DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 129 564 SE 019 495

TITLE Marine Program Annual Report 1973.INSTITUTION New Hampshire Univ., Durham. Marine Program.PUB DATE [74]NOTE 60p.; Photographs may not reproduce well

EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$3.50 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS Annual Reports; Ecology; *Marine Biology; *Ocean

Engineering; *Oceanology; *Program Descriptions;Science Education; *Scientific Research; Seafood

IDENTIFIERS *New England

ABSTRACTThis report describes the activities of a program

designed to develop the information and systems necessary formanaging the Continental Shelf and Coastal Zone of Northern NewEngland. Ten research areas or projects are discussed: aquaculture,biology and ecology, coastal oceanography, buoy systems studies, manin the sea, marine platforms and controls, preparation anddissemination of information related to ocean engineering, pollutionhazards, sea-bottom resources, and the Undergraduate Oceans ProjectCourse. Studies related to each of these areas are presented andinclude a brief description of the research, progress of theresearch, and principal investigators.- (MH)

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C ontentsIntroduction by President BonnerDirectors' CommentThe UNII Coherent Area Sea Grant ProgramThe Engineering Design and Analysis LaboratoryThe Jackson Estuarine LaboratoryThe Sea Grant Marine Advisory Service at the University of New HampshireThe University of New Hampshire-Raytheon, University-Industry Project

AquacultureA Preliminary Study of Flounder CultureDevelopment of a Salmonid Fishery for Coastal New HampshireA Pilot Program, the Rear-

ing of Coho SalmonHuman Enteric Viruses in a Waste Recycling Aquaculture System

Biology and EcologyContinuation of Field Studies on Benthic Invertebrate Communities in the New England Off-

shore Mining Environmental Study (NOMES)Distribution of Trace Elements in Marine BacteriaDrugs from SeaweedsImmunity in Marine Invertebrates.Marine Ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora): Morphology and EcologyContinued Research on Sys-

teniatics and Autecology of Ciliates in the Vicinity of Adams Point, Particularly Those ofTidal Marshes

Population Studies of Epifaunal and Infaunal Amphipod CrustaceansSeaweeds (attached marine algae): Morphology, Systematics, and EcologySome Chemical and Physical Aspects of Compacted Solid Waste Disposal in Coastal WatersStructure of the Oxygen Binding Site of Hemerythrin

Coastal OceanographyOceanography of the New Hampshire Coastal Waters

Buoy Systems StudiesWave Measuring Buoy and Coastal Zone ModelingRubber Bank Mooring Test for Lightweight Coastal Navigation Buoys

Engineering for Buoy SystemsA Statistical Study of Cable Strumming

Man in the Sea

A Saturation Diving ProgramSaturation PhysiologyUnderwater Platform Evaluation

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121314

1415161719

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232322

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Marine Platforms and Controls 29

A Unique Research PlatformAnalysis of Motion Characteristics in a Spar Buoy SystemSeakeeping Studies for a Multipurpose Coastal Research Platform

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2930

Submersible Decoupling ControlWake Steering Shroud

EngineeringPreparation and Dissemination of InformationEngineering Case Studies for Ocean Engineering--A Report on Two Engineering Cases Pre-

pared for the National Academy of Engineering 33

The Sea Crant Marine Advisory Service at the University of New lIampshire :36

Pollution Hazards 37

Assessment of the Public I lealth 11aZards Posed by Galveston Bay Shellfish Subject to Pollu-tion Inuit Domestic Waste Discharges 37

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:31

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Sea Bottom lics(wrces 38

The Science and Technology of Utilizing the Bottom Resources of the Continental Shelf 38

The Undergraduate Ocean Projects Course 43

Director's Introduction .43.

A Diver-Recall System 44Anticipated Ecological Aspects of Artificial Reef Construction in New Hampshire 46.A Sewage Dispwal Plan for New Castle, New Hampshire 47Conceptual Design of a System for Autotnatically Controlling Diver Decompression 49Sagamore CreekAn Example of a Coastal Region Zoning Problem 51

The Shallow Water Buoy Project 53

Personnel of the Marine Annual Report-1973 55

Faculty and Professional Associates 55Students 56

Technicians 58

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UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIREDURHAM, NE:W HAMPSHIRE 038'24

OFICE OF THE PRESIDENT

A Message from the President

The University of New liampshire's historic involvement in marine research and education

dates back to 1927, and is consistent with the fact that its Durham campus is one of the few in

the nation located close by an ocean coast.The University, in 1965, undertook its present major commitment to marine affairs when it

drew upon the expertise of its faculty and staff in the area.of marine studies, the ocean-

engineering focus of its Engineering Design and Analysis Laboratory, and the support of the

federal government's National Science Foundation to establish the Jackson Estuarine Laboratory

tm Great Bay, just a few unles from the main campus. The Jackson Laboratory and the Engi-

neering Design and Analysis Laboratory (whose activities are clescribed in this report) have

now been joined by several other support structuresincluding the University-wide Marine

A f fairs Connnittee which advises the administration on marine policyto strengthen and broaden

the mniversity's overall competency in marine affairs.

Contemplating the commitment and contribution of many of the University's faculty members

to marine affairs and the growing national recognition of their efforts, the University Board

of Trustees in 1973 asked the New Hampshire Legislature to establish a special Marine Pro-

gram Budget to provide basic support for continuing this educational, research, and service

program. This welcomed and much-needed new budgetary support had barely been initiated

when the University was called upon to play a major role in advising the Governor's Office and

other state agent:ies on the implications of locating an oil refinery and related off-shore terminal

in New I latnpshi?:e's coastal area.We can expect that in the years ahead the critical need for energy, the changing role of the

fishing indmtry in nor coastal waters, and the federally-legislated requirement for extensive

coastal zone cpanning and management will further prove and enhance the importance of the

service our Marine Program provides to the people of New Hamp.shire and the region as well

as giving our stzideiN the skills and orientation to take advantage of the growing job opportuni-

ties in the marine a.a.a.Much of our Marine Program development must be credited to the support provided by the

National Sea Grant Program under the National Science Foundation and, more recently, the

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Although the Sea Grant Program provides

only about 40 twr cent of the external funds supporting the University's marine efforts, it has

been the catalyst for transforming several individual faculty research efforts into an overall

University MarhTe Program with related support and services. The other federal, state, and

industry sponsrs of our Marine Program are duly noted at the close of the project and pro-

gram descriptions in this report.

It has been a source of personal satisfaction and deep pride to be associated with the Marine

Program during my tenure as President of the University of New Hampshire. I congratulate my

marine colleagues on their successful efforts and their dedication to this vital aspect of man's

environment; and I trust this will be but the first of many Marine Program Annual Reports in

the years to come.

4-2--Thomas N. BonnerPresident

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Directors' .CommentThis annual report represents the efforts of faculty, students, and staff associated with the

Engineering Design and Analysis Laboratory (EDAL), the Jackson Estuarine Laboratory (JEL),the University of New I Iainpshire-Raytheon Industry-University cooperative Sea Grant researchproject, and the University of New I Iampshire Coherent Area Sea Grant Program, which includesthe Marine Advisory Service. This year, as a symbol of the continuing growth and service, itwas decidNl to join the annual reports of these different organizations into a single document inorder to reflect the major marine commitment that the University has made.

Other marine projects and programs not related to any of the organizations repOrting hereinare being carried on at the University of New I lampshire. Although these activities are notdescribed in this document, they are a valuable part of the University's marine program.Nevertheless, \we believe that this report does reflect the breadth and strength of the University'sefforts in marine activities and we are proud to be able to introduce this report on the activitiesof our faculty colleagues and their associated students and technical staff.

5Barbaros CclikkolDirector,UNH-Raytheon Sea Grant Project

cArthur C. MathiesonDirector,Jackson Estuarine Laboratory

Godfrey H. SavageDirector,Engineering Design and Analysis LaboratoryDirector,UNH Coherent Area Sea Grant Programs

6

University of New Hampshire Co-herent Area Sea Grant Program

Tlw University of New I lamp-shire Coherent Area Sea Grant Pro-

gram was initiated iii 1971 as an out-growth of previous individual SeaGrant supported projects at UN IIcommencing i!' I 968 ThUN1 l/CAP Sea Grant Program hasgrown steadily ever since to whereit now incorporates the efforts ofover 20 hiculty and their relatedtechnical staffs awl students. Theprogram focuses upon developingthe Mforination and systems neces-sary to develop and manage theContinental Shelf imd Coastal Zoneof Northern New England, So farthe three major efforts have been indeveloping engineering data and sys-tems in anticipation of increasedpower plant constructi on a n d

development of the offshore oil in-dustry, both drilling and tankertransportation: maricultnre with em-phasis on Coho salmon. blue mus-sels, and certain seaweeds, and..some work with the lobster indus-'try: and environmental monitoringand control. It is intended that theprogram be developed further in

the areas of recreation and coastal

zone planning support. Both ofthese are of significant importanceto the future of the state of NewHampshire and its sister states ofNlaMe and Massachusetts.

Engineering Design and Analysis,

Laboratory

The Engineering Design and Ana-lysis Laboratory was founded in

1965 by a group of Mechanical andElectrical Engineering faculty for

the purpose of providing the stu-dents and themselves with the op-portunity to work on real engineer-ing problems in the service of indus-try and government. This labora-tory, called EDAL, is based bponthe philosophy that a good engineermust be well versed in the disci-plines of mathematics, physics, andthe other analytical skills necessary

to understand today's advanced en-gineering, hut he or she must also

be able to synthesize tind applythese skills from original conceptionthrough the analysis, engineering de-

sign. construction, told final fiekltesting of his or her own innovatbmsthat will better the society in whichwe live. As the Engineering Designimd Analysis Laboratory hasdeveloped, the focus has been pri-marily on ocean related problemsbecause the ocean environment pro-vides the breadth of areas of appli-cation and the need for innovationthat is consistent with EDAL's goals.

Also, faculty fromChemical andCivil Engineering, as well as facultyfrom non-engineering departments,have joined with the original facultyto provide the continuity and com-mitment that are neces.ary to per-suade University facult:. to take aninterest in technical leadership and.result-oriented goals as well as thepublication of papers for scientificor professional journals.

The Jackson Estuarine Laboratory

A Research Facility for MarineScientists

The Jackson Estuarine Laluiratoryis a marine research facility locatedfive miles from the main campus ofthe University of New Hampshireat Durhain. The laboratory wasdedicated on May 30, 1970 and wasnained for Professor C. Floyd Jack-son, a member of the Zoology De-partment at the University of NewHampshire from 1910 until 1946. Inaddition to his teaching in the Zoo-logy Department, Professor Jacksonwas for many years its head and la-ter became Dean of the College ofLiberal Arts. Ile conducted summercourses in marine science at theIsles of Shoals for many years.

The laboratory is dedicated to the

understanding of living chemicaland physical phenomena in our es-tuarine environment and the Gulf ofMaine. It is an 8,400 square footstructure, all laboratory space ex-cepting 600 square feet for adminis-trative purposes. There is a runningsea water system with salt water ofapproximately 70 per cent full-

ocean salinity available at all phasesof the tide from channel water justoff the laboratory property. Tlwlaboratory is provided with a con-

The Jackson Estuarine Laboratory Near Great Bay

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ference room, .15-foot research ves-sel ( kr( A. (:ha". and a 100-foot stone faced pier. Its personnelincludes fiictilty and graduate stu-dents Innii five departments of the

li; ,cliemistry, Botany,Earth Sciences, \licrolnology, and'Zoology.

'Hie Sea Grant Marine AdvisoryService at the University of NewHampshire

Ilie Natimial Marine AdvisorySVIViCV Vati CtitabliSIII'd by the Na-tional Oceanic ;aid Atmospheric Ad-ministration (NOAA) to provide thenecessary link between research in-stitutions and interested users. Theneed for such an advisory servicebecame apparent as knowledge Ofthe oceans and the coastal zonerapidly expanded, and as marine re-search gr.,w. spurred by increasedlevels of federal finiding. Followinga precedent set by the Land GrantAct which started the CooperativeExtension Service, the Office of SeaGrant early in its development en-couraged the establishment of localadvisory service compcments ateach institution funded through theSea Grant Program. These advisoryunits were charged with assimilatingthe vast amount of information gene-rated I roiii marine research, and

making this information available tomarine industry. governmental agen-cies, and the general public.

.

The Sea Grant Marine AdvisoryService at the l'inversity of' Newlallipshire was started in the fall of

1972. Its initial approach was notoriented toward the traditional ap-proach of personal contact with indi-viduals, but rather toward stimulat-ing projects and activity in selectedprogram areas among university per-sonnel, private industry, and stateagencies. This strategy was basedon the belief that once programswere started the benefits votikl in-variably become available to the.public. Efforts are presently being-concentrated on a limited numberof projects of local and regional sig-nificance, particulady in aquacul-ture and fishery sciences, coastalzone management, and environmen-tal areas. As the level of marine ac-tivity in the state increases and di-versifies, the scope of advisory ef-forts be widened accordingly.

University of New Hampshire-Ray-theon Sea Bottom Resource Project

In the spring of 1970, the Officeof Sea Grant Programs, NationalOceanic and Atmospheric Adminis-tration, began supporting a univer-

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sity-industry research and develop-ment project which integrates thetechnical talents of faculty and stir-denk at the cifivvrsity of NewHampshire and of professional andtechnical personnel of' the Submar-ine Signal Division of' the RaytheonCompany. I'his project differs frommany university-industry teams (i.e.,client-consultant or client-vendor re-lationships) in that it is based on ashared leadership in a fully integrat-ed research effort, building on thedifferent resources of two (finite,disparate organizations.

Solution of the somewhat unusualmanagvillent problems attendantupon the uraversity-industry relation-ship is a part of the project. Thisengineering project is concernedwith the creation of an improvedacoustic technology to classify andassess the coastal sea floor and sub-bottom sediments for both physicaland engineering properties. Thishighly integrated inter-institutionalproject was conceived as a responseto national needs for research froma broad perspective of the technical,ecological, legal, eomomie, andmanagement understandings whicharc essential to responsible explora-tion and .utilization of the country'scontinental shelf sea floor naturalresources.

