document pour apprendre le peul via l-anglais
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A guide to Pulaar is designed for language learningby Peace Corps volunteers. It contains a pronunciation guide to thePulaar alphabet, 12 language lessons for interpersonal andintercultural communication, and glossaries. The glossaries are inPulaar, English, and French; all text is in English. The lessonsconsist of cultural information, a vocabulary list, a dialogue,grammar and pronunciation notes, and exercises suitable for writtenor oral practice. Lesson topics include greetings, being a guest,local geography and asking directions, meals, bargaining, health,times and seasons, fishermen, self-expression, family rites, social
stratification, and saying goodbye. (MSE)
************************************************************************ Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made ** from the o riginal document. ************************~***********************************************
ED 290 339
TITLEINSTITUTIONPUB DATENOTE
PUB TYPE
LANGUAGE
EDRS PRICEDESCRIPTORS
IDENTIFIERSABSTRACT
DOCUMENT RESUME
FL 017 126
[Pulaar Language Manual].Peace Corps, Washington, D.C.[87]
90p.
Guides - Classroom Use - Materials (For Learner)(051)English; Pulaar; French
MFOI/PC04 Plus Postage.Alphabets; Cultllral Context; Dialogs (Language);Family Life; Grammar; Independent Study;I ns tr uc ti on al M at er ia ls ; * In te rc ul tu ra lCo mmu ni cat i~ n; *I nt erp er son al Co mm un ica ti on; L ea rn in gActivities; Phonology; Second Language Instruction;S oci oc ult ur al P at ter ns ; Un r. omm on ly T aug ht L an gu age s;V oc ab ul ar y D ev el op me nt
*Peace Corps; *Pulaar
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"P EHMIS SIO N T O R EP RO DUCE T HIS
MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BYU .S . D EP AR TM EN T O F E DU CA TIO N
O H tC e o f E du ca ti on al R es ea rc h a nd I mp ro ve m en t
E D~ AT lO NA L R ES OU R CE S IN FO RMA TIO N
~h" CENTER ( ERI C)
This documenl has been reproduced asreceived from the person or organizat iono rr gln a ll ng I t
a Minor changes have been made to Improver ep ro d uc ti on Q 'J ah ty T O T HE E DUCA TIO NA L R ES OURC ES
I NFORMAT IO N CENTER (ER IC )."-. • P O ints o f v ie w o r o pin io ns s ta le d Inuusdcco-
OmE8
Rnto not necessa,,'y represent o ll.c .a l
I PO$ltlon or pellcy
_j
L L B E S T C O p y A V /\ I L A B L E 2
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;." J
TH E PULAAR ALPH ABET•
In Pulaar each h' .: erhas a son and each lette: :-has i.ts own prcnoncdat i.on;For conventional reason we uill adopted the pronunciation taught at the DakarUniversity to make it different from the French pronunciation of Pulaar letters.One should ~ay attention in the pronunciation of the seminated consonants andto the shc~t and the long vowels. Their nature make c~sy to distinguish the
words. .For some words a long practice is required (0, .;', :I, 1) ••• ).
In Pu1aar we distinguisht
1- Vowels
a) Shcrt
i
u
o
a
e
2- Consonants:
b (ba)
£ > (£ >a) as · in " Dog~ol"
c (ca as in "chat"
d (da)
Q (1a) as in "cadi"
f (fa)
g (ga)
h (ha) is always aspirated
j (ja)
k (ka)
1(la)
m (ma)
n (na)
n (ft) as in " iialawma"
n (ns) as in "meeting"
p (pa)
q (qa)
r (ra)
s (sa)
t (ra)
w (wa)
y (ya)
y (ya) as in "yiyal"
b) Long Examples
11 hirde --- hiirde
uu hurde - huurde
00 horde -- hoorde
aa harde --- haarde
ee se1de - s~Ue
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L E S S O N O N E
A - C U L T U R A L N O T E :
GREETINGS
Being aware to some greetings already it is necessary to hewimportant are the greeting in the Pulaar society. It takes to a foreigner
a lot time. But they are necessary for a settlement in the Haal-Pulaar
society. They are all about ctt1estionsdealing with family, health, wO't'kt
cattle ••• But also they depend on the position of the sun which detc4~ned
the differents p~riods of the day, but also the greetings whir.h go with
each period. Doing greetings is a ritual thing which embodies:
- gesture: shaking hands, massage of the arm of the elderly on res-pected like the "mawbe" the genuflexion if it is e W OUl an i n c er tai ns
places Marabouts or Cherif don't shake hands with women. The assalaa
maleykum is the appropriate to greet with the lest name of the person.
Most of the time~ if you are a woman wait till the give you hands.
- the length and the variety of the questions; they are ~ost of thetime repetitive because of the emphases on the health, the family. For aforeigner it is a ,waste of time, but in this society it is necessary to
wait till the greeting ends and also they are the key of relationship
between people. It is better before asking inforootions to start byg ree ti ng pe opl e.
- The intonation and the look the younger people and women don't risetheir voice and don't stare at the elderly it is impolite.
- The youngest and the visitors start always the greetings. The greetings
are always welcomed at any moment, don't hesitate to guet someone you have
seen for the first time in the day. No one is bothered or interrupted bygreetings.
They are always ~elcomed. Use them as much as possible.
Everywhere at the office, askiug information, •••
The only moment greetings are disturbance when someone is praying.In that case you should wait till the person f:,~nisheslrts prays and greet
you. Here are few infQrnation that you should have in mind when dealing with ynu
family, village people, counterpart, friends, business in town so thenMaaleykum Salaam.
B - L I S T O F V O C A B U L A R Y W O R D S :
Jam
Bisimilla
~aaMawcfwn
waalde
Peace
WelcomeO . K .It's O . K .To spend a night
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Sellude to be wells healthy
finde to wake up
joocfaade to sit down
salminde to greet, salute
A-aaa you
jaaraama thanksliggey work, job
tamp ere f at ig ue , t ir ed ne ss
Galle house
nder inKoreeji relatives
jinnaa()e parents
sukaabe children
jat),ngo tomorrow
jaDde to agree, accept
nande to hear
jawkal livestock
oennude to pass bywadde to do p w.!ke
maa your
mon yours
e£>e they
on you (plural)
no how
sehilaabe friends
c - D I A L O G U E I - G R E E T I N G S O N T H E S I F G U L A R :
- Muusaa e Jim pottii e laawol, be celmondirii
x Muttsaa met Jim on the road, they are greeting each other:
Jim
MuusaeJimMuUsaa
Asalaa maleykum ?Maaleykum s alaam.
Jam waali ?
Jam tan.ada selli?
Jim Ko mawaum. A finii?- - -uusaa : Jam tan de.Alhamdulillaahi ! Bisimilla joodo
Jilm Mbaa. A jaaraama ,
MU'Usaa : A jaaraama.
yoo jam selmine.
- Peace on you?
- Prnise to God.- Did you spend the night in Peac
- Peace only. Are you healthy?
- It's OK. Did you wake up in pe
- Peace only, thanks to God.
Have a sit please.- Thanks! thank you v~ry much.
- You too. May peace greet you.
.. .
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,
3- Nas al c ons onan ts:
M b (mba) as in mbee wa
Nd (nda) " " daande
Ng (nga) tf " ngaari
Nj(nj)
" "njawdi
- 0, 0, Y, Il, these consonants req uire a very long practice for
t he n on -n a~ iv c s pe ak er s.
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Gonaacfo period
G ar oo wo p er io dM3odo n~ama ~odo ni loota
Maa m i naam Maa mi loot
mi fiaamat rna mi j odf.c
wodo suucfaa
ma mi lootee
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~~I~n~fi~n=i~t~i~v~e~s_ ~ \~Te=r~h~s~_ ~ l~~o~i=c~e~s~~A~cc~o~m~,~~1~i~s~h~_ ~_I~n~a~ccomp1ish
~de sodde :active mi soodii 0 soddat
ude jaI)"lgude :active mi .1aIJn~ii 0 janngat
aade joonaade :midd1e voice mi joddiima 0 joddoto
~ __ ~e~~d~e~ ~~su~u~n~.e=e~d~e~_ ~:~Q~a~s~si~v~e~ ~=m=i_s=u=u=d=a=a~~~a~~~ucfete
Bennucfo period
L'Impcratif
singulier
mi naamii
loot
jocd"o
mbodo joggii
looto
ja1)ngu
&! Iiloo taa ma
Narrative
accompl.i.shec1
inaccomplished nagge nge hirse, defe, maamee walla yeeye;
.'o ari o jocr.i o heedi ko kaRla ko 0 jall.!..
All these forns have a negative fo~ that will see in the coming lessons.
To obtain the infinitive form in Pu1aar we have to conjugate a verb that express
mental capacity and ex?reGS the intention.
mbodo yidi
(to like)
ynhde:
- In this lessons the first aspect that we will see is the accomplished aspect:
- ii i6 the mark of a complete action for the verbs ending with -~de- and -ude-
E:c: Finde mi finii Law , I wat:ed up early.
fottude mi fottii e Abu. I met Abu.
- Pronom
There exist in Pu1aar t,-1Okind of subject pronouns
The short form pronou,s and lone form pronouns.
Short form EroDouns Long form Eronouns
I SIN~
I
PLURAL~
SINGULAR PLURAL " j
1st Mi Min/En Mbido Emin/Edcn
2nd a I on ada odon
! be---.
eberc 0I
i omo
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xThe first person p'luria1 has two kin1s of pronouns.
The first one is inclusive (that is to Gay the person we are talking to
his part of the we). En, Eden.
The second one is exclusive. That is to say the person we are talking to
is no part of the we) Min, Emin.
x The first person singular of 10n~ form pronouns in Pu1aar can be seen in
man y form s suc h as: mbod 'o-m hido -mb ecfa -mic t' o.
_. In pu1aar first consonants of verbs and nouns are changeable like:
s - - - - - - - - c ; mi sa1minii
F------P; a fini!"
W--------mb; 0 waa1!i
H - - - - - - - - K ; Abu-hiiri
------ on ca1minii
------ be .E_inU
------ min mbaa1ii
------ en kiirii
- The imperative fOl:1I1f the verbs ending with "aade" in the singular is
formed by adding "0" at the stem of the verb:
joocaade -------- joodohedaade -------- hedo-
lootaade -------- looto
- Maa and Men are possessives i~ Pulaar:
~ ~S~I~N~G_ ~ T ~ _ r ~1st ~
~;.:.:~ ~~__:ma= =a:: __+t_ ·mo~-~· I
jinnaaoe rona; sukBaoe mon
s eh il aa ~e -m aa ; k or ee ji 1m Cn
- Hono is a manner interroF,ative pronoun. It can be found in two words:
1101 no or as a particu1e: no
Hono roban-naa e liggey~
~no mbao-daa e 1iggey?
No mbad-aaa·e.li[3ey?- .- Ha is e future mark in Pulaar; this structure is like this
Ma + sho rt pr onou n + 1 st ·p er so n i mp zr at iv e
roa mi sa1min Garha
- Haa is a time particu1e which signifies: till or unti11.
mi yehii haa ja9ngo
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Subjects Verbs Objects
Mi waa1de haa j anngo
A 1)ennude e jamrBe sa1minde Dakar
Odon fottudc g al le M uus aa
0 wacfde sehil maa
sehi1 maa selludc jinnaabe mon
on jabde baam-maa
Muusaa jocdaade Jim
en hiirde Umar
ada fial Iude Jam Wuro
edem weetde Aysatambocfo Suley
ESe Biraam
Jim
Omo
emin
-6-
E Exercices
I Build up 10 s~ntences in the accomplished aspect or in the imperative
form with this lis~ of subjects, verbs ~nd objects:
I-Mi sa1minii jom wuro.
1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -. - _
5 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -6 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -9 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
10------------------------------
1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
2 - Prepare a dia1~gue with yo~r own words of two characters:
A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
B - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
B - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
B - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - -A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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.
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3 -. Change the f:~rst consonants of these verbs from tr.e sinp,ular to the !,lural:
1 Abu finii; on -------------------2 Hi salminii Umar; be ------------ Umar.
Faati bennii baa jallngo; Aysata e Faati ---------- haa ja~go.
o weal!i Daka=; min·------------------- Dakar.
A hiirii 83112 Muus3a. En -------------- galle Muusaa.
Jim fiallii ndcr wuro. Min--------------- nder woro.A fotti~ e Aysata. On ---------------- e Aysata.
4
5
67
~ - Put the v9rb~ into bracket at the accomplished aspect.
Muusaa (fottucc) e Jim. ~e (salmondirde); Jim (6ennude) galle Umar, 0 (salrninde
yimbe galle Um~r. U~~r (nnamndaade) jinnaabe Jim. Jim (wiide) eGe e jam.
Jim {nande) Pula~r seeda tan. 0 ( um ms ad e) A me ri k.
5 - Translate these r.er.tence~ i nto Pulaar:
1- Did you r.pe.::lhe ni~ht in 'Peace?
2- Did :10U vake un in Peace?3- Have a Ri~ ~ : e n s c .6- Biram ent~ed ln my room.
5- How are you \'l~,thiredness?
6- They are i~ P~uce.7 - I greet ynur fn:her.
8 - J ~m e nt er ed i r: U uu! ': aa 's c om !l oun d.
6 - Pu t c on ve ni en t words in the blanket:
A- Asalaa - - - - - - - - - - - 1B- Maaleyk~~ --------.A- --------- ,·~aaa?
13- Jam -----. .,.c '" --------?., , ,_ • •A- Ko ---- .....~ ---- fini:'.?
B- Jam tan de, a~.hamdulillaahi; ------- ----------!A- ------- A jm~:;:la;:ta.
B- Aja.'!ra.:ltl~-"--- ------ ----I
J1!11naatii ga:·.lel-!uusaa,0 sp.,lminii:
A- J am K iircon?
B-Jam tan. ---- .. mbar: f-tfaae -----1
A - K o m a w n u m . N o - - - - - - - - - - - - mbadi?
B- ---- ------,- e jam . No -------- jinnaa'Ge -------1A- EGe -------. :.1hamdu1illaahi. No sukaabe ----- mbadi?
B- Eb e e jam. -- ..----- ---- e 1 iggey?A- K o mawou~.---- j a w ka1 ----- - - - - - - - - - - ?B- Jam ------. ~e::toode . !
A- Hi ---------.. haa jaungo •
B - - -- -- -- -- snl"inii baam -----.
A - M e - - - - - - r n n - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
10
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F - QUESTIONS ON mE DIALOGI~:
1 - Hono ~bad-naa?2 - Jam waali?3 - Ada selli?4 - No Tname of stagini~eO wa~i?5 - A fialli e jam?6 - Rono gelle maa ~aai?7 - A finii?8 - Usumaan sfilminii D emba?9 - Jim hiirii e jam?
10 - Asalan Meleykum?11 - A salminii Aysata?12 - Omo salli?13 - Jam fiallu-don?14 - No tiiba(i-aon I iggey?15 - No nanataa jinnaabe maa?
16 - A fiallii e jam?17 - Iih on bennii haa kikiide?18 - HoI to ~uusaa e Jim potti?19 - Odon celli?20 - Muusea e Jim calmondirii?21 - No ~baa-c.aa e galle?22 - No yimSe kees mbaci?
23 - (name of R s tag iair e) sa lmin ii ( nam e o f pr ofe ssor )?24 - EbC' e jam?25 - A fotti e (name of a stagiaire) hannde?26 - No seb i.Laafie aa mbac!i?
G - FROVERBS l\h~ SAYINGS
Try to find out the meaninp. of the proverb below (you can ask all theprofessors):
- Muusaa j &9ngoy11 sa1~nde.
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11
L E S S O N T W O
GUEST I N A COUNTRY-A - CULTURAL NOTE:
TIlE C O N C E P T O F " K O D C ' "
Seen throuRh the ~ooted afr1.an hosnitality it is very difficult for a
foreigner to catch the rAal meaninR of a y.odo in Heal-Pulsar Sociaty. vfuere~verybody is menber of the sane family, the same country even if they dJn't
have the same mother tonp.ue. Everywhere in P~laar villages the first thinh
someone has to do as a kcdo is to pay a visit to the chef de village, because
he is the only one who knm~s where a kodo can be put up. t x you don't start
with him the host will tall you to do so. A kodo is always welcomed at any
compound for his food, his schelter. He i& also introduced to the whole
village thereforn he because a member of the village, the community. The
kodo must take into account the speci!ic rroblems of the vllla&e such as
th;, castes problems, Fakinp. dec: isions, disprov(' > the villAgers ideas on
specific attitude, discuss political ooint of view. So be careful durinF
your stay and also don't fornet as it is said in one african saying that"the Ion? .stay of a piece of wood in the river does not change it into
a crocodile". So then Bisimi11a.
D - L I S T O F V O C A B U L A R Y W O R D S
Arde to come
Innde Sl\rna!Ti~
yettocde last nar: le,kod'o foreigner~ at ranger
Iewru month
Lebb i months
hakkille mindJ wi t
denndiraado cousin
ummaaCE. to be fromynhr!e to so
jeyeede to be from Tplnce of birth)
oooyde to heve st/\Y ;:? -ong
dafide to have, possess
Innbde to be nit
weIde tc : ~ cl.ever
y~tteede to be named
jaun?-Ude to learns read
lIoto where
miin me
kono bu t
ko to be
l a o here
alaa/eey no/yes
wooroo goodtiess
htl9ki yesterday
balde days
jonte weeks
yontere 1\ week
goo on ed'icfi two
ta U three
nay fo~r
joy five
jeer,om sixjecd'idi seven
12~etati eight
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gaa:;
toon
tawo
wonde
-10-
here
there
not yet
to be at a place
c - DIALOGUE:
Kodo e nder leydi/Guest in a country
- Jim ko dodo. 0 ummii ko Amerik, jooni 0 woni ko doo e Senegal.
- Jim is a foreigner. He is from Amer:f.ca,now he is in Senegal.
Muusaa .Jim
Muusaa
. . I ! ! ! !
Muusaa
Jim
Muusaa
Jim
Muusaa
Jim
Muusr..a
Jim
Muusaa
Jam fini jim? - Did you wake up in Peace Jim?
Jam tan Muusaa. Ada selli?- Peace only Muusaa. Are you in good health?Ko mawdum. Jim hoto
ngumm:f.-daa? .
HUn, ngummii-mi koAmerik.
Hoto njeyedaa e Amerik?
Njeyea-mi ko wuro enewiyee Seatle.
Saatle! Innde maa ko Jim. - Saatle! Your name is Jim.
Fey! Kono n~ettetee-mi - Yes but my last name is Johnson.ko J ohnson.
M an de n ga r- da a? A600yii foo?
Alaa, mi oooyaani.
ngar-mf ko e lewru mars ~
mi d af ii i f oo o l eb bi t at i;A & ooyaani QOO kono
Pulaar maa ene laabi.
Ahan! rni j anngti Pulsarj on te na y I t. e~ s.
Wooroo! ada l·.reli hakki-
lIe. A wayaani nc
dendam Umar' nih I
- thank to god. Where are you f~om?
- Me, I'm from America •
- "~ere are you from in the State?
- I'm from a place named Seatle.
- When did you arrive?for long?
- No, I haven't. I came
here three months.
Have you been here
on Mars, I have had
- You wer~ not here so
is p er fe ct .
- Yes I studied PulsarThies.
long but your Pul.aar
for four weeks at
- Goodness! You are clever; you are not like
my cousin Umar (who is stupid)
D - GRAMHAR:
- in the chanees of the first consonants, we can also remark that:
j -------j, 0 jeyaa ko Amerik ---- be njeyaa ko Amerik
vowels ---- ng, 0 uromii ko Seatle ---- Min ngummii ko Seatle
This change of first consonants exist also in the emphatic form where the
subject is infixed to the verbs:
~ummi-don Ko Amerik
!1eye-daa ko Seatle
- Ko is a particule which has many usages. Here it makes emphasis on the actionor the abject:
Njeyaa-mi ko Boston (abject)
Ko ~ salmini Muusaa (subject)
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_ aani in the mark of the negative form of accomplished action of the verbs
ending with -de and -ude.
o booyii - 0 booyaani - booyde
en njs9ngii - en njann~aani - ja9ngude
- Miin is the first emphatic pronoun in the singular:
- - - - - - - - - - - . , - - - - - - -t~ SING ! ' ~ ~ . _ I1st NUn
-)("2nd _ 1
th~~,.~r-------~------.~,.,r..
_ Hoto is a place interrogative pronoun. It can be found in two words: hoI to,
or as a particule ~:
R ot o n gu mm i- cf aa ?
~to ngummi-daa1
T o n gu mm i- d" a a?
- Doo is an adverb of place which sir.nifies: hereToon is an adverb of place which signifies:~re
!Co cico kocf-tni
Ko toon ngummii-mi
- Singular possessive pronouns table
SINGUL~=I
- am lmaa l
makko 1 .
E - EXERCISES
1-Put these sentences in the affirmative form of the accomplished aspect:
a) 0 (ummaade) y .o Amerik.
b) Jim (janngude) Pulaar jonte nny.
c) En (booyde) doo no reewL
1) Be (arde) r.ila hank! subaka.
e) Mi (yahde) Dakar naane kikiide.
f) On (finde) 8ila 7h.g) Muusaa (dafide) «00 balde sappo.
