and contemporary practices of pastoral ministry. Strong

1. Historic reformed liturgies are studied, and, 2. compared and contrasted with contemporary forms

Integration: Ability to reflect upon and integrate theology and practice, as well as implementation in a contemporary pastoral setting.

Strong

Students are expected to design and defend an order of worship for today

Sanctification: Demonstrates a love for the Triune God that aids in the student’s sanctification. Minimal

Not specifically a part of the course, though, of course, Christian maturity effects everything one thinks about worship

Outline of the Course

Session 1, Monday 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 noon – BackgroundStudents should come to class prepared to read their synopsis of primary liturgical sources (two) or Luther’s Babylonian Captivity or Bucer’s Grund und Ursach1. The importance of worship2. The historical setting of 16th century reforms of worship3. Protestant theology and the reforms of worship

Session 2, Monday 1:00 p.m. – 4:00 p.m. – Background (cont’d)4. Protestant theology and the reforms of worship (cont’d)5. Important biblical texts6. Elements, circumstances, forms

Session 3, Tuesday 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 noon – Elements of Worship

iii

Students should come to class ready to read their synopsis of one of the textbooks, either Old, Worship (the best choice), Johnson, Reformed Worship & Pastor’s Public Ministry, or Hart & Muether, With Reverence and Awe7. Distinguishing elements, forms, circumstances8. Delineating the elements: the word read, preached, sung, prayed, administered and seen

Session 4, Tuesday 1:00 p.m. – 4:00 p.m. – Strengths & Setting of Reformed Worship9. It is God-centered, Bible-filled, Gospel-structured, Church-Aware, and Spirit-dependent10. The Lord’s Day11. Architectural considerations

Session 5, Wednesday 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 noon –Implementing Reformed WorshipStudents should come to class with their 4-5 page synopsis of one of the books which deal with the contemporary discussion of worship (Dawn, Frame, Frankforter, Gore, Lucarini, Morgenthaler, or Redmann).12. Discussion of Reading Scripture13. Discussion of Preaching

Session 6, Wednesday 1:00 p.m. – 4:00 p.m. – Implementing Reformed Worship (cont’d)14. Discussion of church song15. Discussion of public prayer

Session 7, Thursday 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 noon – Implementing Reformed Worship (cont’d) & Practical ConsiderationsStudents should come to class with a 4-5 page description and defense of worship as practiced in their church.16. Discussion of the Sacraments17. Practical considerations: wisdom, excellence, focus, order

Session 8, Thursday 1:00 p.m. – 4:00 p.m. – Practical Considerations (cont’d)18. Practical considerations: reverence, pace, pastoral leadership, aesthetics, simplicity19. Catch up and review

Session 9, Friday 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 Noon – Final Considerations & Discussion20. The benefits of Reformed Worship summarized

iv

Reformed WorshipRTS - 2012

I. Importance of Worship (see Reformed Worship, 15-20)

not secondary issue John 4 – salvation/a “must” goal of redemption worship wars – worthy subject over which to fight

II. Historical Setting of Worship Reform

Medieval mass – considerable diversity yet consistent deficiencies little or no preaching– afternoon preaching service Latin liturgy little prayer no congregational singing; monastic choirs lectio selecta reading; Old Testament not read; extra scriptural readings (e.g. lives

of the saints) sacrificial mass sacerdotal ministry ex opere operato sacramentalismAfter Trent, congregation still passive – the mass unintelligible, and “implicit faith,” trusting the church as teacher, is all that is required

III. Theology of Worship (see Worshiping with Calvin [WWC], 33-57; Traditional Protestantism [TP], 125-132)

1. Exegetical insights – ad fontes interest in original sources in Scripture and the Church Fathers (e.g. Ac 2:42). The biblical and historical cause for reform grows.

2. Theological reform was driven by exegesis and solidified the case for the reform of worship

i. Sola Scriptura → reform of rituala. worship must be “according to Scripture”

– propensity to idolatry – Romans 1:18ff – “factory of idols” (Calvin)

– therefore must go to God to learn – “Lord, teach us to pray”b. remove extrabiblical elements (Old, Themes, 91-110, “Prophetic

Doxology”)– altars, symbols, images, pictures– reform the calendar

300 saints days added 800–1558 AD+ those of Christ (OER, II, 447)

1

– eliminate gestures, anointing, exorcisms– whatever would distract attention from word

ii. Solo Christo → eucharistic reforms– mass ≠ sacrifice; transubstantiation denied– Christ = spiritually and truly presentTherefore

meal not masstable not altarpastor not priestseated not kneeling communion not mysticism

= further emphasis on word – believing vs. passive and uncomprehending reception

= reject vestments, elevation of host and chalice, prayers for dead, Purgatory

iii. Sola fide → reading and preaching reforms– fill service with Scripture, (Old, Themes, 73-89)– vernacular services– lectio continua reading– expository sequential preaching– Romans 10:17, etc.

iv. Sola gratia → prayer reformsa. dependence on the Holy Spirit as the agent of applicationb. prayer revolution

– “full diet of prayer”– 6 basic prayers

c. emphasis on internals of worship vs. externalsd. simplicity of forms

v. Soli Deo Gloria (Eire, 197ff)a. maintained finitum non est capax infinitib. rejected Marian devotion, cult of saints, relics, images,

pilgrimages, transubstantiation c. confidence in ordinary means of grace

Protestant worship = theologically driven!

IV. Elements of Worship

1. Restricting the elements: regulative principle (see Reformed Worship, 25-29)

i. biblical case – Reformed Worship, 25-26ii. theological case – Reformed Worship, 27-29

2

2. Defining elements – Reformed orthodoxy in Westminster Confession of Faith (XX1.3-8; XXII.1,2; I.6) and Directory (see Reformed Worship, 30-32)

i. elementsii. formsiii. circumstances

3. Delineating the elements – all understood in connection with theology of the word (see WWC 76-197; Old, Worship, 1-6)

i. Read the word (Old, Worship, 59-90)a. biblical case (1 Tim 4:13; Acts 13:14,15; 15:21)b. historical case

– patristic– reformers– classical Protestantism & expository reading

ii. Preach the word (Old, Worship, 59-90)a. biblical case (see above)b. historical case

– patristic– reformers– classical Protestantism & expository preaching

iii. Sing the word (Old, Worship, 33-57)a. biblical case (Psalter; Acts 4:24-26; Eph 5:19: Col 3:16; Jas 5:13)b. historical case

– patristic– reformers – classical Protestantism & psalm singing

iv. Pray the word (Old, Worship, 91-108)a. biblical case (1 Tim 2:1ff; Eph 1; Phil 1; Col 1)b. historical case

– patristic– reformers– Protestant orthodoxy & prayer

v. Administer the (visible) word: Lord’s Supper (Old, Worship, 109-146; Themes, 41-137)a. covenantal interpretation (1 Cor 11:28: “new covenant in my

blood”)b. means of grace not ex opera operato

3

vi. Administer the (visible) word: Baptism (Old, Worship, 7-22; Baptismal Rites (all)a. covenantal interpretationb. means of grace not baptismal regenerationc. simple, public administration d. rejection of ritual and images as means of making the gospel

visible

vii. Affirm the word in summary: Creeds

V. Strengths of Reformed Worship (see WWC, 58-291)

1. God-centered

2. Bible-filled

3. Gospel-structured

4. Church-aware

5. Spirit dependent

VI. Implementing Reformed Worship (WWC, 292-492)

1. Preparing the Minister (WWC, 302-370)

i. pastoral leadership (1 Tim 3:6; 2 Tim 2:2)

ii. exemplary piety (1 Tim 4:16)

iii. humility (Mt 5:3,5)

iv. wisdom (Eph 5:15ff)

2. Preparing the services

i. ordinary means pattern of ministry

ii. morning and evening services on the Lord’s Day (Ps 141:1,2)

iii. catholicity and the communion of the saints

iv. excellence

v. services of worshipa. worship

4

b. public (not private)c. congregational (not individual)

vi. Gospel logic

a. praise (Ps 100:4): call, invocation, song, confession of faith, gloria patri/doxology

b. confession (Ex 34:8; Isa 6:5) – reading of Law, confession, assurance, thanksgiving

c. means of grace (Ps 96:2-3) – prayer of illumination, reading of Scripture, sermon, prayers of intercession, sacraments

d. thanksgiving and benediction – collection, hymn, benediction

vii. Balance of form and freedom

viii. Reverence (1 Cor 14:25; Ps 2:11; 95:5)

ix. Pace consistent with urgency

x. Economy of language

xi. Length of service

xii. Aesthetic standards (Phil 4:8)a. Historic viewsb. Music’s power to express emotions (e.g. 1 Sam 16:33)c. Music’s power to stimulate the memoryd. Music’s power to discipline or corrupt the soul

xiii. Simplicity (1 Cor 1:17ff; 2:1-5; Heb 9:2-5)

3. Administering the Elements

i. Reading the Word (see Liturgical Guidelines)a. Read a chapter of each Testament in each service, as recommended

by the Westminster Directory for the Public Worship of God.b. Read the Testament not being preachedc. Read passages that are accessible to the congregationd. Consistent with this, skip over (with descriptive comments)

exceptionally remote or difficult textse. Vary scriptural typesf. Provide brief introductions to books and chaptersg. Read slowly, clearly and with nuanceh. Limit the church calendari. Provide perspective

5

ii. Preaching the word (see Pastor’s Public Ministry, 63-76)a. preach expositorily and sequentially b. preach your textc. allow the text to provide the main point, structure, and application d. avoid formulase. preach Christocentricallyf. preach the whole gospelg. assume a low level of knowledgeh. explain the context but don’t dwell on iti. use quotations sparinglyj. review and repeat constantlyk. apply the textl. preach sermons of moderate lengthm. begin preaching those books of the Bible that are the most

accessiblen. vary the sermon dieto. preach with urgencyp. be yourselfq. include exhortation

iii. Praying the word (see Pastor’s Public Ministry, 46-62)

a. focus on spiritual concernsb. aim to edifyc. incorporate the language of Scriptured. plan your prayerse. pray authenticallyf. pray brieflyg. pray don’t preach or announceh. pray with public terminologyi. pray the “full diet” of prayer

iv. Singing the word (see Pastor’s Public Ministry, 26-30)

a. metrical psalmodyb. classical hymnody

(see below)c. guidelines (see Pastor’s Public Ministry, 26-30)

1. is it singable?2. is it biblically and theologically sound?3. is it biblically and theologically mature?4. is it musically appropriate?5. is it emotionally balanced?6. is it catholic in its appeal? (or demographically

comprehensive?)