Aquaculture

A Preliminary Study of FhunulerCulture

Principal InvestigatorProfessor Philip J. Sawyer

Associate Investigators:Professor Donald NI. GreenDr. Evelyn S. Adams

The Objective Of this study is toundertake pilot studies oil rearingWinter flounder with improvedcharacteristics by genetically select-ing the Winter fliumder to improvegrowth characteristics. Thi.s .studywas undertaken with a vil'W towardeventually supplemnting naturalpopulations and improving the mar-ketable catch. A study of rearingflounder in heated effluents frompower plants is intended.

lf these studies are successful inimproving the strain of Winter floun-der it may be possible to develop avariety of Winter flounder suitablefor aquaculture purposes. A poten-tial industry may be developed. ltinay also be possible.. to duplicatethese objectives -using the Smoothflounder.

ln a preliminary Winter flounderegg culture study at Jackson Estuar-ine Laboratory, siltation and salinityvariation in the sea water werefound to have an adverse effect.Further investigations are beingmade.

Sponsored by Sea Grant No.04-3-1:58-38.

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Size Vadat

Runni

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!ion in Young Flounders. Two Age Classes Are Reprevnted.

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ing Sea Water Facility at the Jackson Estuarine Laboratory

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Development of a Salo mnid Fisheryfor Coastal New Hampshire: A Pi-lot ProgramThe Rearing of CohoSa lnion

Principal Investigators:Professor Richard G. StroutProfessor Richard C. linigrose

Associate Investigator:Mr. Erick D. Sawtelle

Graduate Student:Nit.. Richard II. Sugatt,PhD Program in Zoology

Undergraduate Students:Mr. Joan F. Lorentz, BiologyNIr. Joseph I). Nhirdoch, Zoology

Consultants:Professor Finer, Clara II. BartleyMr. Lawrence W. Stolte, Newlampslare Fish and Game Dept.

The need for the development ofnew or previously underutilized100(1 sources is becoming more andmore evident as the worldwide pro-tein deficit becomes more critical.Recently, researchers at the Univer-sity of New Hampshire have begunto e.xplore the feasibility of usingselected marine species for commer-cial mariculture operations in near-by coastal waters. Mariculture, seafarming, is the marine phase of thebroader field, aquaculture.

Basic preliminary biological andeconomic requisites were estab-lished and assessed for various mar-ine species to determine their suita-bility for aquaculture in the North-east.

Using the criteria of relativelyrapid growth, hardiness and adapta-bility to a wide range of environ-mental conditions, simplicity of cul-ture methodology and technology,and projected high market poten-tial, the group decided to focus at-tention on the possibility of cultur-ing the Pacific Coho salMon,Onchorynchus kisutch, in local oceanwaters. A major factor influencingthis decision was the current stock-

Mg )rogram for Collo in the GreatBay system being carried on by theNew I lain pshire Fish and Game De-partment under the direction of Mr.Lawrence Stoke in an iftort todevelop a new sport fishery pro:grain. The prograin, initiated in1967, has been highly successful.

The basic objectives of the sportfishery prognun and of the maricul-ture research correspond closely.Both are engaged in the develop-ment and establishment of self-sus-taining sahnonid rearing programs.To combine the technical strengthsof both groups, a cooperative re-search effort was initiated in 1972.The University group is involvedprimarily in the more basic aspectsof the research. Success of both pro-grams depends upon several criticalfactors such as the establishment ofbrood stocks of genetically desir-able strains, development of opti-mal diets, disease control programs,and the establishment of functionalmanagement practices.

The University-based researchprogram therefore involves investi-gations concerning: (1) nutrient re-quirements and diet developments

for all stages of salmon culture thatwill suplairt accelerated growth,early sexual tuaturity, and highfecundity; (2) the development ofdisease ecnitrol programs focused onearly detection and prophylacticand therapeutic treatment techni-ques; (3) the selection for geneti-cally desirable strains of Coho thatare adapted to northern New Eng-land waters which demonstrate suchfavorable characteristics as accelerat-ed growth, early returns to spawn-ing grounds, high fecundity, andhigh viability of progeny; (4) thedevelopment of general manage-ment techniques for both fresh andsalt water phases of production ofintensively and extensively rearedCoho in Northern New England;and (5) basic ecdnomic considera-tions including a determination ofthe market potential for commercial-ly reared salmonids in the North-east, cost-effectiveness studies of ba-sic salmonid rearing techniques andfacilities, and economic impact stud-ies of both commercial maricultureoperations and a new salrnonidsport fishery program in northernNew England.

, a:$:14;7,4

Feeding Time for the Four Month Old Fingerlings Bavendam Photo

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NVork to date has included plan-ning tivvilupiiii.nt the pro-gram maintaining a close liaison be-tween this group and researchers Onthe west (Inuit including Dr, Timo-thy Joyner, N1r. Conrad NIalinken,and 1Yr. Tony Novotny of the Na-tional N1arine Fisheries ServiceNorthwest Fisheries (:enter in Seat-tle. Washington; 1)r. Loren 1)onald-

son of the University of WashingtonSchool o1 Fisheries; and a numberof researchers from various parts ofthe country who are currently in-volved in similar research,

Preliminary field testing of dietsto he iised in the saltwater phases ofproduction were started in thespring of 1973 as well as a prelimi-nary evaluation of sites for the loca-

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Construction PhaseUniversity of New HampshireSea Grant Experimental SalmonHatchery and Propagation Laboratory

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Fish Rearing StationCoho Salmon Project Bavendam Photo

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don of both fresh and saltwater pm-duction facilities, In the early fall of1973, work began On the develop.went Of LIII autogeimus bacterin forimmunization against field chal-hliges of vibriosis, a bacterial infec-tion capable of causing unortalitiesin as much as 98 per cent of a popu-lation of confinement-reared sal-monids. Concurrently, an experimen-tal freshwater research hatchery-lab-oratory in Newmarket, New Hamp-shire with an annual productioncapability of 60,000 to 70,0(10 sal-mon was designed, constructed, andput in Operation. Fifty-thousandeyed Coho sahnon eggs from theSandy River Hatchery in Oregonand 25,000 eggs from the Universityof Washington were obtained andincubated in December. From thoseeggs approximately sixty thousandfry %vere hatched and are currentlybeing reared in the Newmarket facil-ity.

Work will continue in 1974 on thedevelopment of saltwater rearingsystems, disease control experi-ments, nutrition, and selection forgenetically desirable fish.

Sponsored by Sea Grant No.4-20088 and the Public Service Com-pany of New Hampshire.

Coho Salmon Smolt Ready for Salt Water

Human Enteric Viruses in a WasteRecycling Aquaculture System

Co-Principal Investigators;Professor Theodore C. Nleteall,Dr, Jo Ryther1Voods I bole OceanographicInstitution

Associate Investigator;Dr, James NI, Vaughn, Woodsloh. Oceanographic Institution

Graduate Student:Nfr. Howard A, Fields, PhD pro-gram in Nlicrobiology

Technician:NIr, Robert E. \looney, Nlicro-biology

I'his research program is beingconducted at the Environmental Sys-tems Laboratory at the Woods !MeOceanographic Institutim and atthe Jackson Estuarine Laboratory,Th program seeks to determine thefeasibility and public health aspectsof using sewage effluents as a nu-trient source in mariculture system.s.

Equal volumes a sewage efflu-ents and seawater are mixed andfed into algal tanks, providing thesole mitrient source for algalgrowth. Algal masses are fed intoshellfish containing tanks, providinga natural food for the growth of oys-ters, clams, and mussels. Fecal rib-bons released from shellfish fall tothe bottom of the tanks where de-trital feeding seaworms and finfish remove the formed detritus.Soluble waste products from theshellfish tanks pasS into macroscopicalgae tanks of Irish moss and sea let-tuce where they serve as .nutrientspromoting algal growth. Abalone im-ported from California have beenfound capable of utilizing shellfishsoluble waste products as nutrients.

Daring the process of waste wa-ter nutrient usage by marine forms,the water is renovated. Nitrogenousand phosphorous compounds arelargely eliminated. This essentiallyeliminates the eutrophication poten-tial.The survival of enteroviruses in

the several stages of the marleulturesystem currently is being examined,

National Science Foundatkm----Ile-

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Waste Recycling Aquacullu

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Shellfish Cidare

Biology and Ecology foricvol

Continuation of Field Studies on the teBenthic Invertebrate Communities. C

in the New England Offshore Min- dreing Environmental Study (NOMES) gra

emPrincipal Investigator:Professor Larry G. Harris ing

colProfessional Biologists:

Miss Bonnie Bowen

MNIr. Patrick C. Clark

r. Andrew NlcCusker

Graduate Assistants:Ms. Marianne Dame, PhDProgram in Mathematics; Mr.Larry Kelts, Mr. Alan M. Kuzi-rian, and Mr. Paul I.anger, allPhD Program in Zoology; !%.I r.Frank E. Perron, Master of SciencePrognan in Zoo/ogy

Technicians III:N1rs. Claudia Foret\Ir. Randolph GoodlettMiss 13everly Stiles

Technicians II:Miss Joanne T. Ajdukiewicz.Mrs. Carol AnnalaMr. David F. HallNIrs. Kathleen KremzierMrs. Elizabeth LimberMrs. Vivian PelletierMs. Virginia Sassomon

This project was part of a largemulti-institutional, multi-disciplinarystudy of the environmental effectsof commercial marine sand and gra-yel mining. The responsibility ofthis project was to describe the ef-fects of the indirect disruption bysilting, and of the direct impacts ofsubstrate removal, on benthic inver-tebrate communities. The study wasconducted in coordination with theproject on henthic floral communi-ties headed by Dr. Arthur C. Mathie-son of the Jackson Estuarine Labora-tory.

During 197.3 the NOMES pro-gram, which had been running forOver a year, was prematurely termi-nated because of the lack of a site

777;

The benth-d been in-dies to de-ture of the!ted by ther the pro-ie primarysummariz-

information!gime from

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10 to 20 stations on mud, sand, cob-ble, and rock substrates. This sum-mary will be completed by the endof 1974.

Sponsored by Sea Grant (NOAA)No. 04-3-158-38; Environmental Re-search Laboratories (NOAA) No.2-40052; Commonwealth of Massa-chusetts.

from Diving Studies of Boston Harbor (NOMES)

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mrtebrate Samples from Boston Harbor (NOMES)

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The Distribution of Trace Elementsin Marine Bacteria

Principal Investigator:Professor Galen E. Jones

Associates on the Study:Dr. Leslie Boyle and Mrs. Lind-say NIurray, both Department ofOceanography, University ofLiverpool, England

Graduate Students:Frederick J. Passman and JamesB. Bake, both PhD students in

icrobk)logy

During the academic year,1972-7:3, the principal investigatorwas on sabbatical leave in the De-partment of Oceanography, LTniver-sity of Liverpool, Liverpool, Eng-land. Professor John P. Riley of thatdepartment, one of the world's mostfamous eheniical oceanographers,was the,host. The purpose of this in-vestigation was to determine theconcentrations of trace elements inmarine microorganisms. Factorssuch as the relative concentration oftrace elements in the medium, theirinteraction with organic matter,their effects on the response of mar-ine bacteria to temperature, pH,salinity, and other environmentalparameters, were considered.

The results indicated that bacteriaeffected much greater concentrationfactors for trace elements under con-trolled laboratory conditions fromsimple well-defined media_ thanfrom complex enriched media'. Themetal content of bacterial cellsgrown in simple media is only slight-ly less than in complex media,whereas the trace metals availableare considerably greater in the com-plex media. Grratest concentrationof individual metal ions by bacterialcells occurs just before an ionreaches a toxic concentration. Toxic-ity is manifested at the exact concen-tration where the free metal ions arereleased from metal binding capa-city of the medium.

As trace elements have been impli-

cated in the nutrilcharacter of marimvestigation was codate the functionsbacterial activitiesr.,f1 o the marineiiitLal ions is a proltrial age, but thefects are only begevident. The deabacteria in the

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Chernostat e

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Drugs from Seaweeds

Principal Investigator:Professor Miyoshi Ikawa

Associate Investigator:Professor J. John Uebel

Graduate Students:Mr. Lawrence J. Buckley andMr. James I). Sullivan, Jr., PhDProgram, Biochemistry; Mr.Victor NI. Thomas, Jr., Master ofScience Program, Biochemistry.

A number of red and brown al-gae which occur along the NewEngland Coast have been tested fortheir ability to inhibit the growth ofthe green alga Chlorella pyrenoi-dosa and the bacterium Bacillus sub-tilth. The testing was done by plac-ing algal fronds on the surface ofagar plates seeded with either organ-ism and observing zones of growthinhibition after an appropriate incu-bation period.

Inhibition of Chlorella pyrenoi-dosa growth

Of the red algae tested, onlyChondrus crispus and Euthora crth-tato showed strong inhibition ofgrowth, while Cerarnium rubrum,Cystoclonium purpureum, Phyco-drys rubens, Phyllophora brodiaei,P. membranif olia, Polysiphonia Ian-osa, Porphyra umbilicalis, Ptilota ser-rata, and Rhodymenia pa/ma/ashowed no toxicity. The brown al-gae Agarum cribrosum, Ascophyl-

nodosurn, Fucus distichus, F.vesiculosus, F. spiralis, and Lami-naria digitata were tested and foundto be nontoxic The toxicity of C.crispus and E. cristata was shown tobe caused by hydrogen peroxidegenerated by the action of the en-zyme hexose oxidase present in thealgae on glucose. The enzyme fromC. crispus was isolated in pure formby chromatographic procedures. Ithad a molecular weight of 130,000as determined by gel filtration andcontained approximately 12 gram-at-oms of copper per mole. The en-zyme is a glycoprotein containing

about 70 per cent of a carbohydratemoiety consisting of mostly galac-tose and xylose. The enzyme oxidizesboth glucose and galactose with theproduction of the correspondinghexonic acid lactone and hydrogenperoxide. It is strongly inhibited bysodium diethyldithiocarbamate.

Inhibition of Bacillus subtilis.gro"Wth

Of 21 species of red algae testedfor growth inhibition of B. subtilis,only Ceramium rubrum showed inhi-bition zones in excess of 2 cm. fromthe edge of the frond; Chondruscrispus, Euthora cristata, Polysiphon-ia lanosa, and Ptilota serata showedzones of 0.5 to 2.0 cm.; and Ahnf el-tia plicata, Ceramium strictum,Corallina of ficinalis, Cystocloniumpurpureum, Dumontia incrassata, Gi-gartina stellata, Lomentaria orcaden-sis, Membranoptera data, Phyco-drys rubens, Phillophora brodiaei,Polysiphonia elongata, P. fibrillosa,P. nigrescens, P. nigra, P. urceolata,and Rhodymenia palmata showedonly a trace or no activity. Of eight

13

species of brown algae tested, onlyChordaria flagelliformis showed azone of about 1 cm. while Agarumcribrosum, Ascoplyllum nodosum,Desmarestia aculeata, Fucus vesicu-losus, Laminaria digitata, L. sacchar-ina, and Sacchoriza dermatodeashowed trace or no activity. The in-hibitory substance present in C. ru-brum was isolated in pure crystal-line form and shown to be elemen-tal sulfur by mass spectrometry andthin-layer chromatography. Purecrystalline laboratory sulfur showedthe same toxicity to B. subtilis as thecrystals isolated from the alga. Ele-mental sulfur analyses performed ona number of red and brown algaeshowed that C. rubrum had 0.008per cent on a dry weight basis,while the others had less than 0.0005to 0.0026 per cent. While sulfurstrongly inhibited the growth of B.subtilis, it did not inhibit the growthof B. megaterium or B. cereus.