2 - Put these sentences above in the negstive fo~ of the accomplished asnect(you may us~ also):
a) 0 (umrnaade) ko Amerik.
b) Jim (ja9ngude) Pulaar jonte nay.
c) En (booyde) doo no feewi.
d) ~e (arde) eila hanki subaka.
e) Mi (yahde) Dakar ~aane kikiide.
f) O n (finde) gila 7h.g) Muusaa (dafide) «00 balte sappo.
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-12-
:.- Answer these questions as you wish:
a ) N o m bi ye te -d aa ? - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -
b ) Y et to od e m aa ? - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -c) No duubi maa poti? .. ---------------------
d) Hoto ngummi-cfap...?.------------------------
e ) R ot o n je ye -d aa ? - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -f)
Mande ngar--daa? ------------------------.-g) A flooyii doo ?---------------- ·· -----------
h) A daiHi GOO 1 eb bi t at i ? -- -- -- -- -- - • . -- -- --
i) H ot o n ja ~ng u- r.a a P u1 aar ? -- --- -- --- --- -- --
j) P u1a ar e ne w eeb i? --- -- --- -- --- --- -- --- --
4 - Build u? 15 sentences of your own with the vocabulary and verbs in this
table (neg~tive or affirmative form).
Subjects Verbs Abjects
. A(ia daiide Amerik.on urmnaade l o o
odon yahde 1ebbi didi
a jeyeec!e Dakar
be Dooyde Pu1aar
Nuusaa finde subaka law
mi arde Jim
emin sellude haa janngo
en jaongude Muusaa
0 fottude Seat1e
Ji;n oennude sehil maa
Aysatawiyeede :.
min
eoe
mbioo
5 - Put these sentences in the Plural:
a) H i daiiaani 000 duu& i didi; Min ---------------------------------
b) 0 j agngi Pu1aar j ontenays Ee ------------------------------------
c) Jim ummii ko Amerik; Jim e Susan -------------------------------d) A Sooyaani doo no feewi~ on -- • .-----------~--------------------
e) Bob jeyaa ko Chicago; Boh e Kelly ------------------------------f) A arii gila 1ewru Mars; En ---------------.--------.--------------
g) 0 yeh ii Dak ar han nd e;' ~e - -- --- -- --- --- -- --- -- --- -- --- --- -- --- --
h ) Mb oao ye t t ee J a1 10 ; Min --- -- --- -- --- -- --- --- -- --- -- --- -- --- ---
i) Umar woni ko nder suudu; on ------------------------------------
j) Omo weli hakki11e; e~e ----------------------------------------
6 - Translat' these sentences into Pulaar:
a) I studierl Pulaar for two weeks at Thies.
b) Where are you from?
c) My last name is Brown.
d) ~ben did you arrive?
e) I'm from a place named Chirago.f) Have you been here for long?
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-1;!-
7 - DIALOGUE:
1 - 1 - Jam fini?J - -------- Ana sel1i?M - K o mewcfumt ------- ngU1llIili._--?
J - ------, ngummii-mi --------
M - Hoto -------- --- e l~erik?J - ----..----- mi ko Seatle.M - Innde maa?
J - ------- ---- ---- Robeer. ---- njettetee-mi ko -----------M - A & oo yi i - -- -- -?J - A l a a ! - - - - - - - - - f~ewi.~i d a f i i i - - - - - - - - - - - -
M - A b oo yi i - -- -- -- ?J - Alp.a! ---- ----- feewi. Mi daiiii ------ ----M - A ------- ---- kono Pulaar ------ ene laabiJ - Eey! Hi --..:--Pulaar. ------ ----- to Kees.M - --- - - .- , aoa w el i h ?~ ki ll c. A ---- - - e cen~am Urnar.
F - QUESTIONS:
1 - Hoto Jim urnnii?2 - Jim booyii e Senegaal?3 - Njeye-(faa k o Scat Le?4 - A booyii QOO e Sener,aal?5 - On booyii {oo e Senegaal?6 - On njanngii ~ulaar Amerik?7 - A salminii sehil mae?8 - Hato kod-nae?9 _ -N o m bi ye te -c fo n?
10 - Innde 1II2a?
~1 - Hot') nj anngu-rlon Pulaar?12 - On ndaiiii d oc Lebb I tati?13 - A D~oyii QOO no feewi?14 - A yehii Dakar haqki?15 - Seh i.I maa hod'i k o ymawnde?
16 - H one nj ettete-don?17 - Njettete-daa ko Jallo?18 - Ngu~i-r.on ko Faranse?19 - Ko Amerik njaq ngu-Qaa Fp.ranse?2 0 - l kn de n du t t. ot o+ da aA me ri k?
G - PROVERBS AND SAYINGS
T r y to find out the meaning of the proverb below:
- So aQa yini riiwde koao maa a joyy1nat mo e haaye.
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LESSON TH REE
to ask
to share
to coae bto pass b
middle
near
herewho Le , aU
left, rbh
. 'LOCAL GEOGRAPH Y ANn' ~~NG DIRECTIONS
H~re, ~ wiil give some informations ana tips in help you find your
way in rural African communities. DurinB the day ~eople evaluate the time
according to the position of the sun, using their left hand or right hand or
their shadow. For example, midday is supposed to be "naange e hcore" (the
sun on head) which means the shadows of the person is directly under his
feet. For more orientation people use stars such as the North star to direct
themselves. A s you may notice arc usually p.iven in reference to fa~us orwell known places such as the J u m a a s Falle jo~ wuro, woyndu, ekkol •••
Parts of the human body, r,alaxies and €amous places are used to direct
people everywhere in the Haal-Pulaar Society so keep this in mind when askinp.
t he q ue st io n:
Roto Develo' Ppement Social heediri?
nokku "lace namndaade
wuro town renndude
bS1)nge side rottaadefudnaange east rewde
hirnaange west hakkunde
rewo north sara
worgo south gaay
woyndu well f.of
.jamaa mosque nano-fiaamo
leegal block r.enaale
s ificaan newtown bitik
di1]iral meeting place yeeso
sifaneede to be told takkadde
yir.!'de to need~ want wor!tfude
hee-(tude to be 10cR.ted seIde
lommbaade to be between sif,.,~de
yahde to go Lab.le
&ennude to pass byftollow fottude
B - DIALOGUE:
Jim woni ko e yahde nder wuro. 0 fottii € Muusaa, 0namdii mo nokku.Jim is going to town, he,~et Muusaa, and ask him about Directions;
Jim Jam oalli1 - Good afternoon
~uusaa~ Ralli e jam! Ro~m&an-oaa e lipgey? - Good afternoon; Did you srend thday in peace; H~ is the work?
- I am on it! Row is your family?
A - LIST O~ VOCABUL~Y ~ORnS
Mbono wonndi heen! N o galle m e nwall?
Muusaa: Ebe e jam! Hoto paa-~aa?
Jim
Paa-mi ko nder wuro! A
bitik Demmba heedti?
Muusaa: Bitik Demmba heedti ko
fu~naanBe, hedde RaIle
en! WoQ.~aani no feewi.
: Hoto pot-mi rewde?
Jim anndaa to
lee gal
Jeynaba
Jim
shop
in f.ront
to be clo
near to,
next toto be far
to turn
to cXpl:&i
to be cle
to meet
- They are in peace, where are YOl
going?
- I am Roinp. in town; Do you know
where Demmba's shop located?
- ne~ha!s shop is on the east sid
of the quarticr, near Jeynaba!s
house; It!s not too far;
- Which way shall I follow?
MUusaa:&ennu yeeso, celaa baQnge nano;m a a yih biti~ 00 ene takkii e galle
- Go straight, turn on your lef.t ywill see the shop. It is next to
J ey na ba ~s c om po un d.
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Jcynaba en.
-15-
Jim: J am nalli?
~fuusaa: A e JaJTI?
110 e ?
Jim }fborfo heen!
galle mbaf.i?
}fuusae: e paa-f.aa?
Jim Paa-mi nder ~
to De1I!Il'.b ?
Muusaa: Bitik Demmba ko fll{.naanRe--- ---no feewi.
Jim
g al le J ey na ba--- ---Roto mi ?
--- ----l.fuusaa: yees09 ba~npe maa----- --- _ --bitik ene e---- ---- ---- ----
J eynaba en.
Jim A sifaa ene----- ---r n i
---- -----
DIALOGUE
- To f!alleJom '!tJurol At the chef de village's.
J am m ba al tf on ? - Row are you spend i.ng the night?
- Peace only. Do you wake up well?
- Thanks to God!
Jom Wuro: Jam tan ••A finii?
Jim K o maw1um. Tabaari-
k~lla.
Jom Wuro: Bisimilla ~aa. Joono! - You ~7elcome. Sit down!
Jim l-fbaa-mbo.foi:~i cifano- - Thanks. I \-10uldlike you to tell we
faa mi. wuro ngoo , about the illage.
Jom Nuro! Bey! bannge fucfnaange - Yes! eastward it is the }iandinka bloc.
ko leegal sebbe. Su&aloe Fishers men are on the west, the
bee keedti. bannge hirna- well is there; upper so it on the.
anp'e,ko toon woyndu nduu north it is a new quartier.
woni. Dow mum bal)nge worp,o
k o si fi caa n.
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Ji1"l
You welcome. When are you p,oinr.to
come back?
Please to God; each afternoon
I'll drop by to greet you.
Jimjom wuro
A jaaraama. Rol to ekkol 00 woniri?
:0woniri ko naatirde wuro ba~nge rewo -jumaa 00 noon lomrnhii ko hakkunde
leede dee, sara disiral doo.
Seydi Jah! A jaaraa~a no feewi.
Ko enen ndenndi mande nduttoto-daa
gaay?
Inchalla, kikiide fof ~ mi re w
d oc s al mi nd e.
Thanks you. lfuere is the schoo'l ?
It is located at the entrance of t
village. The mosque is between the
districts near the meetinp, place.
- Jah! Thanks a lot.im
: T O M wuro
D - G R A M M A R :
- Ko as an another usage; here it is used as the auxiliare "~o be"; then ko 1sfollowed by a short fo~ pronoun:
Ko mi jaljnp.oowo
Ko min ameriknaabe
If the subject pronoun begins with a vowel like: en, on, 0, a, there is anassimilation which gives:
ko o --- kooko a --- kaa
ko on--- konko en--- ken
- Mi is an object pronoun which goes with some verbs conjugated in the affirmative
form with lonro-form pronouns.
"
1 1 s ~ ~ ~ : a m PLURl~~ml ;I 2n Ii 3r J .~._ _,_---- - " ""
I n ,the other forms (i~erative case, and in the accomnlished asnect) mi is re~lacedby ~ or kam~
J im , s al min !! !! .
Jim salminii kam
- The richness of the Pulaar language is the affixes. Here, the affix r has the
locativ9 case (besides it has two others usages: instrumental and mrunner cases).
The affix is always between the stem of the verb and the mark of aspect:
ekkol 00 heediri ko naatirde wuro (heedirde)
jumaa 00 woniri ko bannge nano (wonirde)
sara
ca~8alyeeso
hakkunde
dow
les
nder
boowal
nearbehind
in front of
betweenon, above
under, below
in
out, outside
- There exist in Pulaar ~ropositions that locate neople and things:
- Mande is an interrogative pronoun of time. It cen be replaced by HoI nde:
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M an de n ga r- cf aa ?H ol nde near-can?
- There exists in Pulaar three class markers which act as nrticles (and demons-
tratives). They ·;~£er to four groups: human beings, animals and obj ect s ,
diminutives, and superlatives. The article is always before the noun, the de-
monstrative is always after the u0un:
articles: neJdo 00
wuro ngoo
leega1 nge1
demonstratives: 00 neodo
nzoo wuro
nga1 leega1
00 is the class marker of words bor rowed from others languages
rajo 00
montoor 00
naaiQ is a suffix of
names. Its plural is
AmerikSenegal
Kees
origin and nationality always added at towns and countries
naabe.
dam is the liquid and his derivatives class marker:
ndiyam d e mLamdam dam
AmeriknaajoSenega1naajo
Ke~snaajo
E - EXERCISES:
1 - Put the right word into blanket with the following words: sara, dow, baawo,
cagga1, hakkunde, les, nder, boowal.
Hannde m 1 yii Buubakar --------- jarma, 0 salminii jim, be naatii ---------
bitik. Puut wonf ko ----------- Dakaar e Kees. Deftere Ahu nana -----------
taaba1. Weccet maa nana fawii ------- siis. Woyndu nduu heedti ko ---------
wuro. Muusaa yaltii ---------.
2 - Build up 10 sentences of your own asking directions with the vocabulary
already studied:
a -
b -
c -d -
e -
f -
g -
h -i-
j -
3 - Locate these places below according to what you have studied or your wish
to build U f o n ew se nt en ce s:
Jamaa 00, promotion humaine, ekko1 00, suudu (name of star-iaire) Biroo
Corps de la Paix Dakar, Puut, Tammbaa, jeere ndee, posto 00, Bitik Baara,
Sanngomaar, Kuondaa, Los Angeles:
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- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
a -
b -
c -
d -
e -
1 : -
g-
b -
1-
j-
4 - Translate these sentences into Pulaar:
a - Today I want to drink tea.
b - They want to greet the chief.
c - He wants to learn Pulaar.
d - My guest to take a shower.
e - Where is located. the ponds?
f - Please! Where is the meeting place?
g - The well is near the mosque.
h - The cimetery is not on the west side of the village.
i-Turn on your left, there is the shop.j -Is the river not so far?
k - Each morning I will calIon to drink tea.
1 - When will they be back here?
m - They will return to Richard-Toll on Thursday.
n - I will go back to Dakar at the end of the month
5 - Building sentences with the words and verbs in this table below (at least1 5 s en te nc es ).
M ia
ombicfo
Aysata
Jom wuro
Biraam
Galle Muusaa
jumaa 00
gese H eidi
maayo ngoo
yidde
10Jlllllbaade
heed tude
wonirde
woddude
seIde
yeesocaggal
hakkunde
worp.o
fiaamo
sara
les
nano
rewo
dow
' b a awvhedde
hirnaange
bafalScfudnaange
en
minemin
on
ebe
eden
maa
makko
woyndu nduu
leede dee
siiicaan
bitik 00
jeere ndee
gese maaro
difl,iralgenaale
1-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
2 - ------------------------------------- ••
3 - -------------------------- . _
4 - --------------------- •• _
5 - -------------------------- ••--- .
21
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- - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - = ~ ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . -
8 -
9 - - -- -- -- -~ -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -
10 - --------------------.-----------
11 - --------------------------------
1 2 - - - -- ~ -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- -
13 - -------.- .."..---------------.----
14 - -----~--------------------------15 - --------- ..- ..------------------
6 - Translate th~r.e sentences into Enp:lish and complete the sentences l~th
blankets ~s you wish.
1 - Mbiyetee-rd. ko -.------------------
2 - Yettood~~ ko -~--------------------
3 - Ngummii-:ni ko Amerik k'ono njeyaa-mf ko -------------------------
b . - Sehil:.:l.muiyetec ko ------.------.-------
5 - 11i booyii Roes seecfa, mi dan ii toon jonce nay
6 = Ko Kecs njanngu-mi Pulaar.
7 - Ha mi won gaay dtmbi didi
8 - Foto jeere ndee heediri J o o ?
9 - GuIle jom wuro Yfoniri ko baryn£e nano?
10 - Mande nduttoto-daa Kees?
11 - Hbele wuro maa wocfcfaani?
7 - Put the verbs in this text in the negatdve form:
"i" . . . .mmbaa ene l.·cddi no feewi. Sehilam yettc-:tee ko Bah. 0 ummii ko Faranse.
Njeyaa-m:!. ko l'!eri. Min ndaiiii doo duubi joy. Jim wanwii Pulaar. Mi rneedii
yarde gosi. Kees lC!:rolbii ko hakkr-ide Dakaar e Rifisk.
S - Rewrite the d:i.::loguc with his missing wm~·dsand exp'reasdona t
Jim Jar.1mbaal-d'on?
Jom wuro ____ • A fin:_:.?
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o __ ko naatirde bannge ;
dome.? 00 noon hakkunde 1eede--'----il)ira1 doo.
Jim Seydi jah!·A jaaraama -~-Jom wuro ko enen mande nduttoto-naa 1
Jim kikiide ma mi do c s a1 mi nd e.
F - gUESTIONS ON THE DIALOGUE:
1 - Asalaa Maa1eykum12 - Jam fialli?3 ._ a non celli?4 _. On Dooyii doo?
5 - H anc1e ngummi-don ncer wuro?6 - Innde mna?7 - }tcmde ndut.toro-daa Amerik?8 - Ho1 cif an i i. do Ga rb a w ur o n go o?9 - Hoto 1eega1 sebbe heediri?
10 - H oto woynou nauu woniri?11 - 1101ko 10rranbiihnkkunde 1eerl'edee?
12 - H oto dinira1 nRf.1woniri?13 - Mance Jim ruttotoo galle jc~ wuro?1& - A1jurn8a nan yah Dakar?15 - ~fue1e j eere ndee wod~aani?16 - To suudu maa heedi?17 - Ho1 sondo bann~:e maa nano?18 - No ~om wuro Muusaa en yettetee?19 - Jim nanii Pu1aar jooni?20 - H o1 ko robadaton k ikiiae fo£ 1
G - PROVERBS AND SAYINGS:
Try to found out the meaning of this proverb:
" Jom hunuko maj jataa" .
JimJ om wuroJimJOU I w:-:"
Jim
J om wuro
-20-
K o m awdum ;Bisimilla t " .1 ! - .- a - . - - - -
$ mbod~ cifano-daami-~--- --------~, baqngc k0 1ee?~1------ ----
suba1be Dee hirn~an~e. --- woyndu---nduu • Dow rou~,--- ko--- ------
woniri?j aaraama. to---
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23
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LEsson FOUR
MEALS
I . . . _ . C U LT lJR A L N O TE:
It is very difficult in rural country to tell the ri~ht time meals are
served. This de~ends in general on the season (ndunnfu or ceedu). ~~at you
must mainly bear in mind concernins meal is that it is served out of one ortwo large bowls and people gather around thp. bowl to··eat the meal.
Before you start eating of course your meal, a bowl of water (coodordan)
is held to you. You always eat with your ri~ht hand. Bisimilla is in reneral
the rare ov~r meals. After the meal you are offered soma water.
As a~, they will insist on encouraginf, you to eat morc J using exrrcs-
sion like: "alaa! Yo~ii", "mi haarii" are then apl)ropriate answers. "'lJ1enev~r
you go, you are welcome to meal time and your agreement will brin~ a r.reat
joy to the family if you share their menlo Evan if you do not feel hungry,
it is required to have two or three handfuls as a mark of custom just to r.l~?s
the family.
After lunch peorle have to stay (ethnic Rrou~ joke Seereer leave the
house rip.ht after the meal) because other thine can be ser\'ed: t~a for cxa~~le
(fad ataaye)s in Peulh comuound tufam is serve, sometimes kola nuts are shared
with everyhody; this is the aporopriate moment to talk, lau~h, tell Jol~es, ordiscuss & erious matters.
Bisimille
Mbaa
B - LIST OF VOCfu1T~y WORDS:
Ndiyam
jU9ngoatcayewadd'aade
haarrle
wottaade
meedde
badaade
soodaade
defde
weIde
yonteede
fiaamdeyaafaade
weltaade
faerIe
siiwde acaave
jabde
wa':er
hand
tea
to be on time
to be full
to take lunch
to taste
to draw near
to wash one's hands
to cook
to be deliciousto have a turn
to eatto excuse
to be happy
to wait
to make tea
to accent
C - DIALOGUE: Dottaari galle Muusaa/Invitation at a lunch at Muusaa's
Jim saangii Muusaa, 0 hawri e bottaari, o e noddi-mot mbismii mo yoowottodo e ma~ne hannde.
Jim passed by Muusaa's, he met by chance the lunch, they called him andinvited him to share with them the lunch of the day.
Jim Jam nalH e mon? _. How are you spending the day?
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Jim
Muusaa
Jim
Muusaa
Jit;)
Huusaa
Jim
Muusaa
Jim
A a l i
Ji'Cl
~
Jim--ARli
Jim
-22-
mi haarii, mi wottiima
alaa! wad' etaake! ar meecf heen
tan, ko f.iiri;
Y~y ne ko mbaroodam
Gada! ndiyam nani, soo(.~!
no defi ndii? omo weli junnp.o koy.
Ko Pennda yontaa: naam noon!
Albarka! Jooni, mi yaafiima
on; on njaaraama;
A jaaraama no feewi~ min mbeltiima
kono fad ater-ye!
ltol ciiwoO':.;utaaye Of'), Miin dey
m1 waawaa tawo defde.
Ceerno, aan no mh1yete-daa?. .Mbodo wiyee Aali, Aali kah;
ndaa kaas meu, aan noon innde maa?
Inndam ko Jim Onofrey.
ala a! J oo ni, m biy ~te- daako Garua Soh.
Eey, ni jaoii nnee innne
Seydi Soh!
Seydi Kah !
