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DOCUMENT RESUME ED 288 640 PS 016 986 TITLE Baby Talk [Suggestions for Parents about the Unborn Child through the 1-Year-Old]. INSTITUTION Clemson Univ., S.C. Cooperative Extension Service. SPONS AGENCY Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. REPORT NO FL-411-422 PUB DATE 87 NOTE 56p.; Colored inks may not reproduce well. PUB TYPE Guides - Non-Classroom Use (055) Collected Works - Serials (022) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Child Development; *Child Rearing; *Parent Child Relationship; Parent Education; *Parenting Skills ABSTRACT This document consists of a compilation of 13 separate parenting information bulletins providing suggestions for parents of yet-to-be-born children, newborn children, and infants 1 through 12 months of age. Contents indicate characteristic abilities 2nd behaviors of children at each age and guide parents in parenting activities, such as providing appropriate equipment and clothing, feeding, facilitating learning, disciplining, carrying, making baby food, obtaining birth certificates and social security cards, playing with infants, providing a safe environment, talking with infants, and toilet training. (RH) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the orig nal document. * *********t*************************************************************

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Page 1: DOCUMENT RESUME Baby Talk [Suggestions for Parents …laundering cloth diapers at home costs. less in terms .of beginning cost. But. cloth diapers require time and energy you might

DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 288 640 PS 016 986

TITLE Baby Talk [Suggestions for Parents about the UnbornChild through the 1-Year-Old].

INSTITUTION Clemson Univ., S.C. Cooperative Extension Service.SPONS AGENCY Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.REPORT NO FL-411-422PUB DATE 87NOTE 56p.; Colored inks may not reproduce well.PUB TYPE Guides - Non-Classroom Use (055) Collected Works -

Serials (022)

EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS *Child Development; *Child Rearing; *Parent Child

Relationship; Parent Education; *Parenting Skills

ABSTRACTThis document consists of a compilation of 13

separate parenting information bulletins providing suggestions forparents of yet-to-be-born children, newborn children, and infants 1through 12 months of age. Contents indicate characteristic abilities2nd behaviors of children at each age and guide parents in parentingactivities, such as providing appropriate equipment and clothing,feeding, facilitating learning, disciplining, carrying, making babyfood, obtaining birth certificates and social security cards, playingwith infants, providing a safe environment, talking with infants, andtoilet training. (RH)

************************************************************************ Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made *

* from the orig nal document. *

*********t*************************************************************

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tr; ,-Ii A ILl M

PRENATAL SUGGESTIONS

Parents, you are probably veryCO much aware of me as I have been movingorte, around for some time. I hope you will

prepare for my birth by reading thisCap Extension leaflet and following the

suggestions.

fr-4

C) THE UNBORN CHILD CAN...

...kick, turn flips, suck a thumb,Wand even get hiccups. In the last two1;14months before birtA, the baby grows in

BEST COPY AV ILL::.

FL Leaf L.:t 411-A

U S DEPARTMENT Of EDUCATIONOffice o Educatanal Research and Improvement

EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATIONCENTER (ERIC/

C This document has been reproduced asrico/mod Irom the person or organizationoriginating it

7(Minor changes have been mad* to improvereproduction Quality

Point! of view of °I:anions stated in this docu-ment Po not nOCIIISSfoly represent OfficialOERI Posihon or poiicy

PrenatalSuggestionsAbouttheUnbornChild

size and weight, and has less and lessroom to move. At this point, the babyis ready to come into the world a

world where light will replace darkness... Noise will replace quiet ...

Air:liquid ... Cold:warmth ... Hungerand need will replace a never failingflow of supplies. The baby will be"cut off" from constant comfort atbirth.

"Prenatal" means occurring,existing, or being in a stage beforebirth.

ExtensionCooperative Extension Service

Cieinson iversity 2

"PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THISMATERIAL HAS BEEN GRAMTOD BY

It son (ANNE7)CtRANS MYN. SRN-V.

TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCESINFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)."

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TAKE CARE OF YOURSELF

It is very important that you makean appointment with a doctor or healthcare provider as soon as you think you

are pregnant. Tell the doctor orhealth care provider that you think you

are pregnant. The first sign ofpregnancy is usually when you stopmenstruating. Be sure to keep all of

your appointments throughout yourpregnancy.

You also need to eat a variety offoods each day. Follow this guide:

MeatsVegetables and

Fruits

Breads andcereals

Milk

2 servings daily4 servings daily

4 servings daily

4 cups daily

Remember that potato chips, candy bars,pies, and cakes provide many caloriesand little food value.

HOW WILL YOU FEED YOUR BABY?

An important decision you have tomake before your baby is born iswhether to breast-feed or bottle -feed.When making your decision, it isimportant to discuss this with the

baby's father. Both of you should have

a positive attitude about the decision.

Breast-feeding is the best way to

feed a baby. It's good for the mother

as well. Breast-feeding for even a

short period of time will be helpful.Tell the doctor and hospital staff thatyou plan to breast-feed, and they will

help you learn how. Ask your doctor,County Extension Office, or HealthDepartment for more information aboutbreast-feeding. Talk with other womenwho have breast-fed for helpful hints.

If you choose not to breast-feed,commercial infant formula is aconvenient and safe s.lbstitute. The

doctor who checks your baby soon afterdelivery will recommend a formula and

tell you how to feed the baby.

If you bottle-feed, you will need:

-6 to 8 bottles (choose eitherregular glass or plastic orplastic holders with disposable

liners - both must besterilized before each use.)

--Brushes for cleaning bottles andnipples

--Sterilizer or large pot with top

--About a dozen nipples. If

nipples do not work right, itmay be frustrating to you andbaby if you do not have anextra. Rotate the use of thenipples; after 2 to 3 months'use, replace nipples.

-A jar for mixing forMula

-Punch-type can opener (if youchoose concentrated or ready-to-feed formula). Keep thisseparate and use for baby only.Wash after each use.

You may want to purchase a bottlewarmer. However, bottles can be heatedin a pan of hot water. Before buyingany of this equipment, talk withmothers who are bottle feeding theirbabies for helpful advice. Shop aroundand compare prices for the best use ofyour money.

Regardless of whether you breasto.' bottle feed, expect a newborn to eat

at least every 4 hours.

FOR FATHERS ONLY

Now is the opportunity to provehow mature and responsible you are.During pregnancy a woman needs morelove and care than ever. She needs

sincere hugs and praises from youdaily. Your share of the work aroundthe house should always be equal tohers, especially if she works outside

the home. Now that she is pregnant,you'll want to assume more than anequal share of the load.

Encourage her to breast-feed thebaby. This is better for the baby. It

also helps mother to regain her shapequicker.

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The next "Baby Talk" leaflet willbe about how much it costs to rear achild from birth through high school.You may decide to limit your family.Discuss birth control methods with thedoctor and your mate before your babyis born. Your wife's body will beready for another pregnancy in 2 yearsafter this birth. This time space isnecessary for many reasons, one beingto give the mother's body time to getready to produce another healthy baby.

Your baby is depending on you tobe a responsible, mature, loving fatherand you can begin right now, monthsbefore the expected arrival.

BABY'S LAYETTE

When buying baby's layette, shopwisely or you can wreck your family'sclothing budget. Most mothers want tobuy all the pretty, cute little clothesthat are so adorable. Many are notvery practical and in many cases areseldom worn before they are outgrown;so do with fewer items and wash often.

If you are going to have a shower,wait and see what you receive as giftsbefore shopping. If you get more thanis needed of any item in a newbornsize, you may want to exchange the itemfor a larger size. The infants' sizechart will give you an idea of how longyour baby will be able to wear acertain size.

STANDARD CLOTHING SIZES FOR INFANTS

Size NB Sm. Med. Lg. Ex Lg.

Months 0-3 6-9 12-18 24-30 36

Height Up 25 1/2- 28-32 32 1/2- 37-

(") to 27 1/2 36 1/2 38 1/225 1/2

Weight Up(lbs.) to

15-19 20-26 27-32 33-36

14

To help you determine what isneeded, refer to the checklist at theend of this leaflet. The quantity ofclothes that you will need will be

determined by your laundry facilities,lifestyle, and what you can afford tospend. If you have a washer and dryerhandy, you will need fewer clothes.The working mother may need moreclothes for her baby, as time Will notpermit laundering as often.

The season of the year will alsoplay an important part in the baby'slayette. During the winter, warmerclothes will be needed than during thespring and summer months. If your bab1is born in the spring or summer, buylighter weight clothes. You may alsodelay buying a heavy blanket orsweaters for several months. Babyclothes should be simple in design andwell made. They should provide forcomfort, warmth, and ease-of-care. All

gallents should be soft. No baby feelscomfortable in clothes that scratch,bind or restrict body movements. Avoidrough trims and stiff fabrics, nomatter how pretty.

Shirts, dresses, sleepers, andgowns that fasten all the way down thefront or back allow for ease indressing and undressing the baby. Too,

most babies do not like to have anyarticles of clothing pulled over thehead.

DIAPERS DISPOSABLE VS. CLOTH

Choosing between disposable orcloth diapers is another decision youwill have to make. You may decide on acombination of the two. When time andenergy are limited, you may preferdisposable diapers. They are also goodfor traveling and for leaving with babysitters. Many nurseries requiredisposable diapers.

Studies show that buying andlaundering cloth diapers at home costsless in terms .of beginning cost. But

cloth diapers require time and energyyou might prefer to spend enjoying yourfamily. Laundering cloth diapers incoin-operated machines will involvemore time and cost. Disposable diaperssave time and take less work to usethan cloth diapers since they can bedisposed of when soiled. However, somebabies may be unable to wear disposablediapers.

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CARE OF CLOTH DIAPERS

When laundering diapers, the mostimportant thing to remember is to washand rinse them thoroughly so that yourbaby is less likely to get a "diaperrash." Diapers should be clean and

soft. Soap or hard-water film makethem stiff, nonabsorbent, and irritatebaby's tender skin.

Keep a covered plastic pail nearthe table where you dress and change

the baby. Keep it about half-filledwith water with suds or a boraxsolution. Place wet diapers in thepail as soon as you change baby.Soiled diapers should be thoroughlyrinsed by holding them in the toiletbowl while you flush the toilet. Be

sure to hold on firmly so you will riotlose the diaper in the commode. Then

place them in the diaper pail.

When you have enough to make awasher load (and it is best to washdiapers by themselves), use the regularsetting on your washer. Using a cold

water rinse will save energy. You'll

want to use an extra rinse, ifavailable; and if you add a fabricsoftener to the final rinse, diaperswill be softer and easier to pin. To

keep diapers at peak absorbency,however, omit the softener about everyfourth laundering. Then dry themcompletely in the dryer's normal cycleor line dry and fold without ironing.

THE REST OF BABY'S LAUNDRY

For all their tiny size anddelicate appearance, baby clothes today

are practical and washable. They can

be sorted and laundered with the restof the family wash, according to fabric

and color. Shirts, nightgowns, andbedding can go in with other whites andpastel cottons; bright colors withother bright shades in cold water;dresses and other delicate garmentsalong with fine lingerie and otheritems that call for delicate handling.Wool blankets, bootees, sweaters, andother wool knit garments can be treated

like you other fine woolens; some of

these are now machine washable, too.The modern synthetic fibers, such asAcrilan and Orlon, used in so manybabywear items can usually be machinewashed and dried. Check the label for

instructions.

Any stains on baby clothes shouldbe pretreated, as many will be set up

by hot water. It's also a good idea tomend any small rips or tears beforeputting garments into tne warner, asthey can grow larger during laundering,It's all right to bleach your baby'sclothes when they need it, but use ableach that's correct for the fabricinvolved. There's no truth to thenotion that bleached clothes willirritate the baby's skin. The bleach

is gone once the fabric has beenthoroughly washed, rinsed, and dried.

Waterproof plastic pants can belaundered along with diapers or other

baby clothes. Or you may prefer tohand-wash them with detergent and air-

dry them. Do not put them in the dryerbefore checking the label.

SELECTING A SAFE CRIB

Because infants spend so much timesleeping, a safe crib with a firm,waterproof mattress is the firstpriority for baby's furnishings. Older

cribs are the cause of the majority ofinfant and toddler deaths and injuriesfrom nursery equipment. Most problemsare caused by cribs that were madebefore 1974. Examine hand-me-down orgarage sale cribs carefully beforeusing them for your new baby.

Never use a crib with missing

slats. Be certain that each slat istight and not more than 2 3/8 inchesapart.

If an older crib has corner posts,saw them off and sand the edges smooth.Both heads and garments can be caughton these. Be certain the ends of thecrib are made of a nonsplintering

material. Paint or refinish oldercribs with lead-free paint products.

The mattress should fit the crib

snugly. Two adult size fingers should

not fit between the mattress and crib

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sides. Always remove all packingplastic wrappings from the mattress andnever use lightweight plastic towaterproof a mattress.

Before using any crib, be certainall parts -- nuts, bolts, screws, andmattress supports -- are in place andsecurely tightened.

If the crib is placed next to awindow, make sure that there are nodrapery or venetian blind cords withinthe child's reach. Never hang anystringed object, such as a toy on astring or a laundry bag, near the crib.Children can be caught in these stringsand strangle.

When your baby is in the bed,always lock the side rails.

Your baby will grow quickly. Asthe child grows, adjust the mattress tolower positions. When your baby is 35inches tall, it is time to switch to abed.

OUTFITTING THE CRIB

Several linens or toys look prettyin baby's crib, but select themcarefully. Sheets should fit he

mattress snugly. Well-fitting knittedsheets are wrinkle-free and smooth onbaby's tender skin.

If you buy bumper pads, makecertain they fit around the entire criband tie or snap into place with atleast six straps. To prevent baby fromchewing the straps, cut off any excesslength. Only use bumper pads untilbaby can pull up, then remove them sothey aren't used as a step to climb outof the crib.

Crib gyms and bright colored toysthat are stretched across the bed arefun for infants, but they must befastened securely, so they cannot bepulled down. Make certain that mobilesare out of reach and there are no loosestrings or cords that baby can pull.Crib gyms need to be removed from thecrib when baby is 5 months old or isable to push up on hands and knees.