6

v. Administering the visible word (see Case, 103-116)

a. regular administrationb. covenantal administrationc. biblical simplicityd. context of counsel and instructione. word with sacramentf. serious tone

VII. The Setting of Reformed Worship (see Leading in Worship, 103-104)

1. The Lord’s Day and the church calendar (Old, Worship, 23-32)

i. Christian Sabbath as center of calendarii. reduced calendar – Evangelical feast daysiii. Puritan/Scottish further reductions

2. Architectural considerations (see Stones Cry Out at www.ipcsav.org)

i. interior arrangementa. plain styleb. central, elevated pulpitc. means of grace visibled. placement of choir and organe. gathered congregation around pulpitf. devotional artg. performing artsh. modern innovation

iv. facilities and appearancesa. buildings and groundsb. membersc. environment of the service: sound, lighting, temperature, seatingd. announcements

VIII. Accompanying Documents

1. Daily Worship Format2. Time-line of Reform of Worship3. Early Reforms of Worship, 1523-15264. The Antiquity of Reformed Worship5. Our Order of Worship (pamphlet)6. Various Charts

7

Reformed WorshipDaily Worship Format

(Student led)

PraiseInvocation/Call to Worship

(this is a prayer of praise)Hymn # ___________________

Confession of Sin, Pardon, ThanksgivingReading of the law of God

Minister: God spake all these words saying, I am the Lord thy God, which have brought thee out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage.

All:1. Thou shalt have no other gods before me.2. Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image.3. Thou shalt not take the Name of the Lord thy God in vain.4. Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy.5. Honor thy father and thy mother.6. Thou shalt not kill.7. Thou shalt not commit adultery.8. Thou shalt not steal.9. Thou shalt not bear false witness.10. Thou shalt not covet. [Exodus 20:1-17]

Hear also the words of our Lord Jesus, how he saith: Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind. This is the first and great commandment. And the second is like unto it: Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself. On these two commandments hang all the law and the prophets. [Matthew 22:37-40]

Prayer of ConfessionAssurance of PardonPrayer of Thanksgiving

Means of GracePrayer of IlluminationScripture Reading: Sequential readings of JamesIntercessory Prayer

Thanksgiving & BlessingPsalter # ___________________Benediction

8

Time-Line of the Reform of Worship

I. January 1, 1519 B Zwingli begins lectio continua reading and preaching of Scripture in

Zurich. Hughes Old calls this Athe first liturgical reform of Protestantism@ (Reading &

Preaching, Vol. 4, p. 46).

II. October 6, 1520 B Luther publishes The Babylonian Captivity of the Church. He

$ attacks the withholding of the cup from the laity,

$ denies transubstantiation,

$ denies that the mass is a sacrifice,

$ denies the sacramental status of the other five so-called sacraments (retaining theLord=s Supper and baptism), and

$ denies that clergy are priestly class while affirming the priesthood of all believers.

Luther concedes that it may be necessary Ato alter almost the entire external form of the

churches and introduce, or rather reintroduce, a totally different kind of ceremonies@

(Three Treatises, pp 151-52). Public worship shifts from sacerdotal and sacramental to

word-centered system.

III. March 1, 1522 B Luther returns to Wittenburg from hiding in Wartburg Castle (where he

had been since leaving Worms, i.e. May 1521BMarch 1522) and rejects the liturgical

radicalism of Carlstadt=s iconoclasm: organs, pictures, altars, vestments, ceremonies

would be retained

IV. August 1523 B Zwingli De canone missae

$ Latin retained, except . . .

$ Scripture readings and sermon are in German

$ references to the Virgin Mary and saints are removed

$ language of sacrifice removed from the mass

V. December 1523 B Luther=s Formulae Missae calls for the removal from the mass of all

that Asmacks of sacrifice@ (Thompson, 111)

$ preaching given central place in service

$ congregational hymnody introduced, the development of psalmody recommended

$ church calendar reformed Aabrogating completely the festivals of all the saints,@ as he put it, while retaining the weekly Lord=s day and those days on the church

9

calendar pertaining to the life of Christ (Thompson, 109)

$ restored cup to laity

VI. February 16, 1524 B Diobald Schwarz of Strassburg published a Teutsche Messe, among

the first complete vernacular services (German).

$ William Farel introduced a French-language service in Montbeliard, La Maniereet fasson in 1524 (Thompson, p 186)

$ Martin Luther published his Deutsche Messe, October 29, 1525

$ John Oecolampadius introduced a German-language service, Form und Gstalt,

November 1, 1525

VII. December 26, 1524 B Martin Bucer=s Grund und Ursach published, explaining the

reforms of worship in Strassburg, then carried out in the Strassburg Psalters of 1525 and

1526.

$ church calendar abolished, Sunday the sole Christian holy day

$ Amass@ abolished and now called ALord=s Supper@$ altar replaced by table

$ Apriests@ now called Aministers@$ vestments replaced by plain gown

$ songs are Abased on holy Scripture@ and sung by the congregation (p. 208)

$ baptism simplified (exorcisms, oils, salts, candles, etc. eliminated)

$ liturgical use of Ten Commandments

$ unscriptural, unwarranted, and distracting gestures, rituals, and ceremonieseliminated

$ images removed

VIII. April 1525 B Zwingli presented his reformed liturgy to the Council of Zurich entitled,

Action or Use of the Lord=s Supper. This followed the grassroots Acleansing@ of the

churches, that is, the iconoclastic riots of the summer of 1524, as paintings and

decorations were whitewashed, relics statues, ornaments, and vestments were removed,

and organs closed. Zwingli took up the question of the mass in his Commentary on True

and False Religion in March of 1525, arguing that it must be abolished. Then in April

1525, he presented a reformed liturgy. The first evangelical observance of the Lord=s

Supper took place in Holy Week 1525 (Patristic Roots, 43).

10

Church buildings and furnishings:

$ relics and images abolished

$ paintings and decorations removed

$ walls whitewashed

$ altars broken-up, tables

$ pulpits installed

$ Latin-singing choirs abolished

Church services:

$ vernacular

$ simple services of Bible reading, sermon, and prayer

$ liturgical responses eliminated

$ no music

$ Lord=s Supper observed quarterly

$ calendar reduced to Afive evangelical feast days@IX. 1542 B Calvin=s Form of Church Prayers, brought together the reforms of the first

generation of reformers

$ lectio continua reading and preaching of Scripture

$ prayers B call to worship, confession of sin, illumination, intercession, andthanksgiving

$ congregational psalmody

$ liturgical use of Ten Commandments

$ Lord=s Supper administered on a table by a pastor

$ simple service in a plain setting

Early Reforms of Worship1523-1526

Reform of Worship

Removed Retained Restored

Zwingli, De canone missae epichiresis (1523)

Latin Scripture readingOffertoryPrayers to Mary & saintsLanguage of sacrifice

Latin serviceIntroitsKyrie EleisonGloriacollectsgradualAllelujahCreedSursum cordaPrefaceSanctusRevised CanonDoxologyLord’s PrayerCollectNunc dimittisBenedictionVestments

lectio continua vernacular Scripture reading

lectio continua sermon

Luther Formula Missae (1523); Deutsche Messe (1526)

OffertoryCanon of MassLatinSaints daysLanguage of sacrificeSequences

IntroitLectio selectaGradual, AllelujahKyrie eleisonGloria, SanctusBenedictus, AngusDei, Te Deum, PaxCollectCreedElevationVestmentsAltarsIncense, candlesResponses

Congregational singingDaily lectio continuaSermonCommunion in both kinds

Reform of Worship

Removed Retained Restored

Zell & Schwarz, Teutsche Messe (1524)(Strasbourg)

Canon of MassLatinOffertoryResponsesLanguage of sacrifice

Kyrie eleison,Gloria, Sanctus,Benedictus,Angus Dei,PaxCollectCreedCandlesSign of CrossElevationWashing of priest’s hands

Confession of sin(w/o congregational singing)(w/o sermon)

Bucer’s Grund und Ursach (1524), Strasbourgh Psalter of 1526

Church calendarLectio selecta Bible readingsCollectResponsesTerm “mass”AltarTerm “priest”SanctusBenedictusKyrie eleisonGloriaIntroitGradualVestments

lectio continua sermonPsalm-singingLectio continua Bible

reading for Lord’s Day

Terms “Lord’s Supper” and “Lord’s Cup”

TableTerm “minister”Minister’s gown

The Antiquity of Reformed Worship

Can the claim of Calvin and Reformed Protestantism, that the Genevan Psalter of 1542 and

subsequent Reformed worship, was “according to the custom of the ancient church” be

substantiated? What have the Reformed Protestants found in their studies of Apostolic church in

Scripture, and of the Patristic period in the works of Church Fathers and other historical sources

that support their claims? They started with Acts 2:42 and found there a simple description of

simple worship with a few basic elements.

I. Regarding forms:

No written liturgies until third century (Hippolytus, 217 A.D.)

No ritual or ceremony until fourth century (Cyril of Jerusalem)

No visual art until third century; no liturgical use until sixth century (John of Damascus)

No instrumental music until tenth century

No incense until fourth century

II. Regarding circumstances:

No altars until fourth century

Simple church buildings (often house churches)

No church calendar

Services were held on the Lord’s Day (Acts 20:7; 1Co 16:2; Rev 1:8). This is confirmed

by Pliny the Younger’s letter (110 A.D.), Justin Martyr’s First Apology (c.155

A.D.), the Didache (c.80–110 A.D., and Tertullian.

III. Regarding elements:

1. Scripture reading – followed the practice of synagogue and early church of lectio

continua readings of Scripture. They abandoned the calendar based lectionary which was not

developed until fifth to seventh centuries with its lectio selecta readings in favor of sequential

reading (1Ti 4:13).

2. Preaching – They followed the pattern of the synagogue, of exhortation based upon

the reading (Lk 4:16-27; Ac 13:14, 15:21; cf. Ac 5:42; 6:2,4) and found lectio continua

preaching in the works of Origen, Augustine, Chrysostom, Jerome, and others.

3. Prayer – found a “full diet of prayer” (Old) in Scripture and the Fathers and so restored

the Invocation, Confession of Sin, Intercessions, and Benediction (five-fold based on 2Ti 2:1ff);

and they found extemporaneous prayers in Justin Martyr’s First Apology (155 A.D.), where he

describes the presiding elder as praying “according to his ability” as does Hippolytus (217 A.D.).

There are six basic prayers in the worship of the Reformed Church.

4. Psalmody/hymnody – they found evidence of the early church singing psalms (e.g. Ac

4:24-26; Eph 5:19; Col 3:16; Jas 5:13) (primarily), and also hymns (e.g. Lk 1:46-55; 2:68-79;

2:29-32; Php 2:5-11; Col 1:15-26). Pliny the Younger’s letter to the emperor (112 A.D.) speaks

of the early Christians singing hymns to Christ. The Church Fathers are effusive in their zeal for

psalm singing, with Tertullian (ca. 150–ca. 225), Eusebius (ca. 260–ca. 320), Athanasius (ca.