Sponsored by UNH CURF Grant505 and United States Public HealthService Grant EC-00294.

,

,

Effect of the Red Algae Euthora cristata (A) and Chondrus crispus (B) on the Growthof Chlorella pyrenoidosa. The Circular White Areas Indicate Zones of Growth Inhibi-tion.

15

14

Immunity in Marine InvertebratesPrincipal Investigator:

Professor Thomas C. Pistole

Graduate Students:Miss Julie L. Britko and Mrs.Rita M. Furman, both Master ofScience Program in Microbiology

Studies on the phylogeny of theimmune response have been largelyrestricted to vertebrate species. Be-cause of previous studies on this spe-des, particularly with regard to itsexquisite sensitivity to bacterial en-dotoxin, Limulus polyphemus, thehorseshoe crab, was chosen as amodel for studying immunity. Thisproblem has been approached fromseveral vantage points, in particular:(1) the ability of these animals to re-spond to injection of bacteria byproducing substances analogous tovertebrate antibodies; (2) the bacter-icidal activity of the serum of thesecrabs; and (3) the rok of the circu-lating amebocyte in ,lerense.The studies to date haN:: own thepresence of a naturally occurringagglutinin to the bacterial genus Sal-monella. In contrast to classic anti-bodies this agglutinin does not ap-pear to be inducible by various im-munization protocols. The role ofthis serum agglutinin in immunity atpresent is unknown.

Supported by two LINH CURFgrants, Numbers 511 and 528.

Marine Ciliates (Protozoa, Cilio-phora): Morphology and EcologyContinued Research on Systematicsand Auteeology of Ciliates in theVicinity of Adams Point, Particul-arly Those of Tidal MarshesPrincipal Investigator:

Professor Arthur C. BorrorGraduate Students:

Mr. Edwin Martinez, PhD Pro-gram, ZoologyMr. Edward Washburn, Masterof Science Program, Zoology

During the 1972-73 school year,four general projects were under-way or brought to completion.

Morphogenesis in Euplotes

Mr. Edward Washburn, under di-rection of Professor Borror, com-pleted a research project describingreplication of it:dace structures inEuplotes raikovi, a ciliate occuringin the interstices of marine sands ofour coast. He was able to show thatdespite the aberrant character of thecilia during interphase, the -embry-onic" developments during cell divi-sion were conservative, resemblingsequences seen in more normalmembers of the genus. His researchwas published in the November,1972 issue of the Journal of Proto-zoology.

Systematics in the genus'Fraiche lora phis

Tracheloraphis is a genus of cil-iates that is widc,spread in the inter-stices of marine sands worldwideand is commonly encountered. As agroup, they are easily recognizableby their extremely elongate, snake-like body form. What appeared tobe an undescribed species in the cil-iate genus Tracheloraphis was dis-covered by Professor Borror duringthe fall of 1972. It became apparentthat only a thorough revision of thegenus and development of a dicho-tomous key to species in the genuswould .enable sure identification ofthe ciliate. The new description ofthe species, and the key to speciesof the genus Tracheloraphis ap-

50um

Marine Ciliate Tracheloraphis haloetes Showing Details of Cilia and Cell Contents

1 6

5pm

50pm

peared ii the /ow. 11 of Protozoo-logy late in 1973.

Ecology of tidal marsh ciliatesWork progressed on the analysis

.of ecological data obtained previous-ly tinder projects 18050-FBW and18080-FBW from the Federal Water.Pollution Control Administration.Some of the results of this researchhad been published during the pre-vious school year.

PodozoologyMr. Edwin Martinez, a PhD candi-

date under supervision of ProfessorBorror, is currently conducting litera-ture search in anticipation Of doc-toral research in the general field ofthe effects of temperature upon re-production and viability in marineciliates.

Population Studies of Epifaunal andInfaunal Marine Amphipod Crusta-ceans

Principal Investigator:Professor Robert A. Croker

Graduate Research Assistants:Mr. Richard P. Ilager and Nlr.K. John Scott, PhD candidates inZoology

Marine amphipod crustaceans aredominant invertebrate animals ofrocky and sandy substrata in north-ern New England. Since 1967, wehave studied species characteristics,distribution as related to physicalfactors, and seasonal structure anddynamics of amphipod-dominatedcommunities of intertidal andnear-shore sands.

Amphipod species of sand com-munities are members of a familyfound extensively along the Atlanticcoast from Canada to Florida. Stud-ies here have resulted in an under-standing of the amphipod popula-tions of coastal New Hampshire andMaine in relation to beach exposure,temperature, salinity, sand grainsize, organic carbon, total nitrogen,

and chlorophyll. Food web data arealso available. Studies continue onlong-term fluctuations of speciescmnposition and abundance atselected coastal habitats, and themonitorMg of habitats experiencingenvironmental upsets.

Rocky shore amphipods show in-teresting distribution patterns corre-lated with morphological and behav-

_

ioral differences. 1

studies indicategeneralizations arecorning comparisonspecies and the imvironmental modifiBay estuary.

Sponsored by r

Foundation (Ocean,18590 and 33743.

-

"7

1,Wilhailk-Student Sampling Sand Infaunal Populations

Amphiporeia virginiana: the Dominant Inhabitant of New Engi(Length About 4 mm)

1 7

16

Seaweeds (Attached Marine Algae):Morphology, Systematics, and Eco-logy

Principal Investigator:Professor Arthur C. Nlathieson

Graduate Students:'Mr. Jan S. Chock, Mr. ErnaniMegez and Mr. Richard A. Nie-meek, PhD Program in Botany;Miss Maureen Daly and Mr.Barry Hutchinson, Master ofScience Program in Botany

Research Technicians:Ms. Eleanor Tveter, Mr.Timothy Nora ll

During the 1972-73 and 1973-74school years, the following five grad-uate student research projects wereunderway.

Ecological study of the fucoidbrown alga Fucus spiralis

Mr. Richard Niemeek is conduct-ing a detailed autecological study ofthe seaweed Fucus spiralis, In parti-cular, he is dealing with the ecologi-cal factors influencing its verticaland horizontal distribution in theNew Hampshire coastal zone. Acombination of laboratory and fieldstudies are being-conducted.

Ecological-systematic study of thefree-living estuarine seaweedAscophy Ilurn nodosurn formascorpioides

Mr. Jan Chock is studying the sea-sonal growth and productivity ofthe plant at a local estuarine site(Cedar Point) in relation to a var-iety of hydrographic-environmentalparameters. Concurrent laboratorystudies are being conducted.

Ecology of seaweed communitieson a sandy beach at Seabrook, NewHampshire

The seasonal occurrence, distribu-tion and abundance of seaweedpopulations are being recorded onpermanent line transects by MissMaureen Daly. The tansects are lo-

cated on rock outcrops that are ex-posed to extreme seasonal fluctua-tions of sand levels. The occurrenceand distribution (with time andspace) are being studied by quadrattechniques, in order to relate habitatstability with community structureand diversity.

Subtidal Ecology of Benthic Sea-weed Populations in Boston Harbor

The seasonal occurrence and pro-ductivity of subtidal seaweed popu-lations were recorded by Mr. BarryHutchinson at different sites in Bos-ton Harbor. All of the collectionswere obtained by scuba diving. Thestanding crop, expressed as dryweight per square meter were re-corded. Reproductive trends havealso been noted both spatially andtemporally. The latter study is anoutgrowth of the NOMES Project(New England Offshore Marine Ex-ploration Study).

I

Seasonal Ecology of a Mediterran-ean Sea Grass Community

This study by Mr. Ernani Mdfiezis similar to the Boston Harbor stud-ies outlined above, except that it is

being conducted in shallow waters(0 to 10 feet) in the Gulf of Tunis inTunisia. Mr. Meffez is the Directorof the Mediterranean Marine Sort-ing Center and he is completing hisdoctoral research while in residenceat Kherridine, Tunisia. SupportingAgencyMediterranean MarineSorting Center and the SmithsonianInstitution, Washington, D.C.

Ms. Eleanor Tveter and Mr. Timo-thy Norall are involved with thethree following supported researchprojects.

Sea GrantChondrus ProjectMs. Tveter is the research techni-

cian on this project, the objectivesof which are to obtain a functional

111110111W

Sorting of Seaweed Samples (Kelps) for Boston Harbor Studies (NOMES)

1 8

understanding of colloidal chemistry(i.e. carrageenan) and spore ecologyof Irish Moss, Chondrus crispus.Carrageenan is a major industrialproduct derived from red algae; themainstay of the industry is IrishMoss. Seasonal and spatial varia-tions of per cent carrageenan, pro-teins, and carbohydrates have beendetermined, as well as differentialgel strengths and viscosities.

Different seaweed propertieshave been found in the different re-productive typesi.e. sexual versusasexual plants. Detailed studies ofspore ecology are now being con-ducted. The project is directed to-ward a better propagation and un-derstanthng of this economically im-portant seaweed.

Supported by Sea Grant No.04-3-158-38

.M6,,,;, --." ""s-1, -- , 1- '). ' 7 "N .e -.... r',

- :r :Amcguarrif '''''t,,'

- 41-__......,,t-,.;

6.1;:hrik_ t41.;,45

Nutrient studies of the Great BayEstuary System

Mr. Timothy Norall is the techni-cian of this project in which season-al and patial variations of nutrients(nitrogenous and phosphorus) arebeing recarded in order to evaluatenutrient input into the estuary.

Supporting AgencySoutheasternRegional Commission via New Eng-land Regional Commission funds.

NOMESBoston Harbor ProjectMr. Timothy Norall is presently a

part-time research technician on theproject. Mr. Hutchinson was former-ly associated with the study. The fol-lowing subprojects are or have beenconducted: (1) physiological studiesof deep water red algae in which op-timal light and temperature require-ments of the major deep subtidal

Quadrat Studies of Estuarine Seaweed Populations

1 9

17

seaweeds are being evaluated; (2)seasonal distribution and productiv-ity of deep water plant communi-ties from Boston I larbor.

SupportNOMES Project ofNOAA, NG 30-72

A variety of other non-supportedresearch projects are being conduct-ed by Dr. Arthur C. Mathieson con-cerning: (1) floristic surveys of mar-ine algae in New Hampshire; (2)biological-ecological studies of subti-dal algae in northern New England;,and (3) environmental ''base-line"studies of New Hampshire coastalwaters.

Some Chemical and Physical As-pects of Compacted Solid-WasteDisposal in Coastal Waters.

Principal Investigator:Professor Theodore C. Loder

Faculty Investigators:Professor Fletcher A. BlanchardProfessor Robert S. Torrest

Visiting Faculty Investigator:Professor Sheril D. Burton, Brig-ham Young University

Graduate Students:Mr. Gerald J. Brand and Mr.Daniel L. Cordell, Master ofScience Program in ElectricalEngineering; Mr. Peter R. Eppig,Miss Jane S. Fisher, Mr. ErichS. Qundlach, and Mr. Thomas E.Mills, Master of Science Pro-gram in Earth Sciences; Mr.Richard W. Savage, Master ofScience Program in ChemicalEngineering; and Mr. Thomas C.Shevenell, PhD. candidate,Columbia University

Undergraduate Students:Mr. Robert J. Kostyla, Mr. AlanB. Packard, Mr. Byard W. Mosher,and Mr. John E. St. Andre,Chemistry; Mr. Daniel E. Carr,Mr. Jonathan P. Oakes, and Mr.David M. Wyman, Earth Sciences;Ms. Dan C. Pederson, Micro-biology; and Mr. Frank A. Byron,Zoology

18

The basic objective of this re-search is to improve our understand-ing of the overall implications ofplacing compacted solid waste inthe marine environment. Because ofan increasing demand on land fillsites for solid waste disposal, it hasbeen suggested that the continentalshelf area or deep-sea be used as arepository for properly compactedsolid waste material until recyclingtechniques become more widelyavailable.

This research concerns bo:.h lab-oratory and field work. In the lab-oratory, small bales of shredded sol-id waste materials were compactedand the void space (60 to 70 percent) and diffusional properties ofthe bales measured. The transfer ofmaterials from the bale interior issubstantially more rapid (due to theporous nature of the compacted ma-terial) than predicted by normal dif-fusion processes. Other laboratorystudies were concerned with estimat-ing the oxygen demand of and therelease of trace metals from varioussolid waste materials placed in sea-water.

An in situ chemical monitoringsystem is in the final stages of con-struction. It is designed to sit on theocean bottom near bales and mea-sure conductivity, dissolved oxygen,temperature, pH, Eh, sulfide, andammonia within different bales withdata storage on magnetic tape.

In July, 1972, 10 solid waste bales,5 with and 5 without food wastes,weighing about 90 pounds each andnegatively bouyant, were emplacedin 15 meters of water near the Islesof Shoals off the New Hampshirecoast. Six concrete cylinders of thesame size and with the same cover-ing were also emplaced as biologi-cal controls. Since then, the baleshave been sampled on .a regular ba-sis. Motile and attached organismsare counted around and on eachbale by scuba .divers. Color photo-graphs are taken to record the physi-cal condition and the extent of en-

crusting organisms and plantsaround the bales.

Although some algae were pre-sent on the bales soon after emplace-ment, the major increase in numberand species occurred after 8 to 9months. Heavier growth was foundon the waste bales than on the con-trols. The number of motile organ-isms (eels, crabs, and lobsters) in-creased around the bales soon afteremplacement, but it was about sixmonths before many motile organ-isms were found on the bales. Micro-biological examination of the sulfuroxidizing bacteria found coveringsome of the surface of the bales is inprogress. Behavioral responses andsublethal effects of solid waste baleeluants on marine invertebrates(crabs) has been started.

