doctoral thesis bistrita river hydrological regime ...phdthesis.uaic.ro/phdthesis/costea (cojoc),...

A. I. CUZA UNIVERSITY OF IASI

FACULTY PF GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY

DOCTORAL SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY AND LIFE AND

EARTH SCIENCES

DOCTORAL THESIS

BISTRITA RIVER HYDROLOGICAL

REGIME ANALYSIS CONSIDERING THE

EXISTENCE OF THE HYDROPOWER

PROJECTS

SCIENTIFIC ADVISER

Prof. GHEORGHE ROMANESCU, PhD

PhD Student

Gianina Maria COSTEA

Married COJOC

September

2015

Bistrița River hydrological regime analysis considering the existence of the hydropower projects

Drd. Gianina Maria Costea (Cojoc) 2

CONTENTS

FOREWORD ..................................................................... 4

AKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................... 4

GRANT .............................................................................. 5

FIGURE LIST .................................................................... 6

TABLE LIST ..................................................................... 8

1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................... 10

2. HISTORY RESEARCH .............................................. 13

3. DATABASE. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND

TECHNIQUES OF MONITORING THE RESERVOIRS

.......................................................................................... 17

4. THE HYDROMETRIC ACTIVITY IN BISTRITA

RIVER BASIN ................................................................. 20

4.1. Hydrometric development of the network in Bistrita

River Basin ....................................................................... 20

4.2. The structure of the hydrometric network from Bistrita

River Basin today ............................................................. 20

4.3. Modern monitoring methods ..................................... 24

5. PHYSICO-GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS FOR

THE WATER RESOURCES EVOLUTION .................. 29

5.1. Localization and limits .............................................. 29

5.2. The paleogeographical evolution and the geological

compozition ...................................................................... 31

5.3. The relief – significant support of evolution of the

Bistrita River system ........................................................ 34

5.4. Caracterization of the climatic elements ................... 41

5.4.1. The frecquency and velocity of the wind ............... 41

5.4.2. Water temperature .................................................. 42

5.4.3. Precipitation ........................................................... 45

5.4.4. Evapotranspiration ................................................. 51

5.4.5. Relative humidity ................................................... 52

5.4.6. Fog ......................................................................... 53

5.4.7. Nebulosity .............................................................. 54

5.4.8. Duration of sunshine .............................................. 54



5.5. The soil and its influence on runoff ......................... 54

5.6. The vegetation and the land use ............................... 57

5.7. The hydrological regime in Bistrița River Basin ..... 63

5.7.1. Groundwater ......................................................... 63

5.7.2. Surface water. River network................................ 67

5.7.2.1. Runoff regime – average runoff. ........................ 70

5.7.2.2. Maximum runoff ................................................ 73

5.7.2.4. Minimum runoff ................................................. 92

6. RESERVOIRS .......................................................... 103

6.1. The necessity of Bistrita River development ......... 105

6.2. Morfometry of the reservoir ................................... 106

6.3. The ecosystem of the reservoir. The biotope and the

biocoenosis .................................................................... 107

7. THE PARAMETERS OF THE RESERVOIRS IN

BISTRITA RIVER BASIN ........................................... 110

7.1. Izvoru Muntelui – Bicaz Dam and Dimitrie Leonida –

Stejaru Power Plant ....................................................... 112

7.2. Pângărați Dam and Power Plant ............................ 114

7.3. Vaduri Dam and Power Plant ................................ 115

7.4. Piatra Neamț (Bâtca Doamnei) Dam and Power

Plant .............................................................................. 117

7.5. Reconstrucția Dam and Săvinești (Vânători) Power

Plant .............................................................................. 118

7.6. Piatra Neamț – Buhuși channel .............................. 118

7.7. Racova Dam and Power Plant ................................ 119

7.8. Gârleni Dam and Power Plant ................................ 120

7.9. Lilieci (Bacau I) Dam and Power Plant ................. 121

7.10. Bacău II (Șerbănești) Dam and Power Plant ........ 123

7.11. Lac Agrement Dam .............................................. 124

7.12. Topoliceni Dam and Power Plant ........................ 125

8. RESERVOIR WATER BALANCE ......................... 127

8.1. Methodology information ...................................... 127

8.2. Reservoir water balance ......................................... 128



9. THE RESERVOIR INFLUENCE ON RUNOFF .......135

9.1. The exploitation and the influence of the reservoirs on

runoff...............................................................................135

9.2. Replenishment of the flow .......................................138

9.3. Reservoir influence on maximum runoff and flood

attenuation .......................................................................141

9.3.1. Reservoir exploitation during high level waters and

flash floods ......................................................................144

9.4. The lacustrine sediment origin and the degree of silting

.........................................................................................153

9.5. The degree of silting and its influence on reservoir

exploitation .....................................................................154

9.6. Reservoir sustainable management ..........................162

10. RIVER AND RESERVOIR WATER QUALITY ....164

10.1. Sources of pollution in Bistrita River Basin ..........164

10.2. Quality classes in Bistrița River Basin ...................175

11. HYDRAULIC MODELING – maps of inundability 179

12. CONCLUSIONS .......................................................191

13. BIBLIOGRAPHY .....................................................196

FIGURE LIST

Fig. 1 The map of Moldavia reproduced by Dimitrie Cantemir

(https://harlau625.wordpress.com/2011/01/20/o-harta-a-moldovei-

din-vremea-domului-dimitrie-cantemir/) ....................................... 14