D - GR.Al4}$AR:
I'm full, I have just eaten.
- No! I don't do that! come Rnd have 3
tnste; it is "Mid".
- That's it, I love it.
- Draw near! here is the wacer wash
your hand.
- who cook it? She is a Rood cook.
- It!s Pennda turn go headl
- Thanks god. Now apologi~e. Thank you.
- Thank you very much, we are he~py but
we can wait for the tea.
- Who is Boin[: to make it? For me, at
this point, I can't make it. He you,
what's your name?
- My name is Aali, Anli kah; here is
your cup of toe. What about you, t.Thnt
is your nam~?
- My name is Jim Onofrey.
- No! Now your name is Garba Sow.
- OK! I accept this name.
- Seycli Soh!
- Seydi Kahl
- liimal is the mark of the accomplished aspect of the verbs ema:o~ aade
mi lootiima (lootaade)en nRottiima (wottaade). -- --- To form the imperative singular in Pulaar you take the stem of the verbs endinp.
with -de:
arde --- art
yahde --- yah!
By addinr. ~ to the stem of the verbs endine -aade:
lootaade looto!
joodaade --- joodol
_. The negative form of the verbs ending ~ in the inaccomplished aspect is ~
which affirmative form is ete:
mi lootete
m i l oote taa ke
- ~n is the mark of the ponctuel narrative of passive ver~s (ending with eede).
Ko Abu fadea (fadeede)
Ko aan lootaa (looteede)
aa is also the ne~ative of certain verbs which Rcco~lished aspect is IiI or
Tii/ : mbocfo waawi --- mi waawaa (vaaede)
a meeJii --- a mcedaa (meedde)
- Here is the complete table of emohatics nronouns: 25
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1 mi j:tbii innde l'ulaar
2 K aD'lbe njabaani 1Mbbe pulaar
3 Ceerno kaas
4 Hannde tampi no feewi.
5 on ciiwde etaaye tawo.
6 ndiyar.l buufto.
7 no weli koy,. .
Abu jallo, yet tete ko
9 100ni, tni on.
10 HoI siiwde ?
-2>
S I N G . P L U R
2nd
i
min enen. minen
aan \ onon
kanko1 \
kambn
-j
1st'
I \- Nd"ae is a particulllr imperat: ive ~on! 1 of tb . " ! verb ndaahde which is reple.ccd
by jabde in the others tenses:
t~aa deftere ~al
- Nani is a demonstrative particule which dete1~ined an object which is ne~r
~he speaker, hut nana for something a bit for:
defteram nani
deftere Abu nana
Nani is also used ·O~the present progressive at the 3rd person of sin~ulnr
when the subject is a person nome. nana for the 3rd person of plural:
Jim nani iiaamaFaati e Aysata nana nduka (dukde)
E X E R C I S E S :
1) Build sentences on your own words
1 ___
2- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -___
4- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
5
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - __
7 ___
8- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - __
10- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
2) Missing words: put the rir.ht word into the blanket left into these followin~
sentences.
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-----------------_-------------------------
-24-
3) Build up sentences l;ith the vocabulazy in the table below. At least 15
sentences.
mo
roi
a0
mbodo
Emin
Jim
Abdulaay
Pennda
En
acaomo ,
mHn
kanko
onI OO'on
I Biraam
.f SuleyI Kc!i
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1213
14
15
wa~cfaade heen tan
haarde -ndii
wottaadc jU9n(.o koymeedde on
badaade atasye
soodaade tawo defde
defde ataaye
weIde juude
yonteede . h aa ld e
fiaamde pulaar
yaafAade winndude
weltaade lee tar
fadde yeewtude e
siiwrle ataaye p uI s . .
jabdehannc
Innde makko
suusde + inf. pulaar nde Iaawdcyiid"de Itamnude no feewi I
i
27
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4 - Put th~ verbs in the accomplished asnect.
H3nnde Abu (wottaade) galle jom wuro, 0 (fedde) ataaye. Aali (wonde)
ciiwoowo 00. Bottaari ndii (weIde). Abu (naamndaade) hoI no (defde)
ndi. 0 (~iide) jam suudu jom wuro (weIde junngo) koy. 0 (jaarde)
yimSe galle 00. 0 (wiide) 0 (weltaade). 0 (joodaad~), be (yarde) ataayes
be (yeewtude), fie (jalde). Abu (naamndaade) kodo wuro ngoo innde mum.
OC1n (j abde: ) ko jim 0 (wiyeede). Be (salmondirde). Yit®e fof (weltaade).
5 - Translate these sentences into Pulear:
It is lunch ti~e. Jim c~e secross a lunch at the chief's. They invited
him to shht'e with them their lunch. Jim has just eaten. He didn't want
to eat, he said that he was full. The chief told him to wash his hands
and got near. The ch~ef told him that they were - appy and asked jim to
wait for the tea. Sour milk wp.s served. Jim was' dPPY, h e a pol og iz ed
and went back home.
-25-
6 - Give the imperative singular of these verbs, like this:
7 - Put these sentences into the nerative form:
- Hannde emin tampi no feewi;
- Mbodo waawi defde ataaye;
- Miin mbodo waawi yeewtude e Pulaar;
- Kamko omo suusi healde roonga~
- 11i meedU yaahde Faranse
- On ndanii gaay jonte sappo;
- Hannde ne wuli no feewi~- Mi booyii ~oo see~a;
- Jim nanii Pulaar (tawo);- - n u m ne rooyYi;
- Ceerno maa arii hanki ;
- 0 wiyetee ko Robeer;
- Kambe e&e njabii inde mab~e Pulaar ~ee.
Jim e mon?MUUsaa Jam tan-,--- , ada waddU!
Jim mi wottiima
joocfaade
lootaade
jaBngudeyaahde
haarde
meedde
yaafaad s
sUwde
soodaade
ummaade
salminde
fooftaad(;
booyde
fiaamde
8 - M is sin g w or ds ~
- joodo!
Muusaa
Jim
a l a a , ar meed' hen •
---- --~o fiiiri.
k o m ba ro da m.---
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,------
.
Aa,li mboQo Aa,li~ knh. Ndaa kaas maa.------ ------ -----
Jim Mo defi ndii? Omo.,..-----
koy!_,--
i ia am no on ! o n---------
uusaa Ko Pennda------
A jaaraama no feewi;
kone ataaye!
Jim HoI ataaye oo? rniin mi----- ------waawaa def:de. no mhiyete-r.aa?
---
i nn de m C. a?
Jim ko jim On~frey.
Aali rnbi.Yf!te-daao Garba Soh
Jim eey, eey, mi jabii ndee innde
I~li Seydi Soh!
Jim Seydi K~hi
p .- QUESTIONS:1-Jam nalli e mon?2 - Hoto Jim woni?: - Jim wottii~a?b - HoI ko woni mbaT~odi Jim?5 - H oI mo clefi bottaari n1ii?6 - Ooo~weli jugngo?7 - Yimbe ~all~ Muusaa mbeltiima?8 - Aan noon a weltiima hannde?9 - H oI ko ngotti-non?
10 - HoI ko naamndii Jim?11 - 0 fadi:i.taaye?
12 - No ciiwoowo p.taaye00 wiyetee?13 - J im ene wtl8 wi defde ataaye?l/~- Ann noon?15 - No Jim l-1iyeteejooni?16 - Aan noon a dafiii innde Pulaar?17 - HoI ko Jim h m· ;r rigaLLe £1uusaa?12 - On nj a,~rii . daye hannde?19 - Ceerno, ada neydi?20 - H oI ko ngonndu-~aa hannde?21 - Aan ada " raawi yeewtude e Pulaar' !22 - HoI jontaa~o galle Muusaa en?23 - Amy (>r one girl) ne w~awi defde fiiiri?
G - PROVERBS AllD S: ~YINGS~
7ry to found out the meaning of these proverbs or sayinp.s below:
- K ono feccatae hiraande.- K o won: l.e lahal kala maa j u~d' emj iitu.- Nokku m~a ko to nokkante-oaa.
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Barp,aining is a positive point that should be deve10pped as you read
or study Pulaar. It is r~quired in har8ainin~ to be~in with ereetin~s.
The mere you know the procedure, the more you have products cheap because
you are considered a relative and then integrated among them. Besides they
will feel r1ad to talk with you in Pu1aar their mother ton~e. They advertise
in general the products they offer you. Articles are sold in different
manners. For some of them the ,rice by three - particu1ary for objects of
art. Then in this case you must be aware that you are dealing with tough
merchants. So the differents aspects at stake are: the product itself,
the humour of merchants, your command of the 1an~uagep the stronB need of
the salesman to earn money. There is no recept on bargaining but the first
thing as skill you have to develop in that case is to know of what ethnic
group belong your merchant; ethnic groun relationship will help a lot inthat case. Do lot of joke of it is 1 .1 seereer "maccudo maa". The more you
joke the more you ~i11 have your product cheap. Coodataa ko bagi?
A - C U L T u ~ N O T E :
B - L I S T , O F V O C A B U L A R Y WORDS~
J om bitik
bagf 1agoos
meeteer
teemedere
ujunere
weccet
iiootoowojogaadc
jarde
soklude
us tudehawruc1e
addude
heewde
Kaa1is
da1de
yoode
burJe
jo1de
yoodde
ndaahde
ruttude
weccude
seekde
1ammdaade
L E S S O N F I V E
B A Y . G A I N I N G
shop owner
l ag os ma te ri al
meterfi ve h un dr ed
fi ve t h( lu sa nd
ch"n~etaylor
to have
to cost
to need
to reduce, to law the price
to amont
to brinp.
to be full
money
to leaveto pay
tc be better
to be in fashion
to be in pretty
to receive
to five back
to chanpe
to tear
to ask
- Good morninp. shon owner?
- Peace only; hov are you.?
- Thanks to God! Have you a 1a800s
materia11
- yes, the meter cost700
CPA
c - D I A L O G U E : To Jom Bitik/At the sho~
- Jim yehii jeere soodoyde bagi. Orno yidi k~di noctde wutte e tuuha.- Jim went to the market to buy a material. He want also to sew up clothes.
Jim
Demmba
Jim
Jam weeti jom bitik?
Ja~ tan. no mbao-daa?
Ko mew~um. Ada jogii bagi
1agoos?
eey, meeteer 00 jarata kotecrnedere e capande joy_Demmba
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-zo-
Jim Mbod'o sokli heen meeteruu.ii
SelPPO kono ustu.Demmba Hawrata ko ujunere e teemedde
joy kono mi ustanii ron c p.rAnde
joy.Jim alaa, ene tiidi haa joni, oal
e ujunere e teemed de nay.
Demmba yoSt kono 0 burii J~ sabu
kanko woni jolio jooni 00,
omo yooni kadi, ,
~ Ndaa ujunnaaje ~ini~ ruttam!
Dennnba H eccet maa nani <roon fawii;
yP.a seek e jam?
Jim Aamiinl HoI to nootoowo baaw~0
woniri doa?Demmha bennu yeeso haa to rewoe Dee
njooaii daas• l aamn do-d aa S aydu
Kontee; oon ko baawco nootol
no feewi.Jim A jaaraama, mi weltiima haa
g01)ngEil.
- I need ten meters of it but 1m · :
your price.- It will cost about seven th~usand
and five hundred but I reduce it
to two hundred and fifty.
- Not) it is still expens ive . But I
can pay for seven thousand.
- You can pay! But it worths more
than that because it is the nev
fashion and it is very pretty.- Here is ten thousand and give me
my chanf,e- Your chs: 1ge is there. loiayit tear
in Peace?- ~Jnen! where a good taylor can be
found here?- follow this way till Where the
women are sitting over there and
ask about Seydu Kontee, he is a
p.ood taylor.- Thank you. I'm hap~y. I shall see
you next time.
_ ~ is the mark of the inaccom~lished asrect of verbs ending with -de
and -ude. It is used to make insist on the subject and the object:
ko baRi Aali soodata
ko Anli soodata bagi
-/il is the mark of accomplisbed aspect of stative verbs conju~ated with
long-form pronouns (they p,eDerally ending with -de and -ude)
rnhod~ yidi ataaye (yidce)
eden cokli kaalis (soklude)
- Here is the complete table of the object pronouns~
Is
SP1G P LUR-1 mi I en-min
arn-karn I .~ rn a (maa ) Ion _ .t mo (moo) I be
and also the class markers after the verbs:
Mi nRamii teew nguu-mi naamii ngu
o addii taabal ngal-o addii ngal
Ha can be written maa, m0 - moo when there is ~n insistance on the subject
_ ~ is a particule which acts as an auxiliary; it is used at the
3rd pers~n sinp.ular and plural when the subject is a proper noun; if it is a
statement or a declaration:
Mamadou ene yaha Dakar.
ene wul:f. !
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- lIe sometimes come accross with ene. shorten 2S ne
ne yoodiJim ne yara sanngara
- With the intonation~ it can be an interrogative particule:
ne wuli?
E - E X E R C I S E S :
1 - Translate this numbers into Pulaar - FiRures
1
35
lll5:1250: ------
2!.80:-------75 : _
27~
Prices (Franc)
1500: _
375= _
2310:, _
5lt90; _
6350:------l5720~ _
153200~ _
2 - Translate these sentences into Pulaar:
1 - now much does a box of sur,ar cost?2 - Jim went to the market to buy a material.
3 - ~fuere a p,ood taylor can be found.
It - The meter cost 700 CPA.
5 - I need ten meters of la~oos.
6 - It is still exPensive lower the price.
7 - I want one r-acket of Bugar and a box of tea.
n - I want to ~ake sew a caaya.
9 - Your chanp,€ is there on the table.10 - We have no tea, we sell only cigarette.
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4 - Put the verbs into parentheses in the right aspect~
~ande fof Jim (yahde) jeere. Hannde orno (sok1ude) bagi.o (naamndaade) to bagi (yeeyeecc). Jom bitik (yeeyde) warga e suukara.
Abu (yeeyt,aade) boggu p~dde. Jeeyoowo (sa1aacle) ustude. Saydu Kontee
(waawde) fiootol no feewi. Liiteer nebam (jarde) capande nay e joy.
Jim (fiamlaade) butel Golden. Bagi (yoodde) no feewi kano (tiidde).
-:10-
3 - Build u~ at least 15 sentences with the vocabulary and verbs in the tab
below:
mbodo jogaade baei Lagoos
Iili soodde sigareet
0 jarde Duudi joyjom hitik soklude ca-pande.jeezo
omo ustude goro
en hawrude saabunnde
Faati addude leppi
Jim heewde pade
Aysata,.
doon fawiialdeKatTlbe y'obde tiich haa :\0odon burde warga
ebe jolde jooddo 00,yooddeda moyyi no fee\
Meeteer rut tude suukara
ko kanko weccude maaro
pakket 00 seekde Lamdam
liiteer 0 0 laamndaadeweccet maa wende
yeeyde
iiamlaade
yeeytaade
ene
nan a (i)
1- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
.. .
F.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -4
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -5 -------- _ _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -6 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -8
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -9
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -10
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -1 __
12 - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -3 ___
14 __ -- __
15- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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5 - Replace the object by his pronoun as below:
ExP: Abu naamii teew nguu
Abu fia am i .], n gu
- 0 addii taabal nga1
- Jim yarii kosam naro --
- Saydu fiootii tuuba bRa --
- A soodii paue dee --
- En njanngii deftere ndee --
- Aysata lootii cukalel ngel --
6 - Try to bareain by usine the imperative of these verbs:
us tude
weccude
yeeyde
sooddebeydude
ruttude
iiamludeyobde
ndahde
yeeytaade
jaf>de
suf>aade
meetaade
betde
7 - Build up a dialogue with two charactel:s: a shop owner and a buyer:
A ___
n - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ___
B __
A ___
n ~~ __
A- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
B- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - -___
B- - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
6 - Translate these sentences into Enp.1ish
1-Alaa roi jopaaki warga, Min njeeyata ko sigareet tan.
2 - Hawrata ko ujunere e teemedde tati.
3 - Omo yoodi kadi.
4 - Ko ka~ko woni jodo 00.
S - a1aa m t namlaaki saabunnde, iiamlotoo-mi ko 5igareet.
6 - lJstan min.
7 - Weccet maa nani donn fawii.
8 - Yon ceek e jam!
9 - Ene moyY'i no feewi.10 •• Dakar enc wodd'o seeda ,
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9 - Missing wvrds~
Garba
Demmba
Garbe
___ weeti bitik?
~0 mbad-daa e ?---
Dp.mmba Eey meeteer O~ ko teemedere e joy.---- ----
Ko m a w d " u m . Ada ba~~i ?
G ar b a
Demba Weccet maa doon yaa e jam!
Garba H o1 t o woniri doo?
G ar b a
Demmba
Garba
Demmba
Mbod~ heen meeteruuji kono---- ---- -------kona addu---o ujunere e
Alae! ene tiidi
kono e our!! dum
kadi.
ndaa Jief!.
e _
da1 e ujunere e teemedde nay.
___ ko kanko won1 _ j oni 00. Omo
Der.unha yeesa rewoe Dee daa ,
1aanr:H !0-daa Saydu Kontee, ko baawdo no feewi.
Garb a A jaar~ama-roi we1tiima,
F - Q U E S T I O N S O N T H E D I A L O G U E :
1 - No mbarf-r.on?
2 - Arla j or-ii almet?
3 - Jom hitik ene jop,ii bagi?
4 - H oI haRi rno j am bitik joggi?
5 - H oI no foti ro~etecr bagi laeoos jarata?
6 - No kiloo suukara fod.?
7 - Jom bitik ene yaeya sigarect?
8 - A~a josii weccet ujunere?
9 - No cogp,u m eeteruuji sappo ba~i la~oos poti?
10 - No foti meeteruuji hali sokli?11 _. Jom bitik ustanii AaH?
12 - hali yohii jom hitik?
13 - To woccet Aali fawii?
14 - No foti Aali t0tti iom bitik?.15 - Bctgi AaH 0" ene yoodi?
16 - H oI b a gi, j olei' oj ooni?
17 - HoI mo Aali naamndii jom bitik?
18 - HoI to bsaw10 nootol 00 heedi?
19 - No baavdo fiooto l 00 wiyetee?20 - AaH ~yeltiim,.~.?
G - P R O V E R B S AND SAYINGS:
Try to find out the meaning of these proverbs below:
- Hay tl1t} kami alaa.
- Ko dafide wadi cuurcl dawaadi.
. .'
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- ---- - ------------------------ ---------------------.-33-
LESSON SIX
HEALTH
A - CULTURAL NOTE:
This occasion is taken to present the Haa1-Pu1aar (or Fu1be) as great
healers with medical herbs (lekki) or to display the marabout services
(seernaabe). In traditionna1 AFRICA, diseases were treated from the elements
of the nature more precisely with 12aves, barks and roots.
When someone falls ill, he is generally cured with the first elements
of the available herbs. If not, a specialised healer is consulted and who
ip famous for that and whose sDecia1ity Roes to a disease he locates from
symtoms and from the sick person's behaviour. Usually the narents of the
sick persvn are ready to ~o kilometers in order to consult a specialist.
More often they consult a marabout for health prevention or for protection.
This one recommends some medecine (gris-gris) (ta1kuru) or a bottle of water.
that blesses (nassiaaye) from the sacred book: the coran - Beside this
traditionnal practice, people go ncwanays to Hopital. Even it they are in
death agony, the sick person person always say: Ko mawdum (God is a1mightv).
Always answer in a positive way "kc tIlawdum"when visitin~. a sick you will
lot of people around him because in the Pu1aar Society a sick p~rson is
not left alone. If you are sick sayin~ that your health is gettinB worse issurprisinp. so be careful at that point we always answer ko mawdum. Ada se1li
B - LIST OF VOCABULARY WORDS:
banndu
paawnga1
jontinc·oje
poclcfe
woddude
tuutdc
hulbinaadefaamde
fuuynude
sikkude
moomde
body
fever
malaria
medecine
to be sick (to be together)
to vomish
to be fear fu1to understand
to improve
to believe
to caress, to touch
C - DIALOGUE:Cel1a1 'Banndu/Helllth
- Muusaa se11aani, 0wonnd! ko e jontinooje. 0 yehii diapanseer safroyaade:
- Muusaa is not well, he got Malaria. He went to see the doctor at the tI1ed
.::enter~
- Did you spend a good night here?
- Peace only. l-1hat,are you sick?
- No my body is achine.
- What do you have?
- I think it i~ a fever.
- Get nearf(Muusaa got near~ Umar caresses
his head, his head is too hot.)
- Did you vomish?
- Yer.: ', vomished this mornfng ,- It is not worth worrying! It's
just Malaria. Have this ~iwaakin
tablets, take two in the morninfand two in the afternoon.
Muusaa Jam fini gaay?
Umar Jam bolo. Iih! ada se11i ne?
Muusaa a1aa, banndam we1aani.
Umar K0 ngonndu-daa?
Muusaa : lfuodo sikki tan ko paawnBa1
Umar : Bado gaay!(Muusaa badii: ' Umar maoroi hoore
ndee e nde w~li jaw)
Umar A tuuti?
Muusaa
Umar
EeYt tni tuuti e subaka hee.