There were definite differences inthe chemistry of the food waste andnon-food waste bales. The dissolvedoxygen content dropped rapidly atfirst, but then took several monthsto reach total depletion, at whichpoint sulfides were produced at agreater rate in the food-waste bales.The pH dropped to below 7 initial-ly, then rose to above 9 within afew months for some of thefood-waste bales. They then hadhigher sulfides, ammonia, and phos-

phate concentrations than thenon-food waste bales. A program ofanalyses of the gases produced bythe bales has also been started. Aspart of this program to understandthe environment off our coastwhere the bales are emplaced, sus-pended matter and normal hydro-graphic parameters were sampledfor a one year period on a monthlybasis. This sampling was done in alarge grid pattern off the NewHampshire coast with the Isles ofShoals bale site near the center.

In the summer, several weekswere spent sampling the bales on adaily basis. During this time !argeplexiglass boxes were placed overentire bales in order to obtain dataon whole bale oxygen consumptionas %veil as nutrient release. Diverssampled the interior water of theboxes with large syringes and chemi-cal analyses were run at the ShoalsMarine Laboratory.

It is planned to continue monitor-ing these bales for several years tohelp to achieve a better understand-ing of the chemical and biologicalprocesses that occur during their de-gradation in the marine environment.

Supported by Sea Grant number03-4-158-38.

Research Diver Examines a Group of Bales and Records the Number oEach Bale at the Isles of Shoals Bale Site

2 0

"i'L`

19

Structure of the Oxygen BindingSite of HemerythrinPrincipal Investigator:

Professor Gerald L. Klippenstein

Graduate Students:Mr. Joseph L. Cote, Miss Mar-jorie M. Mohr, Master of ScienceProgram in Biochemistry; Mr.Frederick Liberatore, PhDProgram in Biochemistry

Technician:Mrs. Susanne B. Ludlam,Biochemistry

The objective of this project is todetermine the chemical structure ofthe oxygen binding site of the oxy-gen transport protein hemerythrin.This study is being carried out usingamino acid sequence analysis techni-ques in order to identify the aminoacids linked to the iron in the oxy-gen binding site of this protein. Ami-no acid sequence analyses are be-ing done on hemerythrins from avariety of animal species and fromdifferent tissues within particularspecies of animals.

Sponsored by National ScienceFoundation Grant No. GB-35610.

Coastal Oceanography

Oceanography of the New Hamp-shire Coastal Waters

Principal Investigator:Thoinas C. Shevenell, ResearchAssociate, PhD candidate atColumbia University

A one-year occanograbhic studyof the New Hampshire coastal wa-ters was conducted to evaluate theseasonal distribution of physical,chemical. geological, and biologicalproperties. his was a systematicstudy at a grid of sixteen survey sta-timis and a tidal station in Ports-mouth Harbor which were sampledmonthly from June, 1972 to June,197:3.

At each survey station both watersamples and in situ data were col-lected. The water samples, collectedat the surface, 20 meter depth, and5 meters off the bottom were ana-lyzed for temperature, salinity, nu-trients (phosphates, nitrites, and ni-trates), trace metals (copper, lead,and cadmium), particulate matter(by .oltiltie and weight), particlesize distribution (Coulter counter),and plant pigments (chlorophyll a,caras('noids, and phaeophytin).situ light-transmission, conductivity,teniperature. and depth measure-ments were made to the bottom atapproximately 3 to 6 meter inter-vals. Seabed drifters were releasedon all cruises. A limited number ofballasted drift bottles were also re-'leased.

In addition to obtaining base linedata to describe the coastal water, amajor objective of the project wasto study the temporal and spatialchanges in the particulate matter dis-tribution as they relate to watermass distribution, sediment and bio-logical sources, and energy environ-ments. The relationships betweenparticulate matter and light transmis-sion are also being studied.

The' distribution of particulate

matter off the New Hampshirecoast fluctuates seasonally in re-sponse to changes in basic environ-mental paranieters. Particulate mat-ter is added to the coastal shelf wa-ter primarily by biological produc-tivity, resuspension of bottom sedi-ments. and estuarine discharge. Tur-bidity in the coastal shelf waters ischaracterized by a surface zone anda near-bottom zone of increased tur-bidity during times of density strati-fication in the water column (late

ME.

spring to early fall). When this den-sity stratification breaks down in thewinter an offshore gradient in tur-bidity is observed. The dispersionof sediment-rich estuarine water in-to the coastal shelf water is con-trolled by the density gradient be-tween these two water masses.

Coastal currents off New Hamp-shire are dominated by a non-tidal,southerly flow parallel to the coast.Associated with this general floware wind-dependent shoreward and

RORTSMOU

N.H.

RYE

Hampton

Seabrook

SalisburY

SLES OF SHOALS

0.IeCs1

MASS.

Gloucester

Bottom Drifter Trajectories July 1972June 1973

2 2

se°

seaward components of current with respflow. When there is an offshore meters, dbreeze, upwelling of cooler, deep tling velowater near the coast is common a hydrogi"Northeasters" tend to intensify this sal modesoutherly flow and also push surface lected is iwater toward the coast. Suppor

At present the particulate matter 04-3-1584budget is being studied in detail

In Situ Instrument Package Used to Obtain ContinuousTemperature, and Conductivity in Water Depths to 10GCHASE.

Seabed Drifters Used to Determine the Net Cis-Cu lotiontom. (Note the Spool of Salt to Aid in the Sinking of MICard Attached to Each Drifter, to be Returned when the

22

BuoySystems StudiesWave Measuring Buoy and CoastalZone Modeling

Co-Principal Investigators:Professor Godfrey H. SavageProfessor Alden L. Winn

Associate Investigator:Professor Kerwin C. Stotz

Graduate Students:Mr. Davkl J. Agerton and Mr.Thomas McGuirk, PhD Programin Enginering; Mr. David OLibby, Master of Science Programin Mechanical Engineering, Mr.Peter J. Sacchetti, Master ofScience Program in ElectricalEngineering

Undergraduate Student:Nil.. David E, Dunfee, NlechanicalEngineering

Staff and Support Personnel:Nil.. Robert A. Blake, ChiefTechnician, Mr. Paul E. Lavoie,Diving Safety Officer, ProfessorD. Mlan Waterfield, VolunteerDiver

During the past year, work hasprogressed on establishing a continu-ous wave measuring and recordingbuoy system off the New Hamp-shire coast using the rubber bandtethering and calibrating systemsthat have been developed at theUniversity of New Hampshire. Ashas been reported in earlier annualreports of our engineering work.this wave measuring buoy was firstsuccessfully installed in the summer

' of 1972. However, continuingnmn-created difficulties have inter-fered with the continuous measure-ments for which the buoy was de-signed.

During August and September of1973, the buoy was in continuous op-eration and the wave data were re-corded at the remote station locatedon Srnuttynose Island in the Isles ofShoals approximately six miles south-east of Portsmouth Harbor. The ac-

1411

60

40

20

-

I t ; 11,1111 LI I I IP I

An Example of the Wave Spectral Energy Data Developed from the Wave Data BuoySystem. Variance Spectra for 6 p.m, September 15, 1973. Max Wave was 7.7 Ft. Signifi-cant Wave was 5,1 Ft. (Energy Density Equals Variance Density Times one-half theDensity of the Water).

" ----------APPLEDORE I.

ISLES OF SHOALS

A'?SMUTTYNOSE I

--

;IUNGING I ../ STAR I.

WAVE MEASURING BUOY

\

SHORE CABLE

DATA RECORDING STATION

...... " ;WHITE I. -

Map Showing Location of Wave Buoy and Smuttynose Island Recording Station. DataRecording Station is Located in an A-Frame House and is Powered by Two 40-WattThermoelectric Generators. Waix Measuring Buoy is Approximately 0.5 Miles fromShore in 160 Feet Depth of Water

2 4

coinpanying map of the Isles ofShmds shows the location of thewave measuring buoy, the shore ca-ble, and the recording station whichis powered by two 40 watt pro-pane-fired thermoelectric generators.

Relying upon the linearity of thestretch of the rubber filaments withwhich the wave following buoy ismoored, and recording the azimuthand bearing of the mooring tetherwhich is constantly under tension, itis possible to obtain the nondirec-tional wae spectrum for this areawith Only minimal filtering of thehigher frequency wave data causedby the lack of response to wavbs ofperiods less than two seconds.These data are recorded on tape indigital form at the remote power sta-tion in a suitable format to beplaced directly on the IBM 360/50computer.. From these data, wavespectral energy plots haye beendeveloped from which the classical

analysis using significant waves canbe made.

Once again, there have been prob-lems with man-made difficultiescausing the buoy to be out of opera-tion during the winter of 1973-74.However, all of the instrumentationis in working order and the buoywill be reinstalled in the spring of1974 with-every expectation that theoriginal objective of recording wavedata for a period of at least oneyear will be achieved -during the1974-75 calendar year.

These data are being developedin conjunction with wave refractionprograms including wind and bot-tom effects that have been de-scribed in earlier reports) The re-fraction program for the Gulf of.

Maine was used :to indicate energyfocusing behind the Isles of Shoalsduring storm conditions for a Uni-versity Report to the Office of theGovernor of New, Hampshire as

23

part of a study of the possible im-pact of a refinery and deep waterterminal in the State:2 Decisions re-garding offshore construction Of oilfacilities and other energy-relatedproposals will require the develop-ment of the kind of data and analy-sis with which the -project is con-cerned.

Supported by Sea ( rant No.04-3-158-38.

mal "report on Progress, EngineeringDesign and Analysis Laboratory 1972, p. 10;David E. Thrall, Development of a Compu-ter Program to Simulate Wind ,Wave Genera-tion, Refraction, and Shoaling in the Gulf ofMaine, UNH-SC-106, EDAL Report No. 113,March, 1973.

2C.H. Savage, E.E. Allmendinger, and DJ.Agerton, The Impacts of an Oil Refinery Lo-cated in Southeastern New Hampshire: A Pre-liminary Study, Chapter l"The Design andAnalysis of a New Hampshire Offshore OilTerminal and Pipeline"; Durham, N.H.: Uni-versity of New Hampshire, 1974.

Rubber Band Mooring Test forLightweight Coastal NavigationBuoys

Principal Investigator:Professor Godfrey H. Savage

Student:Mr. David S. Agerton, PhD pro-gram in Engineering

Staff:Mr. Robert A. Blake, ChiefTechnician

Using rubber band mooring tech-nology previously developed at theUniversity of New Hampshire, twotest navigation buoys for the UnitedStates Coast Guard have been in-stalled at their buoy farm locatedoffshore of New London, Connecti-cut. Working with researchers andequipment from the United StatesCoast Guard Research Center in

New London, University personnelinstalled these two test buoys in Sep-tember, 1973. The purpose was totest the feasibility of using rubber

tethers for lightweight aids-to-navi-gation buoys. Both buoys survived arigorous four months of weatherconditions before they were re-moved by the Coast Guard forstudy of any changes in the elastictether characteristics and to permitfurther instrumentation of thebuoys. At present, the tensionchanges in one of the buoys is beingrecorded in an internally recordingtension meter, and it is intendedthat the other buoy telemeter timesequenced data to shore. However,the instrumentation in the secondsystem has not yet been made reli-able and neither buoy has been rein-stalled since the second one was re-moved.

This work is continuing undersponsorship by the United StatesCoast Guard with special emphasison developing detail( knowledgeabout the material prc ies of rub-ber as they relate to . mooringneeds.

2 5

Sponsored by the United StatesCoast Guard Research Center,Agency No. 81-1345-73.

Engineering for Buoy SystemsAStatistical Study of Cable Strumming

Principal Investigator:Professor Robert W. Corell

Graduate Student:William FI. Lenharth, Master ofScience Program in MechanicalEngineering

The purpose of this research pro-ject is to investigate the phenomenaof cable strumming using statisticalmethods. Designers of deep seamoorings need improved tools to ob-tain predictions of ocean-current in-duced mechanical motions ofmoored cable systems and to pre-dict the intensities of acoustic ener-gy generated by cable strumming.Historically, attempts to predictthese frequency-related behaviors

24

have been based mainly upon thebasic differential equations describ-ing the cable system. The literatureis rich with such deterministic ap-proaches to analyzing strumming be-havior. A comprehensive annotatedbibliography on cable strumminghas been completed, and will be re-leased in the near future.

The relationship between Strouhaland Reynolds numbers has beencarefully studied. A regression analy-sis of substantially all publishedwork relating Strouhal numbers toReynolds numbers has been com-pleted. The regression analysis hasprovided a new empirical relation-ship.

Recent work on vortex-inducedcable motion, particularly in Russia,reflects important changes in thepreviously accepted relationship be:tween the Strouhal number and theReynolds number at Reynolds num-bers above 104. Such high Reynoldsnumbers are frequently encounteredin the ocean, particularly in buoymoorings. The Strouhal number-Rey-nolds number relationship can indi-cate the natural frequency at whichvortices are shed, and therefore atwhich resonance occurs. "Lock-in"occurs over a range equal to .appro-ximately ± 25 per cent of the theore-tical resonance frequency. Thus ca-ble vibration may be eliminated byusing a design strategy which avoidsthis frequency range. "Lock-in" isthe phenomenon which ocrurs overa range of frequencies near the theo-retical reasonance frequency. Overthis entire range, the cable will vi-brate at its resonant frequency.

Unfortunately, deterministic meth-ods of analysis and design have notmet designers' need to predict cable.vibration characteristics as a func-tion of design constraints. In gen-eral, cable systems are more com-plex than can be analyzed by thetheoretical methods now available.Therefore, this research effort is di-rected toward applying statisticalenergy analysis methods to analyz-

ing cable strumming problems. Sta-tistical energy methods have beenused extensively in architecturalacoustics, spacecraft vibrations, ship-board and submarine vibration, andnoise analysis to suggest only a fewsuccessful applications.

The initial objective of the projectwas to obtain such cable vibrationcharacteristics as: statistical distribu-tions of cable velocities and accel-erations, distributions of energies invibrating cables, and energy flowswithin cable systems. For example,the space averaged velocity squared(V2), and energy parameter, for a

040

0.30

taut-wire mooring was found to bean explicit function of the square ofthe vortex inducted lift, the correla-tion length, the loss factor, and thefrequency of oscillation. This andother statistical estimates based onenergy methods lend themselves tothe analysis of complex structuresand should provide the designerwith "measures of merit" for evaluat-ing the levels of vibration or acous-tic noise generated during cablestrumming.

Supported by the University ofNew I Iampshire.