Fig. 2 The hydroenergetic deelopment of Bistrița River (after Siret

Water Basin Administration, 2014) ................................................ 21

Fig. 3 Automatic station (AHSS) Drăgoiasa on Neagra River ....... 25

Fig. 4 Automatic station (APPS) Panaci from Panaci locality ...... 26

Fig. 5 Interface of HydroNet Briefing Terminal. Information about

the hydrometrical station Cârlibaba on Bistrița River (Print screen

from Siret Water Basin Prognosis Centre, Bacău) ........................ 26

Fig. 6 Interface of HydroThreatNet. Information about a hydrometric

station from Olt River Basin (image taken the National Centre of

Basin Prognosis, București) ........................................................... 27



Fig. 7 Interface of the hydrological prognosis program RFS.

Information concerning the hydrometrical station Cârlibaba on

Bistrița River (Image taken from preluată după Centrul de Prognoză

Bazinală, Bacău) ............................................................................ 28

Fig. 8 Localization of Bistriţa River Basin in Romania and in Siret

River Basin ..................................................................................... 30

Fig. 9 Map of lithology of Bistrița River (after Map of Romanian

Geology scale 1:200000 made the Geologic Institute in 1968) ..... 33

Fig. 10 Units of relief in Bistrița River Basin (after Ungureanu I.,

2004) .............................................................................................. 35

Fig. 11 Călimani sulphourous gravel pit (today it is in the process of

greening) ........................................................................................ 37

Fig. 12 Bistriței Valley Zugreni sector .......................................... 38

Fig. 13 Bistrița River at Poiana Teiului ........................................ 38

Fig. 14 Annual average temperature map in Bistrița River Basin . 44

Fig. 15 Annual average precipitation map in Bistrița River Basin 46

Fig. 16 Maximum precipitation in Bistrița River Basin ................. 48

Fig. 17 Maximum precipitation variation in Bistrița River Basin long

profile ............................................................................................. 48

Fig. 18 Season precipitation variation in Bistrița River Basin ...... 50

Fig. 19 Season precipitation variation on the Bistrița tributarries 50

Fig. 20 Soil on Bistrița River Basin (after Soil Map scala 1:1000000

from Romania Atlas, 1978; and the Romanian Taxonomy System of

Soil, 2012) ...................................................................................... 56

Fig. 21 Alpine vegetation in Călimani mountains (at Călimani

Meteorological station – 2020 m) .................................................. 57

Fig. 22 Mountainous scenary in Bistrița Bistrița River Basin (at

Dorna Arini) ................................................................................... 58

Fig. 23 Land use in Bistrița River Basin (after CORINE

LANDCOVER, 2006) ..................................................................... 62

Fig. 24 Groundwater bodies in Bistrița River Basin (after Siret

Water Basin Administration, 2015) ................................................ 66

Fig. 25 Synoptic sketch – Bistrita River Basin (after Siret Water

Basin Administration, Bacau, 2015) .............................................. 68

Fig. 26 Longitudinal profile on Bistrita River (the inferior sector, the

one one with the reservoirs) ........................................................... 69

Fig. 27 The most important floods recorded in 1970 in Bistrița River

Basin .............................................................................................. 76



Fig. 28 Mounthly average flows from 1991 compared to the annual

average flows on Cuejdiu, Iapa and Cracau .................................. 78

Fig. 29 The 1991, July-August flood hydrographs at Cuejdiu and

Slobozia hydrometrical stations ..................................................... 79


Basin .............................................................................................. 80


Basin .............................................................................................. 83

Fig. 32 The 2005 floods in Bacau – pictures from the dam and Insula

de Agrement (after Siret Water Basin Administration, Bacau) ...... 85

Fig. 33 The 2005 floods in Bacau – pictures from the town (after

Siret Water Basin Administration, Bacau) ..................................... 85

Fig. 34 The 2005, July 9 – 23 flash flood, at Straja hydrometrical

station on Bistrita River ................................................................ 86

Fig. 35 The 2005, July 7–27 flash flood, at Frunzeni hydrometrical

station on Bistrita River ................................................................ 86


Basin .............................................................................................. 88

Fig. 37 The 2010 floods hydrographs on Trebes, Barnat and Negel

Rivers ............................................................................................. 89

Fig. 38 Sectors from the Trebes River flooded in 2010 ................. 90

Fig. 39 Deposits broughts by Trebes River during 2010 floods ..... 90

Fig. 40 The CFR neighborhood from Bacau flooded in 2010 by the

Negel River ..................................................................................... 91

Fig. 41 The lowest flows recorded during 1976 – 2011 in Bistrita

River Basin ..................................................................................... 92

Fig. 42 The minimum runoff in Trebes River Basin – the Bistrita

right side tributary ......................................................................... 93

Fig. 43 The hydrological drought phenomenon in Trebes River

Basin - the Bistrita tributary (mai exact pe Râul Valea Budului la

Valea Budului) ............................................................................... 94

Fig. 44 The alluvial suspension in 2010 floods on Trebes River... 96

Fig. 45 Comparison between water and air multiannual average

temperatures – Bistrita River, year 2000 ....................................... 97