STROLLING ALONG

You might get a stroller early asa shower gift, on sale, or as a garage-sale bargain. Selecting a stroller isimportant, for over 11,000 children areinjured eac:i year by strollers.

Choose a stroller with a wide baseto prevent tipping. If the seat isadjustable, be sure the stroller willnot tip backwards when baby's weight isin it.

Check the seat belt to makecertain it is strong and can fit snuglyaround the baby. Use the seat belteach time baby is in the stroller.Keep your baby away when folding orunfolding a stroller.. Fingers havebeen cut off in the folding mecnanism.

BE A SMART SHOPPER

Much of the cost to have a baby isfor hospital and doctor care, but youwill be surprised at the price tags onaccessories, clothes, utensils, and allthe equipment you'll need or want foryour new baby, especially a first-born.

Often families overbuy in thebaby's layette and nursery items.However, with a little thought and carein what you buy, you can cut costs.You'll find many lists of basicequipment for the new baby. Rememberthat every item is not necessary. Talkwith relatives and friends who haveyoung children. Find out what theythink is necessary and buy according totheir advice and your needs and lifestyle.

The temptation to buy shiny newitems is great, but consider totalamount of money, how long the item willbe used, if it can be used in anotherway, and if it will fit into yourlifestyle. Many times you can usesecondhand items or those borrowed fromfriends and relatives. But remember,don't sacrifice your baby's safety tosave a few dollars.

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CAR SAFETY SEATS

The law in South Carolina requiresall children under the age of 4 to ridebuckled up in cars on our highways.Children must be secured as follows:

1. Any child less than 1 year of agemust be properly secured in a childsafety seat which meets t!..?standards prescribed by the National

Highway Safety Administration.

2. Any child under 4 years of age, whentransported in the front seat, mustbe properly secured in a childrestraint system meeting standardsprescribed by the National HighwayTraffic Safety Administreon.

1. Any child, 1 year through 3 years ofage, when transported in a rearseat, must be properly secured in achild restraint system which meetsthe standards prescribed by theNational Highway SafetyAdministration unless the child issecured by a safety belt provided in

the motor vehicle.

Several agencies loan safety

seats. Ask your County ExtensionAgent.

PRENATAL CLASSES

Ask the doctor or health careprovider if classes about pregnancy andcaring for babies are available. Many

times classes are offered at no cost.

CHILD CARE

It is not too early to beginplanning child care if you work outsidethe home or go to school. Your County

Extension Agent has helpful informationabout arrangements for the care of your

baby.

NAMES

Begin to choose the name of your

child. Children with names like"Robert" and "Barbara," good solidnames, seem to do be*ter in school than

children with cute or unusual names.

HOSPITAL ARRANGEMENTS

Remember to make arrangements forhospital admission or delivery of thebaby early. Pack your suitcase becauseit is sometimes difficult to know justwhen the baby will arrive.

PREPARE FOR BUSY TIMES

You may wish to prepare and freezesome meals for the family to Eat whileyou are in the hospital or even afteryou come home. Also arrange for olderchildren to receive special attention.Babies usually take more time than newmothers think.

Watch for your next issue of "Baby TalkFor Parents of Infants Under 1

Month."

CHECKLIST OF BABY'S NEEDS

ITEM

Baby's Layette

C,tton ReceivingBlankets

Outdoor Blanket

Cotton Shirts

Socks or flotees

Sweaters

Diapers (cloth)

DisposableDiapers

Diaper Pins

RECOMMENDED HAVE NEED

3-5

1

4-6

2-3 pairs

1-2

3-5 dozen(1-2 doz.if using

disposablediapers)

1-2 dozen(very good

for traveland tripsto doctor.Approx. 5

dozen ifused

primarily.)

6-8

7

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Waterproof Pants 4-6 pants

Sleepers or Gowns 3-5

Cap or Bonnet

Bunting orSleeping Bag(for coldweather)

Lap Pad

Bibs

1

1

As Baby Grows

Nigh Chair 1

Training Seat 1

Swing 1

Adding to Baby's Wardrobe

1-2 Creeps 3 pairs

4-6

Dress-Up Outfits 1-2

For the Nursery

Crib

Mattress

Crib Bumper

Crib Sheets(fitted)

Mattress Pad 2-3

Chest of Drawers 1

(DressingTable Top willbe convenient)

Plastic Tub 1

Soft Towels and 3-4

and Washcloths

Diaper Pail

Diaper Bag

Infant Seat

Nail Scissors

Stroller(optional)

Playpen(optional)

1

1

1

1

1

1

Coveralls(stretch ornon-stretch)

Polo Shirts orJersey Tops

Sweaters

3-4 pairs

4-5

2

Training Pants 6-8 pairs(these areneeded for1 1/2 to2 years)

Dresses (or 3 or 4

boy's suits)

Buntings 1 (for

winter)

Sunsuits 3 or 4(for

summer)

Socks 2-3 pairs

Soft-Soled 1 pair

Shoes

Cap or Bonnet 2

Additional Item

Car Seat 1

Authors;

Mrs. Judith S. Kline, ExtensionClothing and Textiles Specialist

Mrs. Elizabeth H. Hoyle, ExtensionFoods and Nutrition Specialist

Mrs. Joyce H. Christenbuti Extension

Family Resource Management Specialist

Ur. Emily S. Wiggins, Extension FamilyLife Specialist

The Clemson University Cooperative Extension Service otters its programs to people of al agesregardless ,..1 race, color, sex, religion, national origin, or handicap and is an equal 0000duility employer

Clemson University Cooperating with United States Departrt nt of Agriculture, Extension Service, B K. Webb. Director, Clem.ion, S C Issued inFurtharance of Cooperative Extension Work in Agriculture arid Home Economics. Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914 7

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likVA IXIr -ii

ForParentsofInfantsUnder1 Month

FL Leaflet 411-8

FOR PARENTS OF INFANTS UNDER 1 MONTH

Hello, Mom and Dad. I am ME!

There is nobody else in the world likeme. I will grow and change as allbabies do, in my own way. At my age,I'm unpredictable. You know alreadythat it's hard to tell how I will actand react. We are getting to know eachother.

What will your newborn look like?A newborn baby's head may be slightly

lopsided; this is caused by movingthrough the narrow birth canal. The

umbilical cord is cut at birth by thedoctor. The cord stump is leftuncovered to promote healing. It later

turns dark, and betweei 1 and 3 weeksit drops off.

All newborns are wrinkled andslightly blue, regardless of race. As

time goes by, the color changes. Thebaby's legs will be bowed because theyhave been curled up inside the mom for9 months. They will straighten outduring the first year.

ExtensionCooperative ExtensionService

CleznsonUniversity

9

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The average baby ...

--Discovers hands - Some babiesfind their thumbs or hands withtheir mouths within the firstfew daye of l i f e .

--Raises head At 1 month of age,many babies begin trying to lift

their heads.

Do not be alarmed if your baby is alittle behind or a little ahead of

average. Average simply means half the

total number of babies are ahead ofthis and half of the total number are

behind.

FRIENDSHIP WITH BABY

A baby knows love when you hold it

with confidence. Baby trusts youbecause you respond to cries andprovide regular feeding and comfort.Talking to the baby is also part of the

friendship. You will want acomfortable chair in a quiet place tospend time alone with your baby. A

baby doesn't use words, but you cantell the cries of hunger from cries of

Pain. Fretting sometimes lets us know

baby wants company and attention. This

type of communication, understanding,and friendship between parent and childfosters baby's growth and development.

INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT

Now is a good time to read to your

baby. You cannot start too early.Time spent reading aloud to baby isconsidered quality time. You can even

read things you want to read. The

holding, cuddling and voice sound is

what is important. It is especiallyimportant that fathers help do this.Remember all through your child's youngdays that the home is the best learningenvironment and parents are the best,

most effective teachers!

CRYING

Sometimes it is hard to determine

why a baby is crying. Parents can

check reasons in this order:

1. Wet or soiled diaper2. Too warm or too cold3. Wanting to change position4. Needing to be burped

5. Hunger or thirst

5. Feeling lonesome

7. Exhaustion (Parents cangently rub or pat baby in asoothing fashion.)

8. Tension

If all of the above have been ruled outas the cause, parents will want to

check with the doctor.

FOR FATHER ONLY

We now know that it is veryimportant that there be two to three

people in a baby's life who are thereon a regular basis and who love the

baby very much. In addition, manywell-adjusted babies have fathers whoreally love the child's mother. Make

your mate feel special, beautiful, and

cared for every single day. According

to Dr. Charlie Shedd, a famousminister, "The best dads are good

lovers." Let your love show for mom

and baby every day. How? Although

hugs and kisses are terrific, help withhousehold chores really proves your

love.

Plan to take the baby's mother outwithout the baby when the baby is 2 to

3 weeks old. In fact, couples with the

best relationships arrange somemeaningful time together, without thechildren, several times a month.

COST OF HAVING A BABY

Until you have been a parent, you

may not know that your first baby can

set you back anywhere from $3,500 to$5,000 by just arriving on the scene!Additional children, who will probablyget hand-me-downs, don't cost quite as

much. Th,se figures include medical

care before, during, and after the

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Girth (which can vary greatly dependingupon where you live), and at-homeexpenses, including maternity clothesfor the mother ana clothing andequipment for the baby. If you have alow birth weight baby, you may haveexpenses up to $25,000. Medical andhospital costs are fixed, and you can'tdo much about them. The other costsare flexible, and you can ccntrol themto a certain extent. Be sure to readthe article on layette, baby furnitureand equipment in the leaflet onp-enatal suggestions.

Although each additional child maycost a little less than the first(because of hand-me-downs). the overall

cost to the family increasesdrastically.

Even though children aren'tthought of strictly in terms of howmuch they are worth or how much theycost, it is still necessary to thinkabout these costs in today's world.Studies show that it could cost up tothree times the family's annual income(after taxes) to raise a child to theage of 18. The dollar amount will varywidely, depending on your family'scircumstances and, in part, on yourideas of what is necessary anddesirable for raising children.

The long-term trend of vices isupward. There is no way of knowingexactly how much it will cost to raisea child at the time of birth.

The United States Department ofAgriculture released cost estimates inearly 1986 based on 1985 figures. The

estimated cost for raising a childduring the first year of life in theSouth was $5,026. This figure climbsto over $6,000 per year for the teenageyears. Care and management may enableyou to reduce these figures.

Using current figures, it costsapproximately $98,400 to raise a childto age 18. This does not include costsof college, which ranged from $3,600 toover $9,600 a year during the 1985-86school year. This range goes from atwo-year public college to a four-year

private college. It is a good idea tobegin planning for vol.r child's futureeducation now. Before you know it,your bundle of joy will be 18 yearsold. Will you be ready to help launchthis child into adulthood? Rememberthat you are a partnt-teacher.

FEEDING THE NEWBORN

During the first year of life, aninfant grows, develops, and maturesfaster than any other period of life.Birth weight usually triples in thefirst year. So meeting the baby'snutritional needs is important. TheAmerican Academy of Pediatricsrecommends:

--The mother should breast-feedfor as long as possible. The

doctor will prescribe asupplement for necessaryvitamins and minerals. If the

mother does not breast-feed orif breast-feeding is stoppedbefore the baby is a year old,iron-fortified commercialformula is the best food. Yourdoctor will make recommendationson supplementing with fluoridefor protection of teeth.

--Do not introduce solid foods,such as baby cereal or babyfood, until the baby is 4 to 6months old.

--Feed no fresh cow's milk, inany form (whole, skim, or 2%),before the end of the firstyear.

These are the latest recommendationsfrom the American Academy ofPediatrics' Committee on Nutrition.Family physicians and pediatricians mayhave slightly differentrecommendations. Your doctor should beup-to-date on feeding recommendationsand will advise you on the baby's diet.

A new baby's stomach, about thesize of a tennis ball, has only room

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for about 4 ounces, so you cannderstand why a baby gets hungry sooften.

How often should you feet." Feedon demand. A baby will probably wantto be fed between five and seven timesa day, about 3 to 5 hours apart.

How much should you feed? Theinfant will withdraw from the breast orbottle or will fall asleep whensatisfied. Do not force a baby todrink.

Solid food is a NO!NO! Do notfeed baby cereal or any other solidfood. The reasons for not feedingsolid food are:

--A baby's tongue has whatdoctors call the "pr9trusionreflex" and is only developedfor sucking at this ,ge.

--Solid food will be pushed outof the moith oy the tongue.When the baby reaches 4 to 6months of age and you begin tointroduce cereal and baby foods,never mix solid food withformula and feed from a bottle.The use of food pumps (infantfeeders that resemble a syringewith a nipple on the .,:ld) is notrecommended because choking canoccur.

-A baby's stomach cannot digestsolid food.

--There is greater risk ofdeveloping food allergies fromsolid foods given earlier than 4to 6 months.

-Infants do NOT sleep betterwhen eating solid foods; infact, digestive upsets mayinterrupt sleep.

Remember that feeding is the main way ababy and mama get to know each other.Talk to the baby as you feed. Lookinto his/her eyes. If you bottle feed,hold your infant --do not prop thebottle.

A baby should be burped di inc andafter feeding.

ROOM TEMPERATURE

Tne temperature in the baby's roomshould be the same temperature that youare comfortable with. When awake, thebaby is usually very active. If you

are too warm, chances are that the babyis also.

HOW TO TELL IF BABY IS SICK

If your baby has any of thefollowirg symptoms, call your doctor.

--Fever with rectal temperatureof 100° F or more.

--Vomiting with other symptoms(this does not mean spitting upsmall amounts of milk afterfeeding). Baby is usuallyirritable or drowsy.

FrequInt loose bowel movementsWth coor and odor ch'nges.

--Rash (not just prickly heatrash).

BROTHERS AND SISTERS

Parents will do well to give thebrothers and sisters of the baby loveand affection and to involve them insome caring for the baby. The amountdepends on the age and nature of thebrothers and sisters, but this is veryimportant in keeping jealousy to aminimum. They must be assured that noone can take their place and that thereis time and love enough for all.