295–373), Augustine (343–430), Jerome (ca. 345–420), Basil (ca. 330–379), Ambrose (ca. 339–

397), and Chrysostom (ca. 347–407) among the many who provide testimony.

5. Sacraments

i) baptism – scriptural baptisms were simply washings, as were those described in

the Didache (ca. 80–ca. 110 A.D.) and Justin Marty’s First Apology (ca. 155 A.D.). The Apostle

Paul identifies baptism with circumcision (Col 2:11), giving it a covenantal interpretation which

answers the claims of the Anabaptists (Ge 17:7; Ac 2:39; Ro 4:11). Tertullian (ca. 150–225) was

first to use the Latin term sacramentum meaning “sacrament” or “oath,” demonstrating a

covenantal understanding.

ii) Lord’s Supper – they found in Scripture a pattern of covenantal meals which

finalize agreed upon obligations between parties (Ge 14:18; 18:1-8; 27:19; Ex 12–13; 24), into

which pattern Jesus deliberately placed His Supper (Mt 26:28; Mk 14:24; Lk 22:20; cf. Heb

9:20). The supper is simply that, a meal. The Didache (ca. 80–ca. 110 A.D.) and Justin Martyr’s

First Apology (ca. 155) confirm the simplicity and non-sacrificial nature of the early observance.

Augustine reemphasized the covenantal understanding of the Lord’s Supper and gave to the

sacraments their classical definition as external signs of inward realities.

Upon these foundations the Reformers reformed worship. Lectio selecta readings gave way to

lecito continua; festal or lectionary preaching gave way to expository preaching; written prayer

gave way to (mostly) free prayer; monastic choirs gave way to congregational singing of psalms

and biblical hymns; the church calendar gave way to the Lord’s Day; the mass gave way to the

Lord’s Supper; the priestly ministry gave way to the pastoral and proclamational. Simple

services of the word read, preached, sung, prayed, and received (in the sacraments) replaced the

ritual and ceremonial of medieval worship.

Appendix A

The following is a document which we have used to describe what we do in worship and why we

do it. It includes item-by-item explanations of our order of service, as well as general biblical,

theological, and historical background. We publish it as a pamphlet which we make available to

our visitors. Permission is granted to reproduce it as long as credit is given.

Our Order of Service

Welcome to the Independent Presbyterian Church. We are pleased that you have chosen to worship with us today. Our service is a classic worship service in the tradition of Reformed (or Presbyterian) Protestantism. Given the diversity of styles of worship today, what we do is unfamiliar to many of our visitors. We offer the following booklet as an aid in understanding the meaning of each part of the service.

Before we explain each item let us make some general comments.

The Setting of Our WorshipThe architecture and furnishings of a church building may either reinforce the congregation’s message or detract from it. Our church building is a gift to us from past generations, and is a classic example of the architecture of Reformed Protestantism. The exterior “looks like a church,” which we see as a positive virtue. It tells the onlooker that this is a house of worship, not a bank, or theater, or a retail outlet. The interior displays beautiful craftsmanship employing the finest materials. Yet notice the absence of religious art: no pictures, statues, or religious symbols. The architectural focal point, the pulpit, underscores our theological conviction: the word of God takes the central place in our worship without competition from extraneous visual stimuli. More broadly, decorative simplicity aids worshipers in giving their undistracted attention to the three primary means of grace (i.e. growth): the word, sacraments, and prayer. The pews are placed as they are in order to gather the congregation around the pulpit, baptismal font, and the Lord’s Table.

The Elements of Our WorshipOur worship is simple, consisting of the few biblical elements that God has commanded. Our approach to worship means that:

We read and preach the Word – Approximately a chapter is read in each service in addition to the portion upon which the sermon is to be based. Normally our sermons are sequential, verse-by-verse expositions of whole books of the Bible.

We pray the Word – Our prayers are filled with the praises, the confessions, and the promises of Scripture. We offer a full-diet of prayer in each service.We sing the Word – We incorporate at least one metrical Psalm (the biblical Psalms translated and rhymed for singing) in each service. We also sing biblically rich hymns. We receive the Visible Word – The sacraments of baptism and the Lord’s Supper are the word of God made visible and perceivable by our senses.

Our services join together that which is so often separated: reverent worship and biblical preaching. We see this as the distinctive benefit of our ministry: God-centered worship and Bible teaching at the same place and at the same time.

The Order of WorshipThe design of our worship, both morning and evening, is driven by what one might call “gospel logic.”

1. A cycle of praise (call to worship / prayer of praise / hymn / Gloria Patri / Creed); is followed by . . .

2. A cycle of confession (recitation of the Law of God / confession of sin / assurance of pardon / collection); which is followed by . . .

3. A cycle employing the means of grace (intercessory prayers / sacraments / Scripture reading / sermon); which is followed by . . .

4. A cycle of thanksgiving and blessing (concluding hymn / benediction)

This is essentially the pattern of Isaiah 6, the Lord’s Prayer, and the gospel itself. In knowing the true God (in praise), we know ourselves (as sinners), our need (for grace), and give thanks for His gifts in Christ. Sometimes each element is distinct. Sometimes they are combined (as in the morning “pastoral prayer,” where confession, pardon, and supplication are together in a “great prayer”).

The Day of WorshipWe worship on Sunday because the first day of the week is the Lord’s Day, the Christian Sabbath, a day devoted to worship and rest. We worship twice on Sunday, following the pattern of the morning and evening sacrifice of the Old Testament and the devotions that flow from them. Morning and evening Lord’s Day prayer have been standard for the Christian church from the beginning. Sunday morning is somewhat more formal in tone, with more “fixed forms.” Robes are worn by the ministers not as priestly attire (pastors are not priests), but as a simple covering while performing sacred duties. Similarly, we encourage our members to wear their “Sunday best,” that is, that they dress nicely and neatly, as they do for other important occasions. Visitors are warmly welcomed to come as they are.

We trust that you will find at the Independent Presbyterian Church two well-ordered services that are offered in “spirit and truth” (Jn 4:23), conducted with “reverence and awe” (Heb 12:28), and characterized by both emotional discipline and holy joy (Ps 2:11; 1Cor 14:32,40).

THE LORD’S DAY MORNING WORSHIP “Let us show gratitude, by which we may offer to God an acceptable service, with reverence and

awe.” Hebrews 12:28

The Silent Prayer Upon Entering the Sanctuary(We provide a different prayer for each week of the year for meditation as you prepare for worship. They are slightly expanded versions of the collects [short succinct prayers] from the Book of Common Prayer.)

The Prelude (The prelude is part of the meditative environment we seek to establish prior to the call to worship.)

The Welcome and Announcements(Announcements are handled before the call to worship so as not to interfere with the flow of the service.)

The Call to Worship(The call marks the beginning of our worship as the congregation is called to the happy task of worshiping the Triune God. Sometimes this is sung by the choir, sometimes spoken by the ministers.)

The Hymnal(This is a vigorous, energetic hymn of praise that focuses on the attributes and works of God. )

The Invocation and Lord’s Prayer(The invocation is a prayer of praise that calls upon God to be present among us by His Spirit and bless us. It concludes with the Lord’s Prayer.)

The Apostles’ Creed(The Creed is the oldest Christian confession of faith, with roots in the second century, and provides the means by which we affirm our Christian identity and faith. Because the churches of Christ have all affirmed this Creed for centuries, its use also demonstrates our unity with the whole church, past and present:)

Our Father who art in heaven, hallowed be Thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done on earth, as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil: For Thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, forever. Amen.

* this refers to the realm of the dead, not the place of punishment.** “catholic” means “universal” church, the true church in all times and places.

The Gloria Patri(This Trinitarian ascription of praise dates to the fourth century. It has played an important role in combating unitarianism. We sing it to several different tunes.)

The Pastoral Prayer (This is a comprehensive prayer of confession of sin and intercession, and follows the five-fold pattern of intercession found in Scripture [e.g. 1Tim 2:1ff]: (1) for civil authority; (2) for Christian ministry; (3) for all peoples; (4) for the sanctification of God’s people; (5) for the afflicted.)

The BaptismBaptisms are administered upon request of Christian parents (we practice infant baptism) and new believers (if never previously baptized). All those who are baptized are initiated into the membership of the church. Baptism is no mere ceremony, but a means of grace, blessing, and growth for believers and their children.

The Scripture Reading (We read roughly a chapter of Scripture, sequentially, through books of the Bible, in each service, in addition to the portion of Scripture to be preached.)

The Psalter (We sing a psalm in each service and work our way through much of the Psalter each year.)

The Collection (A simple collection is taken for the support of the work of the church. It is not an “offering” that is presented to God on the altar, and for this reason is not brought forward with ceremony.)

The Choral Anthem (The choir and organ are in the back, not up front as though they were entertainers, and are part of the congregation, not clergy. The primary task is to support and enrich the congregation’s singing.

The Doxology

I believe in God the Father Almighty, Maker of heaven and earth: And in Jesus Christ His only Son, our Lord; who was conceived by the Holy Ghost, born of the Virgin Mary, suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, dead, and buried; He descended into hell*; the third day He rose again from the dead; He ascended into heaven, and sitteth on the right hand of God the Father Almighty; from thence He shall come to judge the quick and the dead.I believe in the Holy Ghost; the holy catholic church;** the communion of saints; the

Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost; As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be, world without end. Amen, Amen.

(The doxology was written by Thomas Ken in 1709, and perhaps has done more to popularize the doctrine of the Trinity than all the theological books ever written. It is typically associated with the tune Old Hundredth [Geneva Psalter, 1562] but is used in our services with a number of other tunes.)

The Dismissal Children ages 4 & 5 may leave for a separate service(We encourage children to stay for the entire service from as young an age as possible. The criteria for determining if our children should stay or leave is their ability to sit quietly and not be a distraction to those around them. We provide a “children’s church” in which 4 and 5 year olds are encouraged to learn by heart the various fixed-forms in our services [e.g. Creed, Lord’s Prayer, Doxology, Gloria Patri, Ten Commandments].)

The Sermon(Normally our sermons are sequential and expository, verse-by-verse through books of the Bible.)