Hu1binnakil nr,onndu-daa ko e
jontinooj e. Ndaa podd' e
niwaaklniin, yar didf subaka,
d idi k 1ki ic fe .
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5 __
6 . ___
7 . ___
8 =--=~37
U~ar Yoo alla fuuynu!
}tuusaa Aamiin. A jaaraama ,
- M a y God help you!
- Amen. Thanks a lot!
D - G R A M M A R :
_ The negative form of inaccomolished aspect of the verbs ending with ~ is
the stem of the verb + aaki:
mi lootaaki (lootaade)Muusaa j oodaaki (j oodaarle)
- Yo is a particule used for wishcs~ maledictions, benedictions:
Yoo jam salmine!
Yoo alla fuuynul
yaa maay!
Yo is always followed by a short subject pronouns if it be~ins with a vowel
there is an assimilation.
yo a -- ya a
yo o -- yo o
yo on-- yon
yo en-- yen
- Here ko as an another usap.e; it is here an interro~ative pronoun:
k o n Bo nn du -d ~a ?
ko nj id:"daa
- Ne is an insistance particule which expresses doubt (with a nuance of hope
in the answer); it is used in the interropative form:
a,ra selli ne?
o iiaanii ne?
- ne (ene) used at the 3rd persons (sin~ular and r.lural) to preceed proper
nOUl1 as subject (Abu ene jaaeina) is different from ne insistance particule
which expresses doubt:
Abu ne jaawina?
Abu ne jaawina ne?
- E + class marker is subject ~ronoun which replaces things and animals
(when the result is determined)'
Hoore ndee ene wuli - e nde wulipuccu nguu ene tampi - e ngu tampi
E - EX ERCISES:
1 - Build up in your own words sentences (at least 12)
1 __
2- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -b
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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-35-
10
11- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -2 __ _
2 _ Translate these sentences int(\ T'ulanr:
1 _ I'm not well, my body is achinf,.
2 _ I think it is only Malaria.3 - The foreip.np.r is not well, he go~ Diarrhea.
4 - Are you feeling well?
5 - Did you vomish?
6 - Did your bocy Rchin~?
7 _ N o , I didn' t vornish but I felt diz zy.
8 - My friend coup.h a lot yesterday nip,ht.9 _ }lay God hell) you 1
10 _ The Chief went to Dakar to sec the doctor.
Juyngo makko
Koynp,al 8:tl
nite mabbebanndu mall
hoore mon
reedu Illc:nfiiiye U[l1a:'
mh,,-fo Kaal Hdu
fl:fa. AysRtn
m i Aliw
en Huusaa
Alasan
Knjjaa
Jom W'JT.C·
A
ne yahde
muu~dcsikkude
wonndude
tuutde
moorn-:1e
~'arde
moo~;;\Rde
safraade
dojjuc!e
wel~e
ko Pjum
jontino(\jeDakar
mabbo
paaenna l
c f o j j ohoore nuutloo're
reedu dl"'p.aiim'
hannde
hanki j ar.nna
niiye muusooj e
3 _ Put tbe verbs of. the text ~elow into the accomplished aspect (affirmative
and nep,atiye).
M1.lusaa (sellude), 0 (vonndude) e jontinooje : 0 (yahde) df sr-enseer sa~!oyaad
Mi (sikkude) ko oaawnr,al. }1uusaa (tuutde) e subaka he~. 0 ( yar de ) p odd e
Niwaakiniin. n (fotde) karli fooftaane. Riiye Aysat~ (muusde), 0 (daanaace)
~o feewi ha9ki jamma. 11i (fooftaad2), banndam (muusde). Abu (wonndude) e
dojjo, 0 (snfrnade). ~aw jim nr,uu (hulbinande) sabu ene aafroo. Ii . (mClol'laa
lekki kii.
4 - With the words In the table m3ke at least 15 sentences:
ne ko
5 - Translate these sentences into En~lish:
1 _ Cukalel np.el ene dojja no feewi
2 - J im s el laa ni , 0 wonndi ko e jontinooje
3 _ Min njehii wurosoo~i safroy~ade.
4 _ En njahaani Galle ccerno safroyaade
5 -'niooe Penndaa cellaani, De ngonndi k(\ c ~a~oo
6 -'De ligp-aaki han~de, 6al1i mabbe ~belaani
7 u 0 wottaaki hAt}ki, fiiiye makko ene Muus aa •
8 _ }fi daanaa'd, Dmodo wonndi e reedu doganndu ,9 _ t:aJ'!kiarmna mi tuuti no feewi.
10 - Yoo Allah lomtin cellal!
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-36-
6 - Ask Questions by usinr. the particul€ ko
1-
2 -)
4 -
5 -
6 -
7 -
7 - Make sentences Hith the particu1e " ne"
1-
2 -3 -
4 -5 -
6 -
7 -
8 -
9 -10 -
8 - Mis sinn w ords :
l-Iuusaa finii ?------ -----Umar JAIn
----'ada sclli ?----
welaaroi.uusaa Alaa
Umar 1 < 0 ?
Muusaa m~o&o tan ko---- -------Umar ~aayt
(Huusaa , Umar hoore ndee,nde wu1i-- I ---
Uroar A ?
Muusaa mi tuuti: f.e.--Umar Niweakiniin didi subaka , cfili
Muusaa r o i faanii. A jaarsama l'li
~ A l l a h
Huusaa a j aa rl la ma .
F - g U E S T I O N S O N T I l E D I A L O G U E :
1 - Ooon celli?2 - Muusea ne selli?
3 - H ol koo w~nndi?, - 0 safroyiima?
5 - Aoto e yehi saf.roynade?
6 - No caf roowo 01) wiYCltee7 - Ijjam t Muusaa ne selli ne?
8 - HoI koo sikki 0wonndi?
9 - Hono hoore Muusna wayi?
10 - Hol ko Huusaa wadi e subeka hee?
11 -Hol koo wonndi tiggi ri~i?
12 - Aan ho1 ko ngonndu-naa?
13 - H o1 ko (naue of stagiaire) wonndi1 39
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-37-
14 - Ann ada ~ojja?15 - Hol gonouGo ~oo e dojja?16 - Aan dey nsonndu-daa ko e mabbo?17 - A ya ri i pod de t ay nel ol ?18 - Hol podde Muusaa foti ynrde?19 - No foti 0 y~ rat a sub ak a e kikiioe?20 - MQ usaa fEamii cafroawo oo?
21 - Aan noon a faamii jannrinoQwo 001
22 - H .I ln dec af ro ow o m on o ~ a ra ta ?
G - PROVERnS AND SAYINGS:
Try to find out the meaning )f the ~rovarbs below:
- Ko ma~~cfumwari hcevbe ,- Ko gaynaako paabi annai 1a~ocji mum.
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L E s s o n S E V E N
T I¥ . E S A N D S E A S O N S
A - C t ~ T U R ) _ L N O T E :
In rural countr' men do not hurry to their businesses; that is the
reason why it is di!ficult to speak of time but rather of the period of
the day which essentially depend on the position of the sun as it is
already seen in the chapter of greetinp,s. These periods are! subaka -
kikU(fe -jarma (nalawma). Beside these periods are those brought by thefive prayers of Islam: fajar-Tiisubaar - Takkusaan - Futuro - Geeye -
This latest allow villagers to plan their daily labor. Next to thesedivisions we have the seasons: the dry-seaso~. Ceedu - that lasts the longest,
period in which the Harmattan wind blows; the rainy season - ndunngu -
The life in the village is subject to these periods and climate variations.
Once in tr~ village you will find the "ceedu" too long and people doing
nothing. But most of the time it is durdng this period that roof of the
ceedu are rebuild, new huts build, artisanal works done, people migrate
a lot during that period, so: ceeaee e jam!
B - L I S T O F V O C l \ B U L A R Y W O R D S :
fieldworks
hoe
millet
rainy season
water (rain)
guinea, fowls
dry, arid
squirrels
seed
crop; haveRt
not at aIls never
t" goo towork
(in the morning) with someoneto cultivate with
to learn
cold
cole
cold season
heat
dry season
bush, forest
dry, drought
to be hot
to be cold
to feel hot
to feel cold
to be L o n p
to be afraid
to have rain
to be beautiful
to' grow
to dig up
to hide
to he wet, watered
to dig, to hole
to be hardto possess, to belong
to settles to nontade, to migrateto he far
ngesagolle
jalo
gawri
ndunn8u
ndiyam
jaawle
soofio
jihe
sawci
conal
muk
dR.wduderemirde
ekkaade
jaa!jgol
buubo l
Dabbunde
Nguleeki
ceedu
ladde
hokkere:
wulde
jaalJde
wuleedejaatJgeede
juutde
hulde
tobeede
yodde
fudde
jaDde
wirnude
leppude
aastaade
met tude
jeyde
ruumoyde
wocf(1~ude
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Nuusaa
Garb a.
Muusaa
Garba
-Muusaa
Garba
~1uusaa
Garb a
Muusaa
Garba
c - DIALOGUE:I
Good morning? How the work goin
in the fields?
Thanks to God! But also it isa hard work.
--Today I'm going with you.
- OK! Let!s go! can you cultivate
with hoe?
- No, I will learn then!
- The millet didn't grow lo1ell
- because this rainy season WAS
that, it hasn't rained.
- Do you think it is not because
you dig up late7
- Not at all! Last year, at this
time the millet has grown. Itdry~ the land was not watered
the squirrels had dip'.out aU
seeds.
- Then your harvest this year v'i
be bad! To whom this field belo
to?
- It is Usumaan's. This year, he
migrates around Tambacounda.
- Oh! we went so far~
Dawol r.ese./lnthe field
- Garba dawdii e Muusaa gese. Omo yidi ekkaacle remircle jalo.
- Garba went earlier with Muusaa in the field. He wants to know how to
cultivate with the hoe.
"o~ pinii? ~o mba~-~on e liggey r,ese?
Ko maw(ru rn , k on o tan ko go ll e m aw cfe .
Hannde, mi rlawdan e· mon.
Bisimilla! Nj ehen! a;: fawaawi remirde
ja10?
Alaa! mi ekkoto tan.
Gawri ndii funaani no feewi sabu
ndu~ngu hikka moyyaani, ndiyam alaa.
A sikkaani on l ee l j abb ude ?
muk! nii rawane tawi gawri ndii
wirnii jaa~le; ko soofio~ leydi ndiileppaani, te jihe dee ngaastiima
aawdi ndii fof.
Ndeen dey, conal !:lonhikka maa mettu!
HoI jeyde baa too ngesa?
K o U Sl lr nP .a n.0ruumoyii hedde Ta~baa-
Kunndaa.
00 de y w oc. :H i!
DIALOGUF.:II
Garba Jam kiir-don benndiraabe?
Hiirde galle Muusaa/ln eveninp. talk at Muusaa's
- Dabbunde arii, ja"m~ol ene heewi. Garba yehii jamma yeewtoyde galle Muusaa enso tawi ebe ngitoo:
- It is the cold season, it is too cold. Garba went to chat at Muusaa's at night,
he found them warning themselves:
MUUS88 Jam tan, no mbad-daa e lip,gey?
Garba Ko mawdum, n0 mbad-don e buubol?
Muusaa
Garba
Muusaa
Garba
J'!uusaa
Garba
Muusae
GDrba
Emin ngonndi heen, hannde ene jaanp.i
no feewi;
Wadde ja~aji d!i ene njuuta
Ahan! Ko dabbunde~ mate a jaangaaka?
Alaa, mi1n ko ng ule eki k ul -M i.
K ori cp.edu mOD jutaani?
Alaa, emin tobee fodde lebbi
nay; e oon sahaa ladde amencne yooda~
!-finenqey, dii duubi fof ko min
hokkaabe.Eey, roi nanii hndde Maali e Niiseer
- Are you spending a good evening
everybody?
- Peace only. How is the work?
- It is going well, how do you feel
with the cold?
- It is alright; it is freezing toda
- That's why the night are too lon~.
- Oh yes, it is the cold season. D0n
you feel cold?
- No, me I'm afraid of heat.
- Is your summer too long?
- :No, it isn't. It rains there for
f.our months. At this times our
forest is very nice.But us, all these years there is
drought here.- Oh! Yes, I heard in Mali and Niger
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D - G R A M M A R :
- In the affixes, we have also:
!dl which expresses an associative nuance (to do somethinf. together, with
somebody).
/rl already seen, here, it express an instrumental nuance (to do somethinf,
w it h s om et hi ng ).
loyl which exnress a displacement nuance (to go to do something).
ja9ngude - janngiide : Susan e Bob njanngi dii Pu1aar
~emde - renirde : Muusaa rernirii ja10
soodde - sood~de : Garba socdoyii bagi 1ar-oos
- The imperative term in Pu1aar has two persons in the plural, tnese are;
en ann ee; en for thp. first ~erson u1ura1 (inclusive), ee for the second
person plural; to form the imperati~e plural we add to the root of the ver
~ or ~ for the verbsendfng
with -de or -ul~e:
sa lm ind e ~ c a1 t' in ~ jom wuro
ca1minee Abu
For the verbs ending with aade we add to the iTllperat:f_vefngul.ar d~n or dee,
lootaade: 100to
Lootri-den
Looco-dee
- The imperative form in "Pu1aar doesn't applied to the verbs ending with eed
those verbs being passive verbs;
- The nepative of the i~erative ferm (sin~u1ar and plural) is obt~ined as
follow:
woto + imperative verb
nam - WClto iiaam
liggo-dee - woto liSgo-dee
For the first pers~n of the ne~ative forro of the imperative p~ura1, we have:
woto + ~ + i mpe rat iv e s ing ul ar
iiaamen - woto en iiaam
In Pulaar, when two verbs follow each other, the second on is in the infiniti
form:
OIDO waawi reMir~e ja10
ada yid: f_yarde a t aay
- ~ is one of the marks of the inac'!ompiished aspect of the verbs endfnz y
aade. It expresses an in~istance on the verb. But, also it can be used to
the habitual imnerative~
Garba ekkoto remirde ja10;
100toto subaka fof!
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43
-- -- ------ - ---------------------
\
subaka fof mboco lootoo
- Fof has sany usages:
It can be an indefinite adjective; it signifies then each. In this case, it is
preceded ~y a noun in the singular:
or an iudefinite pronoun, it signifies then~, in this case, it is nreceded
by a noun in the plural:
yim6e fof ko maayoobe!
- Heade and too are adverbs of place which signifies:
Hedde: toward, to, near
~: there, over there
Rifisk woni ko hedde Dakar
HoI jeydo ngee ~ nagr.e?
- ~ is ge~erally preceded by a class marker and it is the opposite of the adverof place doo and daa:
ndee reftere - ndee doo deftere
ndee aaa deftere
ndee too deftere
- Heen is a preposition of quantity and place; it signifies ~ (quantity)and in (r-lace)
o soodii heen (gerte)
o wadii heen ndfyam (e mbalka kaa)
- !aka is the mark of the negative form of the accomplished aspect of the verbs
ending with eede (The accomplished affirmative form being aama) ~
J im n ul da ar na m ann da a
JiM nulaaaka manndaa
- Kori is an interrogative particule which brour.ht a positive answer;
kori a fiaamii?
The answer. can be negative, in that case it surprises.
- ~ is one of the narkG of inaccomplished aspect of the verbs ending ~,it expresses an insistance on the verb:
ebe lootee kikiide fof
HoI ko be mbadetec?
E - E X E R C I S E S :
1 - build up in your own words sentences about the weather (at least 15)
1 __
2 __
3 __
4- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - -
5 __
--------------------------------------
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45
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
2 - Put the verbs between parenthesis in the inacco~lished aspect:
Garba (dawdude) e mabfe gese. Usumaan (remde) maaro hikka. 'Be (sonde)
hikka law. Abu (yahde) gese manro hannde kikiide. 0 (aawde) nebbe dee.
¥in (jabbude) ngese baa. Muusaa waawaa re~irrle masin, 0 (ekkaade) ten.
Alaska wa1aani, (jaande) tan. Sehi1 maa (~igaade) rnowuuri. Senegaa1
(to£eede) hikka no feewi. Hikkas
0 (ruumtoyde) hikka hcdde ko1daa.
Jom wuro (yeewtitne) e mon ko faati e 8eseomaaro. Yontere aroore~ en
(fuddeade) jabbune. Hade men rend~s en (soppude) ledce dee, (sumde),
(fittude) ngesa baa. So cofi~l hikke IDQYYi, mi (soodde) masin demmowo.
3 - Put these verbs into the imperative form (affirmative and ne~ative all
persons) by addin~ an object (as you wish):
remde -
ekkaade -
jabbude -
aastaade -
remircle -
(faminaade -
ruumoyde -
lip ' gaade -
fuddaade -
4 - And the following affixes (d, rs oy) to the verbs below ann make sentenceswith the news verbs:
remde
ja!lngude
naamde
soodde
lignaade
ruumde
daanaade
asde
hodde
wende
waande
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-/.:3-
5 - Put the convenient word into blanks: doo) heGue, too, cap,ga1! fof» r.a~y
daa!
------- ko kees. Sonadis 00 woni ko --.---- jere. Yit'lbe-------- ko
maayoobe. Artisana1 nana --------. Siis a1aa -------. Nduu --------.
suudu ko suudu Bob. Omo dogo kikiide -------. Puut woni ko -----------
Kees. A1jumaa ------- A1 Rajji ene yaha jumaa. Kambe ----------
t;e njarii.
6 - Translate these sentences into Enf.1ish:
1 - Jom wuro dawdii e Muusaa Rese.
2 - Be ndawdii e Abu gese 1idcfi.
3 - Janngo subaka A 1a sa • .yahdat e maa 1eeri
4 - Bisimilla! 'Pudlo-den.
5 - Ooon mbaawi remirde ja10.
6 - Garba ne yi~i ekkaade hae1de Pu1aar.
7 - Aysata en~ waawi defde m?aro e 1iddi.
8 - Gawri ndii fuJaani no feewi.
9 - Gerte dee pudii hikka no feewi.
10 - Conel waa10 rewane moyti.11 - Muki min leelaani j abbude.
12 - Ho1 ko tagi maaro koo fudAani?
13 - Cofial mon hikka kadi maa mcttu.
14 -'Be daminaaki cof.~l moyYal.
15 - Hikka, 0 ruumoyi ko TamMba.
7 - With the words in the table make at least 15 sentences:
gawri ndii
ndunneujaaw1e
cofis I
mi
a
min
o
Garha
Hannde
sehilamar'a
odon
keesAlaska
St-Louis
Kewlak
ladde
tobo
henndu
jihe
fudce no feewi
tobcedc seedawu1de tan
jaangced r emi rde J GUO
jaance conal moWel
juutdc nRuleeki
yoodde bUUb01
ekkaade p,awri
jabbude ~ese
remde IRcoe
ruumoyde Jalofene
sonde Hikka
dewde jeeri
daminaaderawane
heewde aawii
lee Ide mowuuri
SUUSOE'. haa leppi
aastaadc
1-2 -
3 -4 -5 -
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7 -{ 3 -
S -10 -11-12 -13-14 -
15 -
-44-
8 - Translate these sentences into Pu1aar:
1 - It is too hot today.
2 - I don't feel cold today.
3 - No, it doesn't rain s lot in Sene~a1.4 - It is the Harmattan that blows in the dry season.
S ~ It is cold thi3 morning isn't it?
6 :"\Can you cultivate with a hoe?
7 - Not at all we were not late to di?, up.
8 - Today I will gO with you to the field.
9 - The millet Rrew very well this year.
10 - vfuY.the rice didn't grow well?
9 - Missing words I
Garb a
Muusaa
Garb a
MuusallGarba
Muusaa
Gnrba
Muusaa
Garb a
Muusaa
Garbe
--------- pinii? No mrad-cfon e -----.--- -------?
K0 mawd~m. -------- tan ko Ro ll e - -- -- --- -.Hannde, mi ------- e mon
------- njehen. Ada ------ ja1c?
A1aa! roi - - ..--- tan.
-------- ndii ------- no feewi sabu ------- hikka ------- nciyam -----
A ------- on ------- jabhude?
------ nih rawane -------- ~awri nrlii ------ jaaw1e; ko -------.
1cydi ndii ------- te jihe Jee ------- aawdi ndii ---------.
------ conal mon ------- maa mettu!
Hol ---~--- baa ----.----- ngesa?
Ko Usumaan. Hikka 0--------ammbaa-Kunndan.
00 dey --------
Missing words II
Garba : ------- kiir-r.on banndiraa~e?
Muusaa: Jam ------. ------ mba{.-r.aa e -------?
Garba: Ko -----. No ----- - ..----- e -------?
MU\lsaa:Gar.ba :Muusaa:
Garba :
~Iuusaa:
Garba :
Muusaa:
Garba
Emin ------- heen. Hannde ene ------ no --------.----- j ammaa.,j dii ------ nj uuta.
Aban! ko -----. ------ a jaan~aaka?
A1aa! ------ ko n9,uleeki ----- ------.
-------- ceedu m(!~ -------1A1aa, ~min ------ fodde ------- nay;
e ----- sahas ------ amen ------ yooda.
------- dey, dii ------- fof -.------ min --------.eey, mi ----- hedde ----- e ---- hokkere nani --.------.