GRANDPARENTS AND OTHER RELATIVES

Help will be needed sooner orlater, so wise parents of the babyinvolve their parents with the newfamily member very early. Successfuland happy babies and parents havestrong networks of kin and friends.Everyone benefits!

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SAFETYIMPORTANT TELEPHONE NUMBERS

One last note of caution.Remember to place your baby in the carsafety seat EVERY time you carryhim/her in a car.

Watch for your next issue of "Baby

Talk - For Parents of Infants 1 to 2

Months of Age."

Authors:

Mrs. Joyce H. Christenbury, Extension

Family Resource Managment Specialist

. Mrs. Elizabeth H. Hoyle, Extension

,-.Foods and Nutrition Specialist

Dr. Emily S. Wiggins, Extension Family

Life Specialist

Doctor's Office:

Breast-feeding Support Person:

Health Department:

Drug Store:

Fire Department:

Ambulance:

Poison Control:

Support Friend:

13

The Clemson University Cooperative Extension Service otters its programs to people of au ages

regardless of race, color sex r, pion national origin. or handicap and is an equal opportunity employer

Clemson University Cooperating with United Stati Department of Agriculture, Extension Service. B K. Webb. Director. Clemson. S C Issued in

Furtherance of Cooperative Extent i Work In Agriculture and Home Economics. Acts of May 8 and June 30. 1914...

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FOR PARENTS OF INFANTS

1 TO 2 MONTHS OF AGE

You're beginning to understand whyI cry -- whether its becauseI'm hungry or wet or tired. You knowthat sometimes I cry just to exercisemy lungs. Now if only you couldunderstand my language. The only"words" I know are mostly floo" and "i"sounds, but that will change soon.

Most average 2-month-olds ...

ForParentsofInfants1 to 2MonthsofAge

FL Leaflet 412

- -can hold a rattle for a brief

time;

- -can follow a moving light orobject with their eyes;

--smile in response to anotherperson's smile;

--pay attention to the speakingvoice.

Do not be alarmed if your baby is alittle behind or a little ahead ofaverage. Average simply means half thetotal number of babies are ahead of

etaExtensionCoweraimEdersionServim

ClunsonthWersity 14

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2

this and half of the total number are

behind.

BABIES ARE NEVER TOO YOUNG TO LEARN

Babies are ready to learn from the

time they are born. Whether they learn

and what they learn depends on howhealthy they are, how many interesting

things happen around them, various

kinds of stimulation received, how much

they are loved, and their total

environment.

Learning to talk and tocommunicate are two of the mostvaluable skills a child can acquire.Babies are able to understand longbefore they can talk. Talk with your

baby when changing diapers, feeding,

bathing, dressing, and holding him/her.

This will encourage his/her talking and

other responses.

Activities which encourage speechdevelopment can begin as early as 1

month. In order to begin talking, a

child needs to learn various sounds.

These can come from:

--a radio, record, or tape played

at regular times but not all of

the time (we tend to ignoresounds we hear routinely);

--a bell, securely tied to the

bootee;

--wind chimes hanging in thebaby's room but out of his/her

reach; and

--rhymes, sung or said by a

parent when changing diapers or

during other contacts.

NEW ACCOMPLISHMENTS

Right now, probably the mostimportant thing c' your mind is getting

your baby off to a good start. You're

convinced yours is the most wonderful

baby ever born and you eagerly await

and praise each new accomplishment. It

has been said that a child who liv,s

with praise will learn to appreciate.

This is true, even at the young age of

1 to 2 months. Through your praise andaffection, your baby will know itsaccomplishments are pleasing you and

will try to accomplish even more.

Probably one of the biggestaccomplishments you are noticing now is

that the baby's physical abilities areimproving. At 2 months the baby canhold its head up; can lift its head and

chest a short distance above the bed ortable when lying on its abdomen andmaybe can turn from side or back.Remember that this is the average

age at which babies accomplish this.

Maybe your baby did this a littleearlier, or maybe it will take a while

longer to learn to move in these ways.

IMAGINATION

Baby's ability to move the head

allows much more freedom to look at

things nearby. Give the baby something

to see -- it need not be something that

costs a lot. romemade toys are fine.

To make a hanging toy, crush

brightly colored paper or aluminum foil

into a ball, sew a thread through it,

and hang it from a clothes hanger for

the haDy to admire (out of reach, of

course).

Use your imagination to create

other interesting things for baby to

see. Colorful, moving objects that

make gentle sounds should be

interesting.

PLAYPENS

Parents often feel baby is safe if

left in a playpen, but over 4,000

injuries occurred last year in wooden

or mesh playpens. The most serious

hazard is associated with drop-side

mesh playpens. When a side is left

down, the mesh forms a loose pocket

that baby can roll into, and many have

suffocated. Never leave a drop side

down no matter how young the infant.

As with a crib when baby becomes

mobile, remove large toys or bumper

pads from the playpen. Children use

these to climb out.

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When buying a used playpen, lookfor mesh netting with very smallopenings (smaller than tiny buttons onbaby's clothes) and with no tears orrips. Slats on a wooden playpen shouldbe no more than 2 3/8 inches apart.Children often use the top rail of aplaypen for teething. Check vinyl orfabric-covered rails for holes andtears. A child may chew off pieces andchoke.

THE WORKING MOTHER

Most parents can't be with theirbaby 24 hours a day. With the cost ofliving what it is today, both parentsmay need to work away from home. Evenif you don't need the extra income, youshouldn't neglect your personal goalsentirely. Research has shown that thequality of time a mother or fatherspends with his/her child in a loving,caring relationship is far moreimportant than the amount of time.

Next month we will focus on whatyou should look for in choosing someoneto take care of your child while youare away.

DESIGNING A WORK CENTER FOR CHILD CARE

The demands upon a parent's timeincrease sharply when the child isborn. A well-designed and arrangedwork center can reduce time and energyspent on a job. We know how nice it isto have a well-arranged kitchen. Thesame satisfaction can be realized froma well-arranged center for the physicalcare of young children.

We can use some general principlesto set up any type of work center. A

center is made up of major equipmentneeded for a specific kind of task(like bathing or dressing a baby) withits own work surface and storage space.

The work surface should be withineasy reach of the equipment, and thereshould be enough space to do the kindsof tasks usually done at that piece ofequipment or appliance. It should beat a level convenient to parents'heights.

Storage space should be withinreach of the work surface, and thereshould be enough space to store all thesupplies and tools for those tasks. Do

you have room for the cotton balls,diaper pins, fresh diapers, etc. ...?

Centers can be small and simple.To design your own work certers, thinkthrough the steps you will use tochange and bathe the baby, for example.What motions are involved? How muchspace do I need? Can I reacheverything easily while keeping onehand on the baby? Will baby be safe?

You are the designer. You knowhow much space there is in your home.Use these guidelines and become anexpert in taking care of your child.Think about the future months andbaby's development.

GIVING BABY A BATH THAT IS SAFE AND FUN

-Get everything together, thenget the baby.

--Use a plastic tub or the kitchensink (scrub it out and line itwith a towel to keep baby fromsliding).

-Use a mild soap withoutdeodorant or perfume. Shampoosand bath oil are not necessary.

- -Have two wash cloths and towelsready.

--Have one big bath towel to putyour baby on.

--Check water temperature withyour elbow; it shouldn't feelhot or cold.

--Wash baby's face first withoutsoap; then hair, arms andmiddle, legs, and bottom last.

--Rinse hair in such a manner toavoid getting soap in eyes andgive enough support to neck andhead. One way to do this is tohold baby securely in one arm

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with head tilted back slightly.Pour bath water over head torinse.

--Don't poke into places you can't

see. Use the corner of awashcloth to gently wash eyes,

ears, and nose.

--Be sure to wash in places whereyour baby's skin folds together

on arms, legs, feet, and hands.

--Always keep your baby warm andout of drafty places when giving

a bath.

--Never leave your baby alone in

water. If you have to leave the

room or move more than an arm's

length away from the tub, wrapyour baby in a towel and take

him /'er along.

--Hold baby securely during entire

bath.

FOOD FOR THE 2-MONTH-OLD

At this age, your baby willprobably be eating about five times a

day. Breast milk or iron-fortifiedcommercial formula will continue to be

the infant's only food. The protein

and other nutrients in these are easily

digested. A breast-fed baby should

also be given vitamin drops asprescribed by the doctor.

Do not feed your baby solid foods

like cereal and baby food until he/she

is 4 to 6 months old. Your baby's

stomach is not mature enough to digest

them. If solid foods are given, food

allergies could result. Some mothers

feel that feeding solid foods early is

an achievement for the baby -- it is

not! Or, that this will cause the babyto sleep through the night -- it will

not! Feeding solid foods before thebaby is ready can lead to overfeeding

and poor eating habits.

Your baby will begin to recognize

you and also will learn that you have

food! Your infant will determine its

own behavior and feeding schedule. You

will be happy when your baby begins to

sleep through the night, but this will

take time.

What about water? When babies

cry, they may be thirsty. Water is

necessary for a baby's normal growth

and development. Your baby needs added

water whether breast-fed or bottle-fed.

Don't forget water, particularly if

your baby has a fever. Baby can easily

lose too much water through the skin.

Soda pop, fruit-flavoredbeverages, and adult drinks such asalcohol, tea, and coffee are not to be

given to a baby. These drinks contain

too much sugar and lack nutrients.Caffeine -- as ir, coffee, tea, and mostcolas -- and alcohol are drugs that canseriously affect a baby and should notbe given to an infant or child.

If you are breast-feeding yourinfant, after 2 months or when breast-feeding is going well, you heed tooccasionally give the baby a bottle of

formula or water. The infant needs to

get used to drinking from a bottle

nipple. This may make weaning easier.

If you have questions aboutfeeding your baby, ask your doctor orcall the doctor's office and talk with

the nurse. Many times well-meaninggrandparents and other mothers do not

have the latest knowledge on infant

feeding. They may have fed theirchildren differently and do not

understand new methods. Do not let

other people's comments upset you.

IMMUNIZATIONS (Shots)

A baby will need DPT and polio

immunizations during the second and

fourth months of life. At 6 months

only the DPT is needed. Ask the health

department or doctor about this. Keep

a record of the child's immunizations

so you can stay on schedule with the

shots. When it's time for the child toenter school, he/she will need a record

showing that all immunizations are up-

to-date.

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SAFETY -- CHILD-PROOFING THE HOME

Parents must stay several stepsahead of the development of theirchild. For example, the first timebaby learns to turn over, he/she couldfall off a bed.

Make certain household items suchas bleach, shoe polish, and detergentare kept out of the reach of thegrowing infant. It doesn't take acrawler long to discover that a hairpin can stick into an electricaloutlet. Wise parents think of theirbaby's safety and child-proof thehouse.

BABY BOOK

Keep a record of important detailsabout your baby. Include such thingsas when first tooth came through, whenhe/she sat alone, when he/she tookfirst step, and lots of pictures.

FRESH AIR

Now is a good time to take thebaby outside for fresh air as often asweather is good. If the outside isslightly chilly, just be sure baby hason enough clothes. Outdoor walks willbe great for both of you.

TAKING CARE OF STAINS

Stains in baby's clothing can be abig problem if prompt action is nottaken. Most stains can be removed, butsome are more difficult than others.The sooner a stain is removed, thebetter results you will get. Alwayscheck to make certain all stains areremoved before clothes are dried in adryer; otherwise, the stain may notcone out. Bleach is often used toremove the last traces of stains. Be

sure to check the care label. If thegarment was made after 1983 and thecare label doesn't mention bleaching orsays, "bleach when needed," you cansafely use chlorine bleach. If you areunsure if the item is bleachable, you

can check for colorfastness in thefollowing way:

Mix one tablespoon chlorinebleach in 1/4 cup water. Applya drop of this solution to ahidden seam or hem. Wait 5minutes. If color is intact, itis colorfast to bleach. Thisproportion is for testing onlyand should not be usedotherwise.

Always follow directions onbleach container for thequantity to use. Alwaysmeasure! Don't estimate! Toomuch chlorine bleach can harmclothes.

Following are some stains you mayfind in baby's clothing and suggestionsfor removing them:

-Formula or milk - soak in coldwater and flush out as much milkor formula as possible. Spray

with a prewash or rub withdetergent and wash in water ashot as the garment will allow.If stain persists, try an enzymewash or launder, using a bleachsuitable to the fabric.

--Grape juice soak in coldwater, soak in enzyme detergent(read label) and warm water for30 minutes, rinse well, thenlaunder. If stain persists,soak in a very mild solution ofbleach suitable to the fabric.Check every five minutes untilstain is removed.

-Spit-up follow the directionsfor formula.

-Vitamins or medicine - spraywith a prewash or dampen stainand rub in detergent. Launderwith water as hot as the fabricallows and bleach suitable tothe fabric. If stain persists,

try a dry cleaning fluid onspot; then launder

--Unknown stain - always soak incold water before laundering.

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Often diapers will have an odorthat is difficult to remove. If this

is the case, occasionally add borax toyour regular washload of diapersaccording to package directions.

Watch for your next issue of "Baby Talk- For Parents of 3-Month-Olds."

Authors:

Mrs. Joyce H. Christenbury, ExtensionFamily Resource Management Specialist

Mrs. Elizabeth H. Hoyle, ExtensionFoods and Nutrition Specialist

Mrs. Judith S. Kline, ExtensionClothing and Textiles Specialist

Dr. Karen C. Miller, Extension InteriorDesign Specialist

Dr. Emily S. Wiggins, Extension FamilyLife Specialist

The Clemson University Cooperative Extension Service offers its programs to people of all ages.regardless of race, color, sex, religion, national origin. or handicap and is an equal opportunity emptoyer

Clemson University Cooperating with United States Department of Agriculture. Extension Service. B. K. Webb. Director, Clemson, SC. Issued inFurtherance of Cooperative Extension Work in Agriculture and Home Economics. Acts of May 8 and June 30. 1914.