Previously accepted data

Do

0 Least squares fit of recent data

10 10 104 10

Reynolds number

Relation Between Strouhal Number and Reynolds Number of Interest in Vortex In-duced Cable Motion Showing Recent Empirical Data with a Least Squares Fit and aCurve of Previously Accepted Data.

26

Man in the Sea

A Saturation Diving ProgramSat-uration PhysiologyUnderwaterPlatform EvaluationPrincipal American Personnel:

Professor Godfrey H. Savage,Professor D. Allan Waterfield,Physical Education, UN!!Mr. Paul Lavoie, EDAL, UNIIDr. Richard Cooper°, FisheriesBiologist, National Marine Fisher-ies Service, Boothbay Harbor, Me.Dr. Donald Beaumariage, Dr.James Miller, Mr. Joseph Vadus,Manned Undersea Science andTechnology Offiee, NationalOceanic and Atmospheric Ad-ministrationMr. Ian Koblick, Marine ResourcesDevelopment Foundation, SanGermain, Puerto RicoMr. Barrie Walden, Ocean Engi-neer DSRV, Woods Hole Oceano-graphic InstitutionProfessor E.H. Stolworthy, EDAL,UNHMr. David J. Agerton, PhD Pro-gram in Engineering, UNH

Principal German Personnel:Herr Gunther Luther, ProgramManager, Gesellschaft furKernenergieververtung inSchiffbau und Schiffahrt, MBH,(GKSS) HamburgGeestachtHerr Hermann Schmidt, SeniorManager for new products, GKSSHerr Gerhard Haux, Chief Engi-neer, Dragerwerke, LubekDr. Heinz Oser, Dr. Anthony Lowand Dr. Horst Gragula (saturationblood chemistry) Institut furFlugmedizin, Bon--BadGodesbergDuring the year 1973 ihe Univer-

sity's scientists and engineers con-tinued their 'studies of saturation div-ing. Missions were conducted at thePuerto Rico International UnderseaLaboratory (PRINUL) and at Helgo-land in the German UnderwaterLaboratory (UWL) HELGOLAND.

Now at the National Marine FisherieS

Service, Woods Hole, Mass.

PRIN UL

The Puerto Rican UnderwaterLaboratory, La Chalupa, is a tow-able, self-submerging underwater ha-bitat. The barge-like vessel containstwo cylinders, each approximately 8feet in diameter by 20 feet long.These cylinders are mounted underthe deck of the barge and trans-verse to its centerline. Betweenthem is an entrance area or wetroom. Breathing gas cylinders andemergency personnel transfer cap-sules (PTC) are stored on deck. Thelaboratory is connected to an un-manned surface support buoywhich provides electrical power,high pressure air, and communica-tions. The depth capability of thesystem is 100 feet and the crewcapacity is four diver-scientists.

In April of 1973 UNH personneljoined with other scientists in a 14day saturation dive 10 miles off thesouthwestern coast of Puerto Ricoin the Mona Passage. Experimentsincluded open sea testing of verticalexcursion tables developed by theEnvironmental Physiology Labora-tory of the Union Carbide Techni-cal Center, Tarrytown, New York,for the Manned Undersea Science

25

and Technology (MUS&T) Officeof the National Oceanic and Atmos-pheric Administration (NOAA); eva-luation of a diver-to-diver, diver-to-laboratory communication system;color, shape relationships in per-ception of objects in an underwa-ter environment; and collection ofbiomedical data: heart rate, skintemperature, and central or coretemperature, from free-swimmingdivers excursing from the underwa-ter laboratory. The unique acousticbiotelemetry equipment utilized ingathering these data was developedat UNH as part of a Sea Grant re-search program and was describedin the EDAL Annual Reports for1971 and 1972. The biomedical re-ceiver was modified to operate in ahyperbaric atmosphere. At the com-pletion of the PRINUL program,and in preparation for the next mis-sion, significant design changeswere made in the telemetry equip-ment. These changes improved thereliability of the system, inade itmore diver usable, and for the firsttime enabled the receiving of the ul-trasonic signal within the underwa-ter laboratory itself. In addition tothese experiments, the PRINUL mis-sion attained historical significance

.4%

VATA.,

American Divers at the 100 Foot DepthPRINUL (LA CHALUPA)

27

by being the first 100 foot saturationdive to utilize a normoxic oxygen-ni-trogen breathing gas mixture.

The results of the PRINUL pro-wain of particular importance arethe verification of the Union Car-bide excursion tables and the coretemperature profile of a saturateddiver. It was found that divers mayascend to within 25 feet of the sur-face for short periods of time with-out incurring decompression sick-ness. Also, it was concluded that adiver saturated at 100 feet, if lost,could surface momentarily, take acompass bearing on the laboratorysupport buoy, and return to his sat-uration depth without serious injury.

The biomedical data gathered dur-ing the PRINUL mission gave sup-port to the belief held by some sat-uration divers that the rate of bodyheat loss while excursing increaseswith the time into saturation. Thisfinding was further substantiated bythe data gathered at UWL FIELGO-LAND in the North Sea.

UWL HELGOLANDSince the inception of saturation

diving during the early 1960's, pro-grams have been confined primarilyto tropical waters. Notable excep-tions are EDALHAB in the UnitedStates and the German UnderwaterLaboratory HELGOLAND Opera-tion in the North and Baltic Seassince 1969. To continue with the di-ver biomedical experimentation aswell as investigate the techniques ofcold water saturation diving and thesuitability of the HELGOLANDDiving System for operation in NewEngland waters, engineers fromUNH joined Nvith colleagues fromWoods Hole Oceanographic Institu-tion to perform a German-Americansaturation dive near the island ofHelgoland, 60 miles off the coast ofCermany in the North Sea.

In August of 1973 an engineeringteam visited the site to gather infor-mation regarding UWL HELGO-LAND and its systems. The engi-

neering team's interest was twofold:(I) to observe the installation of thel'Wl. and to judge its compatabilitywith l'.S. diving procedures; and(2) to make recommendations re-garding the suitability of UWL IEL-COI,AND for use as a saturationhabitat in New England waters. Thetwo objectives were pursued concur-rently.

The UNVL, is a cylindrical struc-ture with ballast tanks used whilesurface towing and during self-sub-mergence. The main body is 9 me-ters long by 2 meters in diameter.A wet room 5 meters long is at-tached to one end. When in place,the laboratory derives its electricalpower from an unmanned energybuoy on the surface. Normal decom-pression is accomplished inside thehabitat. Although the depth capabil-ity of the system is 30. meters (100feet) the proposed dive was to beperformed at 23 meters (75 feet)with a breathing gas of normoxicosygezi-nitrogen.

Safety equipment, in .design andappearance, was such as to inspireconfidence. It included a lift for per-sonnel transfer (PTO), a surface de-compression chamber, two emer-gency rescue chambers, one ofwhich could accoinmodate a physi-cian as well as the patient, a rescueisland, and an underwater igloo.

Upon arrival on the island of Hel-goland, the American dive team be-gan training and familiarization withGerman diving techniques. Threesignificant differences were foundbetween German and Americandive procedures: (1) because of thesurface currents and low visibilityall diving is done tethered to a sur-face tender or the UWL; (2) divingis done singly, not in buddy pairs;and (3) all divers must use full facemasks with integral regulators.Points (2) and (3) were later modi-fied to conform to American divingpolicy for the benefit of the Ameri-can team. Part of the training in-volved the use of the Drager SNIS

."

MEL

uvvi. Heigc49,90,,."t-.

UWL HELGOLANDEnergy Buoy at Left. New Wet Room Attaches at Right

eir i7;le5J-1,

Instrumentation for Blood Gas Chemistry inside UWL HELGOLAND

2 9

semi-closed mixed gas diviin; sys-tem. It was found to be a superiordiving unit and will be consideredfor future diving programs at LNII.

A German saturation programwas under way before and duringthe training of the American divers.Saturation blood chemistry. psycho-logical adaptation to confinedspaces. and in situ observation oflobster behavior were the researchareas being investigated. Because ofthe priority of this program and pro-ject management conflicts it wasnot .possible to saturate the entireAmerican team at one time. As acompromise. a lNI I engineerjoined the four German scientists toparticipate in an I .2va.uate labora-tory operation. and to ready the bio-medical telemetry equipment. Laterthe engineer and one Gernian scien-tist were decompressed and left theUWE. At this time. the rest of theAmerican team went into saturation.

The HELGOLAND program re-sults of interest to 1.' NI1 scientistsand engineers were biomedical dataand laboratory evaluation. Themodified telenietry system per-formed extremely well during themission. Excursions of over an hourwere made several times each dayand the data gathered on a recorderin the laboratory. Preliminary re-sults. particularly of diver core tem-perature measurements, correlate ex-tremely well with the PRINULdata. It is intended that the unit befurther modified to measure addi-tional parameters such as respirationrate and exhaled carbon dioxide.

It was the intention of the UWLevaluation to assess the ease of in-stallation, judge its compatabilitywith U.S. diving systems, and tomake a reconnnendation regardingthe suitability of the laboratory as asaturation diving platform in NewEngland waters. Although the sys-tem is ruggedly constructed, installa-tion imist be done tinder calm seaconditions. Internally the UWL wasquite comfortable with low humid-

...

ity and CO, levels manitained. Withsome changes the system can beadapted to mixed gas operation.Scientific and living spaces could bemodified to use the available spaceto better advantage particularly in

the wet room or entrance area.The North Sea weather conditions

in the I lelgoland area are somewhatsimilar to those! of New England,however, because the island lies inthe path of the North Atlantic Cur-rent, the water temperature is high-er. On the other hand, surface cur-rents in the North Sea can run ashigh as 2J i knots, a situation rarelyencountered in New England wa-ters. In addition, severe storms ariserather quickly. During the saturationof the first American team member,the laboratory and support buoy ex-perienced a storm with 18 to 20 foot

i."?'4"-r471,

waves and 40 knot winds with nodifficulty or failure.

The UWE I lelgoland systemcould be used in New England wa-ters to fulfill the need for a regionalscientific saturation diving facility tofollow Project EDALI1113 II at theIsles of ShoalsApril 1911. To utilizethe UWL effectively here, carefulplanning of program management,diver training, habitat checkout, andlogistical support would be re-quired. A major support ship wouklbe needed for the operation since itis unlikely that saturation dives willbe done as close to shore as was thecase in Germany. For use in NewEngland.waters at greater distancesfrom possible shore bases, consid-erable thought must be given to themore severe logistic problems.

Supported by NOAA/MUS&TContract No. 04-3-158-70.

LA.American Diving Team Leaving Island of Helgoland Aboard German River Patrol Boat

3 0

Marine Platformsand Controls

A Unique Research PlatformAna-lysis of Motion Characteristics in aSpar Buoy System

Principal Investigator:Professor Robert W. Core 11

During the past decade there hasbeen increased interest in stablefloating platforms, both in theocean science and technology com-munity and in the offshore petro-leum industry. Early work in thisfield resulted in the constructionand very successful utilization of theResearch Vessel FLIP of the ScrippsInstitute of Oceanography. Therewere several other platforms of simi-lar concept, such as the Navy'sSPAR. Armstrong's Aerodrome, pro-posed during World War II, utilizedthe spar buoy concept in a designof a large scale stable floating air-field. More recently a Scripps In-stitute of Oceanography gmup hasbeen conducting extensive theoreti-cal and experimental design studiesfor the large-scale stable floatingplatforms, capable of increasing pay-loads over those now possible withFLIP. Japanese floating villageand the I lawaiian floating city alsoplan to use spar-like legs as thesupporting elements for the verylarge stable floating platforms.

The concept of stable floatingspars has been well proven by tenyears of operation of FLIP in awide variety of sea conditions, andby the semisubmersible oil drillingrigs operating throughout the world.However, during experimental stud-ies on large-scale platforms at theScripps Institute of Oceanography,oscillatory behavior was observedunder special conditions which didnot correspond to the theory estab-lished by Newman', Rudnick' andothers and by experience withFLIP. Spectral analysis of the plat-form response to regular waves at

twice the natural frequency re-vealed subharmonic and higher har-monic frequency responses. Design-ers of semisubmersible oil rigs havereported similar -odd" motions.

A theoretical analysis was conduct-ed to determine the origin of these-odd" motions. The predominantphenomenon, excitation at twice theheave natural frequency, was investi-gated theoretically and experimen-tally. The analysis predicts dynamicinstabilities which "pump" energyfrom one frequency into the systemnatural frequency. The behavior re-sults from a system yielding a modi-fied form of the Hill-Mathieu equa-tion'', which is similar to dynainicstability considerations in elasticsystems'. The theoretical analysispredicted the "odd" motion behav-ior observed in the wave tank. Anon-linear computer study byScripps personnel also corroboratesthe results.

The primary source of the behav-

1

LIMIT OF NATURALLY

OCCURRING WAVES

29

ior appears to lw due to the nonlin-ear coupling of the vessel motionwith the wave pressure field. Thephenomenon appears to be sensitiveto damping, and is limited to a re-gion of regular wave excitation neartwice the natural frequency.

The behavior, while explained tosonie extent by the heave analysis,needs to be studied further. Boththe theory and the model basin stud-ies indicate that substantial ampli-tudes of oscillation can result fromregular wave excitation. However,the effect of confused sea is notfully understood. Experience withFLIP, a single spar, suggests it is nota serious problem. The extent towhich this experience can be extend-ed to multi-leg platforms is as yetunanswered.

Supported by Office of NavalResearch Grant No. NG-30-72, bythe Scripps Institute of Oceano-graphy, and by the University ofNew Hampshire.

BEHAVIOR IN THIS REGION DEPICTED BYLINEAR THEORY. SUCH AS BY NEWMAN

AND RUDNICK

BEHAVIOR IN THIS REGIONIS CHARACTERIZED BY HIGHAMPLITUDE OSCILLATIONS ATHEAVE NATURAL FREQUENCY ASWELL AS LOWER AMPLITUDEOSCILLATIONS AT WAVEFREQUENCY

0 1

HEAVE NATURALI FREQUENCY

2t2 x HEAVE NATURALFREQUENCY

FREQUENCY OF EXCITATIONCAUSED BY REGULAR WAVES

Amplitude of Exciting Wave vs. Frequency of Excitation.

Newnian, J.N. The Afotions of a SparBuoy in Regular Waves. Report 1499. Wash-ington, D.C.: David Taylor Model Basic, 1963.

21ludnick, P., Motions of a Large SparBuoy in Sea Waves. Journal of Ship Research,Vol. 11, No. 4, December, 1967, pp 257-267.