The Lord’s SupperThe Lord’s Supper is a covenantal meal (“this is the new covenant in my blood”) which seals or finalizes covenantal commitments. Each time we partake we renew the covenant, recommit ourselves to Christ, even as He reaffirms the efficacy of His atoning death on our behalf. It is normally administered in the morning on the first Sunday of each quarter (January, April, July, October). We believe in the “true presence” of Christ in the supper, that is, His spiritual presence. We enjoy fellowship with the ascended Christ at the Table (1 Cor 10:16) and partake of spiritual food to the nourishment of our souls (1 Cor 10:3).

The Hymnal(The closing hymn is normally related thematically to the sermon.)

The Benediction and Response (sung by all)(The benediction is a prayer for the blessing of God upon the congregation as it departs. A brief response by the congregation follows.)

The Postlude(A final, beautiful selection is played on the organ as the congregation departs.)

Praise God from Whom all blessings flow; praise Him all creatures here below. Praise Him above, ye heav’nly host, praise Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. Amen.

THE LORD’S DAY EVENING WORSHIP“God is spirit, and those who worship Him must worship in spirit and truth.”

John 4:24

Preparation (For a period of about 15 minutes before the beginning of the service we prepare for worship by singing hymns. As is the case in the morning, we place the announcements before the call to worship so as not to interfere with the flow of the service.)

Hymn SingAnnouncements

Praise (As is the case in the morning service, the opening prayer and hymn focus on the attributes and works of God. The hymn is a vigorous song of praise.)

Call to Worship and Prayer of PraiseHymn

Confession of Sin, Pardon, and Thanksgiving (Having praised God we move on to the confession of our sins. We make liturgical use of the Ten Commandments in the evening as a preparation for the confession, a practice rooted in the synagogue and early church, and revived by the Protestant Reformers in the 16th century. A comprehensive prayer of confession is offered followed by scriptural assurance for all of the benefits that we receive in Christ.)

Reading of the Law of God

The Prayer of Confession of SinAssurance of PardonPrayer of ThanksgivingCollection

Minister: God spake all these words saying, I am the Lord thy God, which have brought thee out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage.

All: 1.Thou shalt have no other gods before me.2.Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image.3.Thou shalt not take the Name of the Lord thy God in vain.4.Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy.5.Honor thy father and thy mother.6. Thou shalt not kill.7. Thou shalt not commit adultery.8. Thou shalt not steal.

9. Thou shalt not bear false witness.10. Thou shalt not covet. [Exodus 20:1-17]

Hear also the words of our Lord Jesus, how he saith: Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind. This is the first and great commandment. And the second is like unto it: Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself. On these two commandments hang all the law and the prophets. [Matthew 22:37-40]

Provision for Life and Growth (Also known as the “means of grace,” this cycle [following the cycles of praise and confession] employ the ordinary means given by God to the church by which to sanctify the saints and grow the church.)

Scripture Reading(Normally a chapter is read in addition to the text upon which the sermon is to be based. This means that regularly two full chapters will have been read in our services on a given Sunday.

Intercessory Prayer(We see prayer as an important part of our ministry to our own people and to the world. This fourth prayer of the service is a prayer that is primarily petitionary, that is, an intercessory prayer.)

Psalter (A second metrical psalm of the Sunday is sung.)

Prayer of Illumination(This is a prayer for the aid of the Holy Spirit in understanding the Scripture as it is read and preached. It is based on scriptural example [e.g. Ps 119:12,17,18,27,etc] and the practice of the early church. It demonstrates our dependence upon the Holy Spirit.)

Scripture & Sermon (As is the case in the morning, normally our sermon is expository, taking us verse-by-verse through a book of the Bible.)

The Lord’s SupperThe Lord’s Supper normally is administered in the evening service on the first Sunday of the months in which it is not administered in the morning (that is, February, March, May, June, August, September, November, December, and Maundy Thursday). At the Table we enjoy a spiritual meal (“the Lord’s Supper”), fellowship with Christ (“Communion”), and give thanks (“Eucharist”) for our salvation in Christ Jesus.

Thanksgiving and Blessing(The concluding cycle of response includes a hymn that is normally related to the theme of the sermon and the concluding blessing upon the congregation.)

HymnBenediction

Conclusion: Worship and MinistryWorship is both our highest priority and greatest privilege as believers. We give it careful and focused attention at Independent Presbyterian Church. Worship also shapes our ministry. Because we worship twice on Sunday and our services are filled with biblical content, our weekday schedule is relatively uncluttered. Bible study, prayer, fellowship, and discipleship are not activities that must be scheduled for weekdays (and weeknights). They occur richly in our Sunday services. Christian growth is not something that must be pursued through retreats, camps, conferences and frenetic weekday activity, but through the ordinary services of the church.

Appendix B

Old School New SchoolPiety Personality

Faithfulness FormatSubstance StyleCharacter Techniques

Prayer ProgramTheology TherapyMinister Life coachMinistry marketing

Biblical Worshipread the word sing the word

preach the word pray the wordadminister the visible word

CommunionIs Is Not

meal masssupper sacrificetable altarpastor Priest

gift of God offering to God

SolasScriptura fideChristo gratia

Deo gloria

Contemporary Liturgical Reformedreading verses preached lectio selecta lectio continua

preaching topical expository selective or topical expository sequentialpraying little written comprehensive free/studied comprehensive

(six types) (six types)singing choruses classic hymns metrical psalms and hymns

classicsacraments infrequent weekly frequent

Strength of Worship of Reformed Protestantism

Protestant View of the Lord’s Supper

The Worship of Reformed Protestantism

meal not masssupper not sacrificetable not altarpastor not priest

Read word lectio continuaPreach word expository & sequentialSing word psalms & hymnsPray word full diet of 6 prayer genresAdminister word Lord’s Supper & baptism

God-centeredWord-filledGospel-structuredSpirit-dependentChurch-aware

Marketing the Church (or Churching the Market?)

Secular Marketing Principles:

Church Marketers Historic Ministry

Market: Identify desired market

Target ministry for Saddleback Sam, Willow Creek Wally, young, white-collar, professionals

Identify existing “market;” i.e. who lives in neighborhood, not a demographic slice of the neighborhood

Ministry Products:

Design product according to needs & tastes of targeted market

Soft-rock music; talk show format; felt-needs sermons; unchurchy setting

Conduct historic forms of ministry tailored to character of neighborhood without targeting a subset of the neighborhood:

historic hymns & psalmsexpository preachinglectio continua readingfull diet of prayerfrequent sacraments

Promotion: Design promotion according to needs and tastes of targeted market

“cool” advertising for target market

Promotional materials that appeal broadly to neighborhood, not a group within the neighborhood.

Bibliography

I. Original Sources

Patristic & Medieval

Ambrose. On the Mysteries and the Treatise On the Sacraments, Trans. T. Thompson, ed. J. H. Shawley. London: SPCK, n.d.

Augustine. Confessions & Enchridion, trans. and ed. by Albert C. Outler, Vol. VII, Library of Christian Classics. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1955.

________. “On Christian Doctrine,” trans. J. F. Shaw, in A Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, ed. Philip Schaff, Vol. II. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Co., 1983.

Charlesworth, James (trans.). “The Odes of Solomon” at http://users.misericordia.edu//davies/thomas/odes.htm.

Chrysostom. “On the Priesthood,” trans. W.R.W. Stephens, in A Select Library of the Nicene & Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, Vol. IX, ed. Philip Schaff. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdsman Company.

Cyprian. “On the Lord’s Prayer,” in Roberts & Donaldson (eds.) The Ante-Nicene Fathers: The Writings of the Fathers down to A.D. 325. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1986.

Cyril of Jerusalem. “Five Catechetical Lectures” in Philip Scaff and Henry Wace (eds.) Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, Second Series. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdsman Company, 1983.

Donaldson, James & Alexander Roberts (eds.) “Constitutions of the Holy Apostles” in The Ante-Nicene Fathers: Translations of the Writings of the Fathers down to A.D. 325, Vol. VII. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1985.

Egeria. Diary of a Pilgrimage, trans. George E. Gingras, Ancient Christian Writers: The Wroks of the Fathers in Translation. New York: Newman Press, 1970.

Hippolytus, St. The Treatise on the Apostolic Tradition, ed. The Rev. Gregory Dix. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge; New York: the Macmillan Company, 1937.

Martyr, Justin. “First Apology” in The Ante-Nicene Father: The Writings of the Fathers down to A.D. 325, Vol. 1. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.: Grand Rapids, 1985.

1

Nazianzen, Saint Gregory. “Select Orations” in Schaff and Wace (eds.), A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, Second Series, Vol. VII. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1983.

Origen, “On Prayer,” Alexandrian Christianity in The Library of Christian Classics, Vol. II, Oulton & Chadwick (eds.). Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1954.

Prudentius. The Poems of Prudentius, Vol. I & II, H. J. Thomson (trans.), Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969.

Richardson, Cyrcil C. (trans. & ed.). Didache in Early Christian Fathers in Library of Christian Classics, Vol. I. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1953.

Tertullian, “On Prayer” and “On Baptism,” in Roberts and Donaldson (eds.). The Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. III. Grand Rapids, Eerdmans, 1986.

White, James F. Documents of Christian Worship: Descriptive and Interpretive Sources. Westminster/John Knox Press: Louisville, Kentucky, 1992.

Reformation

Baird, Charles. Presbyterian Liturgies. 1855, Grand Rapids:Baker Book House, 1957.

Bucer, Martin. Grund und Ursach. Text is found in O.F. Cypris, Basic Principles: Translation & Commentary of Martin Bucer’s Grund und Ursach, 1524. Dissertation: Union Theological Seminary of New York, 1971.

Calvin, John. A Harmony of the Gospels: Matthew, Mark, and Luke, Vol. III, Calvin’s Commentaries, trans. A.W. Morrison, eds. Davies and T. F. Torrance. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.: Grand Rapids, 1972.

________. 1845, Commentary on the Book of Psalms, Trans. James Anderson. Edinburgh: Calvin Translation Society, 1561, vol. 1.

________. Commentaries on the Four Last Books of Moses Arranged in the Form of a Harmony, Vol. 2, trans. C.W. Bingham. 1852, Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1989.

________. Preface to the Psalter, 1543. From the facsimile edition of: “Les Pseaumes mis en rime francoise par Clément Marot et Théodore de Béze. Mis en musique a quatre parties per Claude Goudimel. Par les héritiers de Francois Jacqui” (1565); Published under the auspices of La Société des Concerts de la Cathédrale de Lausanne and edited, in French, by Pidoux, Pierre, and in German by Ameln, Konrad. (Baeroenreiter-Verlag, Kassel, 1935). (From the Blue Banner website.)

2

________. Institutes of the Christian Religion – Vol. 1 & 2, in John T. McNeill (ed.) The Library of Christian Classics, Volume XXI (Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1960).

________. “On the Necessity of Reforming the Church,” in Selected Works of John Calvin, Vol. 1. 1844, Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1983.