19

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i

r Z[Y

FOR PARENTS OF

3-MONTH-OLDS

FL Leaflet 413

ForParentsof3 MonthOlds

You know, thumbs are nice - niceto taste, but even better to touch andgrasp with. Now I can learn a lotabout the things around me, especiallythe ones that are the right size for meto grasp and bring close so I canexamine them carefully and then putthem in my mouth. Sometimes I getupset when I can't grasp, move, lookat, and taste all the things that Iwould like to.

The average 3-month-old ...

--is becoming interested in peopleother than mother, especiallyolder children and father, ofcourse;

--can turn eyes toward a sound;

--smiles, laughs, and squeals;

--weighs about 13 pounds.

Do not be alarmed if your baby is alittle behind or a little ahead ofaverage. Average simply means half the

ExtensionCooperative Extension Service

Clemson University

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number of babies are ahead of this andhalf of the total number are behind.

CHILD CARE SERVICES

Last month in "Baby Talk," youlearned that many of you are beginningto choose people to care for your babywhen you must be away. Perhaps afriend or relative will care for yourbaby in your home where the child hasfamiliar surroundings, but maybe youwill have to choose a child care centeror a homemaker who cares for childrenin her home. In either case, the adultcare giver should be someone who likestaking care of babies, who smiles oftenand talks to the baby while dressingand feeding him/her.

If you are a working parent, youwill be interested to know thatresearch shows that babies do NOT loveand feel closer to their daytime caregivers than to their biologicalparents; also, babies kept in a GOODday care center turn out to be just assmart in school and in life as thosecared for at home.

If you choose a nursery or childcare center, above all, it should be aplace where babies are kept safe,clean, dry, and comfortable; heargentle voices and cheerful sounds; andreceive lots of praises. There should

be enough care givers to provide forthe needs of each child.

Visit the care center you'reconsidering for your child. Visit at

differe,-t times during the day to

observe. Infants should have their ownseparate space for eating, sleeping,and playing and should be kept togetherin small numbers in a space that isbright and gay with color. Chances are

that it's not the best place for babiesif you see babies and toddlers mixed inwith older preschoolers and school agechildren, sharing space and toys with

older children.

Cribs, high chairs, playpens, andtoys should be safe, clean andattractive in an uncrowded space. Good

care givers wash hands carefullj EACHtime after diapering, dressing, andfeeding EACH baby and are careful thatbottles and cups are not shared amongthe babies.

In a good child care facility,babies are shifted often to newpositions, new scenes, and new toys,but are left alone sometimes in cribsand playpens for "moments of peace andprivacy." It's not a good place fordevelopment if babies are kept in cribsor playpens for long stretches with fewchances to move about and explore.

Enough adults should be on hand tocuddle, play with, and holci the babies

for bottle feeding, but they should nothold and carry the infants during mostof their waking hours.

FEEDING THE THREE-MONTH-OLD

Some parents are tempted to changetheir infants to cow's milk (whole,skim, 2%) by 3 months. You should not

do this because:

--Some infants fed 1 or morequarts of whole cow's milk perday have dr,veloped iron

deficiency anemia.

--Cow's milk has a high phosphoruscontent and the fats in cow'smilk are not absorbed well.

--The protein and sodium contentof cow's milk is too high forinfants and places stress on thebaby's kidneys.

Cow's milk is not recommended duringthe first year of life.

Breast milk or iron-fortifiedcommercial formula should continue tobe the only food in your baby's diet.If you stop breast-feeding at this age,substitute iron-fortified formula.Remember that breast-fed infants needto be supplemented with vitamin D andfluoride.

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Solid foods are still not needed.Food allergies may ocLur. Overfeedingand unsound eating habits may result.

'rth your 3-month-old baby, youmay ob4erve s:.me ,:of the fol'owing:

--Baby will begin to recognize thebreast or. ')uttlA as a source cf

food.

--Milk may run out of the sides ofthe mouth when the nipple istaken out.

- -Baby is not yet ready to drinkfrom a cup.

--Baby will stare into your facewhen feeding and also respond toyou as you talk.

- -Baby, crying from hunger, maystop when mother approa: ls.

CHILDREN'S LIFE INSURANCE

"We've just had a baby and everyinsurance company in town has sent arepresentative to see us. Should webuy life insurance on uur baby?" Sallyand Tom Belton wondered out loud.

"I'm glad you asked," said Mrs.Smith, the County Extension Economist."You see," she said, the whole purposeof having life insurance is to providecash benefits to someone in case theinsured person dies. It may beimportant for Tom to have insurancebecause you depend on his income tosurvive, but the baby doesn't provideany money at all, does he?"

"No," laughs Sally, "all he doesis eat and sleep." "And, costs us abundle for diapers and doctor'svisits," chimed in Tom.

"The insurance salespersonprobably talked about cheaper rates bystarting earlier, didn't he?" askedMrs. Smith.

"Yes...and he also mentionedfuneral expenses," said the mother asshe held the baby closer.

"It's true the money could be usedfor funeral expenses, but you could beputting the money used for insurancepremiums into a savings account for thebaby. This account could grow bigenough for college expenses lateron...or for an unexpected expense ofany nature. And that part aboutcheaper rates...premiums are cheaperfor younger people, but the rates don'tgo up much for many years. So the babycan wait until old enough to have aneed...say at 20 years or older."

Sally and Tom looked at each otherand smiled and Tom turned to the homeeconomist and said, "Thank you forhelping us to see how unnecessary it isfor us to buy life insurance for thebaby. I think we will talk with ourinsurance agent about increasing theterm coverage we already have on me andmaybe starting a new policy on Sally.It would be hard for me to pay ahousekeeper and still work if anythingever happened to Sally," said Tom. The

baby was sound asleep in mother's lap.

ADDITIONAL THOUGHTS

It is possible to work and breast-feed. You can pump the milk from yourbreasts and refrigerate it until thecare giver feeds your baby. Sometimesyou can work close enough to breast-feed during the lunch hour.

Have a backup plan for child carewhen your baby is sick or when theregular child care provider is notavailable.

FOR FATHERS ONLY

Encourage your mate to go out somenow that the baby is here. If she isbreastfeeding, the doctor can recommenda formula to be used while she is out.The mother of 3 baby needs to continuesome hobbies, social or careeractivities away from you and the babyoccasionally. Also, you and the mothershould go out together for a specialevening now and then, leaving the babywith a qualified care giver.

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You must continue to be loving andsupportive of the baby and the mother.You'll find parenting rewarding,challenging, and fun. If you careenough to read and study about how toimprove your parenting skills, yourbaby is lucky to have you for a father.

Authors:

Mrs. Joyce H. Christenbury, ExtensionFamily Resource Management Specialist

Mrs. Elizabeth H. Hoyle, ExtensionFoods and Nutrition Specialist

Dr. Karen C. Miller, Extension InteriorDesign Specialist

Watch for yo.ir next issue of "Baby Talk Dr. Emily S. Wiggins, Extension Family- For Parents of 4-Month-Olds." Life Specialist

23

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II

A. MForParentsof4 MonthOlds

FL Leaflet 414

FOR PARENTS OF

4-MONTH-OLDS

Mom and Dad, so many interestingthings are around me, and I want to

tell you all about them. I love to

"talk" just as loud as I can.Actually, most of the sounds I makejust happen according to the shape ofmy mouth at the time, and they usuallysurprise me just as much as they doyou.

The average 4-month-old...

--recognizes familiar objects;

--enjoys being with people;

--tries to roll over; can turnfrom back to side;

--sits when propped up;

--holds head steady when in asitting position;

--drools (the baby does not knowhow to swaflow saliva yet)

Eht-g

ExtensionCooperativeExtensionService

24

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Do not be alarmed if your baby is alittle behind or a little ahead ofaverage. Average simply means half thetotal number of babies are ahead ofthis and half the total number arebehind.

LEARNING TO TALK

A large part of learning to talkis learning wilat words mean. It will

help your child if you don't use "babytalk." Its difficult enough to learnwhat "foot" means, without beingconfused by "footsie" too.

If there is a normal amount ofconversation at your house and theadults enjoy talking with each other,the baby will want to get in on thefun, too, and learn how words soundlong before being able to say them; soits important that you speak clearly.

At 4 months of age, the baby seems

to babble constantly. The baby makes anew sound over and over again. Whenthe baby "talks," its good for you totalk back. This shows understandingand appreciation of the baby's efforts.

PUNISHMENT - FORGET IT

It is important for a child to beobedient, but a 4-month-old does notunderstand a reprimand and does notknow what to do. At this age,punishment of any kind will only holdback development.

Being kind and gentle with yourbaby will help more than anything else.You know that your own work isn't up topar when you are upset; it's the samewith babies. For learning anddevelopment to progress, the baby'senvironment should be calm.

LEARNING TO PAY ATTENTION

Your baby is really makingprogress when learning to pay attentionto things. To understand, try toexperiment. While the baby is nursing,show a toy that is especially liked.Begin moving it away slowly. The baby

will probably stop sucking until you

put it back. This is called "ple..c-holding." The baby is still holdingplace, and nursing will continue assoo as the baby stops watching theob,ect.

Two months ago, the baby would nothave noticed the moving object becauseall thoughts and efforts were involvedin eating. Now that capabilities haveincreased, the baby can directattention toward something else. The1-year-old will be able to eat andwatch moving objects at the same time.

REACHING

Around 4 months of age, your babymay begin reaching for objects. At

first, the baby looks like a closed-fist fighter swinging at a target andusually missing. Soon the baby willbegin to reach with open hands andjerky movements. Finally, at about 5months, the baby will succeed intouching and grasping objects.

Isn't it exciting how babieslearn?

PUT HOUSEHOLD ITEMS TO WORK

A new baby means a change inroutine for all family members. For

least confusion and best use ofresources, ta%e stock of your availableresources. Consider human resources --who can help and what can they do.And, then consider your nonhumanresources -- the gadgets and thingsthat can help you stretch time andenergy. Let's look at a few of these

items.

Do you have a microwave oven?This appliance can be a lifesaver. Use

it extensively to prepare foods for the

family. But when it comes to preparingyour baby's food in the microwave oven,be careful.

Prepared baby foods such aspoultry, meat or poultry mixtures, andegg yolks should not be heated in themicrowave oven because uneven microwaveheating may cause the products toexplode or splatter. The droplets of

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water in the food heat faster than theprotein and fat. The heated waterturns into small pockets of steam.

Shaking a jar when removing itfrom the oven or just stirring it couldlead to a hot spatter or scald. Otherprocessed baby foods may be heated inthe microwave oven, but somemanufacturers do not recommend this.Read the labels on the food products

and your microwave oven instructionbooklet. Follow their recommendations.

It is safer not to heat the baby'sformula in the microwave oven.However, if you choose to heat formulain this manner, it should be done verycautiously. Avoid using disposableplastic bottle inserts in the microwaveoven. Formula overheats quickly andmay boil, causing the inserts to burst.In addition. reusable bottles heatingin the microwave oven may feelcomfortably warm on the outside, whilethe liquid inside may be above a safefeeding temperature. ALWAYS TEST THETEMPERATURE OF ANY BABY FOOD OR LIQUIDBEFORE FEEDING YOUR BABY.

What about a hot water source atthe sink? These handy little gadgetsprovide extra hot water for many taskswithout the wait for heating up water.

And don't forget the bottle warmerand feeding pi'', you go, at your firstbat* :flower. , ese units are quickerand more economical than heating up thesurface units on your range. Let themwork for you.

To realize the greatest use ofavailable resources, look at your totalsituation, think through your actions,consider all alternatives, and thenselect a plan you feel comfortablewith. Don't be afraid to make changesor try different approaches.

Let your resources work for you,so you can enjoy the little one andyour family.

FOOD AT 4 MONTHS

Food recommendations from theAmerican Academy of Pediatrics for the4-month-old infant are:

--Breast milk or iron-fortifiedcommercial formula shouldcontinue to be the infant's onlyfood.

-Breast-feeding should continue,and the breast-fed infant shouldreceive a supplement of vitaminD and fluoride. If breast-feeding is discontinued, iron-fortified commercial formulashould be substituted.

-The baby will be breast-feeoingevery 4 hours or, if bottle fed,will be taking 32-40 ounces perday.

--Give no solid foods yet. Solidfoods are not introduced untilthe infant sits without supportand has better control of thehead and neck. This control isimportant so that your baby canturn away when full. Neitherdoes your baby need the extracalories from solid food yet.

- -Feed no cow's milk whole,

skim, or 2%.

Infant feeding recommendationsvary with family or children'sphysicians and pediatricians. Thy

Committee on Nutrition of the AmericanAcademy of Pediatrics makes tnerecommendations listed above. Yourdoctor will consider your baby'sindividual needs and make appropriatefeeding suggestions.

It is never a good idea t- feedthe child every time he/she cries. Thismay encourage uor eating habits. Tryto determine why the baby is crying andsatisfy the need.

Some feeding and sleeping on aschedule can be of help to the entirefamily. Many families find an every-4-hour eating pattern to fit their

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baby's, as well as their own, needs.Of course when baby is sleeping throughthe night, you would not wake him/herevery 4 hours. Simply feed the babywhen he/she wakes.

BACK CARRIER

Carrying baby on your back is aneasy way to go shopping or walking withyour hands free. Framed back carriersshould not be used before a baby is4 to 5 months old. By then, the baby'sneck is more stable.

Back carriers need to match baby'ssize and weight. They need to be deepenough to support baby's back. Leg

openings need to be small enough sobaby won't slip out, but large enoughto avoid rubbing baby's legs. Sturdy

materials with strong stitching are amust. Back carriers with padded

covering over the metal frame nearbaby's face protect the baby frombumps. Back carriers have restrainingstraps to prevent a child from standingup or climbing out. They must be usedat all times.

Watch for your next issue of "Baby Talk- For Parents of 5-MJnth-Olds."