31

'McLachlan, N.W., Theory and Applicationof Mathieu Functions, New York: Dover,1964.

4Bolotin, V.V., The Dynamics Stability ofElastic Systems, San Francisco: Flolden DayPublishers, 1964.

30

Seakeeping studies for a Multipur-pose Coastal Research Platform

Principal Investigator:Professor LE. Allmendinger

Project Consultant:Professor R.W. Corell

Graduate Student:Mr. William Swoveland, Masterof Science Program in MechanicalEngineering

The University of New Llanip-shire's at-sea experience and a re-view of the research requirementsof I 1 other institutions of the NewEngland Cooperative Coastal Re-search Facility (NECCRF) havedemonstrated the inadequacies ofconventional research ships in handl-ing, transporting, and operatingmany systems, including underseahabitats, submersibles, buoys, drill-ing and coring equipment, and ca-ble-laying gear. These inadequacieshave made obvious the need for asingle vehicle capable of safely andeffectively supporting a wide spec-trum of coastal research projects. Itwas logical for the University ofNew Hampshire, through its Engi-neering Design and Analysis Labora-tory (EDAL), to follow itsNOAA-sponsored study, MannedUnderwater Platforms,' by initiatingthe design of a multipurpose plat-form. In instigating this project, itwas realized that low firstcost andminimal operating expense wouldbe essential to the successful use ofthe platform by the marine academ-ic community. Consequently, it wasdecided to base the design on theconversion of a surplus Navy bargehaving a length of 110 feet, a beamof 35 feet, and a depth of 8 feet.L.R. Closten and Associates, design-ers of several oceanographic shipsand specialized research platforms,were engaged to conduct a study ofthe proposed conversion. The studyresulted in a self-propelled, mul-

'Manned Underwater Platforms, EDAL Re-port No. 111, October, 1972.

tipurpose platforni Fhie Glostenpreliminary design report, submit-ted to the University in January1973, serves as the basis for the sea-keeping studies now in progress.

The objective of seakeeping stud-ies is to determine, theoretically andexperimentally, some of the moreimportant inotion characteristics ofa barge-shaped platform. This infor-mation is necessary to support con-tinuation of the detailed design ofthe platform and to assist in plan-ning research missions should theplatform be acquired.

The procedure associated withthe seakeeping studies -follows: (1)Structural plans for the barge mustbe available or must be assumed toprovide structural arrangements andscantlings. These are needed to cal-culate weight, center, and trimmingdata required to construct both com-puter and experimental models.

(2) Response amplitude operator(RAO) data are determined as fol-lows utilizing an existing seakeepingcomputer program: (a) AheadSeas - pitch and heave RAO's for0, 4, and 7 knots forward speed. (b)Beam seas - roll, pitch and heave

RAO's for 0 knot speed. (c) Follow-ing seas - pitch and heave RAO'sfor 0, 4, and 7 knots forward speed.Data will be obtaMed for "light"and "full-load" drafts. Computer re-sults will provide guidance for con-ducting experinmental seakeepingtests.

(3) Experimental work included isas follows: (a) A scale model of theplatform will be built simulating itsstatic and dynamic characteristics.(b) Seakeeping model tests will beconducted and compared with eachof the computer studies made.

(4) An analysis of significant re-sponse characteristics will be made.This work is intended to producedata of use in predicting the motionof the full-size platform in seawaystypical of Northern New Englandwaters.

All activities associated with theseseakeeping studies will be conduct-ed at the University of New Hamp-shire or at the Computer and ShipModel Towing Tank facilities of theMassachusetts Institute of Tech-nology.

Sponsored by Sea Grant No.04-3-158-38.

Profile

MOORING'-. LINE

WELL -20...r. 6-

PEDESTAL CRANE% \ 5 TDN AT 12 OUTREACH

0

GNIING

EOUIP13. NM'

MACHINESHOP

SCIENTIFICPERSONNEL

I5...16'

TWOCAPSTAN /

(3,3

SCIENTIFICPERSONNEL

8.6 '

32_

/ Deck Plan

a

Submersible Decoupling Control

Principal Investigator:Professor Charks K. Taft

Associate Investigator:Professor David E. Limbert

Graduate Student:.Mr. Greg J. Schoenau, PhD Pro-gram in Engineering

There has been a recent expand-ed usage of small submersibles suchas Alvin, Dolphin, and Deep Questfor research. rescue, and recoveryoperations. These Deep Submer-gence Vehicles (DSV) 'belong to anew class of submersibles. Charac-teristic for this group are mission re-quirements calling for control overthe precise spatial orientation andtranslation of the vehicle in all ofthe six degrees of freedom. Precisepositional navigation is essential forsuch operations as the search forand recover), of objects from theocean bottom. With the resultingemphasis on control as opposed tospeed the DSV is generallyequipped with more thrusters andsteering surfaces than the fleet or at-tack submarine.

It has been observed that evenwhen equipped with sufficientthrusters to maneuver in six degreesof freedom, it may not be possiblefor the human operator to controlthe submersible within the pre-scribed error envelope regardless ofthe degree of sophistication built in-to the operator display system. Theprimary reason for this is that theoperator is unable to compensatecontinuously for the hydrodynamicand inertial cross coupling betweenthe various motions. In other words,although motion in only one degreeof freedom is desired, motion in sev-eral degrees of freedom may occurwith the result that the operator isrequired to manipulate several in-

puts shnultaneously to eliminatethese cross-coupling effects. To per-form effectively, the operatorshould be concerned with only sin-gle axis uncoupled control tasks.

The purpose of this project was todesign a feedback control system todynamically compensate the systemwith the primary design objectiveof having one system input control-ling one and only one :notion ineach degree of freedom. Thiswould enable a more efficient utili-zation of the operator's time by re-lieving him of the burden of continu-ously controlling the DSV to com-pensate for these interactions.

Decoupling or non in tera c tin gfeedback controls strategies wereevaluated through computer simula-tions of the equations of motion ofthe U.S. Navy's Deep Sea RecoveryVehicle (DSRV). These equationsare a complex, coupled, and highlynonlinear set of ordinary time vary-ing differential equations.

To satisfactorily decouple the sub-mersible motions, it was first neces-sary to develop a theory for de-coupling nonlinear systems. Duringthe past year significant advances inthe development of this theory weremade) The theory was successfullyapplied to decouple the completeset of equations describing the rolland surge motions of. the DSRV.These two motions were selected be-cause cross-coupling is more severebetween these two motions than themotions in the other degrees of free-dom. The set of equations used in-cluded many practical considera-tions, such as pump dynamics andsaturation levels of inputs whichwere not included in previous mod-els. In addition, a method for ex-tending the results to decouple mo-tion in all six degrees of freedomwas outlined.

National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration, NGR 30-002-056.

Office of Naval ResearchN00014-67-A-0158-0006.

Schoenau. and D.E. Limbert, "De-coupling Certain Classes of Nonlinear StateFeedback", Transactions of the Joint Automa-tic Control Conference. June. 1973, pp. 65-67.

33

31

Wake Steering Shroud

Principal Investigator:Professor Charles K. Taft,

Associate Investigators:Professor John A. WilsonProfessor Robert W. AlperiProfessor William Mosberg

Graduate Students:Mr. Greg J. Schoenau, PhD Pro-gram in Engineering, Mr. JoelA. Clark, Mr. Bruce Fellows andMr. Richard M. Hudson, Masterof Science Program inMechanical Engineering

Undergraduate Students:Mr. Raymond Gauthier and Mr.Raymond Minardi, MechanicalEnOneering.

The wake steering nozzle (WSN)is a new method of steering sub-mersibles. It offers the potential ofreducing the number of thrusters ascompared with a conventional sys-tem while maintaining a comparableorder of maneuverability and im-proving vessel geometric symmetry.The WSN consists of a propeller sur-rounded by an accelerating-typeflow shroud. This shroud or nozzlehas the effect of increasing the velo-city through the duct enabling it tooperate under favorable loading re-gime.

The use of shrouded propellers asthrusters is not new and has been ex-plored both experimentally and ana-lytically. What is unique about theWSN as proposed by Wozniak,Taft, and Alperit is its ability todevelop a steering force as well asan axial thrust. It is based on thefact that a shrouded propeller canbe designed which has a pressuredistribution downstream of the pro-peller plane which is lower than am-bient pressure. Providing an openslot or control port in the shroud

11.1. Wozniak, C.K. Taft, and R.W. Alperi,"Wake Steering: A New Approach to Propul-sion and Control" Proceedings of the MarineTechnology Society, September. 1972, pp.681-698.

32

downstream of the propeller thus al-lows flow to be induced into theshroud causing a separation of thewake away from that side of thenozzle. This causes an asymmtryin the pressure distribution insidethe shroud producing a radial steer-ing force. The ability of the wakesteering shroud to generate steeringforces at vessel zero forward velo-city is an additional advantage oversteering surfaces such as rudders.

The objective of the research onthe 1VSN during the past year wasto gain an improved understandingof the phenomena to enable an as-sessment of its potential use in a pro-pulsion-steering system for submers-ibles. The performance of the WSNwas evaluated experimentally atboth zero and non-zero) forwardvelocities up to 3 ft./sec.

A preliminary series of zero for-ward velocity of static tests was con-ducted on a group of shrouds hav-ing a wide range of divergence.Many of these shrouds operated un-reliably by exhibiting uncontrolledseparation of the wake from the in-side surface of the shroud produc-ing an erratic radial force. A furtherseries of static tests was then con-ducted to determine the effects ofmajor parameters of propel-ler-shroud geometry on reliabilityand the radial and axial thrustsdeveloped. The parameters variedin the tests were shroud length,shroud divergence, and propellerpitch. A number of propeller-shroudcombinations were found which op-erated reliably. Some of these com-binations had radial to axial thrustratios as high as 0.5.2

The shrouds which exhibited highradial to axial thrust ratios and re-liable operation during the statictests were selected for further eva-luation. These were tested in a wa-

=13.W. Fellows, C.J. Schoenau. and C.K.Taft, "Propellered Fluidic Nozzle for ThrustVector Propulsion of Submersible Vehicle".To be presented at the Sixth Cranficld Fluid-ks Conference, March, 1974.

ter tunnel over a range of forwardvelocities. WSN showed amarked increase in radial to axialthrust ratio as forward velocity wasincreased with little or no decreasein reliability.

A comparison was made betweenthe WSN and more conventionalsubmersible propulsion-steering sys-tems such as the tiltable shroud andducted thrusters of the U.S. Navy'sDeep Sea Recovery Vehicle. The%VS\ was shown to be more effec-

'

tive as a steering device by virtue ofits ability to generate a radial steer-ing force of comparable magnitudethroughout the full :360°. However,as a basic thruster the WSN wasfound to be somewhat less efficientoverall. Efforts are continuing to im-prove the thrusting efficiency of theWSN and other performance as-pects such as the ability to propor-tionally control the steering force.

Office of Naval Research GrantNo. N00014-67-A-0158-0006

4 ,-' . ,

"

a-

Wake Steering Shroud, All Port Closed, No Deflection

sl,

frY'

'trs*(i

Wake Steering Shroud, Top Port Open, Wake Deflected away from Port

34

Ocean En gineeringPreparation andDissemination ofInformation

Engineering Case Studies for OceanEngineeringA Report on Two En-gineering Cases Prepared for theNational Academy of Engineering.

Faculty Advisors:Professor Godfrey EL SavageProfessor Robert W. Core 11Mr. I I.A. O'Neal, Scripps Insti-tution of OceanographyProfessor Karl I I. Vesper, SchoolOf Business and Department ofNIechanical Engineering, Univer-sity of Washington

Authors:Mr. Edward R. Kolbe, PhD pro-gram in Engineering, NIODE-IStudyMr. Walter Lincoln, Graduate Pro-gram in Ocean Engineering,NIassachusetts Institute of Tech-nology, North Pacific Study

Case studieS have long been usedas educational tools in business andlaw, but only recently in engineer-ing. During the past year, a groupof faculty and students at the Uni-versity of New Hampshire, inchid-ing a student from the Massachu-setts Institute of Technology, pre-pared two major engineering casestudies on ocean science and engi-neering. These cases were written inthe style of the Engineering CaseStudy Method developed at Stan-ford University and were preparedfor the National Academy of Engi-neering (NAE) Marine Board. Theywere used at an NAE Buoy Technol-ogy Assessment Workshop held in

June, 1973. At that workshop, thecases served as documented histor-ies of the development of mooringsystems from t wo large-scaleoceanographic experiments, theMid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment(MODE) and the North PacificStudy. These cases served to focus

discussion at the workshop on themany aspects of the state-of-the-artin buoy technology and helped todefine future needs and prioritiesin fumy system research and de-velopment.

In addition to these uses, thecases have been submitted to theEngineering Case Library of Stan-ford University so that they can beavailable for general use in casestudy courses and programs. Thetwo cases, one on the Mid-OceanDynamics Experiment and the otheron the North Pacific Study, are gen-erally related to buoy technologyand its relationship to physicaloceanography.

SOLAR RADIATION

WIND SPEED/DIRECTION

:3:3

MODE-I, An Emzineering CaseStudy of a Moored Ocean Instru-ment System

MODE-1 (Mid-Ocean DynamicsExperiment, Part I) is a project tomeasure and study certain me-dium-scale eddies which have beenobserved in the deep ocean. Thecase study looks specifically atdevelopment of the instrumentationand the mooring systems of MODE.

For years the existence of the me-dium-scale eddies (around 100 kinin diameter) was unknown; somathematical models of ocean circu-lation failed to include them. But a1959 British experiment which usedacoustically-followed, free-floating

RADAR REFLECTOR

DEW POINT TEMPERATURE

5M t' AIR TEMPERATURE

ANTICOLLISION LIGHTSRAIN FALL

DEW POINT TEMPERATURE

WIND SPEED/DIRECTION

BAROMETRIC PRESSURE

WIND SPEED/DIRECTION

AfR TEMPERATURE

10M

DEW POINT TEMPERATURE

COMPASS

AIR TEMPERATURE

AIR TEMPERATURE PROFILEWATER TEMPERATURE PROFILE

RAIN GAGE

CURRENT SPEED/DIRECTION

WATER TEMPERATURE 1M

WATER TEMPERATURETEN THERMISTORS AT

DEPTHS OF 5 TO 45M

WATERLINE0 METERS

GYRO/ACCELEROMETER

MOORING LOAD

/UNDERWATER SENSOR PACKAGESSALINITYTEMPERATUREPRESSURE

TEN PACKAGES AT DEPTHS OF 50 TO 500

Configuration of Buoys Alpha and Bravo. From Long Distance Telemetry of Environ-mental Data for the North Pacific Study. By permission R. Devereaux

35

34

buoys, showed these energetic.swirls to haVe relatively high veloci-ties. Shortly thereafter a group of'scientists met at an internationalmeeting to discuss an experimentwhich woukl tletermine the causeand behavior of these eddies. It waslate in the 1960s, however, beforethe technology of moon..d instru-ments in the deep ocean perniittedsuch an experiment to proceed.