Fig. 46 Comparison between water and air multiannual average

temperatures – Bistrita River, year 2014 ....................................... 97

Fig. 47 Ice jam phenomenon on Bistrita River ............................. 101

Fig. 48 Ice jam phenomenon on Bistrita River 2008-2009

(after Siret Water Basin Administration, 2015) 101



Fig. 49 Bistrita hydropower development scheme (after Siret Water

Basin Administration, 2015) ........................................................ 104

Fig. 50 The bird protection areas map in Bistrita River Basin .... 109

Fig. 51 Localization of reservoirs: Topoliceni, Izvoru Muntelui,

Pangarati, Vaduri, Batca Doamnei and Reconstructia ................ 110

Fig. 52 Localization of reservoirs: Racova, Garleni, Bacau I

(Lilieci), Bacau II, Canal Redresare UHE and Lac Agrement ..... 111

Fig. 53 The Izvoru Muntelui – Bicaz Dam ................................... 112

Fig. 54 Pangarati Reservoir ......................................................... 115

Fig. 55 Vaduri Reservoir .............................................................. 116

Fig. 56 Piatra Neamt (Batca Doamnei) Reservoir ....................... 117

Fig. 57 Reconstrucția Dam .......................................................... 118

Fig. 58 Buhuși Hydropower Plant and a section from Piatra Neamt

– Buhusi Channel ......................................................................... 119

Fig. 59 Racova Hydropower Plant and the section downstream . 120

Fig. 60 Gârleni Hydropower Plant and the section downstream . 121

Fig. 61 Lilieci (Bacău I) tail lake ................................................. 122

Fig. 62 Lilieci (Bacău I) Hydropower Plant and Dam ................. 122

Fig. 63 Bacău II Dam and Channel ............................................. 123

Fig. 64 Lac agrement (drained for the moment in order to be

rearranged into AQUAPARC) ..................................................... 125

Fig. 65 Topoliceni Dam ............................................................... 126

Fig. 66 Poiana Teiului Hydropower Plant ................................... 126

Fig. 67 IZVORU MUNTELUI volumetric curve .......................... 130

Fig. 68 PANGARATI volumetric curve ........................................ 132

Fig. 69 VADURI volumetric curve ............................................... 133

Fig. 70 PIATRA NEAMT(BATCA DOAMNEI)volumetric curve . 134

Fig. 71 Monthly average multiannual flows on Bistrita River (1940-

2014) ............................................................................................ 136

Fig. 72 Comparison between average measured flows – average

reconstituted flows at Straja hydrometrical station ..................... 139

Fig. 73 Comparison between average measured flows – average

reconstituted flows at Frunzeni hydrometrical station ................. 140

Fig. 74 Situation plan – Bistrita River, Izvoru Muntelui Reservoir

sector (source SC HIDROELECTRICA SA)................................ 141

Fig. 75 Limnimetric flow range of the overflow device – completely

open limit (source SC HIDROELECTRICA SA) .......................... 143

Fig. 76 Limnimetric flow range of the overflow device – partcially

open limit (source SC HIDROELECTRICA SA) .......................... 143



Fig. 77 Capacity curve of Izvoru Muntelui Reservoir based on

bathymetric measurement from 2009 (source HIDROLOG, Siret

Water Basin Administration, 2015) .............................................. 156

Fig. 78 Comparison between the capacity curves of the reservoir

according to the reservoir levels from 1960,1985,1997 și 2009

(source SC Hidroelectrica SA, Piatra Neamt) ............................. 156

Fig. 79 The variation in timp of the talweg (source SC Hidroelectrica

SA, Piatra Neamt) ........................................................................ 157

Fig. 80 Racova and Bacau II reservoirs silting ........................... 158

Fig. 81 Piatra Neamt Reservoir volume during 1965-2007 ......... 160

Fig. 82 Reconstrucția Reservoir volume during 1963-2002 ........ 160

Fig. 83 Lilieci and Bacau II Reservoirs volume during 1966-1997

and respectively 1966-2002 ......................................................... 160

Fig. 84 Pollution sources in Bistrita River Basin ......................... 170

Fig. 85 S.C. CARPAT CEMENT HOLDING S.A. – Tasca working

point ............................................................................................. 171

Fig. 86 The thereshold parametres .............................................. 172

Fig. 87 Wastewater treatment Plant of S.C. FIBREX NYLON S.A.

from Savinesti ............................................................................... 172

Fig. 88 Wastewater treatment Plant of Buhuși ............................ 175

Fig. 89 The interface of ISIS hydrological modeling .................. 183

Fig. 90 The sector of the river hydrologically modeled in ISIS (source

Siret Water Basin Administration) ............................................... 185

Fig. 91 Inundability sectors with 10%, 5%, 1% and 0.1%

probabilities for the sector downstream Izvoru Muntelui

Reservoir ...................................................................................... 188