________. “Short Treatise on the Holy Supper of Lord & Only Savior Jesus Christ” (1540) and “The Clear Explanation of Sound Doctrine Concerning the True Partaking of the Flesh and Blood of Christ in the Holy Supper” (1561), in J.K.S. Reid (ed.), Theological Treatises, The Library of Christian Classics, Vol. XXII, Gen. Ed. John Ballie, et. al. Philadelphia:The Westminster Press, 1954.

Luther, Martin. ‘On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church’, in James Atkinson (ed.), Three Treatises. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1970.

Thompson, Bard. Liturgies of the Western Church. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1961.Martin Luther,Formula Missae (1523), pp 95f

Deutsche Messe (1526), pp 123fMartin Bucer, The Strasbourg Liturgy (1539), pp 159fUlrich Zwingli, Liturgy of the Word (1525), pp 141f

Action or Use of the Lord’s Supper (1505), pp 149fJohn Oecolampadius, Form and Manner (1525?), pp 211fWilliam Farel, La Maniere et Fasson (1524?), 216ffJohn Calvin, Form of Church Prayers (Genevan Psalter) (1545 & 1542), pp 185fJohn Knox, The Form of Prayers (1556), pp 287fMiddleburg Liturgy of the English Puritans (1586), pp 311fThe Westminster Directory (1644), pp 345fRichard Baxter, The Savoy Liturgy (1661), pp 375f

Zwingli, Huldrych. “On the Lord’s Supper” in G.W. Bromiley, Zwingli & Bullinger in John Baillie, et. al. (ed.) The Library of Christian Classics, Vol. XXIV. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1953.

Post-Reformation

Henry, Matthew. A Method for Prayer. Ed. J. Ligon Duncan, III. 1716, Greenville, South Carolina: Reformed Academic Press, 1994.

Mather, Cotton. Ratio Disciplinae Frutrum Nov-Anglorum: A Faithful Account of the Discipline Professed & Practiced in the Churches of New England. 1726, New York: Arno Press, 1972.

Perkins, William. The Art of Prophesying. 1606; Edinburgh: The Banner of Truth Trust, 1996.

3

Shields, Charles W. The Book of Common Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments and Other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church as Amended by the Presbyterian Divines in the Royal Commission of 1661 and in Agreement with the Directory for Public Worship. New York: Anson D. F. Randolph and Company, 1864.

__________. Luturgia Expurgata; or The Prayer-Book as Amended by the Westminster Divines. New York: Anson D. F. Randolph and Company, 1864.

Watts, Isaac. A Guide to Prayer. 1715, Edinburgh: The Banner of Truth Trust, 2001.

Westminster Confession of Faith. Glasgow: Free Presbyterian Publications, 1985.

II. Background Reading

Ahlstrom, Sydney. A Religious History of the American People. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1972)

Arndt, William F. and F. Wilbur Gingrich. A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Second Edition. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press, 1957, 1979.

Bainton, Roland H. Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther. New York: Abingdon-Cokesbury Press, 1950.

Benedict, Philip. Christ’s Churches Purely Reformed: A Social History of Calvinism. New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 2002.

Bloom, Allan. The Closing of the American Mind. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987.

Bonhoeffer, Dietrich. Life Together, trans. John W. Doberstein. New York: Harper & Row, 1954.

Cameron, Nigel. M.de S. Dictionary of Scottish Church History and Theology. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press, 1993.

Chesterton, G.K. Orthodoxy: The Romance of Faith. New York: Doubleday, 1980, 1990.

Childs, Brevard S. The Book of Exodus: A Critical, Theological Commentary. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1974.

Colson, Charles. The Body: Being Light in the Darkness. Dallas: Word Publishing, 1992.

Dallimore, Arnold. George Whitefield, Vol. I. Edinburgh: The Banner of Truth Trust, 1970.

Davies, J. G. (ed.). The New Westminster Dictionary of Liturgy & Worship. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1986.

4

Di Berardino, Angelo (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Early Church, trans. from the Italian by Adrian Walford, Volumes I & II. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.

Douglas, J.D. et. al. The New Bible Dictionary. Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press, 1962.

Edgar, William. Truth in All its Glory: Commending the Reformed Faith. Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R Publishing, 2004.

Ferguson, Everett (ed.). Encyclopedia of Early Christianity. New York & London: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1990.

Ganoczy, Alexandre. The Young Calvin. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1999.

Goff, Philip K. “TV’s Healing Powers” in the Wall Street Journal. September 15, 2006.

Grabar, André. Early Christian Art: From the Rise of Christianity to the Death of Theodosius. New York: Odyssey Press, 1968.

Hahn, Scott. Rome, Sweet Home. S

Heinze, Rudolph W. Reform & Conflict: From the Medieval World to the Wars of Religion, AD 1350–1648, The Baker History of the Church, Volume Four, Tim Dowley (ed.). Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 2005.

Henry, Matthew. An Exposition of the Old & New Testament. Philadelphia: Tavar & Hogan, 1829.

Holloway, Carson Holloway. All Shook Up: Music, Passion, & Politics. Dallas: Spence Publishing Company, 2001.

Hunt, Arthur W., III. The Vanishing Word: The Veneration of Visual Imagery in the Postmodern World. Wheaton: Crossway Books, 2003.

James, Frank A. III. “Calvin the Evangelist.” RTS: Reformed Quarterly, Fall 2001.

Johnson, Merwyn S. “Whose Ministry Is It?” Due West, 1997.

Johnson, Terry L. The Case for Traditional Protestantism. Edinburgh: Banner of Truth Trust, 2004.

________. The Family Worship Book. 1998, Geanies House, Fearn, Ross-shire, Great Britain, 2003.

Kane, J. Herbert. A Concise History of the Christian World Mission. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1978.

5

Kerr, Hugh T. and John M. Mulder. Conversions. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdsmans Publishing Co., 1983.

Leith, John H. From Generation to Generation. Louisville, Westminster: John Knox Press, 1990.

________. Introduction to the Reformed Tradition, Revised Edition. Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1981.

Lindsey, T. M. The History of the Reformation, Vol. 1 & 2. Edinburgh: T&T Clark,1907.

Longfield, Bradley J. The Presbyterian Controversy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.

McGavran, Donald. Understanding Church Growth. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1970.

McGrath, Alister E. Luther=s Theology of the Cross. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd., 1985.

M’Crie, Thomas. The Story of the Scottish Church. 1874, Glasgow: Free Presbyterian Publications, 1988.

Mitchell, A. F. The Westminster Assembly, Its History and Standards. London: 1883; Edmonton, A.B.: Still Water Revival Books, 1992.

Motyer, J.A. “The Psalms,” in The New Bible Commentary: Revised, ed D. Guthrie, J.A. Motyer, et al. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1970.

Mueller, Richard A. Post Reformation Reformed Dogmatics: The Rise and Development of Reformed Orthodoxy, ca. 1520 to ca. 1725. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2003.

Myers, Kenneth A. All God’s Children and Blue Suede Shoes. Westchester, Il: Crossway Books, 1989.

Old, Hughes O. “Henry, Matthew (1662-1714)”, in D. K. McKim (ed.) Historical Handbook of Major Biblical Interpreters. Downers Grove: Illinois: InterVarsity Press, 1998.

Packer, J. I. Faithfulness and Holiness: The Witness of J. C. Ryle. Wheaton Illinois: Crossway Books, 2002.

_________. Knowing God. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1973.

6

Packer, J. I. “Theology and Wisdom,” in J. I. Packer & Sven K. Soderlund (eds), The Way of Wisdom: Essays in Honor of Bruce K. Waltke. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 2000.

Pattison, Robert. The Triumph of Vulgarity: Rock Music in the Mirror of Romanticism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.

Peterson, David. Engaging with God: A Biblical Theology of Worship. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1992.

Peterson, David W. and I. Howard Marshall, (eds). Witness to the Gospel: The Theology of Acts. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998.

Piper, John. Let the Nations Be Glad: the Supremacy of God in Missions. 1993 Grand Rapids: Baker House Books, 2003.

Postman, Neal. Amusing Ourselves to Death. New York: NY: Penguin Group, 1985.

Reid, W. Sanford Reid (ed.). John Calvin: His Influence in the Western World. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1982.

Rian, Edwin H. The Presbyterian Conflict. 1940, Philadelphia: Orthodox Presbyterian Church, 1992.

Richards, John Edwards. The Historical Birth of the Presbyterian Church of America. Liberty Hill, SC: The Liberty Press, 1987.

Schaff, Phillip A. The History of the Christian Church, Vol. 1-VIII. 1890, 1910, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1950.

Settle, Paul. To God All Praise and Glory: Under God: Celebrating the Pasto, Claiming the Future: The Presbyterian Church in America, 1973-1998. Atlanta: PCA Administrative Committee, 1998.

Smart, Kennedy. I Am Reminded: An Autobiographical, Anecdotal History of the Presbyterian Church of America. Privately published, 1994.

Smith, Frank J. A History of the Presbyterian Church in America: Silver Anniversary Addition. 1985, Lawrenceville, Georgia: Presbyterian Scholars Press, 1999.

Smith, Morton. How Is the Gold Become Dim: The Decline of the Presbyterian Church, U.S., as Reflected in Its Assembly Actions. Jackson, MS: The Steering Committee for a Continuing Presbyterian Church, 1983.

Spurgeon, Suzannah and Joseph Harrold. C. H. Spurgeon Autobiography, Volume 2: The Full Harvest, 1860–1892. Edinburgh: Banner of Truth Trust, 1897-1900, 1973.

7

Warfield, B.B. Calvin and Augustine. Philadelphia: Presbyterian & Reformed Publishing Company, 1980.

Weber, Robert. Evangelicals on the Canterbury Trail. Wilton, Connecticut: Morehouse-Barlow, 1985.

Wells, David F. Above All Earthly Pow’rs: Christ in a Postmodern World. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdsman Publishing Company, 2005.

________. Losing Our Virtue. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998.

________. No Place for Truth: or, Whatever Happened to Evangelical Theology? Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1993.

White, R.E.O. “Psalms,” in Evangelical Commentary on the Bible, ed Walter A. Elwell. Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, 1989.

III. History & Practice of Worship

Early, Medieval & Orthodox

Cormack, Robin. Byzantine Art, Oxford History of Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Cross, F.L. & E.A. Livingstone (eds.). “Iconography” in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.

Crouzel, Henri. “Origen,” Adrian Hastings (ed.) in The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

________. “Origen and Origenism” in Marthaler, et. al. (eds.), New Catholic Encyclopedia, Second Edition, Vol. 10. Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 2003.

Cullmann, Oscar. Early Christian Worship. London: SCM Press, Ltd., 1950, 1953.