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F - QU ESTIONS ON THE D IALOG lTF I!
1 - N o m b a c f - · c f o n 1i ~ p . e y ?2 - G a r b a e n e w ~ a w i r e m i r d e j n l n ?3 - A a n noon, a~ta w a a t l 7 ir e m i r d e j a l o ?
4 - H o l mo G a r b a d ~ w d a t a g e s e ?5 - M u u s a a e n e w a a w i r e m i r d e j a l o ?6 - G a w r i n d i i f u r i i n o f e e w i ?7 - N d u n n s u M u u s a a ~ n l e e l j a b b u d e ?8 - O ' f o n c a m i n i i cofia'l t r o Y " l a l ?9 - A s i k k a a n i M u u s a n e n l e e 1 j a b b u d e ?
1 0 - H o I k o a a s t i i a a w d i n d i i ?11 - C o n a l M u u s a a e n maa m e t t u hi.kka?
1 2 - H o 1 m o j e y i n e e s a ' ~ n R b a s a r a n g e s a M u u s a a e n b a a ?1 3 - H o I t o j o m n g e s a b a a r U u l M o y i ?
QUESTIONS O N TIlE D IALOG UE II:
i - N o m b a ( . - a r n e g o l l e ?2 - Odon c e l l i ?3 - N r m b a . f - d ' o ne b u u b ol ? ( n p , u le e k i )t. - H a n n d e e n e j a a n p i ?5 - K o e c e e d u n g o n - n e n ?6 - M a t e a w u l a a k a ?7 - H o I k o G a r b a h u l i ?8 - A a n n o o n ~ h o I k o c u u s - c a a ?9 - D a b b u n d e m o n e n e j u u t i ?
1 0 - C e e d u m e n n o f o t i l c b h i ?1 1 - O d o n t o b e e n o f e e w i ?1 2 - S e n e g a a l e n e t o o e c k o j u u t i ?
1 3 - t - I a n d eL a d d e m o n y o o c f a t a ?1 4 - H e n n d u e n e w u t t a t o m a n ?1 5 - A d a s u u s i m a j j e ?1 6 - O f - o n k o k k e e e s a h a a j i ?1 7 - H o t o Y Q c r i e A m a r i k ?1 8 - ~ i i d u u o i f o f S e n e g a a l e n e h o k k a a ?1 9 - H o 1 l e y d e e l e k o k k a a d ~ e ~ f r i k ?2 0 - A m e r i k e n e t o ~ e e f . o ! d e l e b b i s a p p o ?
G - P RO VER BS A toID S A Y I N G S ~
Try t o f i n d o u t t h e m e a n i n g o f t h e p r o v e r b s b e l o w :
- K o n d i y a m b o o y i j e e r i f o f m a a a r t u e w a a l o .- K o b a a d e l - h a a d e l h e b ~ i n i m a a y o .- H a d e n a a l t i n t o o c l o m a h d e f a a v r u y o o t a w 0 n a n n d i r i i e j o m g e s e e n .
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- -
-46-
L E S S O N E I G H T
Yeewtitde
golle
nehp,ol lieidi
gannda1
nakkeede
rentude
fedde
faamondirde
subaade
ardiibe
fucfdaade
fotdediDira1
jokkondirde
asde
doorumaa'!"u
sifoZ'aade
1eydi
safde
hollalde
jaggude
mabrude
mba1ka
gaawo1
regginueya1tinde
iwde
nehde
toppitaade
wuurnude
saano
weleede
nolde
to talk with, shatworks
fishery
knowledge: technic
to lack for
to f;ather
c om mi tt ee , o rg an is at io n
to understand each other
to choosep electleaders
to begin
mustpeace of land
t o c ol la bo ra te
to dip.
pond
to be
land
to taste
clay
to cath
to build withpond
canal
to canaliz e
to drain
to come from
to breed
to take care of
to feedbran
to want
to go bad
A - C U L T U R A L N O T E :THE F I S H E R M E N
They form a cast in the TO\lcou1eur Society. They deal with artisana1
fishing. They possess en extraordinary gift that enables them to have ~he
command of water and its living creatures. Besides, the other elements ofthe Society fear them because they are capable thanks to their power to
punish someone b~ forbiding him to touch the water. The "fiifiire" is a
ceremony occasion during which fishermen show their ability ~nd learning
through miraculous: for example, to withdraw a living crocodile fromwater.
The "P~kaan" is a song of pride for then but also of ~lory for those who
had bravely defeated the most dangerous crocodiles in the river; wher2as
the "Daay-daayre" is a feast for youn~ people during which youngmen undergoa physical ordeal through boat-races.
B - L I S T O F V O C A B U L A R Y W O R D S :
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c - ,DIALOGUE:
Garba
Dental
Garba
Al1w
Garb a
Samruha--_.-{,:;rba
Nehp,ol liddi/Fishery
- Garba ko .1annginoowc nehgo l lidd!. Omo yidi faarmude Yimbe wuro makko no
deen Bolle ci ~orii ~helQ ebe ndana np,esa liddi; e nder dum 0 noc.di bebatu:
- Garba is a fish volunteer. He is explainin8 to the people of his villape
how is job go for them to obtain a fish Dond; for .that occasion he called
for a meetinf,~
Jam nalli e mon ~anndir.aabe?Jam tan.
Hannde mho~o yi~i yeewtitde e mon
ko faati e gollam" ,~hono nehgo lli&fi. .
Jom wuro; Seydi Sohl A jaara~ma, yeewtere
maa welii ~in, so Allah jabii men
mbacf heen doole men fof.
Jom wuro: Bisimilla! Emin kedi m a o
Garba Ko ad1i fof, nehp,ol liddi ko
~anndal kesal; te odpn nr,anndi
dii duuhi fof maayo ngoo ene
9akkaa liddi sabu hokkere ndee.
En ndentat e fedde, naamondiren
cu~oden ardiibe, DUddo-den golle
dee. E nder du~~ ~den roti dafide
di9iral movval , nj okkcnd ien e S I . E D
asana en dcorumaaru 2 saraaj i gese
maaro r. ee m b ele e cfe n m baa w: l dafide
nd iy am • ••
Garba nj aafo-daa see! ~p..!oI no
diQiral moyyal e nehgol liddi
sifortoo?
Diijiral moyyal ko leyci cafndi
lamjam, tiidndi tawa ko hollal~e
mbaawncH jaggude nd iyam, Ko nd'i in
l ey ci r na hr et ee mbaIka kaa , ka jok-'kor:dira e gaawi di ne ndegc-ina
ndiyam d a m , nj~ltin~ n ~ m .~nii liefdi nehetieedf e mhalka ko
maayo rl i ngi'~'atene?
Alaa! efi ngaddoytee ko li~na toon
ene wadi nokku do biki-:onHd'Ji
nenetee. Ko koon noon mbactetee e
nd er l Il ba lk an di ya :1 c,t aw i d ub ee j e e
hu~o nolko ene ~ookaa heen haa
ndiyam !am wayi no haako fiebbe nii.
S?~um~~nnii, e~en poti toppitaade
dee sede e kala sahaa:- tiidtinde gaawi Jii ~oto rlifusde
- wuurnude liikon kon, kon nammin~e
, tAmaate fiolde t saanot walla rak~al.
Sodi mawnii, conen di sen mbelaama~ii naamen, iii njeeyen, walla kadi
heen lUran.
- Good afternoon ever/body?
- Peace only!
- Today I would like talk to you ahout
. m y job as breadinp. fish.
- You welcome! We are listenin~ to you.
- What comes first is that fishery here
is a new technic and you know that fill
these years the river has no fish
became of the droup.ht.
~le must have a committee and chat,
choose leaders and then start the work.
Addin~ to that we must have a ~ood
niece of land and collaborate with
SAED which will diS for us the pond
near the rice fieljs to have water
brour,ht through the ditch •••- Gar~a excuse-me! But how a p;oor piece
of land for fishery can be? I : nood
piece of land is land.
- A Bood piece of land is land with a
hit of salinity» hard and which is
clayery which can sustain water. It is
that kind of land that the pond i s b t' iof. The pond will be linked then to the
canalization ~nd drained the watp.r out.
- Hill the fish to breed in the {lond b e
pick up from the river?
- No: they will be from Richard Toll.
There are ponds where fingerlings are
breed. It is those that will be put in
the pond after the cow pat and the bad
grass been nlace until the water beca~e
~reen. After that we must take care of
the nond. From time to ~ime we must:
- Harden the canals
- to feed the finr,erlinp,s with ~ad
tomatoes and bran of millet or rice
and peanut cake •When th~y grow we will harvest them i
we want will eat them sell them, or
dry them.
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D - G R A M 1 1 A R :- ,
-48-
- In the affixes series, here, we have:It! which expresses three nuances: repetitive, reversive, and reflexive:
r oi h aa lt ii ( ha al ~2 ld e)
o udditii baafal (udditde)
Ay sa ta nd aar ti ndi ima (n daa rti nda ad e)
l o n d i r l which expresses a reci~rocal action:
Be calmondirii (salmondirde)
l i n - n l which exnresses a factitive (or causative) nuance:
Abu tampinii kam (tampinde)
Beside the affixes already seen, we have the af£ixe ~whjch expresses a
simulation or pretending nuance:
51
o daan kiniima (daankinaade)
In some cases, we can come aecross with a verb with two nuances expressed by
t wo a ff ix es :addude
addandeaddanoyde
mi addanoyii dental ngal kiikon
- So is a conjonction which expresses in Pulaar condition
So mi sellii rna ~t ar ~alle mon
So is always followed by a subject; when this one is 3s ubj ec t pro nou n
. be ~i nn in g w it h 8vOT.1el,there is an assimilation~
- . . . .alia ---s.'1d·aso ;). saa so
so 0 son. so orno ---somo
so en sen so ecren ---5 eden
"
so on son so orlon ---sodon
- Nbcle in the effirrnative forn signifies: For
toppico-aen liikon ribele enen cona law
Mbele is also an interrogative pronoun when it is used in the interrogative
form; it signifies then: ~
I1bele a suwaa tawo yah?
- Hono which is an interrogative pr.onoun signifies in the affirmative form
"that is to say" or "as" or "like-" (comparative):
Liggeyam ko pisikiltiir, hono nehgol li~di~
00 simis ko bono simisarn 00.-
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Golle
Nehgol Ucr,fi
feddc
dooruIDaaru
liikon
mbalka
gaawol
1eydi
ardiioe
Jom wuroer.·en
Garba
eoemi
aO m o
yee~Ttitde
asde
nehde
fuc{'~cade
sufiaade
rentude
tnr!,itaen cy.altinde
namrninde
sofide
yeeyde
jokkondirde
famnondirc!e
Jom wurc
S A E D~ese marc
p.anndal kesal
gaavo I
taamllate nolde
aaafiondiyamlic:c"i
ardiioegolLe
dcoruma3.ru
mbalka
E - EXER~ISES
I - Build up sentences with your ovn words at least ten
I
2 _
3 ----------------------------------4 __ _
5 ___
6 __~ ___
7
8 . _
9 ___
10- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
2 - Add to the verbs the followinR affixes!. - ondir - kin - in and conjugatedthe verbs at the appropriate aspects:
Muusaa (haalde) goonga. 0 (uddude)baafa1 suudu ndurn. Aysata (ouucaadc) e
Abu. Hi (tampude) mo no feewi. On (caanaade). A~a (nnamde) sabu c hey~aani
Ed' en poti (faa! 1de) e yimoe vuro nsoo, Be (arde) two eese. Hannde, liikon kon
(neamde) ko tamnate nolde. ~e (heaaade) ko liggotoodO osee-£oree-e~cn(fuddaade) nehso'l liddi.
3 - With the words in the table make at least 15 sentences:
I-
2 -3 ••
4 -5 -6 -
7 -3 -9 - 52
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5 - Put all the text in the negative form:
Garba ko ja~nr.inoowo nehgol li~ci. 0 nodcii yimoe wuro makka batu. 0yeewtii e meb&e ko 'faati e neh~ol 1i~f.i. l~ayo nsoo ene ~akkaa 1icdi
dii fof , 0 wii:nd.enten e fedde. 0 jabii jokkondirde e yimoe wuro nat,C".
Eden poti faarnon~i~de c SAED. Liikon kon np,ittoytea ko Lisea, kon
nammintee ko ~awri. Geawi dii ene lcppi. Liikon kon mawniit kon couete,
kon njeeyee walla kndi kon ndef~e, naAmec. 'Bikkon 1iddi ene keddii.
Conal men hikka moyY1i.
10 -
11-12 -
11 -
14 -
15 -
4 - Translate these sentences into Pulaar:1 - The fish are feed with bad tomatoes, millet or rice bran and peanut cake
2 - Each week we should take care of the water, add and m1~ the cow pat
and the grAss, cut the gr.:lSsnear the pond.
3 - Whet kind of water is good the fishes in the pond?
4 - The machines are going to dig and nivel the pond.
S - The pond bas no water.6 - We mast collaborate with the chief.
7 - We will harvest them in six months.8 - At Richar': Toll there is a nl.ace where finger fishes are bred.
9 - The committee must choose leaders.
10 - The fish didn't Rrow yet.
6 - Translate these sentences into Englisn:
1 - LUkon ken nammintaakc nebbc.
2 - Sen mhelMmn fiaamen di walla liiren (ri.3 - So Garba ene arta Lis~~, 0 addorat liikon kon.
t. •• Osee-Foree ene wani nokku (rO fikkon lic' ci nehet ee ,
5 - Ndiyam mOyYam e nehgo'l lUdi wayata ko no haako nebbe nih.
6 - G nx :' r, aO :' la an eh oo eo l i( fd 'i .
7 - MBa1ka kaa 1up'giieani.
8 - Nehso I lic:di ko p,anndal kesa l .
9 - HoI no digiral woyyal e nehgc l lidei sifortoo?
10 - EGen poti toppitaade nap-wi dii.
A -
B -A-B -
A-B -
A -
B -A -
n -A -
B -
A-53-
7 - Write a dialogue where you ~req~nt your progran to the villagers:
----- ------- --------------------------------------------
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----- ------- --------------------------------------------
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F - QU ESTIONS Oll TIlE D IALOG U E:
1 - Jam fialli e roen?2 - HoI ko woni golle Garha?3 - HoI ko Carba yiJi w1cl~e hannde?4 - Ko e hoI duum yeewterc makko faati?5 - Neheol liar.iko ~anndal kesal?6 - Ko tSp'i dii cuu~i fof maayo ngoo ene ~akkaa lida~?7 - HoI sarwiis asata door~~aru nduu?8 - Ko ta~i mbalka kaa ~hretee?9 - HoI leydi mbalka kaa oahretee?
10 - Mbalka l~aa ene jokkondirde e snawi?11 - Liikon neheteekon kon ko ~a3YO kon ngittctec ne?12 - HoI no dubuuj e dec e hud'o k- .. mbadirtcc e mhalka hee?13 - HoI to liikon kon n~ittoyte:e?14 - Ho! fotS~ toppitaade ngesa liaJi baa?15 - ~oi ee~ee~e fedde ndee foti toppit~ade?
16 - 11el ko Hikon kon fiammintee?17 - Ko taRi dii nc p~ti tiidtineedc?18 - So liddi oii mawnii, hoI ko di mba~etee?19 - HoI ko yimoe bee mb~Qata oi so mbelaama?20 - HoI ko nj ic!-cfaaadde so liodi cHi cofiaama?
G - PROVEP .DS A N D SAYING~
Try to find out the meaning of these proverbs below:
- Liingu woyndu njaajeendi manyo
- Hl)t(' \ii!lgukoynga1 woppinf! l1ingu ju9ngo- Mo suwaa 1ummbu wotc ja1 joo11ido.
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- 5 2 -
L ES r. ON N IN E
This chat'ite~ is snecial, after the study of few dialogues, this can be
used at anytime by the professor to give to the stagiaires the orportun~ty
to express themselves without what the dialogue or chepf.ters offer. For an
efficient study cf the 2xpressions they are gathered by theme. It is to the
professor to ch00se accordinp. to the urgent need of his class to pick up
expressi~ns. The point on the expression "How to say no" is Tlot a reci,e
for the stagiaires but an aoproach of some situations that roay haroened tothe stagiaires on their first d?ys in "Haal-Pulaar" culture.
A - How to say no?
water
- Hi domdaanf ;
- Ko j ooni -j ooni .nj a r-·mi;
- A jaaraa~a, ndiyam ene wonndi e lekkiko c a m njarat-mi;
- Ko mi k01o! reedam woowaani ndiyam mon tawo~
Clothes:
- Mi nanii, mami totte!
- ~a mi yeewane hono makkQ.
Travel
•. Nde par-rtaa fof nj ehen l
Miin, mi hootaani, ko Soo ko-..(-mijeoni.
Meals
- Tidno yaafo-mi~ ko jooni fiaam-mi;- ycnii! mi sellae.ni~ mhocro hadaa Lamdam;
- ko mbaroodam rley~ mi roeec.faeen~ kon!' mi
B - Expressions 'lJih hum:ln body:
1 3a wl ud e r ee du
suu9de reedu
Hulde reedu
Leabde reedu
seeDde yitere
yoorde gite
faacfde yitere
welde tiindcwelde hakkille
welde nofru
welde daande
'o1eldedemuga l
welde j ll~np.o
welde yUyam
Feewde j uq n~o
'Buubde jutjngo
Mawnudc daandeFamdude daande
to be unkind
to be courageous
to fear, to be afraid
to be kind, nice
to have a p'~od sight
to be curious
to be short minded
to be luckyto be intelligent
to hear very well
to sinp, very wellto gossip
to cook very well
to be kind, friendly
to be adroit, deft, clever
to be "ot hot temryered
to have a loud voice
to have a calm voice
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-53-
H ecc in dc b er nd e
Yoorde bernde
Tiirlde junngoTiid\de bernde
TH d' de hoore
wulde hunuko
m ett ud e Y ii y' am
to be sensible
to be senseless
to be avarious
to be a nasty
to be stubhorn, mulish
tn be insolentto be nervous, irritable
C - DESCRIPTIVES WORDS
Koo butto
" daobC'
He's big
" short
" tall" thin, slinII skinny
He has a libht complexion
He hes a dark cOMplexion
" njool
" ce~tjo
" pooydo
" bodeejo
"balecjo
" naawo
" fenkeldeII mawL{o
" suka.
" nayeejo
He's squat stocky11 old
""
young
old
D - COLOURS:
ene
"""
""
bawl!
woj~irElnwi
ooldibuldi
jalba
It's black ko makkR
" red " puro
" whiteII cooyc
It yellow " bakaI: blu~ " haako nebbe
" ~linter " rommbal
I ns is ta nc es ~ ar ti cu le s~
wojji
ranwi
ba~di
ool.df
buuldi
coy
tal
kuruN
buybuy
F - USUAL ADJECTIVE! ) WITH TH f' .IRINSISTANCE PARTICULES
ene heccid1 delep It's fresh
" yoori ko s "dry"
" lenp1 cebec (cetet') " watered
" tiidi ken11 h ar d~ di ff .i cu lt
" luub1 du s " nauseating
" buubi reyum (1ob) " cold, fresh
" wul1 jaw " hot
" haadi rok " ac1d~ sharp
" heewi tep (dak) " full
" laa'Gi cer " neatII lall1Il1iot (par) " sour , sharp
" moyy'1 " r,ood
56
Itl5 yellow
"n
green
purT)le
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F - EXPRESSIONS OF TIME
*The days of the ~eek
" boni bones
" s(lofi
" cfaati nen
" fiaa.;1ias
" 700&i
" w€'E:Di
"sadi
" teddi lit
" hoyi
" weli
" metti
" haa11lI1ii
Orno selli wen (Kes)
AltineTalaata
fLlarba
Alkamisa
Aljuma
Aset
Alet
*Praying time
Salaatu
Tiisubaar
Takkusaan
Futuro
Geey'e
*Hanndn
1a~nf,0Baaw o j ann go--(faddi ." )--
Hanki
Hecci-Ha!}ki---
Nande . ---
~anndeen
Maayirde le~u
SubakaKikiice
Jat:I!la
Beetswe
Fajiri
*~xpressions of time:
Naange
Mut al naan ge--Pud'al naange--"
wenndoogo
feccere j amma-
subaka law ---
fi.tJ.lawma kellew
-5[.-
" bad
" tasteless, iudrid
" s1!looth
" hard
" beautiful, niceII ea sy, ch es\ ,er
"difficult, rare
" heavy
" light
" s we at ~ d el ic io us
" shoking~ fade
" boring
MO~ldayTuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
dawn
around 2 n m
" 5 r 1 ' l" 7 pI'!.