Fig. 92 Inundability sectors with 10%, 5%, 1% and 0.1%

probabilities for the sector upstream Izvoru Muntelui Reservoir 189

TABLE LIST

Table 1 The hydrometrical stations from Bistrita River Basin needed

for the study and the periods of time the data was available ____ 17

Table 2 Meteorologic and pluviometric stations in Bistrita River

Basin needed for the study and the periods of time the data was

available ____________________________________________ 18

Table 3 The hydrological network in Bistrita River Basin ______ 22



Table 4 The average annual velocity of the wind (%) (Clima

României, 2008) ______________________________________ 42

Table 5 The average annual frequency of the wind (%) (Clima

României, 2008) ______________________________________ 42

Table 6 The air temperature variation at the meteorological stations

in Bistrita River Basin (1950-2014) _______________________ 43

Table 7 The precipitation regime at the hydrometrical stations frim

Bistrita River Basin ___________________________________ 47

Table 8 The average and extreme data of the first and last snow day

and the duration of this phenomenon (Clima României, 2008)___ 51

Table 9 The average and maximum number of days with snow cover

(Clima României, 2008) ________________________________ 51

Table 10 The average monthly thickness of the snow cover (cm)

(Clima României, 2008) ________________________________ 51

Table 11 The real average monthly and annual evaporation in Bistrita

River Basin __________________________________________ 52

Table 12 The relative humidity in Bistrita River Basin _________ 53

Table 13 Monthly variation of the number of days with fog ____ 54

Table 14 The evolution of the forested area diring 1990-2006 (source

CORINE LAND COVER, 2006) __________________________ 61

Table 15 Average annual runoff in Bistrita River Basin ________ 71

Table 16 The seasonal ditribution of average runoff in Bistrita River

Basin _______________________________________________ 72

Table 17 The precipitation from May, 4-16, year1970 in the

mountainous area in Bistrita River Basin (mm) ______________ 75

Table 18 Maximum flow recorded until 1969 ________________ 76

Table 19 Average multianual flow in 1969 __________________ 76

Table 20 The average monthly precipitation regime during I – V 1970,

compared to the average multiannual flow __________________ 76

Table 21 Maximum flow recorded in May, 1970, in Bistrita River

Basin _______________________________________________ 77

Table 22 The average monthly precipitation regime during January-

July 1991, compared to the average multiannual flow _________ 78

Table 23 The highest amount of precipitation from July, 28-29, year

1991 ________________________________________________ 79

Table 24 The maximum levels recorded on the most important rivers

in Bistrita River Basin in 1991 ___________________________ 79

Table 25 The damage recorded in 1991 in Bistrita River Basin __ 80



Table 26 The average monthly precipitation regime during January-

June 2005, compared to the average multiannual flow_________ 81

Table 27 Amounts of precipitations from the first decade of July 2005,

compared to the monthly range ___________________________ 82

Table 28 Precipitations in July, 11-14, year 2005, in Bistrita River

Basin _______________________________________________ 83

Table 29 Maximum levels and flows in July, 12-15, year 2005 __ 84

Table 30 Maximum levels and flows in July, 12 – 17 iulie 2005 __ 86

Table 31 Damage recorded in 2005 in Bistrita River Basin _____ 87

Table 32 The average monthly precipitation regime during I – VII

2010, compared to the monthly range ______________________ 87

Table 33 Maximum levels from the summer of 2010 recorded in

Bistrita River Basin ____________________________________ 88

Table 34 Damage recorded in 2010 in Bistrita River Basin _____ 89

Table 35 The alluvial flow in Bistrita River Basin ____________ 95

Table 36 The water temperature variation compared to the air

temperature for some hydrometric stations in Bistrita River Basin 99

Table 37 Evolution of winter phenomena in Bistrita River Basin _ 99

Table 38 Industrial water supply ________________________ 119

Table 39 IZVORUL ALB hydrometrical station _____________ 129

Table 40 RUGINEȘTI Evaporimetrical station ______________ 129

Table 41 Q hydrometrical station + Qprecipitation = Qaffluent 130

Table 42 Qturbined + Qevaporation= Qdeffluent ___________ 130

Table 43 BALANCE CALCULATION - Izvoru Muntelui ______ 130

Table 44 BALANCE CALCULATION - Pangarati ___________ 131

Table 45 BALANCE CALCULATION - Vaduri _____________ 133

Table 46 BALANCE CALCULATION - Batca Doamnei ______ 134

Table 47 Monthly average multiannual flow in Bistrita River Basin

during 1950 – 2012 ___________________________________ 135

Table 48 Limnimetric correlation of the limit device (completely

opened) (sourceSC HIDROELECTRICA SA) _______________ 142

Table 49 Limnimetric correlation of the limit device (partially

opened) (source SC HIDROELECTRICA SA) ______________ 143

Table 50 The characteristics of the flash flood waves at the reservoir

section _____________________________________________ 145

Table 51 The attenuation volume of the flash floods for the reservoirs

in Bistrita River Basin _________________________________ 146

Table 52 The characteristics of the flash flood waves at Pangarati

Reservoir ___________________________________________ 147



Table 53 The characteristics of the flash flood waves at Vaduri

Reservoir ___________________________________________ 148

Table 54 The characteristics of the flash flood waves at Bâtca

Doamnei Reservoir ___________________________________ 148

Table 55 The characteristics of the flash flood waves at Reconstrucția

Reservoir ___________________________________________ 149

Table 56 The characteristics of the flash flood waves at Racova

Reservoir ___________________________________________ 150

Table 57 The characteristics of the flash flood waves at Gârleni

Reservoir ___________________________________________ 150