Authors:

Mrs. Joyce H. Christenbury, ExtensionFamily Resource Management Specialist

Mrs. Elizabeth H. Hoyle, ExtensionFoods and Nutrition Specialist

Dr. Emily S. Wiggins, Extension FamilyLife Specialist

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A L M

FOR PARENTS OF

5-MONTH-OLDS

FL Leaflet 415

ForParentsof5 MonthOlds

Hi, Mom and Dad! You might callme "Eagle Eye" now. I look ateverything and, as you can see, I'mgetting pretty good at that "reach,grasp, put in my mouth" skill. Atfirst it was just a routine, but nowI'm doing it with a purpose. I have alot of curiosity about the many thingsI see around me, and the best way forme to find out how they feel is byputting them in my mouth.

iLta

The average 5-month-old...

- -likes to see faces and hands,especially parents;

- -likes to lock at a face in thecirror;

--enjoys playing peek-a-boo;

--can hold head steady while beingpulled to a sitting position;

- -can grasp and pull things.

Do not be alarmed if your baby is alittle behind or a little ahead of

ExtensionCooperative ExtensionService

Clemson University

2Fi

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average. Average simply means half thetotal number of babies are ahead ofthis and half the total number arebehind.

FASCINATING FACES

The baby is moving around andexploring things more and more everyday.

Babies surprise even themselves bytheir new ability to turn over and movearound. Safety is a major concern now.

Below is a list of suggestions to makeyour home safer for baby.

- -Never leave baby on the floor,

bed, changing table, or in theyard without watching him/herconstantly.

- -Fence all stairways, top andbottom.

- -Don't tie toys to crib orplaypen rails. The child canstrangle in the string.

- -Baby-proof all rooms where babywill play by removing matches,cigarette butts, and any othersmall objects, breakableobjects, sharp objects, andtables or lamps that can bepulled over.

- -Cover all unused electricoutlets with safety caps ortape.

--Keep high chairs, playpens, andinfant seats away from stove,work counters, radiators, andfurnaces.

--Keep all electric cords out ofreach.

- -If your house was originallybuilt before 1940 and has anychipping paint or plaster,repair it completely and coverit with wall paper or safe paintbecause of lead in the oldpaint.

--Store medicines, cleaners, anddetergents where baby cannot getto them.

Of course your child's safety is ofutmost importance to you, especiallynow that all of baby's senses areworking full-force in exploringsurroundings.

FEEDING THE 5-MONTH-OLD

The time in a baby's life between5 and 7 months is called the"transitional period." About this timeseveral things happen:

--Your baby's growth rate willslow slightly;

--Your baby will become moreactive and need more calories;

--Your baby will be able to handlesome solid foods.

Remember that the milk in yourbaby's diet should be breast milk oriron-fortified commercial formula. If

you are breast-feeding, your babyshould begin to receive an ironsupplement. No cow's milk - whole,skim or 2%.

In this 5 through 7 months' timeperiod, your baby will begin to eatsolid foods. At the end of the seventhmonth, baby's diet will be breast milkor formula, iron-fortified cereals,vegetables, fruits, fruit juices, andteething crackers or hard toast.

In this and the next two issues of"Baby Talk," discussion will centeraround when your baby is ready forsolid foods, making your own babyfoods, and properly storing baby foods.

How do you know when your baby isready for solid foods? Look for thesesigns:

--Your baby will begin to sit whenpropped up.

--Your infant will open its mouthfor a spoon and close over thespoon.

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- -The baby's head is steady whensitting.

--Normal swallowing occurs.

- -Your baby will pat and holdbottle or breast.

--The infant will turn his/herhead when full.

What food do you introduce first?Iron-fortified cereals are the best.Rice cereal is usually used firstbecause it seldom contributes to a foodallergy, if present. Never feed cerealmixed with formula from a bottle. The

use of food pumps (infant feederspatterned after a syringe with a nippleon the end) can cause choking. Feedbaby with a spoon.

To prepare baby cereal, mix about1 tablespoon baby cereal with 2 to 3tablespoons breast milk or formula tomake a medium consistency.

Start slowly. A few spoonfulsonce or twice a day is plenty at first.Your infant's main nutrition shoulustill come from milk.

At this age, you may introduceyour baby to a cup for drinking. Put alittle bit of formula or water in thebottom of the cup at first. You canincrease the amount as your babybecomes more skilled at cup drinking.Bath time is a good time to give baby acup, As the baby learns to hold a cupand later feed himself/herself, thebaby will be learning important skills.

HIGH CHAIRS

When baby begins solid foods,parents begin to think about the needfor a high chair. In selecting a highchair, be certain the chair has a widebase so it won't tip over. The mostimportant feature on a high chair isthe safety belt. Falls from highchairs have occurred when the safetybelt was not fastened. The tray doesnot take the place of a belt.

YOUR CHILD'S TREASURES

Before the child arrives, excitedparents, relatives, and friends oftenbegin the toy-buying campaign. By thetime your child is a few months old youwill have quite a collection to store.As the collection groin, you may find

yourself thinking about a toy chest orstorage container.

Commercially designed toy chestsmade of various types of materials canbecome a permanent piece of furniturein your child's room. If you choosesuch a toy chest, remember the safesttoy chest is one without a lid. If youchoose a toy chest with a lid considerthe following tips:

--the lid needs to be lightweightso the child can lift it easilyor push it open from the insideif trapped.

--the unit should have ventilationin case the child gets trappedand that ventilation should notbe blocked by placing the toychest in front of a wall orother furniture.

--the chest should not lockautomatically.

--choose a hinge that will holdthe lid open in any position inwhich it is placed.

Other toy containers include largelaundry baskets (the plastic ones areinexpensive, lightweight, and easy touse), various types of cardboard boxeseither covered with adhesive-backedpaper or painted, or the bottom drawerof a chest in the child's room.Shelving also offers a way to organizea child's possessions.

Some way to organize a child'stoys is necessary to provide peace ofmind for the parents and other familymembers. An arrangement for toystorage is also important to helpchildren learn responsibility byteaching them to pick up and put awaytoys. To encourage such actions, be

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certain the storage containers orspaces are within easy reach of thechild, provide adequate space for allbelongings, and can be maintained in aneat, orderly fashion.

Authors:

Mrs. Elizabeth H. Hoyle, ExtensionFoods and Nutrition Specialist

Dr. Karen C. Miller, Extension InteriorDesign Specialist

Watch for your next issue of "Baby Talk Dr. Emily S. Wiggins, Extension Family- For Parents of 6-Month-Olds." Life Specialist

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FL Leaflet 416

ForParentsof6 MonthOlds

FOR PARENTS OF

6-MONTH-OLDS

I'm basically a friendly person.Sometimes I even smile at people firstbefore they smile at me. But sometimesI'm afraid of strangers. I no longeraccept anybody and everybody, becausenow I can tell the difference betweenfriends and strangers, and I know thedifference between friendly and angryvoices.

The average 6-month-old...

--can roll over from stomach tostomach with rest periods duringthe complete turn;

-springs up and down whensitting;

--bangs with objects held, such asa rattle or spoon;

-shows pleasure by crowing andcooing;

Lt.,

ExtensionCooperative Extension Service

Clemson University 32

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--shows unhappiness, cries easilywhen provoked, and thrashes armsand legs when frustrated;

--may be teething.

Do not be alarmed if your baby is alittle behind or a little ahead ofaverage. Average simply means half thetotal number of babies are ahead ofthis and half the total number arebehind.

TEETHING

Many babies begin teething around6 months of age. Your baby may be.unhappy and fussy during teethingbecause of discomfort and fever or lossof appetite for a short time. A

teether, a teething ring, or wet facecloth may give some comfort. Research

shows that using a teether does notcause thumb sucking later.

A baby who is beginning to cutteeth will especially enjoy hard breadcrusts and teething biscuits whilebeing closely watched.

FREEDOM

You are concerned about yourbaby's safety and well-being, but it is

easy to become overprotective withoutrealizing it. Allow your child areasonable amount of freedom to try outnew skills and to explore, go newplaces, and get dirty. Too littlefreedom or too much control at this agemay effect the young child later on.Children who are not given enoughfreedom may become timid and non-aggressive with other children andoverly dependent on their parents.

FEEDING THE 6 MONTH-OLD

Milk, either breast or iron-fortified commercial formula, is stillthe basic food in your baby's diet atage 6 months.

You first introduce baby cereal.Next, add to the cereal vegetable,other fruit, and fruit juices. Meatwill be introduced around the eighth or

ninth month. As you are introducingfoods, always choose single ingredientbaby foods and those that are notdesserts or creamed.

Never force food on your baby.Remember to introduce one food at a

time and then feed this new food everyday for 3 to 4 days, following yourdoctor's advice. Sometimes a food maycause vomiting, diarrhea, or a skinrash. Introducing foods this way helpsyou find and stop using any food thatmay disagree with your baby. When youare satisfied that your baby is notallergic to the first food, introduceanother new food.

At first your baby will not eat awhole jar if you are feeding store-bought baby food. You may refrigeratethe leftovers for 2 to 3 days. Feed

the food from a dish. Do not putleftover food from a dish back in thejar. When your baby begins to eat an

entire jar at one meal, you may feedfrom the jar.

An unopened jar of baby food canbe served at room temperature. If you

have refrigerated the food or if yourbaby likes it warmer, you will want toheat it. Heat only the amount needed.If the full jar is not used,refrigerate the leftovers immediately.If you have a Ccrowave, follow theinstructions in your use/care bookletor read "Baby Talk - For Parents of 4-Month- Olds."

PREPARING YOUR OWN BABY FOOD

If you have same extra time,preparing your own baby food can be funand you may save money. When preparingbaby food, you must start from"scratch." Leftover table food is not

acceptable. Do not add salt, sugar, orfat to the food. Do not use homecanned foods to make baby food.

CLEANLINESS

Cleanliness is a must whenpreparing, storing, heating, or servingbaby food because a baby's intestinal

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system is immature and not capable ofhandling germs from unclean conditions.

Before handling baby food, washyour hands thoroughly with hot waterand soap. Clean your fingernails andcheck for infected cuts and hangnails.

Use clean equipment. Wash in hot,soapy water. Rinse under hot runningwater and air dry.

USEFUL EQUIPMENT FOR MAKING BABY FOOD

A fork, potato masher, or blendermay be used to mash ripe bananas,

cooked apples, winter squash, white orsweet potatoes, or carrots. Make surethe food contains no lumps, pieces ofskin, strings, or seeds.

Cooked foods must be strainedthrough a mesh sieve or strainer toremove all the lumps, strings, etc. (A

sieve is also useful for steam-cookingsmall amounts of food for the baby.)Be sure all food particles are removedwhen the strainer is washed.

A blender will puree most foods,including cooked meats. Remove toughpeels and seeds from fruits andvegetables before blending, or theywill be ground into the food.

A small, hand-operated baby foodmill will prepare either raw or cookedfoods. One advantage is that peels andseeds are strained out of the food andremain in the mill. A mill is lesssatisfactory for preparing meats,except liver and other organ meats.

? food grinder may be used toprepare meats. Meats become smootherif ground with a fine blade first andthen finished in a blender. A foodgrinder alone may be used to preparemeats foe' an older baby (10 to 12months old).

PREPARING FOODS AT HOME

Choose fresh fruits andvegetables; cook until tender withoutfat, salt, or sugar; and mash to a

texture to match baby's chewingability.

STORING BABY FOOD

Storing baby food properly isextremely important. Since baby foodspoils easily, plan to use immediatelyor freeze it. Small plastic containers(2 ounces) with tight-fitting lids aregood for freezing. Baby food may alsobe frozen in ice cube trays; then thecubes can be popped into a freezercontainer.

If you refrigerate baby food, ageneral rule of thumb is to storebaby's food in the refrigerator lessthan 2 days. This rule applies to openjars of store-bought baby food, too.

If any food is leftover in thefeeding dish, throw it out. Do not tryto save it.

Remember, cleanliness is a mustfor food, utensils, and hands preparingand storing a baby's food. For moreinformation on making baby food athome, contact your local Extensionoffice or look for books on the subjectat the library or book store.

HOT SEATS

Children can be seriously burnedby the overheated vinyl seats and metalhardware of cars parked in the sun,even in the winter months. In fact,when the outside temperature is only 79degrees Fahrenheit, black vinyl in aclosed car can be heated to 192 degreesFahrenheit.

Here are some tics for parents:

--Park in the shade wheneverpossible.

--Test the temperature of the seator child-restraint systembefore placing your child there... if the seat is hot, protectyour child by putting a towel orblanket on ;.he seat.

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--If you must park in the sun,cover the auto seat and child-restraint system with a light-colored blanket or towel.

Authors:

Mrs. Elizabeth H. Hoyle, ExtensionFoods and Nutrition Specialist

Mrs. Judith S. Kline, ExtensionClothing and Textiles Specialist

Watch for your next issue of "Baby Talk Dr. Emily S. Wiggins, Extension Family- For Parents of 7-Month-Olds." Life Specialist

35

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.

1 'A i

i

,'S

f

if

FOR PARENTS OF

7-MONTH-OLDS

Hi! I still like to talk toeverybody, and I am making many newsounds. I recently found out how touse my tongue to make clucking sounds.I still enjoy grasping things andputting them in my mouth, but theydon't have to be big things anymore.I'm beginning to pick up tiny things --lint, crumbs, and scraps of paper.

The average 7-month-old...

--weighs around 18 pounds and is

FL Leaflet 417

ForParentsof7 MonthOlds

about 27 inches long;

-can pass a toy from one hand tothe other;

-can use thumb with fingers ingrasping small items;

-may begin creeping on stomach onthe floor.

Do not be alarmed if your baby is alittle behind or a little ahead ofaverage. Average simply means half thetotal number of babies are ahead ofthis and half the total number arebehind.

ExtensionCooperative Extension Service

Clemson University36

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A NEW VIEW OF THE WORLD

Your child gets a whole newperspective of the world from a sittingposition. It is important for baby toget used to motion and balance thatwill help in learning to walk. After awhile the baby will be able to sitalone. Research studies show that somebabies who laid on their backsconstantly and were not allowed to sitdid not learn to walk until after theywere 4 years old.