Much Clf the experimentation anddevelopilmit in buoy technologytook place at the Woods HoleOceanographic Institution (WII01).The past decade saw a remarkableadvance in the ability of scientistsand engineers to maintain surfaceinid subsurface moorings in deepocean water. In addition, self-record-ing current meters and acousti-cally-triggered anchor release me-chanisms were made reliable andlong-lasting.

So in 1969, several physicaloceanogi-aphers again met andplanned MODE. The experimentwould take place in a typical deepocean area south of Bermuda. In thespring of 1973 a large array of moor-ings, covering a 300 kilonieter dia-ineter area, was instrumented withover 100 self-recording current me-ters, 60 temperature/depth record-ers, and many bottom-mounted pres-sure recorders. Four oceanographicvessels participated in the mooringdeployment, in the towing of tem-perature/salinity instruments, and inthe launching of other free-floatinginstruments. The recording of datawas scheduled to go on for over'five months, with participation ofmany scientists from many institu-tions and countries.

The case study tells the story ofhow this experiment evolved. Speci-fically. it describes the developmentof many of the instruments as wellas the development of equipmentused in the mooring system.

CAMBRIDGE

WOODS HOLE

FLOATLISTENINGSTATION

vo".7

300 km

FLOAT)MIAMI LISTENING

_AO) STATION

MODEREGION

BERMUDA

FLOATLISTENINGSTATION

FLOATLISTENING

1-7STATION-7 e.

36

Map of the MODE-1 Region

The North Pacific Study; An Engi-neering Case Study of Ocean En-vironmental Data Buoys

In 1958 large portions of the Paci-fic Ocean were observed to be un-usually warm for the season. Tropi-cal marine species appeared off theCalifornia coast and unusual weath-

...er changes occurred throughoutContinential United Sates. The Mar-ine Life Research Group (MLRG) atthe Scripps Institution of Oceano-graphy, under direction of ProfessorJohn Isaacs, along with the Bureauof Commercial Fisheries, was study-ing the large-scale fluctuations inseawater teinperature which affect-ed the general ecology of the Cali-fornia coast.

Earlier, Jerome Natnias, then ofthe U.S. Weather Bureau, workedwith Carl-Gustave Rossby, Massa-chusetts Institute of Technology, indeveloping the theory of longwaves in the jet streams in the up-per atmosphere. Namins recognizedthat a coupling mechanism exists be-tween the sea surface and the upperatmosphere, constituting a closedthermodynamic system. To studyecological systems and the atmos-pheric phenomena of interest tothese two men would require synop-tic observations of the environmen-tal parameters over a large area ofthe ocean.

The North Pacific Study was oneof the first successful programs inwhich -environmental data buoyswerc used as tools to collect datafor research in ocean dynamics. Pro-fessor John Isaacs initiated thedevelopment of buoys capable ofcollecting and recording ocean andatmospheric data in mid-ocean inthe early 19.50's and used thesebuoys in his studies in variations ofsea life. The buoy program was suc-cessfully used to supply data toother programs, such as research inlong waves in the jet stream of theatmosphere and undersea sound pro-pagation.

FLOAT

INSTRUMENTBOX

INSTRUMENTLINE

COATEDNYLON

NYLONMOORINGLINE

--- CHAIN

ANCHOR

DRAG ANCHOR

35

Taut-Nylon "Bumblebee" Mooring. From "Deep-Moored Instrument Station DesignThis case study covers the and Performance, 1967-1970". By permission I. Isaacs

3 7

:36

development of the first simple ply-wood and inner tube instrumentplatform moored to a subsurfacebuoy located below the effects ofwave action. Studies continuedthrough the use of simple skiffs asbuoys, subject to capsizing andtheft, to the use of non-capsizingbuoys of little interest to thieves,such as the BUMBLEBEE andMONSTER buoys. Throughout, con-current development of instruments,data recording, and data transmis-si(ms proceeded; decisions beingguided by factors of cost, reliability,and safety. This presentation in-cludes an effort to define the rela-tion between advances in technol-ogy and in scientific research.

Funded by the Marine Board ofthe National Academy of Engineer-ing.

0

RADIO FLOAT

FLUAIS

VEC TOR AVEP AGING CURRENT METER

TEMPERATUREDEPTH RECORDER

CURRENT METER

TEMPERATUREDEPTH RECORDER

TEMPERATUREDEPTH RECORDER

FLOATS

VECTOrt AVERAGING CURRENT METER

TEMPERATURE-DEPTH RECORrER

TEMPERATURE-DEPTH RECORDER

F LOA I'S

VECTOR AVERAGING CURRENT ME TER

TEMPERATURE-DEPTH RECORDER

CURRENT METER

TEMPERATUREDEPTH RECORDER

CURRENT METER

TEMPERA TITRE-DEPTH RECORDER

FLOATS

RELEASE

25an POUND 57 IMSON ANCHOR

Mooring No. 9-G Typical SubsurfaceBuoy-Mooring-4nstrument Array. Depth5306 rn.

The Sea Grant MarineAdvisory Service at theUniversity of NewHampshireDirector:

Bruce A. Miller

One of the primary objectives ofthe marine advisory effort at theUniversity o f N ew I la mpshi rethroughout this year has been thestimulation of a diversified maricul-ture program at the University. Thiseffort has resulted in the establish-ment of ongoing projects in salmonand flounder culture, and the initia-tion of work on a newly fundedMaine-New Hampshire program onthe blue mussel. This mussel pro-gram, involving the cooperative ef-forts of the University of NewHampshire, University of Maine,and the Maine Department of Mar-ine Resources, will attempt to estab-lish a commercial blue mussel fish-ery in New England by surveyingthe existing blue mussel stock, test-ing new methods .for raft culture,and educating the consumer to ac-cept the blue mussel as a high qual-ity food item. As the level of scienti-fic expertise develops, it is only amatter of time before the first com-mercial mariculture venture will bestarted in New Hampshire. In orderto avoid political or legal complica-tions associated with such a newventure, a survey of existing lawsthat might pertain to commercialmariculture has been completed,and is presently being prepared forpublication.

The potential for development ofa red crab fishery in New Hamp-shire was studied jointly by the Mar-ine Advisory Service and the NewHampshire Fish and Game Depart-ment. Experimental fishing to deter-mine location of populations and ef-fectiveness of gear design was be-gun by local fishermen, while stud-ies on marketing and promotionwcrc carried out by a team of Uni-

3 8

versity economics students. The re-sults of marketing studies on pro-cessed crabmeat indicate that agood demand can be easilydeveloped for this quality product,but shortages of fuel and trapsforced a temporary postponementof trial fishing before a marketcould be firmly established.

Studies of sea and fresh watermarinas of New Hampshire andtheir impact on the state's economywere conducted by the ResourcesDevelopment Center with funds pro-vided by the Marine Trades Associa-tion of New Hampshire and theMarine Advisory Services. The re-sulting report, "The New Hamp-shire Marina Study 1973," recom-mended a continuing series of semi-nars covering bookkeeping, selling,and operation problems. These semi-nars are being held periodically.

Several Sea Grant student projectshave been developed with the assis-tance of the Marine Advisory Serv-ice. The most recent interdisciplin-ary project now in progress involvesstudents from six departments andfocuses on pollution, vegetation, map-ping, distribution and abundance ofcommercially important species,zoning laws, and land use relatingto the Great Bay Estuary.

Accelerating development of themarine program at the University ofNew Hampshire, along with increas-ing demands for industrial, recrea-tional, and commercial use of thecoastal zone, resulted in the needfor a statewide vehicle of communi-cation among individuals and agen-cies working in the marine area.The Marine Advisory Service, co-operating with the Office of MarineScience and Technology, agreed towork jointly on a periodic newslet-ter that will facilitate up-to-date in-formation exchange among all mem-bers of the marine community. Thefirst issue of this newsletter, printedin October, was sent to a selectedmailing list for review and sugges-tions.

The New I lampshire Marine Advi-sory Service has been actively in-volved with similar agencies in pro-jects of regional scope, and recentlyparticipated in the organizationalmeeting of the New England Mar-ine Advisory Service (NENIAS) atthe New England Center for Con-tinuing Education. The Directors ofNEMAS are currently developingplans for a permanent organization,with a full-time coordinator to han-dle information exchange, confer-ences and seminars of regionalscope, and re0onal talent sharing.

As marine activity increases inNew Hampshire, a broader pro-gram will be needed, particularly inthe critical area of coastal zonemanagement. Initial development ofa long-term advisory program forNew Hampshire that will fully meetthese needs is progressing. Includedin this ef fort are marine engineering,coastal zone management, and great-er facility in exchanges among re-gional advisory personnel.

Poilution Hazards

Assessment of Potential PublicHealth Hazards Posed by GalvestonBay Shellfish Subject to Pollutionfrom Domestic Waste DischargesCo-Principal Investigators:

Professor Theodore G. MetcalfVisiting Professor of VirologyBaylor College of Medicine andSea Grant Scholar, Texas A8rMUniversityProfessor Joseph L. MelnickChairman, Department of Viro-logy and Epidemiology, BaylorCollege of MedicineProfessor Craig WallisDepartment of Virology, BaylorCollege of Medicine

TechniciansMr. David Reininger and Mr.Robert Price, Department ofVirology and EpidemiologyBaylor College of Medicine

Agencies Associated with theResearch Program:

Texas Parks and Wildlife Depart-ment, Division of Marine Re-sources(:ity of II ouston Public I lealthLaboratories

New equipment and techniqueswere applied to the recovery of en-teroviruses from waste treatmentplants discharging effluents into theHouston ship channel, from the shipchannel itself, and from GalvestonBay. Shellfish in the bay were exam-ined for the presence of enterovirus-es. A number of enteroviruses werefound and their occurrence quanti-tated at several collecting stations.These collecting stations were estab-lished so as to trace the dissemina-tion of viruses from waste treatmentplant point source via the ship chan-nel into bay waters and into shell-

:37

fish. Parallel examinations of entero-virus and bacterial indices of pollu-tion provided a basis for evaluatingthe usefulness of direct virus moni-toring compared with a bacterial in-dex of pollution for determinationof the sanitary qualities of shellfish,shellfish growing waters, and recrea-tional waters. Epidemiological dataon types, numbers, distribution, andpersistence of viruses in polluted sur-face waters were obtained.

Simultaneous studies seeking infor-mation on the use of equipment andmethods for detection and enumera-tion of adenoviruses were in prog-ress at the Jackson Estuarine Labora-tory.

Sponsored by Of fice of SeaGrant, Texas A&M ,Vniversity, Col-lege Station, Texas, 4nd the Environ-mental Protection,Agency.

Virus Concentrator at the Jackson Estuarine Laboratory, UNH

3 9

38

Sea Bottom Resources

The Science and Technology of Uti-lizing the Bottom Resources of theContinental ShelfPrincipal Investigator:

Professor Barbaros Celikkol

Technical Director:Professor Musa Yildiz

Raytheon Program ManagerMr. Arthur S. Vestneat

Faculty Investigators:Professor Victor D. AzziProfessor Robert W. Core llProfessor A. Kiefer NewmanProfessor K. 1. SivaprasadProfessor Asim Yildiz

Staff Investigators:Mr. 11.11. CarrierMr. Peter M. Vogel

Graduate Students:Mr. Edward Kolbe, Mr. Gary K.Stewart,* Mr. Karl E. Sundkvist,*Mr. M. Robinson Swift,* and Mr.Ilalil 'Fugal, all PhD Program inEngineering; Mr. Ronnal P. Rei-chard, Master of Science Programin Mechanical Engineering.

This project, initiated in thespring of 1970, has been the firstSea Grant supported university-in-dustry research and developmentproject. Its purpose has been to ad-vance the creation of an effectiveacoustic technology in order to class-ify and assess the coastal sea floorand subbottom sediments for bothphysical and engineering properties.Overall project objectives are: (1)to develop means of acousticallymeasuring predictive or assessivesea floor parameters that relate tothe extraction of resources or to theimplantation of structures on thecontinental shelf; (2) to develop arapid-analysis, prototype systemmodel for responsible exploitation ofthe continental shelf which will inte-grate remote acoustic sensing andecological technology with the legal

'Also supported by the National ScienceFoondat ion.

and economic implications; (3) todevelop a total management systemto support and coordinate appliedresearch, conducted jointly by uni-versity, industry, and IN:blic agen-cies.

The three specilk: technical goalswere to develop: (1) technologiesto aid in the location, identification,and extraction of coastal mineraldepimits, initially coastal sand andgravel deposits; (2) technologies toimprove identification of the struc-trual properties of the coastal oceanbottom needed to design and con-struct sea floor structures; and (3)an understanding of the influence thatexploitation of offshore sedimentaryresources may have upon the en-viromnent. These broad project ob-tives and specific technical goalswere developed in the context of afive-year research and developmentproject.

Initially, the technical emphasiswithin this project maintained twothemes: first, the development ofthe basic science and technology forthe identification and classificationof soil mechanical properties by acombination of remote acoustic sur-

veys and the physical testing of mar-ine soils; and second, the initiationof an enviriminental-ecological im-pact study of in situ conditions sur-rounding actual recovery of sandand, gravel deposits. The secondtheme is now a separate project.The major technical areas of studyin developing the first theme are:(1) acousto-soil mechanical modeldevelopment; (2) computer analysisand model corroboration for theore-tical analysis; (3) soil mechanics andgeomorphology; (4) laboratory acti-vitiesanalysis of soil samples andpropagation of sound through thesesamples; (5) signal processing of ex-perimental acoustic data; and (6)the development of exploration sys-tems and technology.