Davies, Horton. Christian Worship: Its Making & Meaning. 1946, Waalington, Surry, England: The Religious Education Press, Ltd., 1957.

Dawn, Marva J. Reaching Out Without Dumbing Down. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995.

Dix, Dom Gregory. The Shape of the Liturgy. 1945, Glasgow: The University Press, 1952.

Driscoll, Michael S. “The Conversion of the Nations,” in Wainwright, Oxford History of the Christian Worship. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.

8

Hackel, Sergei. “Orthodox Worship,” in J.G. Davies The New Westminster Dictionary of Liturgy & Worship. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1986.

Hunt, E.D. “Pilgrimages,” in J.G. Davies (ed.) The New Westminster Dictionary of Liturgy & Worship. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1986.

Karlin-Hayter, Patricia. “Iconoclasm” in Cyril Mango (ed.) The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

Lietzmann, Hans. The Era of the Church Fathers: A History of the Early Church, Vol. IV, trans. Bertram Lee Woolf. London: Lutterworth Press, 1951.

Lowden, John. Early Christian & Byzantine Art. London: Phaidon Press, 1977.

Martin, R. P. Worship in the Early Church. 1964, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974.

Morris, Leon. “The Saints & the Synagogue,” in Michael J. Wilkins and Terrence Paige (eds), Worship, Theology & Ministry in the Early Church: Essays in Honor of Ralph P. Martin. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1992.

Old, Hughes O. “The Service of Daily Prayer in the Primitive Christian Church: A Study of Acts 4:23-31.” Unpublished paper, 1979.

Oulton & Chadwick. “Origen: General Introduction,” in Alexandrian Christianity, Vol. II, Library of Christian Classics. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1954.

Peterson, David W. “Worship in the New Testament” in D. A. Carson (ed) Worship: Adoration and Action. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1993.

_________. Engaging with God: A Biblical Theology of Worship. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1993.

Walker, Peter. “Building a Holy City,” Christian History & Biography, Issue 97.

Reformation

Eire, Carlos M. N. War Against the Idols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

Kwatera, Michael. “Roman Catholic Liturgy,” The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation.

Old, Hughes O. The Patristic Roots of Reformed Worship. Zurich: Theologischer Verlag, 1970.

Post-Reformation

9

Davies, Horton. The Worship of the American Puritans, 1629-1730. Morgan, PA: Soli Deo Gloria Publications, 1999.

________. The Worship of the English Puritans. 1948, Morgan, PA: Soli Deo Gloria, 1997.

________. Worship & Theology in England: From Watts & Wesley to Maurice, 1690-1850. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1961.

Fawcett, Timothy J. The Liturgy of Comprehension 1689. Southend-on-Sea: The Alcuin Club.

Hanson, Dave. “Cloud of Witnesses,” Leadership. Fall 1996.

Modern

Blackwood, Andrew. The Fine Art of Worship. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1939.

Carson, D. A. (ed.). Worship: Adoration and Action. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1993.

________. (ed.). Worship by the Book. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 2002.

Clowney, Edward P. “Presbyterian Worship,” in D.A. Carson (ed.) Worship: Adoration and Action. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1993.

Farrer, Lauralee. “The Way We Were Led.” Fuller Focus. Spring 2005, Vol. 13, No. 2.

Frame, John M. Contemporary Worship Music: A Biblical Defense. P&R Publishing, 1997.

________. Worship in Spirit and Truth: A Refreshing Study of the Principle and Practice of Biblical Worship. Phillipsburg, NJ: Presbyterian & Reformed Publishing, 1996.

Frankforter, A. Daniel. Stones for Bread: A Critique of Contemporary Worship. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2001.

Galli, Mark. “A Deeper Relevance,” in Christianity Today. May 2008.

Goodloe, James C. IV. “Righteous Judgment.” The Presbyterian Outlook, February 7, 2004.

Gordon, T. David. “Some Answers to the Regulative Principle,” Westminster Theological Journal, Vol. 55, 1993.

________. “Review Article: The Westminster Assembly’s Unworkable and Unscriptural View of Worship,” Westminster Theological Journal, Vol. 65, 2003.

10

Gore, R. J. Covenantal Worship: Reconsidering the Puritan Regulative Principle. Phillipsburg, New Jersey: P & R Publishing Co., 2002.

________. “Response: Covenantal Worship: Reconsidering the Critics.” Westminster Theological Journal 67, 2005.

Grossman, Cathy Lynn. “Cowboy church rounds ‘em up; Straight-shooting emphasis on Christianity spurs a growing trend.” USA Today, March 11, 2003.

Hamilton, Michael S. “The Triumph of the Praise Songs,” in Christianity Today. July 12, 1999.

Hart, D.G. “Evangelicals on the Durham Trail,” originally appeared as “Post-Modern Evangelical Worship.” Calvin Theological Journal, 30. 1995.

Hawkins, Greg and Cally Parkinson. Reveal: Where Are You? Barrington, Illinois: Willow Creek Association, 2007.

Hope, D.M. Revised by G. Woolfenden, “Liturgical Books,” in Jones, et. al, Study of Liturgy. 1978, New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.

Horton, Michael. A Better Way: Rediscovering the Drama of God-Centered Worship. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Books, 2002.

Keller, Tim. “Evangelistic Worship” found at the Redeemer, NY web site: www.redeemer.com, June 2001.

________. “Reformed Worship in the Global City,” in D.A. Carson (ed.), Worship By the Book. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2002.

McCarthy, Rebecca. “Gwinnett’s 12Stone church features glitzy amenities, Starbucks,” Atlanta Journal Constitution, January 22, 2008.

Leland, John. “Rappers are Raising Their Churches.” New York Times, September 13, 2004.

Lucarini, Dan. Why I Left the Contemporary Christian Music Movement: Confessions of a Former Worship Leader. Darlington, England: Evangelical Press, 2002.

Meyers, Jeffrey J. The Lord’s Service: The Grace of Covenant Renewal Worship. Moscow, ID: Canon Press, 2003.

Morgenthaler, Sally. “Film & Worship: Windows in Caves & Other Things We Do with Perfectly Good Prisms,” in Theology, News, & Notes, Vol. 52, No. 2, Spring 2005.

11

Murray, Iain. “Reinventing Evangelicalism” in The Banner of Truth Magazine, Issue 534, March 2008.

Owen, Linda. “Worship at the O.K. Corral.” Christianity Today, September 12, 2003, Vol. 47, No. 9.

Redmann, Robb. The Great Worship Awakening: Singing a New Song in the Postmodern Church. San Francisco: Josey-Bass Books, 2002.

Tolson, Jay. “A Return to Tradition,” in U.S. News & World Report. Volume 143, Number 22, December 22, 2007.

Ziegler, Mollie. Hemmingway, “Radio Silence,” Wall Street Journal, March 28, 2008.

General & Reformed

Dennison, Charles G. “Worship and Office,” in Mark R. Brown, ed., Order in the Offices. Classic Presbyterian Government Resources: Duncansville, PA 1993.

Forrester, D.B. “Worship,” in Nigel M. de Cameron (ed). Dictionary of Scottish Church History and Theology. Downers Grove, Ill: Inter-Varsity Press, 1993.

Godfrey, Robert. “The Offering,” The Outlook 41. Nov. 1991.

Hageman, H. G. Pulpit & Table: Some Chapters in the History of Worship in the Reformed Churches. Richmond, Virginia: John Knox Press, 1962.

Hart, D.G. Recovering Mother Kirk: The Case for Liturgy in the Reformed Tradition. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House, 2003.

________ and John R. Muether. With Reverence and Awe: Returning to the Basics of Reformed Worship. Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R Publishing Company, 2002.

Hughes, R. Kent. “Free Church Worship” in D.A. Carson (ed.), Worship by the Book. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 2002.

Johnson, Terry L. Leading in Worship (Oak Ridge, TN: The Covenant Foundation, 1996).

________. Reformed Worship: Worship that Is According to Scripture: Revised & Expanded. 2000; Greenville: Reformed Academic Press, 2003.

Jones, Chelsey and Geoffrey Wainright. The Study of Liturgy (Revised Edition). London: SPCK, 1992 (1978).

12

Macleod, Donald. Presbyterian Worship: Its Meaning and Method. Richmond: John Knox, 1967.

Martin, R. P. “Worship & Liturgy” in R. P. Martin & Peter H. Davids (eds). Dictionary of the Later New Testament and Its Developments. Downers Grove: Illinois: Leicester England: InterVarsity Press, 1997.

Maxwell, William D. A History of Worship in the Church of Scotland. London: Oxford University Press, 1955.

________. An Outline of Christian Worship: Its Developments and Forms. 1936; London: Oxford University Press, 1952.

M’Crie, Charles Greig. The Public Worship of Presbyterian Scotland. Edinburgh: William Blackwood & Sons, 1892.

Merton, Julius. Presbyterian Worship in America. Richmond: John Knox Press, 1967.

Mueller, Richard A. and Rowland S. Ward. Scripture and Worship: Biblical Interpretation and the Directory for Public Worship. Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R Publishing, 2007.

Nichols, James Hastings. Corporate Worship in the Reformed Tradition. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1968.

Old, Hughes O. Themes and Variations for a Christian Doxology. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1992.

________. Worship: That is Reformed According to Scripture. 1984, Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2004.

Penny, Robert L. (ed.). The Hope Fulfilled: Essays in Honor of O. Palmer Robertson. Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R Publishing, 2008.

Rayburn, Robert. O Come Let Us Worship: Corporate Worship in the Evangelical Church. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1980.

Ryan, Joseph. Worship: Beholding the Beauty of the Lord. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway Books, 2005.

Ryken, Philip G., Derek W. H. Thomas, and J. Ligon Duncan, III (eds.). Give Praise to God: A Vision for Reforming Worship. Phillipsburg, New Jersey: P&R Publishing, 2003.

Ryle, J.C. Worship: Its Priority, Principles, & Practice. Edinburgh: The Banner of Truth Trust, 2005.

13

Shields, Charles W. Liturgia Expurgata. New York: Anson D. F. Randolph & Company, 1864.

Smith, Frank J. and David C. Lachman (ed.), Worship in the Presence of God. Greenville, South Carolina: Greenville Seminary Press, 1992.

Sproul, R. C. “Good Intensions Gone Bad,” in Tabletalk. October 2007, Vol. 31, No. 10.

Spurgeon, C. H. The Metropolitan Tabernacle Pulpit: Sermons Preached by C. H. Spurgeon, Vol. XXXVIII. 1892, Pasadena, Texas: Pilgrim Publications, 1986.

Stephens, W.P. Zwingli: An Introduction to His Thought. Oxford: Clarendon, 1992.