Each new movement your childlearns to make will help developmuscles and sense of baiance. Most

parents are delighted when their child

learns a new skill. Letting the babyknow you are pleased will encouragetrying more movements.

As you give baby the freedom tomove and explore, you will want toprotect baby from stairs or certainother hazards. Baby gates are anexcellent way to do this, but some canbe dangerous. Accordion style gateswith v-shaped openings along the topedge can trap children. Choose a gatewith a straight top edge and rigid meshscreen. Be certain gate is properlyinstalled so baby can't knock it over.

VALUES

Development of personal valuesbegins early in life. Your child isbeginning this phase of development now-- learning to obey simple commands anddeveloping the ability to showpreference in things to do and not todo.

You can guide your child in therigh'4; directions by showing approval

when it does things right. When babydoes something you don't approve of orthat might be harmful, direct attentiontoward another activity.

True, your baby has a long way togo, but first decisions to acceptdiscipline and choose between right andwrong are the first primitive stepstoward self-discipline.

PERSONHOOD - A NOTE TO MOTHER

A lot is being said today aboutwomen's lib, personal rights, andindividuality. But, if you're likemost mothers, most of your time isdevoted to your baby. That's good.Babies need a lot of love and personalattention. But don't neglect yourself.

Many middle-aged women areexperiencing a serious problem. Fromthe time their first child was born,they devoted themselves to their

children full time. They found thatthey just didn't have time for careers,social activities, civic activities,and hobbies. Now, when their childrenhave grown up and left home, thesemothers are realizing they have noclose friends their age, they have nohobbies or outside interests, and theydon't know what's happening in theworld.

It may seem to you that it is muchtoo early to even think about this, butit is so easy to become a child-centered parent and it can be difficultto c'it such ties later. Many motherssacrifice too much for their babies bycutting themselves off from people.Chances are that you will be a betterparent if you devote some time tooutside activities. Short separationsfrom mother are good for the baby, too.You want your child to be social -- toaccept others and to like people.Spending a little time with otherpeople away from mother will help yourchild develop socially.

Devoting some time to yourselfalone, through a hobby, sports, clubs,reading, or study will mean a greatdeal to you and your child both now andin the years to come.

FEEDING THE 7-MONTH-OLD

At 7 months, soft and chewablefoods may be introduced. Foods shouldbe introduced at a time when the infantis in a good mood, when the baby ishungry, and with a familiar food. Do

not force a new food. Your baby willbegin chewing by moving the food in the

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r

mouth with the tongue. Your childshould be eating solid foods withoutchoking. Infants at this age will sitin a chair and attempt to finger feedthemselves. If you are bottle feeding,the baby will hold the bottle alone.

You must carefully plan yourbaby's diet to meet his/her nutritionalneeds. Barley and wheat may be used inaddition to rice. Strained or junior

fruits and vegetables may continue tobe added one at a time, several daysapart. Be sure to include green andyellow vegetables that are good sourcesof vitamin A. Two to fivetablespoonfuls of strained or juniorfruits and vegetables each day shouldbe enough for your baby. About 3 to 5tablespoons of iron-fortified cereal isrecommended. Avoid sweet foods likedoughnuts or baby foods with addedsugar.

Breast milk or iron-fortifiedformula is still the basic item in theinfant's diet. Your baby will probablybe drinking less now since you haveintroduced solid foods. Therecommendation is 30-32 ounces of milkdaily.

Your baby, who is very "social" atthis age, tries to sit in a chair and: "ants finger foods. Babies will reachfcr things. Teeth begin to appear, anda teething cracker may help.

INCLUDE BABY IN THE WILL

Do you and your spouse have wills?If not, don't wait any longer! Call

your attorney today to set up anappointment. Both husband and wifeneed wills as each has property thatwill pass to someone upon death.

It is especially crucial fo havewills once a child or children arrivein a family. Should a spouse diewithout'a will, property is dividedaccording to state law. If there isone child, the property is dividedevenly between the child and thesurviving spouse.

If there are two or more children,the spouse gets one-third of the

property and the children receive theremaining two-thirds. This is not thedivision most spouses want. Such adivision can pose considerablefinancial hardship to the survivingspouse.

Another important reason forhaving a will is to name a guardian(someone who will take care of yourchild or children should you die).Parents usually name each other asfirst choice, but they should nameanother person in the event they bothdie before the child reaches maturity.

If you do not name a guardian foryour child or children, a guardian willbe named by the probate court accordingto state law. By naming a guardian,you eliminate various fees which mustbe paid if the court appoints aguardian, as well as yearly bondingfees for the court - appointed guardianand yearly financial reports to thecourt.

Plan for your future as well asyour child's or children's future --have a will drawn up immediately.

Watch for your next issue of "Baby TalkFor Parents of 8-Month-Olds."

Authors:

Mrs. Joyce H. Christenbury, ExtensionFamily Resource Management Specialist

Mrs. Elizabeth H. Hoyle, ExtensionFoods and Nutrition Specialist

Dr. Emily S. Wiggins, Extension FamilyLife Specialist

The ,:lemson Univertity Cooperative Extension Service otters its programs to peopie of au agesregardless of race. color. sex religion, national origin, or handiCap and is an eQual opportunity employer

Clemson University Cooperating ..ith United States Department of Agriculture. Extension Service. B. K. Webb. Director. Clemson, SC Issued infurtherance of Cooperative Extension Work in Agriculture and Home ff curnics. Acts Of May 6 and June 30, 1914

0

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I

ligJ-41"r

E-g,

FOR PARENTS OF

8-MONTH-OLDS

FL Leaflet 418

ForParentsof8 MonthOlds

Mom and Dad, you sure have givenme a lot of new and strange things toeat in the last few weeks. I'm gettingto like the idea now, but I don't carefor lumpy foods. I feel really grownup when I drink from a cup as you do,and I don't spill so much when I'mreally thirsty. I like to hear thedifferent sounds things make when theyfall. That's why I sometimes toss myfood on the floor.

The average 8-month-old ...

-has developed hand-eyecoordination and no longerreaches at random;

-cits alone steadily;

--shows affection or love forfamily, reaches out arms toparents as an invitation tocome;

--shows nervousness and bashfulbehavior with strangers.

ExtensionCooperative Extension Service

Clemson University

39

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Do not be alarmed if your baby is alittle behind or a little ahead of

average. Average simply means half thetotal number of babies are ahead ofthis and half the total numtcr arebehind.

SEEING AND UNDERSTANDING

Your child's visual abilities arebecoming more closely linked tounderstanding what is heard. Parents

like to talk to their babies at thisage because they can actually see thatthe child understands. When asked,

"Where is the kitty,?" the 8-month-oldwill look around the room to see thekitty, point to it, and will smile or

laugh.

The 8-month-old, quite anobserver, will watch people and thingfor rather long periods of time and isinterested in still items as well as

motion. Instead of looking at smallpoints or features of an object asearlier, the child now likes to see asituation as a whole. I-stead of

looking only at a person's face, thebabywill survey the entire body,beginning with the face and moving fromhead to teet.

SAFE TOY TIPS

The leaflet on 4-month-olds had aspecial article on toys. Since then,

your child's toy collection has becomelarger and may contain different kindsof toys; here are some additions tothat list of safe toy tips:

--Make sure riding toys havewidespread wheels and a lowcenter of gravity to prevent

tipping over.

--Stuffed toys should have sturdy

seams. Children can choke on

stuffing. Check labels to see

that toys are non-allergenic,machine washable and dryable,and that eyes will not come off.

-Metal or plastic toys shouldhave smooth, rolled edges.

-Special care must be taken withtoys that have trailing loops

and cords. A child should betaught never to put these loopsand cords around the body insuch a way as to cause trippingor choking.

-Balloons are dangerous for smallchildren. They can be suckedinto a throat and cause a childto choke to death.

-Avoid toys with jagged edgeswhere parts are not fittedtogether well or toys that lookas if they might break intosharp, jagged pieces. Spot-

check toys occasionally forminor damage. Often a spot ofglue, a tightened bolt, a fewdrops of oil, or even a bit ofadhesive tape will preventfurther damage that could leadto an accident.

-Select toys that increase yourchild's imagination and help todevelop skills.

Child toy accidents are not asoften the result of poor design,workmanship, or materials as they areof misuse. Any toy may be harmful ifit is given to a child who can't handleit properly. It is up to you, theparent, to choose the right toy to fityour child's ability, to teach its use,and to provide a safe place to playwith it.

CRAWLING

Soon after learning to balance ina sitting position, babies will startcrawling or begin by pulling with theirarras. Others use their 'legs to pushthe body along. Sometimes they even

start by pushing themselves backward.The baoy's first attempts at crawlingare interesting to watch. Efforts are

directed at a purpose -- maybe to reacha toy several feet away. Regardless ofthe purpose, the crawler will try withall energy to move toward the object.Crawling is one of the natural stagesin development and leads to walkingbefore you know it!

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SELF-ACCEPTANCE

All babies are different. Each isspecial in a special way. If you loveand accept your baby "as is," baby willlearn to accept and like himself/herself -- and that's something thatmany adults have never learned to do!

FEEDING THE 8-MONTH-OLD

From 8 months to 12 months is animportant time in feeding the infant.During this period, solid food becomesthe major item in your baby's diet.The intake of breast milk or formulawill be reduced to 30-32 ounces daily.

At 8 months, your baby should beeating the following:

Milk:

Breast milk or 30-32 oz.Iron-fortified formula

Solid foods:

Iron-fortified cereal 5-9 tbs.Homemade or commercial 9-18 tbs.

strained or junior baby or

food, vegetables and 1-2 jarsfruits and fruit juices

Oven-dried toast or 1 slice ofteething crackers toast or

1-2

crackers

Your baby will establish aschedule and your attitude is veryimportant in this. You will probablybe feeding your baby about five to sixtimes each day. The infant can lift acup by the handle. Give your baby somefinger foods to eat, like cooked cubesor slices of vegetables, bite-sizepieces of soft fruit, cheese cubes,pieces of cereal (those without lots ofadded sugar; Cheerios or Rice Krispiesare low in sugar).

You may see your infant push foodaway when it is disliked. If this doeshappen, neither "force" the dislikedfood on your baby nor make a big dealof this dislike. You may want to trythe food again in a few weeks.

Always make feeding time a happytime. Talk with your baby. Don'thurry through the meal. Try to planfor the baby to eat when the family

eats. Be patient as the child islearning to feed himself/herself.

CLOTHING A CRAWLING BABY

As your baby begins to crawl, makecertain clothes are full and haveplenty of room for movement. Dressesor gowns are not good at this stage asthey may hinde attempts to crawl.Stretch sleepers are ideal forcrawling. Durability will be moreimportant than in the past. If thearea where thr baby will be crawling isrough, make certain clothing protectsbaby's knees.

Until your baby stands alone, footcovering, except for warmth, is notneeded. This can be a sock, bootee, orsleepers with their own feet. Anythingthat is put on your child's foot shouldbe soft and roomy. Socks and booteesshould have broad toes and a lot oftoe-wiggling room. Even a sock that istoo tight can cause damage to yourchild's foot.

OBTAINING A BIRTH CERTIFICATE FOR YOURBABY

If for some reason you did not geta birth certificate for your baby atthe hospital or if you lost it, you mayget one by contacting your countyhealth department in the office ofvital records. Look up the telephonenumber under your county name --

County Department of Health."They will ask you to fill out a formand may ask for a $5 fee to search forthe birth record.

APPLYING FOR A SOCIAL SECURITY CARD FORYOUR BABY

To get a Social Security card foryour baby, take one item from List Aand one from List B to the nearestSocial Security office and tell themwhat you want. The items need to beoriginals, not copies. Look in thete-lephone directory to find out wherethe Social Security office is. Look

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undar your county name, such as "OconeeCounty," then find Department of SocialSecurity. You may decide to call andtalk to them about this. You will alsoneed to fill out a form. There is nofee.

List AEvidence of Age and Citizenship

One of the following recordsestablished before your child's fifthbirthday:

--Public birth certificate (Thisis the preferred document. Youshould submit it if at allpossible.)

-Religious record showing age ordate of birth.

-Hospital record of birth

List B

Evidence of Identity (A birth record isnot evidence of identity)

--State identity card

-Insurance poli'y

-Driver's license

- -School ID card

-Vaccination certificate

-Adoption record

-School record or report card

--Clinic, doctor or hospitalrecord

--Church membership orconfirmation record

-Day care or nursery schoolrecord

-U.S. passport or U.S. citizen IDcard

--Labor union or fraternalorganization record

-Record of child's membership inBoy Scouts, Girl Scouts or otheryouth organization

-Any other document providingidentifying data sufficient toestablish proper identity

--Marriage or divorce record

--Work bacge or building pass

-Voter's registration card

--Military record

--Newspaper notice of birth

-Welfare ID card

--Military dependent's ID

-Court order for name change

Note: Some of the items in this listwould be applicable only for an adultseeking a birth certificate.

Watch for your next issue of "Baby TalkFor Parents of 9-Month-Olds."

Authors:

Mrs. Elizabeth H. Hoyle, ExtensionFoods and Nutrition Spe'cialist

Mrs. Judith S. Kline, ExtensionC'othing and Textiles Specialist

Dr. Karen C. Miller, Extension InteriorDesign Specialist

Dr. Emily S. Wiggins, Extension FamilyLife Specialist

The Clemson University Cooperative Extension Service otters as programs to peon e of all agesregardless of race. color sex. religion. national origin or handicap and is an equal occortunity employer

Clemson University Cooperating with United States Department of Agriculture. Extension Service. 8 K Webb. Director, Clemson. S C Issued inofurthercrieof Coops ative Extension Work in Agriculture and Home Ecnomics,nomic.s, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914

42

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A.Il_nriii

ForParentsof9 MonthOlds

FL Leaflet 419

FOR PARENTS OF

9-MONTH-OLDS

Now that I can sit up by myselfand can creep around, I'm seeing lotsof interesting things that I couldn'tsee lying down. But instead of onlylooking at things and putting them inmy mouth, I've discovered that it's funto bang things together and hear thedifferent sounc3 they make.