Table 58 The characteristics of the flash flood waves at Lilieci

Reservoir ___________________________________________ 151

Table 59 The characteristics of the flash flood waves at Bacău II

Reservoir ___________________________________________ 152

Table 60 The characteristics of the flash flood waves at Topoliceni

Reservoir ___________________________________________ 152

Table 61 The characteristic volumes evolution until today _____ 156

Table 62 The characteristics of the reservoirs from Bistrita ____ 159

Table 63 Equipment used for determining certain indicators ___ 176

Table 64 Elements and standards of physico-chemical quality for

water ______________________________________________ 176

Table 65 Main characteristics of ISIS 1 D models ___________ 184

Table 66 Types of structure _____________________________ 185

Table 67 Simulated flows based calculation scenaries in certain

points of control _____________________________________ 186

Table 68 Calculation scenaries for 10%, 5%, 1% and 0.1% ___ 187

This work was supported by strategic grand

POSDRU 159/1.5/133391, Project ”Doctoral and Post-

doctoral programs of excellence for highly qualified

human resources training for research in the field of Life

sciences, Environment and Earth science ” cofinaced by

the European Social Fund within the Sectorial

Operational Program Human Resources Development

2007 - 2013.



Keywords: Bistrita, hydrological regime, flash floods,

reservoir lakes, flow reconstitution, silting, water quality

1. INTRODUCTION

The complex influences of human society on the

hydrographic networks have lately gained a particular

momentum because of the development of economic

activities. Very often even if the hydrotechnical works

were meant to bring benefits, they had many negative side

effects, and sometimes disastrous.

The anthropogenic activities have an important

impact on the environment due to a complex development

of water courses (in this case - Bistrița River Basin) for

primordial economic interests, namely: drinking water

supply, irrigation, industrial and prevention and defence

against floods, gravel pits, resources exploitation C.E.S.

(soil erosion), hydropower, etc.

The present doctoral thesis aims to be challenging

on the study, in terms of the hydrological regime, of the

Bistrita River Basin. The research focuses on the most

important aspects and does not detail the myriad

hydrological issues. The meteorological and hydrological

data (up to the year 2014) collected from various

institutions: National Administration of Meteorology,

National Institute of Hydrology, and Water Management

Administration, Siret Water Basin Administration, SC

Hidroelectrica SA. Observations in the field aimed to link,

validate the data, and completed by photographic images

in order to have a clearer image of the terrain.

In addition to all this it has been achieved a

number of thematic maps by means of modern techniques

of ArcGIS type. The maps display in a suggestive manner



issues relating to the elements that make up the natural

setting in which it forms and evolves water resources from

the Bistriţa River basin (relief, geology, soils, vegetation,

land use, etc.).

2. DATABASE AND METHODOLOGY

The database includes hydrological data

(maximum flow, medium liquid, and mud in suspension)

from hydrometrical stations from the Bistrița River Basin,

climatic data (rainfall, annual, and monthly temperatures)

from pluviometric and meteorological stations in the area.

New information related to the degree of silting of the

reservoirs from Bistrița, and land use were analysed (the

international database CORINE Land Cover and

cartographicmaterials – ortophotoplans 2006;

topographic maps 1:25000, edition ’80; digital terrain

model for Romania, SRTM90).

Geological, geomorphologic, and soil data etc.

were taken from the literature or from personal

observations resulting from field trips. Cartographic base

conforms to the maps in the scale 1:25.000 and

ortophotoplans developed by ANCPI Romania. The

cartographic materials have also been taken from

http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/website (CGIAR CHALLENGE,

2008) SRTM 90 m (Digital Elevation Data). Data on the

degree of afforestation is taken from the Corine Land

Cover 2006 prepared by the Ministry of the Environment

and Sustainable Development

(http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data).

The database has been processed both graphically

and statistically for the achievement of the objectives of

the work. The software used to process graphics and



database for statistical analysis are Microsoft Excel

(XLstat) and Sigmaplot, and maps were constructed using

ArcGIS software 10.3.

Methodology of classical and contemporary work

includes:

- Surveys in areas with a high level of flood

occurring;

- Statistical interpretation of numerical,

hydrological and climate data in order to identify some

correlations and obtain specific opportunities of

forecasting, etc.;

- Terrain investigation to validate data;

- Mapping (through software) of the climatic

parameters with impact on the hydrological regime of the

rivers;

- Data processing, starting from the digital terrain

Model, to emphasise a number of morphometric

parameters of water basins (area, length, slope of the

basin, of river network, different hydrographic network

density, form factors, with the development of surface and

subsurface flow routing etc.);

- Testing, validation and application of

mathematical models for forecasting.

3. RESULTS

3.1. Runoff regime (average, maximum, and

minimum).

In order to make an analysis of the runoff regime

were taken into account more hydrometrical stations, both

on the main course and tributaries. The main source of

runoff water supply is precipitation and snow cover.

Groundwater bring an intake of about 30 percent, even



more according to some other studies (Lăzărescu, Panait,

1958; Băloi, 1971; Amăriucăi, 1975; Diaconu et al., 1982;

Olariu, 1992).