Still, William. Congregational Record and Bible Readings. Gilcomston South Church of Scotland, Aberdeen, February 1989.

Veith, Gene Edward. “Corporate Reverence,” in Tabletalk. October 2007, Vol. 31, No. 10.

________. “Through Generations,” For the Life of the World. March, 1998, Vol 2, No. 1.

Vischer, Lukas (ed.). Christian Worship in Reformed Churches Past and Present. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003.

Von Allmen, Jean-Jacques. Worship: Its Theology and Practice. London: Lutterworth Press, 1965.

White, James F. Introduction to Christian Worship. Nashville: Abingdon, 1980.

________. “Where The Reformation Was Wrong on Worship,” Christian Century. October 27, 1982. (accessible online at http://www.religion_online.org/showarticle.asp?title=1348).

________. “Our Apostasy in Worship,” Christian Century. September 28, 1977.

IV. Elements of Worship

Pastoral Theology

Armstrong, John H. (ed). Reforming Pastoral Ministry: Challenges for Ministry in Postmodern Times. Wheaton: Crossway Books, 2001.

Baxter, Richard. The Reformed Pastor. 1656, rprt; Edinburgh: The Banner of Truth Trust, 1974.

Berkley, James D. (ed.). Leadership Handbooks of Practical Theology, Volume One, Word and Worship. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1992.

14

Bridges, Charles. The Christian Ministry; With an Inquiry into the Causes of Its Inefficiency; With an Especial Reference to the Ministry of the Establishment. London: Seeley, 1849.

Brown, John. The Christian Pastor’s Manual. Ligonier, 1826, Pennsylvania: Soli Deo Gloria, 1991.

Cameron, N.M. and S.B. Ferguson, Pulpit and People: Essays in Honour of William Still on His 75th Birthday. Edinburgh: Rutherford House Books, 1986.

Conn, Harvey M. (ed.). Practical Theology and the Ministry of the Church, 1952-1984: Essays in Honor of Edmund P. Clowney. Phillipsburg, New Jersey: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company, 1990.

Fairbairn, Patrick. Pastoral Theology: A Treatise on the Office and Duties of the Christian Pastor. 1875; Audubon, New Jersey: Old Paths Publications, 1992.

Johnson, Terry L. The Pastor’s Public Ministry. Greenville, SC: Reformed Academic Press, 2001.

Jowett, J. H. The Preacher: His Life and Work. New York: George H. Doran Company, 1912.

MacArthur, John, Jr. Rediscovering Pastoral Ministry. Dallas: Word Publishing, 1995.

Murphy, Thomas. Pastoral Theology: The Pastor and the Various Duties of His Office. 1877; Audubon, New Jersey: Old Paths Publications, 1996.

Oden, Thomas C. Pastoral Theology: Essentials of Ministry. San Francisco: Harper and Row, Publishers, 1983.

Plumer, William S. Hints & Helps in Pastoral Theology. 1874; Harrisonburg, Virginia: Sprinkle Publications, 2003.

Shedd, W.G.T. Homiletics and Pastoral Theology. 1867; Edinburgh: The Banner of Truth Trust, 1965.

Spurgeon, C. H. An All-Around Ministry: Addresses to Ministers and Students. 1900; Edinburgh: The Banner of Truth Trust, 1965.

________. Lectures to My Students: A Selection from Addresses Delivered to the Students of The Pastors’ College, Metropolitan Tabernacle. London: Passmore and Alabaster, 1881.

Still, William. The Work of the Pastor. Aberdeen: Didasho Press, 1976.

15

Stott, John R. Between Two Worlds: The Art of Preaching in the Twentieth Century. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1982.

Whitney, Don. “Ten More Ways to Improve Your Church Worship Service.” Banner of Truth Web Site, November 2002.

White, Peter. The Effective Pastor. Ross-shire: Christian Focus Publications, 1998.

Preaching

Adams, Jay E. Preaching with Purpose. Phillipsburg, New Jersey: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company, 1982.

Alexander, James W. Thoughts on Preaching: Being Contributions to Homiletics. 1864, Edinburgh: The Banner of Truth Trust, 1975.

Beecher, Henry Ward. Yale Lectures on Preaching. New York: Fords, Howard, and Hulbert, 1893.

Broadus, J. A. Broadus. On the Preparation and Delivery of Sermons Revised Edition. 1870; Nashville: Broadman Press, 1944.

Brooks, Phillips. Lectures on Preaching Delivered before the Divinity School of Yale College In January and February. 1877, New York: E. P. Dutton and Company, 1907.

Chapell, Bryan. Christ-Centered Preaching: Redeeming the Expository Sermon. Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1994.

Dabney, Robert L. Sacred Rhetoric or Course of Lectures on Preaching. 1870; Edinburgh; The Banner of Truth Trust, 1979.

Dale, R. W. Nine Lectures on Preaching. London: Hodder and Stoughton, n.d.

Doddridge, Philip. Lectures on Preaching. London: W. Baynes and Son, n.d.

Ferguson, Sinclair. “Evangelical Exemplar,” Tabletalk. Feb. 1999

Forsyth, P.T. Preaching and the Modern Mind. 1907, London: Independent Press Ltd., 1949.

Kistler, Don (ed.). Feed My Sheep: A Passionate Plea for Preaching. Morgan, PA: Soli Deo Gloria Publications, 2002.

16

Lloyd-Jones, D. Martyn. Preaching and Preachers. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 1971.

Logan, Jr., Samuel T. The Preacher & Preaching: Reviving the Art in the Twentieth Century. Phillipsburg: New Jersey: Presbyterian & Reformed Publishing Company, 1986.

MacArthur, John, Jr. (ed.). Rediscovering Expository Preaching. Dallas: Word Publishing, 1992.

Morgan, G.C. Preaching. London: Marshall, Morgan & Scott, 1938).

Mouw, Richard J. “Preaching Worth Pondering,” Fuller Focus 5. November 1996.

Porter, Ebenezer. Lectures on Homiletics and Preaching, and on Public Prayer; Together with Sermons and Letters. New York; Flagg, Gould and Newman, 1834.

Robinson, Haddon W. Biblical Preaching. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1980.

Taylor, William M. The Ministry of the Word. 1876; Harrisonburg, Virginia: Sprinkle Publications, 2003.

Willimon, William H. Preaching and Leading Worship. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1984.

Reading Scripture

Allen, Jr., Horace T. “Calendar & Lectionary in Reformed Perspective & History,” in Lukas Vischer (ed.), Christian Worship in Reformed Churches Past & Present. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003.

Bastian, Donald N. “The Silenced Word,” in Christianity Today, March 5, 2001, Vol. 45, No. 4.

Burgess, John P. “Shaping a Congregation Through Lectio Continua” in Reformed Liturgy & Music, Vol. XXX, Number 1, 1996.

DeBoer, Louis F. “The Reading of the Scriptures,” in Frank J. Smith & David C. Lachman (ed.), Worship in the Presence of God. Greenville, South Carolina: Greenville Seminary Press, 1992.

Duncan, J. Ligon, III. “Reading & Praying the Bible in Corporate Worship,” in Philip G. Ryken (ed.), Give Praise to God: A Vision for Reforming Worship. Philipsburg, NJ: P&R Publishing, 2003.

Fuller, R. H. “Lectionary,” in J. G. Davies (ed.). The New Westminster Dictionary of Liturgy & Worship. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1986.

17

Hanson, Dave. “Cloud of Witnesses,” Leadership. Fall 1996.

Howe, Arthur. “The Public Reading of the Scriptures.” The Banner of Truth Magazine. Issue 499, April 2005.

Jussley, David. “Lectio Continua: The Best Way to Teach & Preach the Bible.” The Banner of Truth Magazine. Issue 499, April 2005.

Leder, Arie C. Reading & Hearing the Word. Grand Rapids: CRC Publications, 1998.

Lensch, Christopher K. “The Public Reading of Scripture.” Western Reformed Seminary Journal, February 2000, Vol. 7, No. 1.

Old, Hughes O. The Reading & Preaching of the Scriptures in the Worship of the Christian Church (Vol. 1–6 of projected 7 volumes). Grand Rapids: Michigan: Eerdmans, 1998—(still in progress).

________. The Reading & Preaching of the Scriptures in the Worship of the Christian Church, Volume 1: The Biblical Period. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1998.

________. The Reading & Preaching of the Scriptures in the Worship of the Christian Church, Volume 4: The Age of the Reformation. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2002.

________. The Reading & Preaching of the Scriptures in the Worship of the Christian Church, Volume 5: Moderatism, Pietism, and Awakening. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2004.

________. The Reading and Preaching of the Scriptures in the Worship of the Christian Church, Volume 6: The Modern Age. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 2007.

Randall, Dwight A. “Scripture Reading & Worship.” Life News, Internet Magazine.

Schmit, Clayton J. Public Reading of Scripture: A Handbook. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2002.

Prayer

Barnes, Craig. “The Most Important Thing You Do.” Leadership, Fall 1996.

Blackwood, Andrew. Leading in Public Prayer. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1957.

Boa, Kenneth. Handbook to Prayer: Praying Scripture Back to God. Atlanta: Trinity House Publishers, 1993.

18

________. Handbook to Renewal: Renewing Your Mind with Affirmation from Scripture. Atlanta: Trinity House Publishers, 1996.

MacDonald, Gordon. “The Cleansing Power of Public Prayer.” Leadership 8. Winter 1987.

MacLaren, Alexander. Public Prayers. 1907, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House, 1956.

Miller, Samuel. Thoughts on Public Prayer. 1844, Harrisonburg, Virginia: Sprinkle Publications, 1985.

Old, Hughes O. Leading in Prayer: A Workbook for Ministers. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1995.

________. “The Psalms as Christian Prayer. A Preface to the Liturgical Use of the Psalter.” Unpublished manuscript, 1978.

Olyott, Stuart. “Leading in Public Prayer.” Banner of Truth Web Site, May 2003.

Powlison, David. “Praying Beyond the Sick List,” in By Faith. Issue 8, April 2006.

Roberts, Maurice. “Leading in Public Prayer.” Banner of Truth Web Site, November 2003.

Schneider, A. Michael, III. “Prayer Regulated By God’s Word” in Smith & Lachman (eds) Worship in the Presence of God. Greenville, SC: Knoxville Seminary Press, 1982.

Spinks, Bryan D. “The Origens of the Antipathy to Set Liturgical Forms in the English-Speaking Reformed Tradition,” in Lukas Vischer (ed.), Christian Worship in Reformed Churches Past and Present. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003.

Spurgeon, C. H. The Pastor in Prayer. 1893, Edinburgh: Banner of Truth Trust, 2004.

von Balthasar, Hans Urs. Prayer. San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1986.