The average 9-month-old...

--is learning to crawl;

--can pull up to a standingposition;

--tries to feed himself/herself;

--knows the meaning of "mama" and"dada."

Do not be alarmed if your baby is alittle behind or ahead of average.Average s;mply means half the total

number of babies are ahead of this andhalf the total number are behind.

CUP

ExtensionCooperative Extension Service

Clemson University 43

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SKILLFUL FINGERS

Your baby's nerit ana fingercoordination is becoming welldeveloped. Notice tne ability to picKup small objects between tne thumb andthe tips of several fingers or betweenthe thumb arc the site oc tne firstfinger. Most 9-month -clas carrot ye:pick up things oetweer tne :7..70 ars,:

tn. t7b DC : -e ",st

Whatever bacy picks up alwaysmanages to get to tne mouth. Some of

these tiny attractive items can bequite dangerous to the child. They maybe swallowed accidentally and causechoking. Be alert to what may bedropped on the floor.

TOYS

With your baby's new interest intiny objects comes fascination witnopenings and holes. Your creeper willbecome skillful at butting objects intocontainers and will enjoy toys that canbe put together, sucn as balls or cubesthat fit into a larger shape. Emptymetal cans with smooth edges and invarious sizes that fit together,ranging from small juice cans to largevegetable cans, will be nice toys attnis age. You can :aKe advantage oftnis interest in containers by teacningyour little one to put toys in a box ortoy chest. To prevent choking, makecertain that small parts will not comeoff and do not give baby small objectsto play with.

AN EXCITING TIME

The next few months will beexciting for you because your child isdeveloping new skills faster than everbefore. It seems that the 9-month-oldlearns something new every day! Take

pictures of tne baby and keep a diaryof accomplisnments.

PLAY A GAME WITH BABY

An interesting game to play ishiding an object and letting baby findit. Use a small toy; hide it oehindyour back or under a pillow while baby

looks on, then watch how bacy reachesfor the object and finds 't. The childhas earned tnat an object can existever if it is hidden from signt.Baces under 9 months can't understandthis. :f they can': see an object. theytnink it doesn't exist.

CHC{:NG

'.,ii: r .=rth-ro. tr= bacy touchescoi-g into trc, mouth. score- or laterore of sties= 1ttle "treasJres" maycause choking.

Choking is the second greatestcause of home accidental deaths inchildren under 5 years of age. Chokingmay result from eating tco fast,chewing improperly, laughing or cryingwith something in tne mouth, or just byro'bing a sr-,.al' coject ir the mouth.

Prevent cnoking problems before

the; occur. Always supervise youngcn-:'aren while eating ana playing.Have children eat while sitting up. Do

not allow toys that are small enough tocause choking. Pull out this chart andnang it in a convenient space, just incase choking does occur.

FIRST AID FOR THE CHOKING CHILD

'10-E: if :7e child can speak or breathant is cougning, any maneuvers aredangerous and unneccessary.

For the infant

44

1 If the infantchokes and isunable to breath,place face downover therescuer's armwith head lowerthan trunk. The

rescuer restshis/her forearm.on the rescuers stnign.

2. Four measuredblows are rapidlydelivered withthe heel of thehand between theinfant's shoulderblades.

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3. If the breathingis not started,the child isrolled over andfour rapidcompressions ofthe chest areperformed.

For the Larger 1. For a largerChild cnild, the

rescuer kneels onthe floor anddrapes thevictim across thethighs anddelivers fourback blows.Then, with thehead supported,the child isrolled onto thefloor and fourchestcompressions aredelivered.

2 If breathing isnot started, therescuer shouldopen the child'smouth by placinghis/her thumbover the child'stongue andwrapping his/herfingers aroundthe lower jaw.If a foreign bodyis seen, it maybe removed with afinger.

Rapid transport tois urgent if thesemeasures fail.

SAFETY CHECKLIST

a medical facilityemergency first aid

Your child's curito explore are increasiincrease safety precautaround your home. In adsafety tips listed in prTalks," these are importachild's well-being.

osity and abilityng, so you mustions in andditicn tovious "Babynt to your

--Baby-proof all cupboards anddrawers that can possibly bereached and opened. Remove all

small and sharp objects,breakable things, householdproducts that might poison,plastic bags, and food thatmight cause choking (such asnuts or p'pcorn).

--Keep coffee, hot foods, cordsand hot pots and pans out ofreach.

--Don't use a dangling table cloththat can be pulled onto achild's head.

--Keep medicines and householdproducts that might poison in alocked cabinet.

--Be especially careful when youor someone else in the family issick. Medicines are likely tobe out of their usual safeplace, and the baby may want toimitate you by eating them.

--Keep medicines separate fromhousehold products andhousehold products separate fromfood.

-Avoid giving a medicine in thedark. Turn on the light andread the label every time.

-Never leave your baby alone itthe bathtub or wading pool ornear a mop bucket or toilet.Drowning can occur in only a fewinches of water. Also, turningon a faucet when baby is inreach of the water may causescalding.

--Don't put poisonous material infood containers such as gas ina soft drink bottle.

BABY'S FIRST SHOES

A toddler standing unaided needs ashoe that will protect feet and providea stable standing base. The firstshoe, often called a "prewalker,"

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should have a soft, flexible, full-cutleather upper and a thin (1/8 inch),flexible leather sole.

It's always a big event when yourbaby takes that first step; never tryto force your toddler to stand or towalk. When the bones, muscles, andtendons are developed enough, thetoddler will stand or walk.

As the toddler becomes a littlemore self-assured and begins to runabout, a sturdier shoe will be needed.This shoe should still be flexible andprovide width and depth in the toearea, but now tne sole and counter (thestiff piece of material inside the backof the shoe around the heel) is alittle firmer. This sturdy counterholds the child's heel in place andkeeps it from slipping as the childruns about.

Many parents ask whether to put ahigh-top shoe on the child's foot.This question should be discussed withy,ur doctor. The higher top shoe givesextra support to the flexible heel andankle. However, the low-cut, oxford-type shoe allows the ankle muscles tostrengthen. The high-top shoes willremain on the foot despite efforts ofthe child to get them off. Check withyour doctor for advice.

If you do decide to use the high-top shoes, the tops should be soft andflexible enough to permit the ankles tobend naturally.

Remember that walking barefootalso develops muscles.

For more infcrmation on selectingshoes, ask your Extension HomeEconomist for "Shoes Build Happy Feet,"HE Bulletin 198.

FEEDING THE 9-MONTH-OLD

It's time to introduce baby tomeat. Meat is an important source ofprotein and iron, which are

particularly important to the breast-fed infant at 9 months. If you areusing commercial baby foods, read and

compare the labels. The plain meatsusually have more protein than the meatdinners.

If you prepare your own baby food,a basic meat recipe is listed below:

Meats

Do not add salt or fat.1/2 cup meat (small pieces ofchicken, liver, roast, beef,turkey, pork not ham, sausageor bologna, luncheon meats orprocessed meats)

2-4 tablespoons meat broth,formula, or milk

Cook lean meat (fat, skin, andconnective tissue removed) overlow heat in a small amount ofunsalted water. Chop meat in ablender with liquid untilsmooth. Serve or date and labelcontents and freeze no longerthan a month.

Note: Meat may be ground in afood grinder or processor forolder babies (10-12 months old).

Fit meat into a variety of foodsyour baby is eating now. And rememberto choose snacks for baby as carefullyas you choose meats. Good snackchoices include banana slices, cookedgreen beans or peas or carrot circles,crackers or toast. Avoid sweet snacks,including Kool-Aid and sodas. The foodhabits you are establishing in yourchild now will last a lifetime.

Watch for your next issue of "Baby Talk- For Parents of 10-Month-Olds."

Authors:

Mrs. Elizabeth H. Hoyle, ExtensionFoods and Nutrition Specialist

Mrs. Judith S. Kline, ExtensionClothing and Textiles Specialist

Dr. Karen C. Miller, Extension InteriorDesign Specialist

Pr. Emily S. Wjgins, Extension FamilyLife Specialist

The Clemson University Cooperative Extension Service offers its programs to people of ail agesregardless of race, color. sex. religion national origin, or handicap and is an equal opportunity employer

Clemson University Cooperating with United States Depart,nent of Agriculture. Extension Service, B K Webb. Director, Clemson, SC Issued inFurtherance of Cooperative Extension Work in Agriculture and Home Economics. Acts of May 8 and June O. 1914.

46

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h.,

A Q E

FL Leaflet 420

ForParentsof10 MonthOlds

FOR PARENTS OF

10-MONTH-OLDS

Mom and Dad, I'm getting over mydislike of strang% J. I like peoplemore now, but I always want both of younearby. I don't like to be stuck in mycrib or playpen all -.he time. I wantto be where the action is! When wehave company, I like to be in themiddle of the party. I like foreverybody to play with me, andscmetimes I'm a big flirt.

and is between 26 and 30 incheslong;

--can pull to a standing position;

--makes early stepping movementswhen held;

--does not enjoy lying down unlesssleepy;

--pays attention to own name;

--says one or two words.

The average 10-month-old ...Do not be alarmed if your baby is

--weighs between 16 and 25 pounds a little behind or a little ahead of

112

ExtensionCooperadveExtensionService 47

Clemsonthiversity

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average. Average simply means half thetotal number of babies are ahead ofthis and half the total number arebehind.

BEWARE OF PLASTIC WRAPPERS

The clear plastic wrappings ofdolls, games, and other toys present areal danger. A child can smother in aminute or two inside an airtightplastic wrapping. All such wrappingsshould be removed and destroyed beforethe toy is given to the baby.

NICE BUT NOT NECESSARY

Some parents invest a lot of moneyin equipment for their children. Many

of those items are nice to have but arenot necessities. Two items in thiscategory are playpens and walkers.

When a child the age of yoursmoves around and "gets intoeverything," you have to watch all the

time to prevent possible injury. A

playpen is nice because it takes a lotof strain and worry away from theparent. However, it does greatly limitthe child's environment. A childshould be encouraged to explore -that's how learning occurs. Curiosity

should not be discouraged. The baby

should not be left in the playpen for along period of time. Don't let theplaypen's advantage to you be thechild's disadvantage in learning about

this world.

Walkers are an aid to the child inmoving around at first, but theyusually do not help the child learn towalk any earlier. At fi, :t, some

babies may be frightened when they areput in a walker. Some parents buywalkers because they keep the baby offthe floor, discourage picking upthings, and prevent getting dirty. A

walker might be convenient for the

parent. It probably won't hurt thechild, but it does cause the child tobypass the crawling stage, which is anormal stage in development.

Walkers can present hazards for

toddlers. Most accidents have occurredwhen a toddler goes near the edge of a

stairway and topples on down. Thistype cf accident often occurs when aparent s back is turned for a minute todo something as quick as answer thephone or doorbell!

Use walkers only in areas wherethere are smooth surfaces. Edges of

carpets, throw rugs, or raisedthresholds can cause walKers to tip

over.

Children's fingers have beenamputated in older walkers withX-frame designs. If there are springson the walker, make certain they haveplastic sleeves. Walkers are not

babysitters. Never leave a child

unattended.

DISCIPLINE

Discipline should wan trainingthat guides the child and strengthensgood behavior. It should not mean

punishment. A child needs a balance offreedom and control.

Punishment, such as slapping thechild's hangs for touching somethingdangerous or expensive, will eventuallyprevent touching things at all. It is

better to simply move things that youdon't want the baby to touch. Later,

when older, your toddler willunderstand not to do certain things.

Children of any age learn fromtheir mistakes when they are

disciplined. A talk, which allows thechild to understand misbehavior, is farbetter than physical punishment, whichwill stop the misbehavior but won'tallow the child to learn why the actionwas done was wrong.

At 10 months of age, and for quitesome time to come, your child can'tunderstand that certain things shouldnot be done. The best type of positivediscipline now is to turn the child'sattention away from disapproving actionand onto doing something else.

Good discipline calls for advance

planning. It is a lot narder t,discipline than it is to punish, butthe extra effort will pay oft by

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helping the child develop self-discipline that will be important lateron in helping make adult decisions.

FEEDING THE 10-MONTH-OLD

Your baby's feeding schedule atthis age resembles other familymembers' schedules for meals andsnacks. If your baby is weaned fromthe breast, remember to feed an iron-fortified formula until the end of thefirst year.

Suggested foods and amounts arelisted below:

Milk:

Breast milk oriron-fortifiedformula

Solid foods:

Iron-fortified cereal

24-32 oz.

1/2 to3/4 cup

Finely chopped meatsor American cheese 1/2-1 oz.

Well-cooked, mashedvegetables

Mashed raw orstrained cookedfruits

Vitamin-C-fortifiedfruit juice

For snacks consider:

1/4 to1/2 cup

1/2 to3/4 cup

2-6 oz.

Oven-dried toast,crackers, yogurt, cottagecheese, soft fruit chunks,cooked bite-sized vegetables

Note: There is still no need to addfat, margarine, sugar, salt, or otherseasonings to baby's food.

It is important to feed your babya nutritious, well-balanced diet. Stayaway from soda, Kool-Aid, sugar-:Aatedcereals, candy, and other foods that

may fill him or her up before thenutritious foods are offered.Remember, you are forming your child'slifetime food habits.

Watch for your next issue of Baby Talkfor Parents of 11-Month-Olds.

Authors:

Mrs. Elizabeth H. Hoyle, ExtensionFoods and Nutrition Specialist

Dr. Karen C. Miller, Extension InteriorDesign Specialist

Dr. Emily S. Wiggins, Extension FamilyLife Specialist

49

The Clemson University Cooperative Extension Service offers its programs to people of au ages.regarriless of race, color, sex. religion, national origin, or handicap and is an equal opportunity em, loyer

Clemson University Cooperating with United States Department of Agriculture, Extension Serums, B. K. Webb. Director, Clemson, S.C. Issued inFurtheonce of Cooperative Extension Work in Agriculture and Home Economics. Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914.