After a monthly analysis of runoff, the result is

that the winter months register the lowest values. In terms

of percentage, in the winter months (December-February)

runs between 8.4% of the annual volume at hydrometric

station Poiana Stampei and 23.0% at stations in Bacau

(Barnat River). In December, the runoff was between

3.3% and 6.8%; 2.5% in January and 6.4 percent and in

February by 2.4 percent and 6.2 percent. Spring is the

richest season, from this point of view, having a total of

32.5-50.0%. Summer runoff retain is also rich (28.4% of

24.5-annual volume) due to the large quantities of rain

falling this season. Since early august the monthly runoff

decreases (-11.8%) and 6.9 this drop continues throughout

the fall: September (6.8-7.9%), October (3.8-6.8%) and

November (3.4-6%). In general, one can speak of rich

runoff, when the specific flow rates are higher than 10

l/sec/km ².

Analysing the runoff for a longer period of time

we can identify years with average runoff (1956, 1960,

1965, 1967, 1976, 1985, 1993, 2000, 2004, 2006 etc.),

years with rich runoff – rainy years (1955, 1969, 1970,

1972, 1973, 1975, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1984, 1988, 1991,

1995, 2006, 2008, 2010) and years with poor runoff –

droughty years (1950, 1952, 1963, 1968, 1987, 1990,

1994, 1995, 2003).

The hydrotechnical works from the main course of

Bistrita River and main tributaries aimed to alleviate

flooding, to ensure the supply of water and electricity.

Floods from 1970 could not be prevented since the spring



rains have filled the riverbeds up to banks level and the

reservoirs were full. In this case, the floods manifested as

on an undeveloped river. The latest floods, from 1991,

2005, or 2010, occurred mostly on some tributaries. Flood

waves were propagated on Bistrita River because some

reservoirs have a high degree of silting, so they could not

take up the excess water and the waves had devastating

effects. In the case of watershed flow, small floods which

occur are caused by the existence of conditions favouring

local: anthropogenic deforestation, inappropriate works

(bridges, dams, etc.), occupation of the minor riverbed

due to economic objectives (sawmills, gravel and sand

stations etc.) or houses etc.

For mitigation and actual warning of floods

DESWAT program (installation of automated stations and

flow tracking).

3.2. The hydrotechnical development of Bistrita River

Basin and the impact on the aquatic ecosystem.

The large basin surface (4070 km² – in the middle

and inferior sectors), the average flow 50.7 m³/s and

maximum flow1080 m³/s, a fall of 372 m for 125 km

distance and an average power potential of 1200 kw/km,

make this sector perfect for a series of functionalities:

energy producer, flow regulation, mitigation of floods,

irrigation, water supply and recreation.

The construction of reservoirs is a major

intervention in the natural hydrologic system because of

the modifications that occur. Therefore, the water balance

has great importance when analysing a reservoir.



Fig. 1 Bistrita River Hydropower development (source Siret Water

Basin Administration, 2015)

The cascade of reservoirs on Bistrita River

influences the level regime in this sector because of the

hydropower plants. Thus, determination of all

components of the hydrological balance implies a very

laborious and difficult activity.

There were taken into account the values recorded

at the hydrometric stations from the middle and lower

sectors of Bistrita River and the evaporimetric station

Ruginesti in order to calculate the hydrological balance of

Izvoru Muntelui Reservoir. Relief, slope, vegetation, land

use etc. directly influence the average runoff, as part of

the water balance.

Affluent flows (Qaffluent) used are: flows from

hydrometrical stations from the basin ; deffluent flows of

the reservoir ; flows from adducts ; interbasin

corresponding flow areas ; flow of precipitation that fell

on the reservoir surface and flow corresponding to the

quantity of water stored in the snow and ice.



Deffluente flows (Qdeffluent) used are: flows

corresponding to derivations; flows corresponding to

conducts; turbine flows; evacuated flows; flows

corresponding to evaporation from the reservoir surface .

For calculating the water balance for Izvoru

Muntelui we have the equation Qaffluent = Qdeffluent ±

W/T, expressed in m³/s.

Table 1 IZVORUL ALB hydrometrical station MONTH I II III IV V VI VII VII

I

IX X XI XII

PRECIPIT

AȚION

42,

5

29,

3

32,

3

33,

4

12

6,4

27

6

10

0,5

64,

8

45,

5

59,

9

35,

2

50,

1

WATER

VOLUME

(mil.m³)

1,3

39

0,9

23

1,0

17

1,0

52

3,9

82

8,6

94

3,1

66

2,0

41

1,4

33

1,8

87

1,1

09

1,5

78

CORESPO

NDENT

FLOWS

(m³/s)

0,5

00

0,3

82

0,3

80

0,4

06

1,4

87

3,3

54

1,1

82

0,7

62

0,5

53

0,7

04

0,4

28

0,5

89

Table 2 RUGINESTI evaporimetric station MONTH I I

I

II

I

I

V

V VI VII VIII IX X XI XI

I

EVAPORAȚI

ON

40,4 40,7 57,5 61,4 30,2 10,6 21,2

WATER

VOLUME

(mil.m³)

1,27

3

1,28

2

1,81

1

1,93

4

0,95

1

0,33

4

0,66

8

CORESPOND

ENT FLOWS

(m³/s)