Church Song

Begbie, Jeremy S. Resounding Truth: Christian Wisdom in the World of Music. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2007.

Benson, Louis F. “John Calvin and the Psalmody of the Reformed Churches,” in Journal of the Presbyterian Historical Society. Vol. V., Nos. 1-3, March-September, 1909.

19

Berry, Mary. “Hymns,” in The New Westminster Dictionary of Liturgy and Worship, ed. J. G. Davies. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1986.

________. “Psalmody” in The New Westminster Dictionary of Liturgy and Worship, ed. J. G. Davies. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1986.

Bock, Fred. Hymns for the Family of God. Nashville, Tennessee: Paragon Associates, 1976.

Bonhoeffer, Dietrich. The Psalms–Prayer Book of the Bible. 1940, Oxford University Press, 1982.

Bushnell, Michael. The Songs of Zion: A Contemporary Case for Exclusive Psalmody. Pittsburgh: Crown & Covenant Publications, 1980.

Butler, Bartlett. “Hymns” in Hans J. Hillerbrand, The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation, Vol. 2. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.

Holladay, William L. The Psalms through Three Thousand Years: Prayerbook of a Cloud of Witnesses. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1993.

Johnson, Terry L. Compiler & Ed. Trinity Psalter. Pittsburgh, PA; Crown & Covenant Publications, 1994.

Lewis, C. S. Reflections on the Psalms. London: Geoffrey Bless, 1958.

Makujina, John. Measuring the Music: Another Look at the Contemporary Christian Music Debate. Salem, Ohio: Schmul Publishing Co., 2000.

McNaughter, John. The Psalms in Christian Worship. 1907, Edmonton, Canada: Still Water Revival Books, 1992.

Olaskey, Marvin. “Joyful Noises,” World. March 8/15, 2008.

Patrick, Millar. Four Centuries of Scottish Psalmody. London: Oxford University Press, 1949.

Payton, Leonard R. Reforming Our Worship Music. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway Books, 1999.

Peterson, J.W. (ed.). Great Hymns of the Faith. 1968, Grand Rapids: Singspiration Music, 1977.

_________. Praise! Our Songs & Hymns. Grand Rapids: Singspiration, 1989.

Roff, Lawrence C. Let Us Sing: Worshiping God with Our Music. Norcross, GA Great Commission Publication, 1991.

20

The Hymnal for Worship & Celebration. Waco, Texas: Word, 1986.

The Worshiping Church: A Hymnal. Card Stream: Hope Publishing Co., 1990.

Trinity Hymnal. Norcross, GA: Great Commission Publications, 1990.

Veith, Gene E. “Church Music and Contemporary Culture” in Modern Reformation, November/December 2002.

Westermeyer, Paul. Te Deum: The Church and Music. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1998.

Witvliet, John D. “On Durable Music, the Ten Commandments and Palm-Passion Sunday.” Reformed Worship, 58, December 2000, 43.

________. The Biblical Psalms in Christian Worship: A Brief Introduction and Guide to Resources. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2007.

________. “The Spirituality of the Psalter: Metrical Psalms in Liturgy and Life in Calvin’s Geneva.” Calvin Theological Journal, 32, 1997, 296.

Sacraments

Bromiley, G. W. Sacramental Teaching and Practice in the Reformation Churches. Grand Rapids: WM. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1957.

Duncan, Ligon. “True Communion with the Lord’s Supper: Calvin, Westminster, and the Nature of Christ’s Sacramental Presence,” in J. Ligon Duncan (ed.), The Westminster Confession into the 21st Century: Essays in Remembrance of the 350th Anniversary of the Westminster Assembly, Volume 2. Ross-shire, Scotland: Christian Focus Publications, _______, 429-475.

Henry, Matthew. A Communicant=s Companion, 1:284-412. Found in The Complete Works of Matthew Henry. 2 vols. Edinburgh: J. Fullarton & Co., 1855. Reprint Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1979. Second reprinting, Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1997.

Letham, Robert. The Lord’s Supper: Eternal Word in Broken Bread. Phillipsburg, New Jersey: P&R Publishing, 2001.

Old, Hughes O. “The Covenantal Design of Calvin’s Eucharistic Theology.” Unpublished paper presented at the Calvin Colloquium, January 2006.

________.The Shaping of the Reformed Baptismal Rite in the Sixteenth Century. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1992.

21

Phillips, Richard D. What is the Lord’s Supper? Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R Publishing, 2005.

Schmidt, Leigh Eric. Holy Fairs: Scottish Communions and American Revivals in the Early Modern Period. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1989.

Wandel, Palmer. The Eucharist in the Reformation: Incarnation and Liturgy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Miscellaneous

Warren, Rick. The Purpose Driven Church. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1995.

Reynolds, Gregory E. The Word is Worth a Thousand Pictures: Preaching in the Electronic Age. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2001.

Biéler, André. Architecture in Worship. Edinburgh & London: Oliver & Boyd, 1965.

Nichols, James H. & Leonard J. Trinterud. The Architectural Setting for Reformed Worship, Revised Edition. Chicago, Illinois: Presbytery of Chicago, 1960.

Bess, Philip. Till We Have Built Jerusalem: Architecture, Urbanism, and the Sacred. Wilmington, Delaware: ISI Books, 2006.

Trueman, Carl R. The Wages of Spin: Critical Writings on Historic & Contemporary Evangelicalism. 2004, Geanies House, Fearn, Ross-shire: Christian Focus Publications, 2007.

Trueman, Carl R. Minority Report: Unpopular Thoughts on Everything from Ancient Christianity to Zen-Calvinism. Geanies House, Fearn, Ross-shire: Christian Focus Publications, 2008.

Kidd, Reggie M. With One Voice: Discovering Christ’s Song in Our Worship. 2005, Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2006.

Barna, George. Revolution. Carol Stream, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 2005.

Kauflin, Bob. Worship Matters: Leading Others to Encounter the Greatness of God. Wheaton, IL: Crossway Books, 2008.

Wells, David F. God In the Wasteland: The Reality of Truth in a World of Fading Dreams (Grand Rapids: Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1994

Wells, David F. The Courage to Be Protestant: Truth-lovers, Marketers, and Emergents in the Postmodern World. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2008.

Kinnaman, David and Gabe Lyons. Unchristian: What a New Generation Really Thinks About Christianity . . . and Why it Matters. Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 2007.

22

Noll, Mark. The Scandal of the Evangelical Mind. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdman’s Publishing Co., 1994.

Jungmann,, Joseph A.S.J. The Early Liturgy: To the Time of Gregory the Great, Liturgical Studies Volume VI. Notre Dame: Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1959.

Byars, Ronald P. What Language Shall I Borrow?: The Bible and Christian Worship. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2008.

Plantinga, Jr., Cornelius and Sue A. Rozeboom, Discerning the Spirits: A guide for Thinking about Christian Worship Today, Calvin Institute of Christian Worship Liturgical Studies Series. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company: Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2003.

Buss, Dale. “Less Seeking, More Thrills,” The Wall Street Journal, June 27, 2008.

Hemingway, Mollie Ziegler. “Radio Silence,” Wall Street Journal, March 28, 2008.

Calvin, John. Institutes, II.8.17; “On the Necessity of Reforming the Church,” in Selected Works of John Calvin, Vol. 1. 1844, Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1983.

Carson, D.A. (ed). Worship By the Book. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2002.

Stapert, Calvin R. A New Song for an Old World: Musical Thought in the Early Church, The Calvin Institute of Christian Worship Liturgical Studies. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 2007.

Watts, Isaac. The Psalms and Hymns of Isaac Watts. Morgan, PA: Soli Deo Gloria Publications, 1997.

Marini, Stephen. “Hymnody as History: Early Evangelical Hymns and the Recovery of American Popular Religions.” Church History, June 2002.

Zwingli, Huldrich. Of Baptism, Library of Christian Classics, Vol. 24. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1955.

McCarthy, Rebecca. “Gwinnett’s 12Stone church features glitzy amenities, Starbucks.” Atlanta Journal Constitution, January 22, 2008.

Calvin, John . The Acts of the Apostles, 14-28, Calvin’s Commentaries, trans. John W. Fraser, eds. David W. and Thomas F. Torrance. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1973.

Willison, John. A Sacramental Catechism. 1720, Morgan, PA: Soli Deo Gloria, 2000.

23

Davies, Samuel. The Sermons of Samuel Davies, Vol. 2. Morgan, PA: Soli Deo Gloria, 2000.

Spurgeon, C.H. Till He Come: A Collection of Communion Addresses. Fearn, Ross-shire: Christian Focus Publications, n.d..

Oden, Thomas C. How Africa Shaped the Christian Mind: Rediscovering the African Seedbed of Western Christianity. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press, 2008.

Sowell, Thomas. Black Rednecks and White Liberals. San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2005.

Godfrey, W. Robert. “Friends or Foes? The Mission and the Confession of the Church,” Evangelium, Volume 6: Issue 1. May 2008.

Fitzgerald, Francis. “Come One, Come All: Building a Megachurch in New England,” in The New Yorker. December 3, 2007.

Sample, Tex. Spectacle of Worship in a Wired World: Electronic Culture and the Gathered People of God. Abingdon Press, 1998; cited in Plantinga & Roseboom, Discerning the Spirits, 82.

Slaughter, Michael. Out on the Edge: A Wake-Up Call for Church Leaders. Abingdon Press, 1998; cited in Plantinga & Rozeboom, Discerning the Spirits, 82-84.

James, John Angell. An Earnest Ministry: The Want of the Times. 1847, Edinburgh: The Banner of Truth Trust, 1993.

Eby, David. Power Preaching for Church Growth: The Role of Preaching in Growing Churches. Ross-shire, Great Britain: Christian Focus Publications, 1996.

Blanchard, John, Peter Anderson, Derek Cleave. Pop Goes the Gospel: Rock in the Church. Darlington, England: Evangelical Press, 1989.

Johansson, Calvin. Discipling Music Ministry: Twenty-First Century Directions. Peabody, MA: Hendricksen, 1992.

Baxter, Richard. The Practical Works of Richard Baxter, Vol. II. Ligonier, Pennsylvania: Soli Deo Gloria, 1990.

Edwards, Jonathan. The Works of Jonathan Edwards, Vol. I. 1834, Edinburgh: The Banner of Truth Trust, 1974.

Armstrong, Chris. “The Future Lies in the Past,” Christianity Today, Vol. 52, No. 2. February 2008.

Old, Hughes O. “John Calvin and the Prophetic Criticism of Worship,” in Timothy George (ed.) John Calvin and the Church: A Prism of Reform. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1990.

24

25