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i

c

I

FOR PARENTS OF

11-MONTH-OLDS

It would be nice to have a friendmy own age. I'm interested in otherbabies because I understand that theyare more like me than grown-ups are. I

haven't learned to play with them yet,and it will be a long time before I can

share; but I like to look at otherbabies and touch them. I'm learninggradually that I'm not the only otherperson in the world. Other people canmake things happen just as I can.

FL Leaflet 421

ForParentsof11 MonthOlds

i"

The average 11-month-old ...

--carefully handles and examinesobjects;

--understands and responds tohis/her own name;

--shows many emotions strongly,espec;;:lly anger.

Do not be alarmed if your baby is alittle behind or a little ahead ofaverage. Average simply means half thetotal number of babies are ahead ofthis and half the total number arebehind.

ExtensionCooperative Extension Service 50

Clemson University

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LEARNING TO TALK

Responding to baby's smiles andsounds is important even though mostbabies at this age are more interestedin learning to crawl and walk than theyare in learning to talk. Some 11-month -olds can speak a word or two.

We've already mentioned that thefirst step in learning to talk islearning what words mean. Your childknows the meaning of many words eventhough he or she cannot say them yet.

When talking begins your childwill not speak clearly, but this doesnot mean you will have to cope with aspeech problem. It takes several years

not mean you will have to cope with aspeech problem. It takes several yearsto perfect the sounds of some letters.Your child's speech will improvethrough practice. Talk to your baby -make the surroundings interesting sothat there will be something for thechild to talk about.

LEARNING ABOUT OTHERS

At first the baby was the causefor everything that happened to him orher. Crying brought foods, drydiapers, a change of scenery, and youraffection.

At 11 months of age, your child islearning that he or she is not the onlyforce in the home. Parents and otherpeople cause things to happen too.This is the very beginning of learningto see self in relation tc others. It

takes a long time before baLyunderstands how people feel and thatthey have certain needs too, but thissmall beginning leads eventually toloss of self-centeredness.

DO YOU EVER FEEL TRAPPED?

Taking care of a baby andproviding for healthy development is nosmall task. Sometimes parents feel

trapped. True, the birth of a babycauses you to stop some things andbrings changes to your life. At firstthe newness of the experience and the

excitement of having the baby at homeoverpowers the parents' feelings ofbeing tied down. But sooner or later,most parents begin to feel that theywill never be themselves again becauseof all the energy, both physical andmental, that the baby requires. Thisfeeling is normal, but do not allow itto continue. Plan some time foryourself. Leaving the baby withsomeone else can be a good learningexperience for the baby. This alsoprovides a little "freedom" for you.

Whether or not you work outsicethe home, you need to plan some fun

time for yourself and some romantictimes for you and your spouse.

FEEDING THE 11-MONTH-OLD

Your baby's feeding habits arewell developed by now. You areintroducing a wide variety of tablefoods. You should provide these insmall bite-size pieces. Babies at thisage should be able to chew most foods.

Milk:

Breast milk oriron-fortifiedformula

Solid foods:

24-32 oz.

Iron-fortified cereal 1/2 to3/4 cup

Finely chopped tablemeats, fish withoutbones, mild Americancheese 1/2-1 oz.

Mashed potato, macaroni,spaghetti, or otherpasta 1/2 to

3/4 cup

Well-cooked mashedvegetables 1/4 to

1/2 cup

Mashed raw or strainedcooked fruits 1/2 to

3/4 cup

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b y

Vitamin-C-fortifiedfruit juice 2-6 oz.

Other foods as desired or forsnacks:

Oven-dried toast, crackers,yogurt, cottage cheese, icecream, and pudding

Your child's feeding schedule ismuch like the other family members',usually three meals a day and two or

three snacks. Babies at this age liketo feed themselves. Much of themealtime will be messy, so it is a goodidea to put a plastic tablecloth underthe infant's chair. This is the onlyway the child learns. Remember toserve juice from a baby cup. Child-size plates, cups, and spoons may behelpful.

AVGID FALLS

Accidental falls are common amonginfants and small children. Most ofthem are minor, but some falls can besevere, particularly if the baby isonly a few months old. The younger thechild and the higher the fall, the morelikely the injury will be serious.*

So the question is, "How do youprotect children from falls from highplaces?" The best way is not to leavethem unattended anywhere they mightfall. Always keep a close watch oninfants when you have them on a bed,sofa, counter top, dressing table, orsimilar piece of furniture. Use guardfences to block off flights of stairsfrom infants too young to use themsafely.

*Never urderestimate your child.A baby can quickly roll over or crawlto the edge before you know it - quic!'as a wink!

Watch for your next issue of "Baby TalkFor Parents of 1- Year Olds."

Authors:

Mrs. Joyce H. Christenbury, ExtensionFamily Resource Management Specialist

Mrs. Elizabeth H. Hoyle, ExtensionFoods and Nutrition Specialist

Dr. Karen C. Miller, Extension InteriorDesign Specialist

Dr. Emily S. Wiggins, Extension FamilyLife Specialist

52

The Clemson University Cooperative Extension Service oilers its programs to People of au agesregaraless of race color, sex, ri. !Tort, national origin, or ham:hoar) ana is an equal opportunity empioyer

Clemson University Cooperating with United States Department of Agriculture. Extension Service. 8. K. Webb. Director, Clemson. SC issued inFurtherance of Cooperative Extension Work In Agnculture and Home Economics. Acta of May 8 and June 30. 1914

a

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I

.,

FOR PARENTS OF1-YEAR-OLDS

I've learned a lot in the pastyear, but the best thing I've learnedis to explore! I grab everything thatcomes into sight, but open cabinets anddrawers are my favorite huntinggrounds. Sometimes you seem to get alittle upset by this. I don't knowwhy - I'm just trying to learn and,boy, is it fun!

ThA average 1-year-old ...

--has around six teeth;ei at

FL Leaflet 422

ForParentsof1 YearOlds

--is move interested in walkingthan talking;

--can sit down from a standingposition without help;

--cooperates in dressing; can putarm through a sleeve, can takeoff socks;

--likes to eat with fingers.

Do not be alarmed if your baby is alittle behind or a little ahead ofaverage. Average simply means half thetotal number of babies are ahead ofthis and half the total number arebehind.

ExtensionCooperative Extension Service

Cleinson University53

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TOILET TKAINING

Some parents are asking abouttoilet training now. Few babies areready for toilet training by age one.It's better to wait until the baby isbetween 14 and 18 months old beforeeven beginning toilet training.

Toilet training works out best ifyou don't rush it. Babies get trainedsooner if they set their own pace.Most babies do not learn until 1 1/2 to2 years old. Then they are better ableto control their bowels.

REMINDER ABOUT DISCIPLINE

Praise the type of behavior youwant the child to continue. Praising achild's desirable behavior will causethe undesirable behavior to drop out ofsight. If you praise something yourbaby does, remember to give praise thenext time. This is being consistent.Praise or disapproval should be givenconsistently for a definite type ofbehavior.

Avoid conflict as much aspossible. For example, if baby isplaying with something breakable,provide something more interestingrather than fussing at him/her orspanking a hand.

PETS

It's best to wait until a child isabout 2 years old or older -o get apet, such as a dog or cat. But if youdecide not to wait until then, youshuld understand how your child willact toward the animal.

To a baby, a pet is just anothertoy, like a stuffed animal, to begrabbed and thrown around. The petwill suffer and, if given a chance, itmay bite or nip the baby.

Most people feel children shouldbe old enough to take someresponsibility for the care of a petbefore having one (less likely to harmthe pet - good learning experiencethen).

TELEVISION THE AMERICAN PASTIME

Children can learn a lot, bothgood and bad, from television. Don'tget in the habit of letting the TVentertain the child. A large numbe ofAmericans are observers of life ratherthan participants in life. Learningabout life firsthand can be much moremeaningful and enjoyable thar seeing iton TV.

Too much TV isn't good for thebaby at this age for a special reason.A 1-year-old is learning aboutdifferent sounds and needs to hear avariety of sounds. The tone and volumeof a TV or radio is pretty much thesame all the time. After listening aOile to this constant sound, the babymight not be interested in hearingdifferent sounds.

MEMO FROM YOUR CHILD

--Don't spoil me. I know quitewell that I ought not to haveall I ask for. I'm only testingyou.

-Don't be afraid to be firm withme; I prefer it. It makes mefeel more secure.

--Don't let me form bad habits. I

have to rely on you to detectthem in early stages.

-Don't take too much notice of mysmall ailments. :.ometimes they

get me the attention I need.

--Don't nag. If you do, I shallhave to protect myself ''appearing deaf.

-Don't make me feel smaller thanI am. It only makes me behavestupidly "big."

--Don't be inconsistent. Thatcompletely confuses me and makesme lose faith.

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--Don't put me off when I askquestions. If you do, you willfind that I stop asking and seekmy information elsewhere.

BUY CLOTHES WITH GROWTH FEATURES

Because a young child likes torun, climb, crawl, and push, clothesmust allow for active body movements.As they need to be warm but not hot;absorbent but easily cleaned; soft yet

durable; comfortable and adjustable toa rapidly growing body.

Since a youngster grows sorapidly, growth features should beconsidered whenever buying or makingchildren's clothes. Growth features tolook for include adjustable straps,deep hems and cuffs, raglan sleeves,dresses with undefined waistlines, long"tails" on shirts and blouses,partially elastic bands in sleeves andwaists of pants and shirts, wide seamallowances, and stretch or knittedfabrics.

It is always better to buy clotheswith these "built-in" growth featuresthan to buy clothes several sizes toolarge. If clothes are too big andbulky, they become dangerous to wear.Garment openings (sleeves, pockets,necklines, pants-leg hems) or extra-full pants and-skirts may catch on doorknobs or get stepped on while climbingand could cause a serious injury.Well-selected garments will allow forgrowth and permit body actions, yet fitclose enough to the body to avoidcatching on harmful objects.

All garments should be reinforced(sewn several times) at points ofstrain, especially at the knees,elbows, crotch, pockets, buttonholes,and underarm seams. Rough-and-timbleclothes need to have double rows ofstitching along seam edges to preventseams from coming apart. Secure andreinforced stitching, firmly woven ortightly knit fabrics, and high "ualityworkmanship will all help day-to-dayclothes last longer.

Fabrics used in children'sgarments need to be soft, absorbent,and lightweight for comfort; firmlywoven or closely knit for durability;washable, with little or no ironingrequired for ease-of-care; andattractive. By all means, avoiddelicate fabrics and trims that willnot stand up to hard wear and that callfor special cleaning and care.

FEEDING THE 1-YEAR-OLD

Twelve-month-old babies will beginusing small spoons or forks to feedthemselves. They chew better and caneat a variety of foods.

The suggested foods are the sameas those given for the ten-month-old.Be sure to feed your baby a variety offoods. Dark green or yellow vegetablesshould be fed every other day to supplyvitamin A. Orange juice or othervitamin-C-fortified juices should begiven every day. Foods, such as iron-fortified cereal, meat, liver, andleafy green vegetables, supply iron.Iron is one of the nutrients that caneasily be low in your baby's diet. Be

sure to include iron-rich foods. It isrecommended that you continue to feediron-fortified cereals until 18 monthsof age.

Avoid sugared cereals, candy andfoods high in fat or oil. Your babydoes not need food that has been saltedor sugared. Enough salt and sugar isin food naturally to meet an infant'sneeds. Avoid soda pop and adultdrinks, such as beer or alcohol, tea,and coffee. Alcoholic drinks are drugsand will seriously affect the baby.Caffeine in tea, coffee, chocolate, andcolas is not good for infants.

Now would be a good time to readup on feeding the toddler. Call theExtension Office for more information.

TAKE CONTROL OF YOUR TIME

As a new mother, whether it's yourfirst child or any number thereafter,you have more responsibility thanbefore. However, you still have the

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same amount of time. How are you goingto get everything accomplished?

The answer is, you probably won't.And that's all right if you understandwhat you are doing. It's essentialthat you remain in control of thesituation. Take a careful look at whatis important to you and your family.Is it more important to have a spotlesshouse or go on a family outing? Onceyou have decided what is most importantto you and your family, you can makeplans accordingly. Do first thosethings that bring you and your family

the greatest satisfaction and, if timegrows short, forget the other things.

Often it is hard for us to letthings go undone. Another way to copewith tighter time constraints is tolower your standards. Some peoole mayfind this totally unacceptable, but foryour sake and family satisfaction, itmay be necessary. Instead of vacuumingtwice a week, once a week might do.What about letting dishes air dry? Orusing convenience foods?

Another big time-saver for today'sbusy mother is getting others to help.The father and older children canassume responsibility for tasks in thehome, tasks related to their well-being, and tasks related to the baby.Family cooperation in performing chorescan mean more time for family sharingand togetherness.

As the hours of your days seem tofly out the window, don't panic. Havea family meeting with open discussion

about demands, time available, familyskills, family values, and individualneeds; then make a time plan for yourfamily so each family member will be a

part of the team and still haveindividual time. To get the most fromeach day, you must control your time.

This is the final leaflet of "BabyTalk." During the past 12 months, yourchild has had many accomplishments. Wehope these leaflets have been helpfulto you in understanding your baby.From time to time they will be revised.We will appreciate your suggestions,now that you are an experienced parent.

Thank you for letting the ClemsonUniversity Cooperative: ExtensionService help in making your "littleone" become a "bigger one."

Authors:

Mrs. Joyce H. Christenbury, ExtensionFamily Resource Management Specialist

Mrs. Elizabeth H. Hoyle, ExtensionFoods and Nutrition Specialist

Mrs. Judith S. Kline, ExtensionClothing and Textiles Specialist

Dr. Emily S. Wiggins, Extension FamilyLife Specialist

The Clemson University Cooperative Extension Service oilers its programs to people of all ages.regardless of race, color, bex, religron, national origin, or handicap and is an equal opportunity employer

Clemson University Cooperating with United States Department of Agriculture, Extension Service. B. K. Webb. Director. Clemson, S.C. Issued InFurtherance of Cooperative Extension Work in Agriculture and Home Economics, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 19:4.

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