0,47

5

0,49

5

0,67

6

0,72

2

0,36

7

0,12

5

0,25

8

Table 3 Qhydrometrical stations + Qprecipitation = Qaffluent WATER

FLOWS

AFFLUEN

TE

I II III IV V VI VII VII

I

IX X XI XII

R Bistrița

HS

Frumosu

31,

0

18,

3

37,

3

55,

6

82,

6

93,

2

13

4,0

65,

3

42,

8

33,

3

39,

2

58,

7

R

Bistricioar

a

HS

Bistricioar

a

4,5

1

3,4

6

7,4

5

11,

1

13,

7

17,

2

24,

7

17,

5

7,3

1

5,2

4

5,5

0

12,

1

R Schit

HS

Ceahlău

0,3

51

0,4

26

0,4

88

0,4

47

1,1

0

2,5

4

2,5

0

1,4

9

0,7

94

0,4

36

0,4

26

0,8

02

R Bolatău

HS P

Largului

0,1

69

0,1

56

0,6

15

0,3

74

0,8

37

0,8

26

1,3

5

0,7

24

0,3

13

0,2

93

0,2

49

0,5

92

R Bicaz

HS Tașca

3,1

5

2,3

5

5,6

9

7,1

4

9,7

8

16,

4

21,

7

8,9

3

4,7

9

4,0

2

3,6

9

8,2

4



Q DIN

PRECIPIT

AȚION ON

THE

SURFACE

OF

RESERVOI

R

0,5

00

0,3

82

0,3

80

0,4

06

1,4

9

3,3

5

1,1

8

0,7

62

0,5

53

0,7

04

0,4

28

0,5

89

TOTAL Q

AFFLUEN

T(m³/s)

39,

7

25,

1

51,

9

75,

1

10

9,5

13

3,5

18

5,4

94,

7

56,

6

44,

0

49,

5

81,

0

Table 4 Qturbine + Qevaporation= Qdeffluent WATER

FLOWS

DEFFLUE

NTE

I II III IV V VI VII VII

I

IX X XI XI

I

Q

TURBINE

23

,3

33

,8

22,

7

24

,8

22,

8

79,

4

206

,2

124

,0

53,

8

33,

3

61,

7

81

,8

Q

EVACUAT

ED

(BOTTOM

EMPTYIN

D

+EVACUA

TED)

0,1

60

16,

0

71,

7

19,

7

0,1

83

0,1

13

Q

EVAPORA

TION ON

WATER

SURFACE

0,4

75

0,4

95

0,6

76

0,7

22

0,3

67

0,1

25

0,2

58

TOTAL Q

DEFFLUE

NT

23

,3

33

,8

22,

9

24

,8

23,

2

95,

9

278

,6

144

,4

54,

4

33,

5

61,

9

81

,8

Table 5 WATER BALANCE - Izvoru Muntelui WATER

BALANCE

I II III IV V VI VII VI

II

IX X XI XI

I

Q

DEFFLUE

NT

23,

3

33,

8

22,

7

24,

8

22,

8

79,

4

206

,2

12

4,0

53,

8

33,

3

61,

7

81,

8

W / T 14,

36

-

9,3

27,

6

45,

7

82,

1

44,

54

-

12,

3

-

24,

5

3,5

3

9,0

2

-

13,

1

2,0

9

Q

AFFLUEN

T = Q

DEFLUEN

T(±W/T

m³/s)

37,

64

24,

44

50,

3

70,

5

104

,9

124

,0

193

,9

99,

5

57,

3

42,

3

48,

6

83,

90

Q

AFFLUEN

T

DETERMI

NED AS

SUM Q HS

= Q

39,

18

24,

69

51,

54

74,

66

108

,02

130

,17

184

,25

93,

94

56,

01

43,

29

49,

07

80,

43

3,9

3

1,0

3

2,5

1

5,5

7

2,9

1

4,7

7

-

5,2

3

-

5,9

0

-

2,3

9

2,2

8

0,8

8

-

4,3

1

E =( Q4-

Q3) / Q4

*100

23,

3

33,

8

22,

7

24,

8

22,

8

79,

4

206

,2

12

4,0

53,

8

33,

3

61,

7

81,

8



Fig. 2 Volumetric curve of IZVORU MUNTELUI Reservoir

3.3. Degree of silting for the reservoirs

When a forecast of silting (taking into account the

existing measurements and solid flow transported from

Bistrita River) Izvoru Muntelui Reservoir is not in danger

of silting in the nest millennia. The silting rate cannot be

higher than 200000 m³/year.

Besides the role of regulating the flow regime, the

reservoirs have a very important role in mitigating flood

waves. Of all the reservoirs on Bistrita River, Izvoru

Muntelui is the only one that can take over 1% assurance

flash floods, respectively 360 mln. m3.

Table 6 Characteristics of the reservoirs on Bistrița River Basin No Reservoir Year of

Commissioning

Dam

hight

(m)

The

initial

volume

at NNR

(mln

m³)

Current

volume

at NNR

(mln m³)

Upstream

basin area

(km²)

Degree

of

silting

(%)

1 Poiana Teiului

– Topoliceni

2004 15,5 0,7 0,7 2886 0

2 Izvoru

Muntelui

1960 127 1230 1122 4022 8,80

3 Pangarati 1964 28 6,00 2,01 5142 66,5

4 Vaduri 1966 27 5,60 2,39 5213 57,3

5 Batca

Doamnei

1963 22,3 10,0 6,50 5290 35,0

6 Reconstructia 1963 8,15 0,25 0,23 5403 8,00

7 Racova 1965 20 4,37 empty 6580 -

8 Garleni 1965 19 5,10 2,30 6758 54,9

9 Lilieci 1966 19 7,40 5,40 6775 27,0

10 Bacau II 1966 18 4,60 4,42 6814 3,90

11 Tasca 1980 20 0,10 0,09 512 0,01

NNR=normal level of retention.