" 8 :30 pm
TodayTomorrow
the day after
tonorroe
Yesterday
day after yesterday
the day
that day
End of the month
t!'lCrnir,~Afternool'
ni~ht
around 10 am
da.wn
Midday (around lunch time)
sunset
daybreak
early in the morning
midnipht (middle of the night)
early in the morning
In the middle of the day
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*J.:lI\ndi
Hiirii
Rawliiweetii
Hibbidii
It's n : : " ; ! - l "
lc:... :.L I I t he a ft er no on
late in the dey
daylleht
dark
I,
""
*Dawde
Hirndaade
Huudaade
Fe ccu de naa nge
Hirndude
Ven ndor de (we eto rde)
Hiirde
to go work early in the morning
to go work in the afternoon
to leave early in the morning
to leave between midday and 2 o'clQck
to leave late in the afte7.~oon
to wake up late
to spend a night (drink1np tea, shating,
dancdng ••• )
to spend a night with (hunger, an~er •••aaldude
*Kc.orka
HejjadeHUllltaade
Tayoe
Hoorde
juulde koorka
J uulde ' l' aas ke
Naaflu:!e
Bottaari
Hiraande
Kejjaari
Kumtaari
Kaccitaari
Ramadan
to eat before dawn (in Ram~dan)to break the fast
to step fastinr.
to fastKorit$..
Tabaski
to pray in order to fast
Lunch
Dinnerspecial meal for the fast
Special roeal to break the fast
breakfas't
G - S U R P R I S E E X P R E S S I O N S :
It is to the ~rofessor to do these expressions into situations:
Iih!
Iskey
Haem
Haagoram
Cey
Ndeysaan
Ijjam
Feeram boni1Haayoo
Woy heege yoo
Alaa, ittu
laayilaa-Ilallaa
Wooroo
Cern
Yaa
110r
I I - U S U A L E X P R E S S I O N S O F C F . R E M O N I E S :
I - Baptism
A - Eey, mi daoii.
Q- A elaaH ? 58
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~-. --__-_ _._-56-
A- Aamiin, a jaaraamaQ- ioo Allah wafie rUlI. --1 barke ?
A- K o bid' co debbo ,Q- Ko Allah rokku oaa.
2 - Death
A- Yoo Allah winndene baraajiQ- Yoo Allah yurm0. m o, yaafoo-mo
A- Y0 0 ndee fio mean ce. juut y o~a akaQ- Yoo Allah haarnu mo Aljanna
3 - Health
A- Ngonndu-mi ko e reedu muusooruQ- Ijjam! Ko ngonndu-daa ?
A- Aamiin, a jaaraama0- Yoo Allah lomtin cellal
- yoo Allah fuuynu- yoo Allah rokku jam
4 - Travel:
A- AamiinQ- yaa tawoy jam!- yaa yettoy e jam!- yoo kcyae ndeftu aoo nd~wnoo!
5 - Return of travel:
A- Aamiin
Q- A arii e jam?- Ko 1am taw-daa?- Ko jam &el-~aa?
6 - Ex Pres sio ns of t han ks:
A- Aamiin - ko enen ndenndiA- A j aaraame- Yoo Allah yooe
- Kaa 100#"
7 - Wishes:
A- Aami:tnQ - Yoo Allah wal~- Yootaw naamce maa ene heen
8 - Religions feast:
A- Y~n njuul mo keew6e!Q- Yen njuul mo wuuri!A- Yoo Allah rokku en tAweece (" 0 :Jahaa u: owuuri-Q - Yoo Allah waa on ~awoe (sukaaSe) e jeese amen-
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? - Meals
A - Yaa dole jam
- Ko enen ndenndi
Q- A r iiaaml
- Tidno waay!
*Duwe.ade
sakkaadeyelaade
yurmeade
duwanaade
Aljanna
JeJngeIiajjuHajjoyde
Al-lIejj:i
Ha.jj~
to wish, pray
to give altnto beg
to sim~athi~e with someone
te wish, to p~ay for someone
Paradise
HellPilgrimage
to do the pilgrimage
A man who want to }fecca
A woman wllo went to Mecca
I - O RI ~I TA TI ON E X P ~~ SS IO NS :
- Dum no wiyetae e Pulaar? This is calle~ what in PulaAr?
- HoI ko fir.ti e P~laar? Yhnt ~oes si£nifies in Pula~r?--------- ------
- X et '1 ko p,cotuM? Are X e Y the s :!t:.!?
- 00 ko holi oon? l-1hois this?
- To laawol woni? Whcre is the roaj to ?------ -------J - PROJERBS AND SAYINGS:
Try to find out the meaning of these proverbs below:
- Mo yi~i yuloc oufiat cuurki.
- Dognu dow hu&eere juut3taa.
- Wonaa ko ranwi fof I!luudee.
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LESSON T E N
A - CULTURAL NOTE: T H E F A M I L Y R I T E S
Th~ village is ~ very small area S0 that a fa~ily meeting is noticed
by evaryone. Among the various ceremonies you may attend, there is the
baptism which occurs seven days after the baby was born. During thisperiod the baby and his mother stay in the hut. The day of the naming, a
cheep is eacrified, millet or corn cakes offered to people, the baby isnamed by Ceernc after someone (whether a member of the family, an ancestor,
a friend, or sometimes the baby bears t~ name of a kodo during his stay).This one is the Tokara of the baby, he has responsabilities during the day
of the baptism.
Beside this baptism ceremony, there is one conneted with marriage
(dewgal) with takes different steps: some pourpe?"lers "namal", the very
marrias;e or "kurtungu" (rite durinr, which the bride joined his husbaild'a
house), this festivities brinp. a great joy in the fawily, everyone is happy.
Inndep.oro
buuai
oesdo
tig:~uMballudi
mbiskit
cukaleldoftude
tnaeJde
taweede
heewde
labeede
innude
sakkaade
njawdi
hirsude
yimde
fiaagaade
wallitde
faandaadesooynaade
aada
bartism~ naming ceremonykola nut
cake
woman who had' delivered
baby, newborn
{,resents
biscuit~ cracker
childto accompany, po with someone
to dQ something once, t~ste
to assist, to be many
to be used to something, to full
to be shaved
to name
to give alms to someone, to Herve
sheep
to kill, slit
to sine
to be~~ fishtc help
to be near
to see at a distance
custom
Beside these two named ceremonies there is also the alternance of joy
and sorrow j and thus we will mention that of death which concerns the whole
village and stops all the activities in the village till the dead person is
buried. The mourning is symbolized tdth a white or black veil worn by
woman (kesniido). Sh~ must stop all her activities outside of the house for
four months and ten days. The l'fourning ceremony takes many forms such as:
the third, the seventh, the fourtyth days ceremonies, during these days
prayers and charity "sadak" have to be done ,
B - L I S T O F V O C A B U L A R Y WORDS~
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61
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Innde Galle/A haptism at Sehil UuusaalMuusaats friend •
C - D IALOGUE':
•Garba meecfaa tawtoreede innde. Omo na dofta Huusaa to innde sehil mum.
Garba never attend to a baptism. Rows he is goinr at Muusaa's friend
baptis~ with hin.
Hutlsasl ':Jam waali Garbe?Garba : j~:lof jam tan; a finii?
- Cood mvrning Garba?- 3a110! Peace only. Did you wake up in
peace?- Fine! Can you go with me to my friend!s
baptism.
- Le~'s gn. I had never met a namin~ here.
!-{uusaa:Ko mav d um , Garba doftaa kam
Garba : Njehen! mi IDEeaa taweede innde
mono
Ko goonga, nde sa~ba wa~i innde
mum ndee kaa 1ahnoo~o Dakar.H ol ko k ee w' ~o ~ wa cf 'd e'i an nd einnde?
~ande innde; cukalel neel laoete,
ceerno inna ngel. Goro e buuJicakkee, njawdi hirsee. Bottaari
d efe e, i ia am ees iieefibenjima,
iiaaRoo.
Hol ko Desoo 00Wbdata iienne
Muusaa: - That's ril?-ht!~1hen Sammba was doing his
baDtism you had gone to Dakar.- What do you usually in such ceremony?nrba:
- In that day ; the child is shaved, the
marabout named him, kola nuts and cakewill be given, a sheep is killed. A
lunch is euoked and eaten, griots will
sing and ask for presents.
'"~~at the woman who delivered will de
that day?
- She will wash up and dress UPs an~ si~down in her room. Her friends will co~e
and bring her presents.
~uusaa:
Garba:
heen?
o loototot 0 naantoo; 0 joo~oo
nder suudu makke; sehilaa&e
makko ngara sP-lminde mo, np.ad-
danora mo mballudi.
~iin noons hoi ko pot-ni waade?
A (i "aw aa wi s a1 l! li nd em o e w al li td e
jom galle makko ; njoodo-dae ,iialdaa e yim~e nee, nr-ottodo-
aon so hiiLii kcotaa.
Bey, mi nanii. A jaaraama. En
':laant!aakiawo?
Iih! Mate a socynaaki ~eya yi~De?
~uusaa:
Garba:
Muusaa~- me what am I supposed to do?
- YOlo can greet her and give hell? (present.
to her husband, sit down and spend theday with the peo~le, eat with them s late
in the afternoon you can leave.
- Ok! That's fine, I understand. ~~y are
~ot about to arrive?
- Come em ! Haven't you seen the people
over there?
- Ok! Yes~ it's near Faati's. It is not fa
Garba:
Muusaa:
Garba: Aah! ko sara ~a1le Faati en.Dum kay wo: caani.
D - G R f J 1 M A R . :
- Ino! is a particu1e which expresses an action that definitely occured in the
past. It is ~enera11y ~ut after the tense marker of the verb. It can be found
in the form ~ when the subject is infixed or when there is an insistance:
mi rcwiino doo hanki sa1mindef i aa rnnoo-mf ko teey.,
Abu Loot Inooma
- I n g e l l is the diminutive class marmer. Its plural is ken:
Puccu nP\1u
Pucce1 nRel
Puccon kon
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62
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*Particulary for the noun of Quantifiable and Measurable objects (liquid
and foodstu_fs) their diminutive class ~arkcr is kal t the plural kon:
neham Jaro
nehal kal
nehon kon
Bottaari ndii defee, fiaamee
- f e e l 1a one of the mark of th~ narrative form of the inaccom~lished aspect
o{ t"lle verbs ending eede:
-/heen/ is a particule that acts as a neutr~l pronoun. It is senerally found
in the form of hees it follows a noun preceded by the pre~osition ~.
It siRnifies then:" this or that (e + noun + hee)
o arii c suhaka hee
*Heen is particulary preceded by iiand(~(adearb of time) it sir,nifies then:that or this. In the H ee fOrM it signifies in always nreceded by a noun:
fiande heen mi yiyii Garbo
o wacHi e l'a se !) h e e n di ya re
y,~ad"heen ndiyam (e mbal.ka hee)
- an is one of the affixes in Pulaar. It got an benefactive nunnce and
aignifie£: then: "to do ~omething for someone"
adduc\e adi!ande
Garbs addanii mo mball1Jdi
- 'l'tmc is a prepnsition which sir,nifies "not; yet." In the afiirt"..ativeit
becames kadi which sip,nifies ": lfnin, yet" .
Cukalel nge l, innaaka tmY'o
o ertU kadi
- Mat£. iE ~ an interrogat: i.ve nronoun , Its equfva Ient; depends on the cont axt r
!rate 0 lir.P,aaki?Mate a sooynaaki beye )Timoe?
- Dum has many usa~esr it can be a class marker for words created from verbs!
buu~&um d u r n (Suu5dc)
*It can be a demonstrative pronoun, it siRnifies then: !lli.or ~:
!!um ko sUs
tIt can be found alRo fS a neutral pronoun which signifies: this, it. It is
then preceded by a conjup-uated verh which expresses qualities and descripti0n'
{ um ne yood'i
1um ne wuli
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r - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
E - EXERCISES:
I-Build up sentences with your own words at least ten:
],
2
1
4
5
6
7-8
9
10
2 - Put this text into the definite oast:
Hanki mi rewii pn11e SarunbR en. 0 yehii innde sehil Huusaa. Jom suudu
Abu jibinii e lewru maayndu nduu , 0 saan~ii ~oo tintinc1e ma , kono t2wi
< : . yaltii. Cukal 1 nee1 inniraaka Usumaan. 1i?andeheen, m ; , yiyaani Abu,
o suuc'i iieeiit-e bee , 0 woni ko galle sehi makko, lHn njood'H hae bocyi f
min nr.ottiima~ min njari at aaye , con fial awma, min mbeltiitM; fieefibe Dee
ten nsonf ko robc1taaki sabu ()I:l kebaani kinde mabbe ,
') - With the words beLows put the convenient word Lnt o the blanks ~
(urn - mate - tawo - keel - he~n - h~e
~Tade baraade suukara , ~i mecct'aa taweede Lnnde ,
a suwaa hootde wuro mon? ~ande mi ta~~ii no feewi sahu ena
wulnoo. 0 artii Dakaar , kono 0 ruttiima • 0 suwan seno rdc ko------- --------tagi 0 safroyiima. Aysata jibinii e subaka hee, 0 daiii ko dewel ko ------Abu iiaagotonoo, innrle ndee ko Aljumaa.----
« - Give the diminutives nouns ~nd class ~arkers of the nouns below (sinpu1ar
and plural)
suka
puccu
1Hngu
nerfd'oyiter£
kosam
Ilemmba
de£tere
leeeal
hoore
5 - Put the affixe an to the verbs below and make ten sentences at 1£!8st with
the new verbs:
addude
soodoydenabborde
ja~ngude 64
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hoccude
innude
haaLde
remoyd~
defdeiiaarnde
6 - Translate these sente.nces into ~u1aar~
1 - She delivererl on Friday nip.ht and the newborn will be named by the
marabout.
2 - DurinR the namfng dRY a sheen l~ill be killed.
3 - I hac never ~t a n aM in r. c ere mo ny here.
& - As a ~est you can greet the chief of the fani1y anc give him presents.
5 - ~~at the woman who de1iverad will do that day?
6 - Her friends will come and bring her presents.
1 - l<lhatdo you do usually in such cerel'\ony?
8 - When SallllTlhaas doinr, his namfng carerrony , you went to Dakaar ,
9 - The newborn is named after one of his relatives.
10 - Thl'.tday a bi~ lunch is cooked.
7 - Put the verbs between narenthesds i.nto the nnr!"~tiw~ form of the inaccompli··shecl asnect:
Nande inn1e p cuka l e' l n ~.e1 (Labecde) , nz e l (Lnneedc) sf-oro e buu.fi (sakkr.! ot!
njawd~ (hirseede)~ hottaari (defeede)~ (fiaamce~e), ntaay (siiweec.o)s
iieeiibe ( no~deede), fij irde (wa ' eede), (yimeede), (amecdc), kaalis
( rok kee de ) , arfie nee (weltinee~e). Kono , fiande heen , [1es.ro00 (wc:llliteerlc)hobbe t)ee {teMineede}.
B - }fake at least 15 sentences with the words on the table be1ow~
D e b b ( ' 00 innude innudecuka1e1 nge: 1 hirsudf: mballudi
4;esd'c· 00 meeace A1 ti:le
JOIt' tlUUGU mnkko jihinde UmarKnrje-tu ·taweecle A1nrba0 wallit(lc AsetNande Lnnde hirseede A1kamisemi Labeede Kaalissehl Iaabe makko cefeede gore.be innee~e kin&~
njawdi sakkande nja~lc'iiiiceii"5e iiaapaade bottRariceerno rokkeCldp. huuoiPooro yimoe
bottaari arnde
arOe acduneho5r,e tintinde
1
2
J
a
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. --
-6"'-
J.!uusao: ko Roonr-a, S::\rnnba inndc> t1')unncee
Dakaar ,
Garbe: ko wndde ir,nde?
HUUS<i3: innrle~ cuka.Le'l 1abete, ceerno npel~
e cakkee , n~awdi,bottp..nri.
Beef-be fiaae -oo ,
Garba: HoI 00 wa ~ata n;;\ncle ?
Huusae~O fiaantco;, 0 jl.. '('1:foo s\iudu
l1lakko s31tr.in~!e mo
6 _
7 __
1 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -_
10 ___
11 ---- ------ _12 - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -~ __
14 - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -5 _ _ _
9 - Missing·~ords
Muus~a: Jam r-arha?-----Garba ' Jallo! _____ tnn , finU?
_____ mawd'llm, r.arba kam sehilam -Muusaa!
Garba : Iroi _ tawecde Lrmde non
Garbn ~ HUn
Muusaa: A r t " sa1ru.nd~
nj O L to -c a n , _
, ho L Ito 1)ot-J1li ?._--- --------e __ jom m a kko :.
yitlSc p np.~ttodo-~on,---- ---- ------iliiri -----
Garhp. : r : e : : y p mi nanii. A ' En tawo?
~uusaa:Iihf a ("eye yim~c7
Garba A:\h i ko f.!alle en.----- ----- kay wOcluaani,------
'f' - Q U F . S T I O N ~ O N T H E D I / I. L O G U E :
1-t \ s a 1 a a Mea1cykum?
2 - Jam waali?
: 3 - Aan kea jAnn{d.noowo nehgol 1i~Gi?
~ - Garbe mee~ii tawtcreece innde?
5 - hel.n neon C '. meedi. tawtoreede innce?
6 - Hol jibindo?7 - ko t?~i. Garba tawanooka l.nnde S nmmb ? ?
R - M.?.nde c ikku-daa jcm suudu oehH ~.fuusr.a
C ) - Hol me innata cukalel npel?
neutii?
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1 3 - H o I k o o w a c a t a ?14 - lio1 ko sehf.Laabe makko ngaddant a r n o ?1 5 - H o I k o G a r h s f o t ! w a d ' d e ?
16 - H o I k o G a r h s n a . ! l t r n d HY . u u s a a ?
1 7 - ~ a t c e e l l e s e h i l ~ u u s e a e n e w o c 6 i ?18 - K o s e r R p e l l e F a n t i e n ?
1 9 - F a a t i k o s e h i l r . a r b a w a l l a k o s e h i l N u u s a a ?2 0 - A a n n o o n h o I s e h i l ~ a a d e b b o ?
G - P R O V E R B S A N D S A Y I U G S
T r y t o f i n d o u t t h e m e a n i n p . o f t h e s e n r o v e r b s hp1ow:
_ . W o n k c r . 1 8 w d ' oi y a t a s o c n e l e l i i s u k a h a y s o d a r i i m a y : i . y a t a B .
- K o j o o r n p , a l a n n d i k o w o n i e k e c c a l y . o n o k e c c a l a n n d a a k o w o n ie j o c r n g f l l .
- K o t o ~ n 8 u ~ a a s i f o f m a o a r t u e k o y o e j o o m u o .
67
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B i n t a S a a d t ! K o l i
H u l e y S p , y d u E l i m a n n
R a a 1 1 l a t a A y u h a G e l l M YA N l a m a ! < " . : . . . ~ a l a I d i r i i s a
H a w w a a T i j j a a n Y . . a a l i k
S U e y B u u b u M a n s u u r
A l e s a n j . b u S o o r , i
U r n m u f' A p s a t u M u s t a f a
i ( u r o ' i l b U S e e g a a
I b r a a h U 1 ' l a " U h u s e y n i l r , T o p n a a
J a n k e e A b d u l M a y m u n a
S a f . i y e t u 1 .) - Y n t l s i naana,'
H a a r : d i d u \ ~ u u r i Y e r o
Y u u s u f F a a d e l R S 1 l l ' l l 3 d : t
D a b ! M u u s : . l a J O F , cS a l i m a t & P e n n d a D u u r a
U : : \ a r u u n a
H e r e a r e t h e e O I m !l O n n a l ' l ~ s ? . n c .s u r n e. m e s a m o n r, t h e H a a l - P u l a a r :
1-S U r T ' a m e s :
Ayrle M a m m a 6 u
K R a l U d u A a m a d u
J e y n a b a G a r b a! ) a w u u d a t ! s u m f l a n
A b d u l l a a y y e r c
l 1 a y r a r o B a n e ~ 1
F a a t i m a t a A m i n C ' t a
B i r a a m L a m U n
Bookar FadD e l D 1 1 l h a J U b o
P a a t e J i b i
S i r a , : a a r i y a t u
S U d i R U B i
D a l a n n d a Y a a y a a
D u u b n k e : r Kuuanbat h : ! a r Sat: l r . ,ba
A l i w K a r j a t u
A y s a t a
2 - L a s t N m n e s :
, \ a w
/Ii-.
J U > . n
A c e
B a hB a r i
n u s o
B a l d e
B a a l
H e yn a e e i H
B a s u f l \
B o o k u m
D e m
D e ~ ~ l ~
Dae t
C 0 9 n p a a n
S i h
S o hC i s e
. . T a l l o ' T u u t e Caam
J a w Sek W a d d
k a n S o l ' , Siiset:
K a h S U l ' l a a r e K o n t a e
L i h T a r a a w o r e R u b e
F a a l J i i r : > N~1cl"
G e y S a r ) n R o o t S 6 r n m b
S a a r Katrara S i d i b c e
J o o ' ) W a n T a d
l f u o o e R o o n N ' ~ I )C u b b u W a t Nkllc
S~l Kanndee
J a h J . : o n t c e
Kome K o n n a a t e
N a n K u l i b e l i
S i l l a a S u w - a n r c
G a y J O r )
v ' e l e N j o n n " ,
! 1 a a l ! - 1 l o wM b u u ! >
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LESSON ELE' TEN
S OC IA L S TR AT IF IC AT IO NS: C ORP OR AT IO NS
The Haa1-Pu1aar Society, particu1arj the Toucou1eur Society (Fuuta Tooro)
is divided into casts. First come the nobles (rimbe) co~posed of:
- FuloeT oo ro r' pe , a nc ie nt w ar ri or s
- S ub al fJ e, f ish er me n
Afterwarcs we found the croup of cr aftstcen (neeiiDe) ditide as fo Llows :
- waylube, black smiths and jew~lers; They are specialized in the workof iron, gold and silver;
- sakkee~er shoemnkerss they trea~ the leather;
- MaabuDc, weavers and earthenware, they work cotton and do earthenware.