After analysing the degree of reservoir silting in

the basin we concluded that most of the reservoirs are

silted even over 50%, which means that the

supplementary flows cannot be totally stored and severe

floods with devastating effects may manifest. Exception

to this rule are Topoliceni, Tasca, Izvoru Muntelui and

Reconstruc Reservoirs (the sediment load in the reservoirs

has been removed by successive unsilting).

Fig. 3 Piatra Neamt Reservoir volume during 1965-2007 and

Reconstructia Reservoir volume during 1963-2002

Fig. 4 Lilieci and Bacau II Reservoirs volume during 1966-1997 and

respectively 1966-2002

3.4. Water quality

The most important sources of pollution in Bistrita

River basin are located in urban areas or around: Vatra

Dornei, Bicaz, Piatra Neamt, Savinesti-Roznov, Buhusi

and Bacau. Pollutant load from the industrial water is one

of the largest and the most harmful types of pollution.



Lately, most operators have started to modernize

the equipment in order to reduce pollutant characteristics

of wastewater. Currently several programs are ongoing

for developing and modernization of centralized sewerage

systems and wastewater system.

In terms of water quality Bistrita River is devided

into two sections: the upper stream, where water

parameters are fully good class quality (class I quality);

and the middle and lower stream, where the water has an

average quality.

Fig. 5 Sources of pollution in Bistrita River basin

3.5. Hydrological modelling. Flooding maps.

In order to prevent or mitigate the effects of floods

and to enable us to comply with the national strategy and

European legislation is necessary to achieve and update

natural hazard and risk maps.



The database related to Bistrita River basin has

been harnessed by making flooding maps for the areas

with priority interest.

Certain elements were needed for creating the

flooding maps, such as: flows, climatic data (temperatures

and precipitations), computing hydrographs, a

hydrodynamic model, and the levels during floods. For

the hydrodynamic model first were prepared: topographic

elevations, hydrographic measurements, aerial and

topographic measurements for the hydrotechnical

constructions.

This chapter analysed a very important subject for

European policy in the field of water management

(Directive flooding/2007). The final products are obtained

with advanced technologies and are very useful as flood

risk, now, is based on very complex, detailed, and

accurate information.



Fig. 7 Flooding maps with 10%, 5%, 1% and 0.1% assurance for the sector

downstream Izvoru Muntelui Reservoir



Fig. 8 Flooding maps with 10%, 5%, 1% and 0.1% assurance for the sector upstream

Izvoru Muntelui Reservoir

4. CONCLUSION

Bistrita River is the longest tributary of Siret, with

a length of 283 km, an area of 7039 km² and 193

tributaries of its own. The geographical location of

Bistrita River basin is of great importance in determining

its hydrological regime, as it has an influence on all the

factors that depend on it: climatic, geological,

morphological, vegetation, soil, land use, etc.

Bistrita River is located in the middle of the

temperate continental climate with oceanic influences.

The current course of Bistrita began to emerge

towards the end of presarmatian period, and in the middle

of sarmatian Bistrita’s course was comparable to the

current one.

Bistrita River passes through two major units:

Carpathian Orogen unit, from the Bistrita’s springs to the



locality Racova; and the Platform unit, from Racova

locality to the confluence with the Siret River.

There can be identified tree large sectors of relief:

the mountainous sector (Oriental Carpathians) from

Bistrita’s springs to Piatra Neamt locality; the

subcarpathian sector from Piatra Neamt locality to

Racova locality; and the tableland sector, from Racova

locality to the confluence with Siret River. The high

terraces are well represented, and the meadow steps reach

large widths.

The diversity of physical-geographical factors

(relief, climate, soils) favoured the development of

complex vegetation (alpine, sub-alpine, spruce forest,

mixed beech-coniferous and beech).

The most significant floods from Bistrita River

basin registered in 1970, 1991, 2005, and 2010.

After 1950, the Bistrita hydropower development

started to shape. For the whole cascade of reservoirs on

the Bistrita River were constructed 10 dams, 12

hydropower plants, and 61 km of channel. In order to

transform this sector sometimes people and localities had

to be moved.

The construction of reservoirs represented an

intervention in the natural hydrologic system by changing

some of its characteristics. Therefore calculating the water

balance is of great importance because it represents the

balance between the total affluent flows (A) and total

deffluent flows (B) and, of course, the variation of the

water volume in the reservoir (W/T). The reservoirs have

a significant role because they can mitigate the flood wave

downstream.



The reservoirs on Bistrita River have a degree of

silting over more than 50%, which means that

supplementary flows cannot be stored completely and

may manifest devastating floods. The Topoliceni, Tasca

(on Bicaz River), Izvoru Muntelui and Reconstructia (the

alluvial deposit has been removed by successive

unsilting) are the exceptions.

The main sources of pollution in Bistrita River

Basin are from the traditional human activities and from

recent industry. The water quality is first class on the

upper stream and IInd, IIIrd, IVth, Vth class on the middle

and inferior course.

The HYDRAULIC MODELLING chapter –

flooding maps analysed a very important and up to date

subject. The database was analysed and the flooding maps

for Bistrita River have been achieved by using ISIS

modelling program.

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