Th e w ay 1u f' e, sakkeebe , and rraabube skilled craftsmen who work andshape objects. But others sre the r.nsters of the 5erb an~ speech:
- wammbaaa, musicians, Euitar players
- j aawnnr.ep the kine! s c~uncilors
- awluoe, they possess Rene~lo~ an~ wisdom
Finally, at the lower ra~k are t ? · ~ slaves (moccuoc). One important thin~
is that each cast is hermetically fi~ in relation to the other; the me.rr.La~:~
between two persons of cifferent casts is i~possible. Let us mention that
this stratification might date back from 1000-1300 at the time when th~
" Jaa-Oogo" dynasty was ruling the Fuuta Tooro.
B - LIST O F V OC AB UL ARY W O~ DS :
Fitiram golle
maabo
sakke
bay'lo
n1arnndigolla1
neenal
mecce
lepni
Sandedatdetafde
heeroraadcfeewnude
dipe-innckaalis
nguru
gaaraaji
artis9n, craftsm~nweaver
shoemaker
blacksmith
metal, iron
workinp.
art
works
r.:aterials
to weave
to work with leather
to forge
to specialize, to be upecia1ized into build, to make
to know, to nas ter
s i1er, money
leather
thread
c - DIALOGUE~
To f1tiram g o l i e en/At the artisRna1 village
- Garba yahdii e Muusaa yeeooyde neennl fitira~ ?,olle en.
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- Garba went with r!uusaa tn admire the- skills of
-67-
- oowo is an nominal suffix which has an aptitude and habit nuan_e: it is generally
used for working groups. To obtain the noun, we add it to the root of the verbthat design action. There is a consonant a1ternance for the first letter of theverb, its plural is oobe:
l-tuusaa,sifono rri lip-pay bee
dOo fitiram golle en.
00 ko maabo, 0 sanata ko peese,
oya ko sakke. 0 dhtat, ooga ko
bay10 njamndi ndaneeri. 0 tafata
ko ka9S8e e kaa1is.Gooto fof won ko hecro rf.L?
Eey, taw! ko go11a1 uaamndiga1
Garba :
Muusaa:neefial!
Gnrba Ko ~e peewnata k~o ~ne yooai no
feewif
Muusaa: Ahanl sabu e~a ~iggini meccema(~De!
Ga~bg Ko aum t3pi ene tiici COfeU nofeewi.
}~uusaa: Kala ko yoodi ene tiidi cog~u,
a ustondirte tan"haa do nann-dirdon fof.
Garba: Hannde mi a dd cra ~n i k aa 1ist
njehen haa nnnd~ wQdnde.Daawuuda:Alaa, Ceerno sood e lepoem
hee, mi ustan ma~.
Garba: Mbo~o yi~i kone fa~£o m i haa
ba1<fc earooje$ wa ~i se-od heen
so Allah jaE-ii.
D31lwuuda:Eey! mi nanii, nde ngarttae fof
na am ndo -( ,aa Da aw uuG ~ Ois ~.
D - G~fAR:
rer.tde
tafde
sande
d€moowo
tafoowo
cafioowo
- lfuusae 9 tell me about the: work of the
artisans.- This one is a weaver, he wenves cloth
the other one is a shop.tnnker,this 01
ever here is a ~ewe1er he works on
gold and silver.
- Each one with his job?
- Yes, if it is a work that requiersskU1.
- What they are rnakinp.is too 1cve1yi
- Yes~ because they knew well their job
- That why their prices are too hiph.
- What is beautiful is always expensive
but you can always bargain till they
reduce the price.
- Today I have brought money, letts us
~o till next time.No! Gentlemen, buy from my material,
I'll reduce for you.
I w~u11 like to excuse me till this
coming cays. I!ll buy if it pleas~ S~
Goc.
OK! I und __ stood, whenever. you came
ask about D~awuuda Gise.
- The demonstratives already seen can express distance nuance (nearer-away)when they are associated at adverbs of place:
00 GOC - dee - teo - tooyenna
oocoo - coaaa ~ ooteo - octooyenna
OO(!O("l ko kcdo E: ndcr saare hee
- Fof already seen as anindefinite pronoun sis~!fies aft~r verbs ~xnressing
-reciprocal nuance: "till" and "until"; but when it is preceded by verbs thatdo not express that nuance it signifies then: "at each time" :
ooteo " aroowo ko Abu
*This is valid for all the c1asG marker£~
nduudaa r awaandun pe 1to c na p, p< !l
nea1c!oo cuura1
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* " Haa • •• •.• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• fof" signifies
* " Nde • •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• • fof" signifieeuntil or till
at each time.
E - Exercises:
1 - ~uild up sentences with your own words at least ten~1 __
2 __3 __
4
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -s
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -6 ___
7 _
8 ___
9 ___
10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -2 - Translate th se sentence into English:
1- Gooto fof won ko heerorii;
2 - k o f : l. ti ra mg ol le e'G e ~ ee peewnata koo ene yoocfi no fecwi;3 - Ebe ci£ £: ini mecca ~f;Ele~
4 - 1-fuodoyicfi cd fano-daa kan lif,p .eyroaF ,5n;, - Ysafc-mi h~a belte parooje>
6 - Be li~8ortoo ko fieefial~
7 - Hannde mi ~d~craani kaalis;
S - Nee ngar-idaa fof :'Inamndo--r.aa kam;9 - J3WC kaalis ~n~ t i i d i cor~u;
10 - Daawuuda Gis~ ko sanoo~0~
datde
awde
remde
yimde
sande
defde
tafdc
siiwde
ja1)nf,udesF..frude
3 - Add to the following verbs the nominal suffix oowo Pond g ive the word of thenoun.
.4 - Put the right class marker after these demvnstratives in the following3entences:
1. daa rawaandu cne :lata;
2. Ko Sammba hod! e too galle;
3. Rewbe Dec njoodii ko sara tooyenna leP,I'p..l;4 . H o I m e ruti Gaa nniyam?
5. gaa jawo one tiidi coep,u;
------6. yatoo tafoowc ko sehil Garbs;----
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7. doo baafal sokcta.ako s
-O;}-
8. Mo fiooti aGe tuuba?----9. Wonaa Bo b addi daa lckki
10. Ko jom wuro 1ubii too masinaaji.
Fitiram golle yaahde fieeiialmaabo follaack cog~u
sakke tafrle no feewi
baylo safide pacfe
Gollal datde lept>i
mecce socdde kcotone
leppi tUdde jawo
jawo fecwnude ke!}tJ~cn~uru fccwnireedc Beese
Garba ..ae-nndaade njamndi
Daawuuda y£G;t.~ade gol1al
0 1i£~aade mecce
a-rei .eero'raade mo
be c f ' . . ka~? p ~n u . .Artisand yocdde
ustondirdc
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
6 - Missins words:
G ar .b a : Uuusaal ___ mi 1iggey _ fitiram en.
ko , 0 ko geese, oya ko 0---- ----- ---- ----- ----ko njamndi 0 ko kahl)~e e__ :r _
Huusaa:
Garba :Gooto won ?------ ---------Muusaa: tawi ko ._ nnamndingal _
Garba : ko peewnataa ene __ no _
Muu saa : Ah an! ete WlDoe.
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G ar b a :Ko tngi elle cogf,U.
Muusaa: Kala yoodi tiidi---'
a tan
do fof.
Garba . mi addoraani njehen u~nm~c ;,
Daawuuda: A1aa, ceerno e Lapnam __ , T:1i map..
Garba: Mbocfo kono roi haa garooj e , ma
sood so jabii.
Daawuuda: ro i nanii, ngar-dnn naarnn~o-caa---- --- -~--Daawuuc.a Cisco
r - Q UESTIONS ON TH E D IAL Or-TIE:
1- No mbacf-cfon?
~ - HoI te· Ga.rba·e }!UUS3:l nj ahd i?
3 - HoI See fitiraro golle en be Muusaa sHii?4 - H0l ko woni lipp'cy maabc?
5 - H oI ko baylo njarnndi nrlanaeri tafata?
6 - h ~ee1ii yiyde fitiram eelle en?
7 - Ko te pe~Ttlata kco ena Y00oi?
8 - Mate efie cfi~.ini mecce IDeH)e?
9 - Ko ta~i fitiram eolle en ene tiici cocgu?
10 - Ne&t0 ene waawi ustondireedc?11 - A mccf.ii ustoncirecde?
12 - ~ion kc Garba sooai?
13 - Ko tagi Garba soodaani7
14 - Kaaldudo e Garbe co k~ fitiraT ~olle?
15 - Ko woni lifrey ~.kkc?
16 - No maabc 00 wiyetee?
17 - Aan noon no mbiycte-,fan?
18 - Nnnce Garbe ruttotoo to fitirn!'1Rolle en?1 9 - S o o r u t . t im a h o l nC,0 n a a rm d o t o o ?
20 - A meeaii yahdc to ii tir:uilpolle en doo e kces?
I
- Ko jom boru lo~pata boru mum.
- Ko majjere humi mbeewa e 1aaci.- Jagde yawtataa.
- ~ la ko ekkaaka waawetnake.
G - PR OVERB S AND s .wnms :
Try to find out the meaning of these ?roverbs below:
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- 7 1 -
LESSON TWELVE
SAYING Goon BYE
h - CULTURAL NOTE:
After being a l?ng time in the village you became a meriber of the
co~unity, therefore member of the village. When learning don't forget to
say good bye to the whole villagers, especially the tljom wuro", your
"sehilanbe" and don't be surprised learning people saying "woto yejjit
mm"; ' lNd ey sa an a ho ot ii ", "A nawortaa-kaa", These are the Last; sentences
you will hear from your friends, sometimes it is very hard tn say good
bye. Tell them that you will always send them letters and that one that
one day you will be back to visit because they were so kind to you, so
then:
Yaa tavoy jalTl!
B - LIST OF VOCABULARY Y l0P .DS ~
Teddunga1
Yeeweende
Mbayniigu
Jiida1
sehi1woppitde
yeewnude
way rude
yoomde
muusde
tawoyde
waaede
yejjitde
tintindesahaa e sahaa
Hankadf
waode
HonorNostalgy
saydng good byeme: ; - : : _ 1 l r .friendleave or abandon with s0wething
to mf ss
to be ages since f it's been 10n~
to be sad
to heurt
to find
not to do somnthing, to be poor
tc fo rget
to infom
from ti~~ to time
Now, on than
That's why? it is the reason why
C - DIALOGUE:l ID ay ni ig u/ Sa yi ng g oo d b ye
- Garba woni ko e mbayniigu ~~bu booyata2 0 hoota P~erik.
- Garba is saying Rood bye because hets goin~ back to the State soon.
Muusaa: Ko jam tanl hone mbar.-daa e
t:amperc?
Garba : Ko Dawffum, teddunpal maa jann~o
ja9ngo ko roi kootoowo 1eydiamen.
Muusaa ~ Ij jatl' !Ada woppida min 0 Yf.ewc:c-nl~e.
Garba : Iih! a yih day, mi yeeynii - Yes as you may see1 I miss my famiLy
j in na ab em ha nk ac is sabu 01 a lot now because I haven't been to
way'rii Amerik d\1u~i tati. the State for three years.
Nuusaa: Hacfe2 a de y C' oI 't 'iannde. - That's why you a:r.eso sad today.
Garba ; Ko goonga snbu mbayniigu - Thet·~B rip,ht b ecause also it is nainfu
cne muusi. to say flood bye.
Muusaa: Yaa tawoy jam! mbaasaa noon - ~{ay you find peace tne re l But don' t
- 'nlat's fine ~ I have the p,reat honor
to tell yeu that I' lTl1eavinp. tOJ TlOrrOt
Garba : Asa1aa Ha:eykum! Jalr fialli e mon? - As~laa l!nalcykum! Arc you spend ins. the
day in peace?- Peace onlys how are you with tire~nes~
- Oh! Garba you are leaving us!
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kala, kae schilam rnotyo.
~{ uu sa a: A t in ti ni :f .j om w ur o, koo
sehil maa 0 wonnoo dey?
Garba Eey, ko toon paa-mi nih so
m : i. ummiima galle Faa t i en.
Muus~. Ndeen noon, jUdal j am! min
ca1minii koreeji maa.
- friend.- Did you tell it to the chief, he vas
your good friend too?- Yes, I ~rn goinr, there right no w after
s.9yinR Rood bye to Faa.tiIs- In that case, see you next in peace!
We greet your family.
D - GRAMMAR:---- sabu is a conjonction which signifies: "because".
Mbo(fo fod foof't aade sabu !"Ii tampH
Ndcen is a conjonction used for reference f.or a perbd in the past, it
sienifics then 1 "in that time".
Ndeen ~. jaawintaano si~areet
LUkon kon ko nii f.amminirte(~
Galle mekko ko hono nii wnyi
*ndeen noon is a conjonction whicb signifies ~ "in that case, therefore,"
Mi a1aa t .mo1Q kaalis s ndeen fad haa Leeru maaya.
- waJda is an another form of ndeen noon. Meanwhile, wa~d€ can be translated
by : "It is the reason why, that t s why".
Abu areani tawo wadde njchen (ndean noon)
Garba kc koo toowo j armgo Ar.Iarikwad'de omo yoond ,
- Nih is a particu1e that expresses with the verbs infixed with r a manner
nuance in the exrlicative ane counseling formu1Rs, it c~n be also found
in the resemblance j ud~ements:
*nih can be translated by "like this". It can be found before or after the
verb in these two cases:
E - EXERCISES:
1 - Build up sentences with your own ~ords at least ten.
1-
2 -
3 -II -
5 -
6
7
f, -
9 -10 -
2 - Put the convenient words L n the blanks of the sentences below: subu - ndec n -
nih ~. ndeen noon - wadde.
1 - Libgot.ooSe b aa ena po~i fooftaarle fie taupi no feewi:
2 - Abu yakl~taano Rore jnoni omo duudee,
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Gar.ba waynaade leyci makko
Mbayniigu hoct.de jinnaabe
JUdalKo
muusde mbayniigu
KoC'tol yoomde duubi tati
sehil uremaade yontereJinnaabc. tawoyde maayirde lewru
0 waasde !Co llankadi
~p. yejjitc1e Amerik
nIDodo tintinde Janngo
Jom wuro Ene ' . w<:lyrude hannde
r o i.
yeeynude yceweende
On woppitde Galle jom w "0
A ruttaade jom wuro
Jaango lo70nde bataake
, '~ way rude min
~1intldude .-6
-73-
4 - rawane kaasamaas ene tobee no feewi •
.:;_ Dec oalde fof 0 sellaano omo £ooyi.-----6 - Suudu ko darnirtee.----7 - Cafroowc 00 araani hannde eden mbaawi hootde.----8 - 0 haaytii defde ataay warp-a ~asii.
Caaya makko ko hono nootir3a.----10 - Liddi np',ala~jooni kono maayo npoo enc li':moo----
9
3 - Translate these sentences into Pulaar:
1 - May you find peace; at home! But don 't forget. us!
2 - I will write you from time to time.
3 - You are my goo d frie nd.4 - I am not going back to states yet.
5 - They are leaving tomarrow.6 - He is risht! It is painful to SP..yGood bye ,7 - I haven't been to the State for three years, now I miss my
family a lot.a - You are lep..vin~!TIlat' s why you <: Ireso sad today.
9 - Vfuen did you arrive in this villcwe?
10 - When are you goin~; back .0 the State?
t. - Translate this sentences into Enpl:i.sh:
1 - Se'hil maa woni ko e mbaynUgu.
2 - Bcoyataa bee koota wuro maDf,e.
~ Jannrro ko min sonoyocbe liikon kon.
4 Garb ..wayrH wuro mum duuH tad.
5 A yeeynii jinnanr,e mae. h ankad'i,
6 Aysata ko sehil makkc'{o1~n::lOr·.
7 Woto yej j it jom lruro dey.8 ~lceen OIDO ja~winatnoc. sir.:a77eet.
9 0 l-TnyniirHlotdiibe makko fr:f.
10 ! -fu" !.yniigune muusi.
5 - Make at least 15 sentences with the words on the table below!
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-74-
1 = _
2 , _
3- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
u- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
5- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ _ _
7 _ _ _
8 -- ___
9 __
10 _
11
12- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1.:' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -4 _
15- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - -
6 - Missin~ ~mrds:
Garba : Asp-lea Malcykum! fial.L], c mon?-----
Muusan: jam tan , hono mbad-daa e tampere?
Gar.bn : Ko rnawd'um, maa jann~o ko tT!.i 1eydiMutisaa~ ada---- ~in e -----
. a yiy rni yeeynU j Lnnaabe amen sabu mi _
Arnerik cuufii tnti.
Muusaa' ada yonmi hannde.
--------
Gar~a :
Garba : s~bu ene muusi.--- _.----- -----Huusca! Yap. tawoy jam! __ ye.jjitde rrdn .
Garb a : lofi sikkaani, so A11a;, jaSii 1'1nr.li wirlnde -----kaa sehi1am ------
Muusaa: A jnm Wllro $ kc sehi1 mea 0 __
Garbe : 1:0 toon naa-mf so mi Urorni:f.fIlAalle Faati en.
______ noon, jam, min ca1minii koreeji maa.uusaa:
F - Q U E S T I O N S O N T H E D L \ L O G U E :
1 - Asn1na Ma1eykum?
2 - No mhacf-d'on e tampe re?
3 - Garba woni ko e mba.yrdigu?
4 - Ho1 ko Garbs teddiniri Muusaa?
5 - Ho1 ko Garba wo~pitda Muusaa en?
6 - Hol be sehil l'~uusa{· yeeyni?
7 - :tto foU duuti 0 wr.yri. t..merik?
8 - ~o tApi Garba ene yoomi hannde?
9 - Cikku-Jaa mbayn1igu ene muusi?
10 - Nde ngummot ono-daa Amerik a t078yniima?
11 - Hol ko Muusaa naamndii Gar.ba?
12 •. Garba Untinii jom wuro?~/.:; - Jom W\lro ko sehil Huussa? 77
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-75-
78
1 ~ - A a n h o 1 s p . h i 1 m r . a ?1 5 - H o t o G A r b a f a y S C l u m m i i m a g a l l e F a a t ! e n ?1 6 - M A n d e G e r b a r u t t o t o o S e n e ~ a e l ?1 7 - H o 1 k o o t O C l W Q t ~ e r i k j a n n ~ o ?
1 8 - l . f 1 l n d ed u t t o t o - < f ' a a. A m e r i k ?1~ - no1 k o M u u s a a f i a a g i i Gar.ba?
20 H e l Be M u u s a a s s l m i n i ?
G - PROVERBS M ·m S l- iiIt -lGS ~
Try t C l f i n d o u t t h e m e a n i n g o f ~ h e o r o v e r b s b e l o w :
- K o j a h o o w C l w o n i j i k o o w o .- M o w u u r i a n n d a a n i o o n a 1 d e a n i .
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.
MO TS AB ST RA IT S IABSTRACT l~ORDS:
ANGLAIS FRANCAIS~.R
Abundance
Flow-Flood
Aid-Help
AbondanceAffluence
Aide
Aide-mutuelle
Arne
Amour
Aversion
Benediction
Bienveillance
Bonheur
BonteBravoure
CarActere
Chagrf.n
Chance
ChArite
Colere
Con fiance
ConnaissanceConseilCon tent er,ent
CrainteDefautDesac ..
Desespoir
Desobeissance
Desir
Detresse
Douleur (physiq ue)
Douleur (morale)
EnvieExcuse
Extrllvap.ance
Paveur
Flatterie
Folie
Grandeur
Haine
Keewal
Ukkere
Dallal
Ballondiral
Fittaandu
Cilli
Ugansu
B~~~eYurmeenoe
Halu
Moyyere
Cuusnl
Jikku
Suno
Soul-Spir:ft
Love
Aversion-Dislike
Benedictine
Benevolence
Happiness
GoodnessCourage-Pravery
Character
Grief
Chance-Luck
CharityA n g e ', c
Confidenc~
knowledr.eAdvice
Contentment
FearDefectDiscord ~)
DeSTlair
Disobedience
Des:l.re-Wish
Distress
Pain
Sadak
Sekre
Hoolaare
GanndalWaaju
Weltaare
Y.ulol
EllaLuural
Damtindaal'e
Salaare
Y id de ( tu uy o- sa go)
M us ii ba ( ha lk aa re )
Muuso
~~ette
T uu yo ( mu uy o- du ud o)Yaafuya
Kaaweesi
Jinngol
J et tu go l ( bu tp .o l)
KaadiMannp,u
Ngafi~u
Hefiaare (h~accaare)
TeddunRal
Baasal
Bon-needaa~u
AnniyaKiram
W elt aa re ( we lo -w el o)
Yettoore (manoore)
Bone
Miskinaagu
Yankinaare
Feere
Doftaare
Haawtaare
J ej ji ( je jj it p, ol )
Faayre (kulol)
r1gaameelaHunal
Baasal
EnvyExcuse
Extrava~ance
Favour
Flattery
Madness
Size
Hate
Haste-Hurry
Honour
r! isfor tuneInsolence
IntentionJealousy
Joy
Honneur
infortune
Insolence
IntentionJalousie
Joie
LouanRe
Mal
Misere
ModestieMoyen
Obeissance
Orgueil
Oubli
Panfque
Paresse
Patience
Pa'~vrete
Evil
Misery
Modestymean
obdediencep ri de a rr og an ce
forp,etting, missing
panic
l az in es s i dl en es s
Patience
Poverty
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Miijo
kasaara
Yunneende
F'eewnitaszolU ej re ( yaaj eend e)
~eentaare
Mbelnaari
Miijo
Salaare
NjettoorNimsa
Njobtaagu
Ktralll
Teeyre (needi)Deeyre
't'eskuya
Muukeende
~l\ln'_
Kulol
Njurtllll
Pellital
HoadiroHimme
nille
Fodde
Droit
nignitaire
Kawral
MuddaLajal
Dafial, (fa~u~udu)
Tap,o
Yooro
PudiFatar
Pinal
Ganndal
l-Jaylirde
Aada
Neesu
Yiidere
llgoodaandi
Goowaadi
00gaand I
Njanu
Sariya (Laawo'l.)
H aayr~ j eynBe
Yerbannde leydi
lenol
Lae.mu
Dummbo
Leyd i ( nr.e nndi )
thou~htl ose, l osin p,
tlity
preparations
prosnerity
c are, ~rud ence
reward
t ho uR ht , r ef le xi cn
refusal
Thanksremorserevanp,e
riva ltr y, j alous ie
wisdom, polite
calm, sang froid
m em or y, r ec ol le ct 1. on
stupidity
Guccess
terror, feav
s ad ne sn , ~ lo om in es s
will, wish
divin willzealtrouble., tunul t
nuty
Hujja
koohoowo
8r-reement
duration, lenght
time lbdt
ec onom y, we alth
nature
aridity
florC!calamity
culture
science
factory
traditionhabit/customs
century
resources
morals
ore
invasion
law
volcanoearthquake
race
power
pressureco untr y, re gion
pensce
perte
'P itia
nrc!>aratifs
prosperite
prudence
recompense
reflexion
refus
Remerciementeremords
revancherivalite
Sagesse
Snnp,-froid
souvenir
stu!>i.dite
succes
terreur
tristessevolonte
volonte (divine)~2le
trouble
Devoir
rip,ht, law
di~itaryAccord
durce
deIai
economie
nature
aridite
flore
calaT!lite
culture
science
Usine
tradition
habitude
siecle
rcssourcp.s
moeurs
Minerai
invasion
loi
volcantremblement de terre
racepouvoir
pression
Pays
8 0
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LEXIOUE PAR THEMES:
I - LA FAM ILLE ET LA PAR E~rrE
Galle
llesnp,u
Jinnaabe
Koreeji
N ee ne ( yu l1 1l Il s)
BaabR
l- faama
Haarne RorkoMa.ams debbo
Debbo
GorboDiddo
K aawirsodo (! <aaw)
Gor~ 11aado (p,or~o l)
Esiraado
DendirandoMiniraaclo Forko (wal~a debbo)
Mawniraadn r,orko (~alla debbo)
Af oKodda
Jom-suudu
Jom-galle
Mnwliraado
Yam-yamo
l~oomri
Sapata
Diwo
Surea
TiP:f?uFuneebe
AliYl'latiirmnaayeLuuti
Nayeejo
DimaroSehil
Rodo
Giyiraado
P'2dde
house
fal1lily
parent
relatives
mother
father
Ancestors
f!rand father
r.r~nd mother
woman
lI:an
so n
Uncle
aunt
father or mo ther-in- law
cousinbrother
"tRterElder
junior-cadet
wife
husbend
fiance
girl
youno;sterBachelor
"baby
twin
Ornhan
"posthufllouS
older
sterile vomen
friend
strange
comnanfon-Fe.Ll.ow
Generation
81
maison
famille
narents
parents
merepere
Aieul
Brand pere
f,rand mere
femme:homroe
fils/fille
oncle
tante
beau-parent
cousin~etit frere (cu socur)
~rand frere (ou soeur)
aine
cadet
fiTlouseepoux
co-cpouse
fiancejeune fille
j eune p' ar~onc:€libataire (femme)
cel ibataire (homMe)
bebe
jumeauxOrr,hel in (de pere)
o rl' helin (de mern)
fils/ fille pos thum
vieillard
feuune sterile
a mi ( e)
l'!trnngercompagnon d;age
Generation
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II - PARTIES DU CORPS llUMAIN:
Bannclu body l..~ ....t)S
Hoore head tete
Sukundu Hairs cheveux
Tiinnde forehe~d front
Yeeso face faceYitere eye oeil
Nofru car oreille
Tonndu lip levre
f.iiyre tooth dent
demngal tongue langue
"Taare beard barbe
Daande Neck cou
Goddol throat p.orge
Walabn shoulder epaule
Junngo Arm bras-main
Fedeendu Fl,nger doigt
Ser,t;;uC Nail ongl.eFolontnru Elbow coude
Koyngal leg jamh~-f)ie.d
Duhal thigh cuisse
Keesi back aos
Bernde heart coeur
Reedu abdomen ventre
necce bzeaat poitrine
Wuudu Navel Nombril
Dadorde haunch hanche
n.otere buttock fesse
Hofru Knee f.enou
Heeiiereliver foic
J ofe (bumsudi) lung poumons
Enndu breast sein
Hewre palm paurne
Teppere heel talon
N~uru skin "cau
Yiiyam blood sanr.
Mbordi matter ,?us
Tuute spittle saUve
Yiyal bone CIS
varn~o rib cot~
Teew Meat chair
NFnanndi Brain cerveau
Gernene mustache moustacheGaabgal jaw machoire
Dooye kidney reins
Haafki armpit aisseUe
8 2
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Doyyc:ohecce
Boos"Fido
Gaaiiannrle
Cumram
Dokko
Naw e,ite
Teko
Jaddo
buutandurl1
battanannde
Ndogy-:reedu
Boccite~
Muuseeki
Sefo
Unugel
FekkoroRaabo-raab"Tampere
Paawnp,al
KAadi
Foriiere
TIannei.nte
Cafroowo
Pinnp,u
Mbaras
Naw
Naw ndaabooeu
RaabeLekki safaara
J00.rnp.al
Maayde
Jontinooje
iiawannde
Tooke-posone
Mabbo
Tuyyam
PahC"
:iemsaado
Yakko
Danawel
Caoe
Doyru
Nokobe
Duubri
FesoHappati
Dade
Jalbi
Np.uurdam
III - LES MAlJ~IE~:
Astma
MiscariaRe
wound
burn
one-eyed
c on j o nc ti vi t e
whoof'inr.-cou~hcrarop
constipationscar
diarrhea
dysentery
pain
di;->hte1:1
faintingepidemic
fatigue - tirednessfever
TIladness
fracture
!nfir.m
attendant
injection
lenrosy
illness
contaeionmedicament
menin~itis
dead
wound
poison
cold
bleeding
deaf
rleaf-mute
measles
tuberculosis
vaccinationchicken-pox
sIt-all-pox
verse-line
life
83
asthme
avortement
blenorragie
blessure
brulurebronchite
borgne
conjonctivite
coqueluche
crampe
constipation
cicatrice
diarrhee
dysentericdouleur
dyphterie
Elephantiasis
evar.ouissementepidetIU.e
fatigue
Hcvre
folie
fracture
inHme
infimier
injection
lenre
maladie
m nl ad ie c ont ag ie us e
contagionmedicament
t:Ieningite
mort
raludismeplaie
poison
:rhume
saipnee
sourd
sourd-muet
syphilis
maladie du sommeilrouge ole
tuberculose
poliornye1i te
bilharziose
vaccination
varicelle
var.iole
v ers i nt es ti na ux
vie
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IV - LES SAISONS ET LE TEMPS QUfIL FAIT:
Futuro
Nalawma
Yontere
Lewru
Hitaande
WaktuPudal naanp,e
l-Iutalnaange
Na In p . u
Naanp;e e hoore
Feccere j amma
Sahea.Jamaanu
Jookli
Hewo
l'1orgo
FunnaangeHi r n a an g p .
YontaWis-wis
YiiwoondeMereere
Suruuro
Hailharmattan
mist
cloud
rair.oow
sunshadow
TwHiehtdawn
daybreak
morninp:
afternoon
ni?htevening
twilir.ht-dusk
day
week
month
year
hoursun~et
E te ( hi ve rn ag e)
l1.utoMc
River
saison se~he
PrintempsChaleur
fraicheur
ventpluie
tonnere
tourbillon
eclair
del
lune
et"ileeclipse sola ire
gre!charmattan
brume
nua~earc-en-ciel
soleil
ombreobscurite
aurore
aube
matin
apres-J:lidisoir (nuit)
Ndunn~u
Kawle
Dabbunde
CeeduDemminap..re
Nr-uleeki
Jaangol
Henndu
Tobo
Gijaanr,o
Duleendu
Ma1jeKammu (asamaan)
Lewru
Hoodere
Nann~al na anRe
:RowteMbooy
Uiggu
Ruulde
tirotimol
tlaange
Buubri
NibhereFajiriWenndooQo
Sub aka
Kikiide
Jamma
S um m e r
Autunr..
t~inter
dry season
ST)rin~Rent
freshness
wind
rain
thunder
whirlwind
flash of li8htnin~
sky
moon
star
8 4
crenuscule
jour
semaine
mois
annee
heurelever du soleilcoucher du eol~il
journee
midi
t1linuit
momen tet?0 que (ere)
p oints car dinaux
nord
sude·~t
ouestgeneratiOlt
~etite pluie
orap.ei'lirap,epl\lie avec vent
day
midday
lIlidni?-ht
moment
e!)och
cardinal s po ints
north
south
east
west
S?en~ration
stormmirage
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v - T H ~ S G E O G R A P . H l 0 . U E g :
F o n n £ o ( n o r a l ) D a n k B e r g e
B a k k e r c M u d b o u e
L a d d e b u s h b r o u s s e
T u l d e h i l lc o U i n e
W a r a a g oc o u r a n t
} f . a a y o r i v e r f l e u v ~
L a d d e s u k k u n d e f o r e s t : f o r e t
D u n n d u b u s h - h e d g e b u i s s o n
J u u d e f o r d g u e
D u u n d e i s l a n d l I e
W e e n d u l a k e l a c
G e e c s e a m e r
H a a y r e m o u n t a i n mont ague
N a d d e p l a i n p l a i n e
F o o n d e T r e y p l a t e a u
C a a n n g o lb r o c k r u i s l ? ' - : ' ~ ~ :
C e e n a l s a n d s a b l e
L e y d i p , r o u n d s o l
M b a a l w a a l n d is o l i n f e r t i l e
N d u u f - n d u u f o l d is a b l e p u l v e r u l e n t
L e y d i G r o u n d t e r r e
L o o p a lv al l e e h u m i a e
G a u n n b o l b a r r i n p . b a r r a g e
l l a m i n u n d a t i ( ' \ n i n o n d a t i o n
D o o r n d e d u n r , f u r . d e r
H o k k e r e d r y n e s s s e c . h e r e s s e
N d e m a w c e d i . n g aarc Lage
S a m m e e r e / W u t a a n d u C o b - e a r e p i s
W a f d u s i c k l e f a u c i l l e
N r . e s s a f i e l d c h a t l " l P
N a m m b u s ; a r d e n j a i . d i n
L i i g r . >c o t o n n e t ' a i e
A b b r £; g r a i n - s e e d g r o . i n
B a s a l a l s t e m · ~ t i g e t i g e
D e ~ o o w o f a r m e r - c u l t i v a t o r c u l t i v a t e u r
M a k k e m a i z e m a t s
Buudof, e o u r d - p ~ k 1 . n c o u r g e
D e n n d e w a t e r - t l \ e l o n p a s t e q u e
J a y e e r e m e l o n m e l o n
F a a w r u B r a n a r y g r e n i e r
C o n a l / k e l a l c r o ! ' - h a r v e s t r l 5 c o l t eF a a t a a t a s w e e t - n a t a t o p a t a t e
F o l l e r e s o r r e l o s e i l l e
K a n n j eG o m b o
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ILEXIQUE DE QUELQUES ADJECTIFS USUELS :
Jooddo beautiful heau
Coofdo ugly vi1ain
Daneej o white blanc
Jalbudo briRhtness brillant
Dabbo short court
}'avdo biggrand
Juutdo long lon~
Bodeejo red rouge
I3a1eejo black noir
Tiidi hard-difficult dur
Haw'lli(kakka1aari) enormous enorme
Fortii straight droit
Daatidoux
faadi narrow etroit
Yaaji Large-broad large
Luggidi pr. ofou nd pro fond
Sadi-tiidi diftir.ult difficile
weebi
easy feci1e
Buubi-jdangi fresh-cool frais
wuli hot chaud
Lee1i slow lent
Yaawi ra1:':f.d-fast rapide
TedM heavy lour.d
~&vy:i. light 1eger
toowi height haut
lesdi bottom-low bas
faayodini important imr"lrtant
Furdi dusty pouL\siereux
Boni bad mauvafs
Moyy! good bon
sewi thin mince
Benndi ripe. . .mur
Duttidi bip, p;ros
Famdi small-littlE.'
Nibb1.di dark obscur
Leefi weak faib1e
Murlic1i round rond
Tunwi dirty s31e
Yoori dry sec
1epnimouille
Deeyi silen~-o\lite si1encieux
Nafa useful utile
Yoni sufficientsuffisant
~laywi old vieux
Hec~id1 wet humide
Taat! sliding gliss~nt
Laabi clean , /roJ"1:'e
Leeri clear clair
Saf!doux (gout)
Haadi bitter amer
Lammi Acid acide
Uelisucre
we1t~.i glad conter.t
Mettini discontented mecontent
Keydudohunr,ry affame
Domdudo thirsty assoife
Tampudo tired fatip.,uc
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87
L E S A D J E C T I F S ( S U I T E )
fim..osick tr..al.ade
nondo sommeilleux
Junniniido sad triRte
baasdo 1)oor pl!.uvre
Galo rich riche
pooydo lean maigre
!.uuki stinkinp. puant
uuri odorous odorant
t1idi exPensive chsr (?rix)
sadi rare rare
seebi pointed po1ntu
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LEXIOUE P A.~ THEMES:. -I - LA FAMILLE ET LA PARENTE
Galle
Besngu
Jinnaabe
KoreejiN ee ne ( yu tl lI Il a)
Baaba
'Haama
Maama gorko
Maama debbo
Debbo
Gorbo
niddoK aawiraado (kaaw)
Go r~ ila ado (g or~ ol )
Esiraado
DendiraadoMi fi ira &do F ,or ko ( wal la d ebb o)
Mawniraado gorko (walla debbo)
AfoKodda
Jom-suudu
,Jom-galle
M..'l.wliraado
Yam-yamo
l!boomri
S:wata
Diwo
SurgaTiggu
Funeebe
Ali~~at!it!lu
naay~
Luuti
Nayeejo
Dimaro
Sehil
Kodo
Giyiraado
"!!~dde
house
family
parent
relativesmother
father
Ancestors
grand father
grand mother
woman
trlan
son
Uncle
auntfather or mothez -in-law
cousinbrother
~tiAter
Elderjunior-cadet
wife
husband
fiance
girl
youn~ster
Dachelor
"baby
twin
Ornhan
"posthutllous
older
st er ile wom an
friend
strange
conmanion-Fcllow
Generation
8 8
maison
famille
pe:rents
parentsmere
l'ereAieul
grand pere
grand mere
femme
homrne
fils/fille
oncle
"antebeau-parent
cousinpetit frerp. (ou soeur)
g1Jnd frere (ou soeur)
aine
cadet
epouse
epoux
co-apouse
fiance
jeun~~ fille
jeune p,arc;oncel ib ~ta ir e ( fem me )
celibataire (homme)
bebe
ju:neaux
Or~helin (de pere)
orphelin (de mEh:~)
fil s/ fil le p ost hu m
vie1llard
femme sterile
ami (e)
~trnnger
compagnon d' age
Generation
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Awde to gl) fishi..t- pecher
Asde to dig creuser
Defde/Sag~:!.nde to cook cuisinerMahde to build batir/construireDiidde ~o trace/to draw tracerHumde to lie mettre a u piquet
Hirsude to kill egorgert·Tarde to kill tuer
Huttude to cut up depecerWee1naade to carry in hand porter a 1a main
Wakkaade to carry on one's back porter en bandou1icreRoondaade to carryon one's head porter sur 1e teteRusde to convey transpo~t transporterFittude to clean ba1ayer
Fasde/Wu1de to boil bouillir
Fasnude/Wu1nude to make boil faire bouillir
Judde to grill/to toast griller
Unde to pound/crush piler
Hasitaade t o t e. ke : re ak fa st l>rendre 1e p eti t d ej eu ne r
t.1ottaade to take lunch prendre le d~jeuner
Hirtaade tc dinuer p~endre 1e dtnerHoorde to fast jeum:r
Goobde to d' jre/totint teinter
IIefiaade to hurry s e p re ci !) it er
Heppude to be in R hurry se presser
Limde to count compterUstude to Lower diminuer
Reydude to increase augmenter
Foccude to share/tC"lsplit wood diviser /partagel:
Sowde to multiply multiplier
Wostaade t o e xc ha ng e echanger
Luukde to ehout crierSafrude to treat soigner
Gaafiaade to be hurt/wounded se b1esserWeddaade to chrow lancer
Lig~de to hang accrocherMm~tude to erase effacerloTinndude to write ccrireWe1taade to be henr,y etre content
Mettinde to set angry se facher
Salaade to refuse refuser
Jabrle to agree etre d' accord
J abde /:lebde to receive recevoir
Naawde to judge juger
Sokde to prison emprisonner
Ya1tudeto gC' out se'rtirNAatde to enter entrer
Nabbude to climb/to go up monter
.) Yineade to swin nager
Taccude to cross traverser
Dartaade to stop s'arreter
Soppinaade/Diccaade to sCluat/c.'ouch s'accruupir
Tukkaade to bend (down) se courber
Reende to keep garder
Rokkude/Hokkude to give donner
Hootde to sow coudre
Seekde to tear dechirer
Renndinde/Jiibde to mixt me1anger
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Yamminde
Sellinde
Yernude
Janngude
JanngindeNatde
Sehde
Fidde'
Reftaade
Heblaade/Feewnitaade!J~"TIlaade
Dannaade
Yillaade
Yeebde
Fijde
Habde
"
t o d is co ur ag e
to ar~ue
to compare
to learnto teach
to draw/to design
to sculpt
t'" dictate
to revise/to look over
to prepare oneself
to say good bye
to travel
to vi31t/to foresee
to admire
to play·
to fight- Atude
Addude
Nawde
Hcccude
1.o0taade
r . e m d e
M:.laydeJ'1bineede ~.
to accompagn
t o 1 :- "4 'i ng
to take away
to pick up
to wash oneself
t o c ul ti va teto die
to give birth
to grow up
to grow (plant crop)
to ha rve st
to stand up
t:o cr y
to swallow
to touch
to feed
",
Nawnude
FuddeSonde
Daraade
Woyd(
Hodde
l o t e m d e
Muuynude
Dojjude
Wariiude
JaldeWUi:tude
Foofde
Fahde
Fesde
Nawde}t'aawnp,ude
Foojde
Fooftaade
rutJtde
Islude
Tujju~e
Sellude
WuurdeYarnude kolceN e h & e
nit'de
W'aalde
N a l lu de
Ruum.1e
to cough
t < : > sweet
to laughto blow
to respire/breathe
t o b lo w/ wi nd
t o v ac ci na te
to be sick
to be feverish
to lose weight
to rest
to vomit .
to sneez e
to bleed
recover
to liv~/be aliveto water
t o r ee r/ br ee d
t o m il k/ dr aw
to spend the ~ip'ht
to spend the day
to spend the rainy
s ea so n s om ew h~ re
t o rain
to unit: w-S.th
to save
to h e l p
to h e l p
Tobde
Rentude
Sow-de/DanndudeF,\abaade
l1allude
diScourager
argumenter
comparer
annrendreensei~er
dessiuer
sculpter
dieter
reviser
s e p rep are r
di re a ure voi rvoyager
visiter
admirer
jouer
se battre
accOtnpagner
amener ,•
emmener ~
ramasser
se laver
cultivermourir
nattre
grandir
pousser
recolter
etre deb out
pleurer
avaler
touche'!
allaiter
tousser
suer
riresouffler
respirer
s'essouffler
vacciner
etre malade
avoir la fievr~
maigrir
3e reposer
vomir
eternuer
saigner
guerir
vivreabreuver
elever
trc..irepasser 18 nuit
passer la journee
passer la sa1son des pluies
{lleuv6ir
ri' 'unir
t:lauver
secourir
aider