Acousto-soil Mechanical ModelDevelopment

In the early phases of the projectit was recognized that the wide-ly-used ray theory approach to theacoustic-soil mechanical in terac-tions, associated with the remotesensing of sea floor parameters,would not be likely to yield in-creased insights into the basic pro-

4 0

Testing the Marine Penetrometer

cesses. A theory which is more sensi-tive to subbottom parameters wasnecessary. A field/theoretical ap-proach was pursofAl early in the pro-ject because the all-important physi-cal phenomenology could be includ-ed in the analysis. When sensitive in-terrelationships of acoustic and phy-sical parameters in a multi-layeredenvironment are sought, the analysismust not be oversimplified. he em-phasis during the first years hasbeen, therefore, to overconte themathematical complexities, startingwith simple models which havebeen increased step by step in com-plexity until an adeqnate representa-tion of the physical world has beenachieved.

The models, based on the physi-cal considerations, have beendeveloped for the full range of equi-valent angles of incidence from nor-mal incidence to highly oblique an-gles. The results obtained are forwater depths of 50 to 6(X) feet andfor frequencies of 3 to 20kIlz. Theresults are for the acoustic responsecreated by a steady-state. pointsource in a semi-infinite liquid over-lying a viscoelastic halfspace, withn-layers of differing properties. For-

rnal solution of an n-layer liquid vis-coelastic system has been developedand Green's function formalism foran arbitrary layer expressed.

Computer Analysis and ModelCorroboration for Theoretical Analy-sLy.

Extensive computer studies havebeen conducted to begin an under-standing of the implications of theGreen's function formulation of thesingle layer model. Computer pro-grams are now operational to ac-complish the following: (1) providean "exact" solution by numericaltechniques to the closed-form inte-gral formulation to the single-layerviscoelastic model; (2) to comparethe "exact" solution with classicalray theory predictions for the samegeometries and conditions, and withother methods of solution whichmight be potentially more efficientin computer time; and (3) to pro-vide theoretical insight into modelbehavior, so as to develop predictorsand classifiers that would be effec-tive in experimental and operationalsystems to locate, identify, and clas-sify marine subbottom materials.

Laboratory Measurements of Shear and Compressional Velocities in Marine Sediments

4 1

39

The computer work has resultedin other technical progress, such. as;t general theory for compensatingacoustic transducers.

Soil Alechanics and Geomorpho-logy

A comprehensive effort has beenmade to integrate the fundamentalsoil mechanical property descrip-tors, such as Lame constants, intothe analytical model developmentactivities. Additionally, the remaind-er of the activity in this area hasbeen related to experimental soilsdata acquisition: (1) classificationof marine sediments, and (2) engi-neering properties data.

Classification DataDuring thefirst year of the project, marine coredata were obtained by a coring sys-tem previously developed underSea Grant funding at UNFI. Data,both soil mechanical and geomor-phological, were obtained fromcores taken at acoustically-probedsites. Cores from two locations wereparticularly significant in that obli-que acoustic experiments weremade concurrently: (1) Core 59(Mackerel Cove) was most uniformin acoustic reflection as a functionof core section depth; (2) Core 58(Price's Neck) was second best inacoustic uniformity as a function ofcore section depth, and Core 60 (alsoPrice's Neck) was the least uni-form.

The measure of core acousticaluniformity as a function of core sec-tion depth was computed as fol-lows. The normal-incidence acousticreflection coefficient was computedfrom the soil laboratory data foreach one foot core section as alunc-----don of the depth of that core sec-tion; then the variation of this coeffi-cient as a function of core sectiondepth was tabulated.

Essential to the classification prob-lem is obtaining longitudinal andtransverse (i.e. compressional andshear) wave velocities. Prototype in-struments were designed and con-

40

structed to measure both of thesesoil velocity parameters. Nleasure-ments inade with the laboratory pro-totype correlate well with publisheddata in the literature. While theyhave been used only on core sam-ples. the principles employed in thelaboratory models could be used inin situ systems. A shear wave veloci-meter has important ilnplications tothe present research activity and anin situ model is being developed.

A stuthmt engineering design pro-ject team undertook the design andconstruction of an underwater dy-namic cone penetrometer. This conepenetrometer is a land or marine de-vice which can give indications ofsoil engineering properties such asinternal friction angle, relative den-sity. and bearing strength. The pro-totype penetrometer will be used to)study the correlation between physi-cal and acoustic soil properties andpenetrometer data. A theoreticalanalysis of the cone-soil interactionis now under way which shouldhelp to identify the significant para-meters essential to experimentallyevaluating bearing strengths.

Laboratory Activities

In addition to routine soil analysisconducted during the second andthird years of the project, labora-tory instrumentation was developedto measure compressional and shear%vave speeds of sound in core sam-ples and laboratory formulated sedi-ments.

A typical laboratory experiment isto deposit sediment of given grainsize distribution into a specially de-signed tank. Then the compressionaland.shear wave propagation proper-ties are measured and the geotechni-cal properties monitored as the soildries and the porosity changes.

The shear wave velocity metermentioned earlier radiates a shearwave in two antennas through twounequal path lengths in the soil. Inaddition to the ease of finding theattenuation. this arrangement facili-

Studying the Computer Output of the Digitized Signal.

4 2

Project Students.in a Theoretical Discussion

-le40.

.11=61'

-

An Element of the Transducer Array

"Fish" Towing Transducer Array

1 .

4 3

41

tates precise measurement of wavespeed without considering the risetime of the transducers. Knowledgeof sound speed, when coupled withthe knowledge about the density ofa soil, gives information on the dy-namicstructural constants of -the soilunder study.

Field Activities

Substantial analysis of the firstyear's data resulted in a guide tosubsequent field activities and datacollection. The analyses suggestedthat: (1) spatial variability of thesediments in the Narragansett Baytest areas is very high, contributingto high scatter in the resulting acous-tic measurements; (2) ship motioncontributes significantly to the varia-bility in acoustic signatures frommarine sediments. Sensor beam pat-tern effects resulting from yaw andpitch motions, and backgroundnoise also contribute to the increasein the spatial variability; (3) normalincidence measurements should beaugmented with oblique scatteringtechniques, otherwise they essential-ly repeat published reflection coeffi-cient data without enhancing the un-derstanding. To generate a predic-tive tool requires precise examina-tion, physically and acoustically, ofhighly specific sites. Thus, the datacollection of this project, was basedupon a general policy of examininga few carefully chosen sites in sub-stantial detail.

The second year's data collectionincluded additional coring to estab-lish the horizontal variability in thesediments, a stabilized bot-tom-mounted array to remove shipmotion, and a series of experimentsto provide oblique measurements inaddition to the normal array config-uration. Subsequent analysis of thisdata has yielded three distinct con-clusions regarding sources of varia-bility in quantitative measurementsof bottom-reflected sound: (1) signi-ficant reduction in the amount ofscatter exhibited by acoustic data

4')

can be effected by using acoustic.measuring systems possessing in-creased spatial stability. Such a sys-tem should include an automaticacoustic inith-length coinpensationtechnique to correct for residual spa-tial variabilities caused -by move-ments in the monitoring geoznetrics:(2) a further increase in data consis-tency can be achieved through theincorporation of narrow-band analy-sis techniques as opposed to a totalenergy analysis approach: and (3) asignificant increase in the confi-&nee of these measurements canbe attained by calculation of acous-tic indices based upon ens('mbleaveraging of an extended th»e ser-ies of pulse return data.

Signal Processing of ExperimentalAcoustic Data

Extensive acoustic and physicaldata have been acquired as a partof this project. The details of the ini-tial phases of several experimentaldata acquisition cruises are summar-ized beh)w: (1) An extensive databank of acoustic signatures fer a var-iety of known sedimentary typeswas obtained employing a range ofsource center frequencies from 3 to16 kHz.. Acoustic sarnOngs werematched with rsore data to searchfor acoustical indicators of soil prop-erties and characteristics. (2) Theacoustic data' were adjusted for cali-bration and geometry factors andconverted from analog to digitalform for signal processing at UN!!and Raytheon in computer-compati-ble formats. (3) Data processingand analytical formalisms weredeveloped for examining acousticsignatures in thc data bank usingboth the field theoretic and a planewave computer model of the soils,such as envelope detection, en-semble averaging, and similar statis-tical techniques. (4) Analysis and ex-periments on spatial variability creat-ed by movement of acoustic projec-tors and hydrophones were conduct-ed. (5) Envelope detection techni-ques were developed and made op-

erational which employ digital filter-ing techniques, including FErs, toobtain the required Hilbert Trans-forms. (6) A power spectral analysisprogram to analyze acoustic data isoperational. Several EFT a p-proaches and window types andsizes were investigated to obtain themost effective algorithm. (7) Com-puter programs were written andtested to find system gains in the ex-perimental program which correlatewith the theoretical models. Optinzi-zation studies of these analyses ofdata subject to spatial and temporalvariabilities continue.

The Development of an Explora-tion Systems Technology

A primary objective of Ray-theon'.s participation in this projecthas been the ultimate developmentof a technology and an operatingsystem for remote sediment classifi-cation. The state-of-the-art at thetime of this project's initiation wasobviously inadequate for system de-sign. The work of the first twoyears in developing a theoreticalmodel and a satisfactory data basewere necessary prerequisites forsuch a design.

Today, it is possible to measurefairly reliably the quantitative verti-cal reflectivity coefficients of thefirst, second, and possibly addition-al layers, and establish the attenua-lion coefficients of the interveningsediments which are related to theporosity of the soils.

Third year system developmentobjectives were to achieve a higherparametric sensitivity, through tech-niques such as oblique analysis, re-duced data scattering through motionstabilization, and an expanded num-ber of reliable parameters, to per-mit sediment characterizationthrough a multi-element matrix de-scription.

With the lessons learned from theexperiments of the first two years, aprototype towed array measure-

41

znent system was designed, devel-oped, and tested, which providesfundamental data concerningnear-surface sediments. Incorpor-ated in the array are a series of dis-crete receiving elements whichsimultaneonsly sense the reflectedacoustic response of each sediMentary layer over a range of incidenceangles.

To improve the data quality, thearray also incorporates specializedmechanical damping mechanismsand self-contained signal processing.Received signals are further pro-cessed by the shipboard portion ofthe system employing a Raytheon-designed processor which] substan-tially increases the effective dynam-ic range of' die acoustic signals re-corded for subsequent computeranalysis.

To date, the prototype system hasbeen evaluated in relatively shallowwater (150 feet), although there ap-pears to be no technical limitationto increasing the operational capabil-ity to include greater water depths.Similarly, the subbottom penetra-tion depths in excess of 60 feet nowbeing achieved, could also be ex-tended. The prototype system pro-vides precise measurement of thecompressional wave velocity in eachof the first several layers withone-sigma precision of less than oneper cent. Importantly, the velocitydata are collected while conductingconventional subbottozn profilingwith the vessel traveling at speedsup to six knots.

Supported by Sea Grant, No.4-20051-442.

The UndergraduateOcean Projects Course

Course Director:Professor Joseph B. Murdoch

43

he ocean engineering projects course at the University of New Hampshire was begun duringthe 1965-66 academic year and has been repeated each year since. The program has been fundedsince 1968-69 by.Sea Grant. Thus, it is currently in its ninth year, and 'in its sixth year of SeaGrant funding.

The projects course is designed to provide the undergraduate student with an educationalexperience that he or she would not normally receive in the academic programspecifically,the experience of working as a member of an interdisciplinary team on a meaningful problem(usually in the ocean) under real-world constraints. Under the guidance of a faculty advisor,each student team is asked to define a problem, prepare and submit a budget, engage in dialoguewith experts in the ocean community, deal with vendors, design and build a prototype model,test its design, and write a comprehensive report. Finally, an oral presentation and defenseof the work is made with visual aids before a jury of experts drawn from the various sectorsof the ocean community. Previous juries have included people from Benthos, EG & G, GeneralElectric, Klein Associates, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, New Hampshire StateAgencies, Ocean Research Equipment, Office of Naval Research, and the Sea Grant Officeof the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Each spring the director.of the projects course asks all ocean-oriented faculty to suggestprojects for the following academic year. Juniors in the physical sciences, the biologicalsciences, and engineering are invited to attend a session where project ideas are presentedby students or by the faculty members. Following an expression of preferences by the students,projects are chosen and the project teams are formed, every effort being made to insureinterdisciplinary span in both teams and projects. In September, budgets are prepared andsubmitted. In October, monthly meetings begin at which each group reports its progress.These require each student to demonstrate his or her ability to state precisely and conciselywhat the team has accomplished to date.

In November the students begin to contact vendors and encounter such frustrations as itemsout of stock and delays in delivery dates. They develop the ability to improvise with less-than-optimal hardware. Toward spring the pressure of final design, testing, and reportpreparation occurs. In late April the date of the jury session is announced.- Students preparean abstract of their project report which is sent to each juror prior to the jury sessionin N,lay. The jury session lasts a full afternoon, Each team is allotted 30 to 45 minutes topresent its report. Following the jury session, an evening banquet gives the students anopportunity to become acquainted with the visiting jurors.

There were seven projects in the 1972-73 Projects.Course. These involved 40 students fromeight University disciplines: students fromgeographY, zoology, business administration,political science, and engineering, co-advised by appropriate faculty.

Faculty members who have been involved with the projects course over the years areconvinced that this form of education is valuable for any undergraduate student. We aretherefore inost grateful for continued Sea Grant support of this ocean project experience forour students.

4 5

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A Diver Recall System

Advisor:Professor Fletcher A. Blanchard

Consultants:Professor Harry H. I Ia ll, Pro-fessor Frederick G. Hochgraf

Technicians:Mr. Richard I). Jennings; Mr.

. Donald MacLennan

Students:Mr. Kenneth J. Chishohn, Elec-trical Engineering; Nil-. F. MichaelDoyle, Electrical Engineering;Mr. Ithnnal P. Reichard, Mechani-cal Engineering

This project aimed to develop asimple, reliable method of contact-ing a diver in the water, to alert himto possible danger or to recall himto the support base. Two closely re-lated systems were selected. Thefirst system involves direct transmis-sion of an audio signal into the wa-ter, relying on the diver's ear as thereceiver. The second system trans-mits a frequency modulated signaland transfers it to the diver by adual bone-phone mounted behindthe diver's ears.

In addition to the usual prob-lems of transmitting acoustic wavesin seawater, diver communicationsignals are broken up and reflectedby air bubbles, such as those creat-ed by exhalation through an openregulator system. These bubbleswill break up the Agnal for both ofthe recall systems. With voice com-munication this would be a majorobstacle, but with a repetitive warn-ing signal, the signal will penetratewhen the exhalation ceases and in-halation takes. place. By using thistype of communication the systemis not dependent on instantaneous,continuous communication, but ra-ther on eventual penetration. Fi-nally, taking a lesson from the newpolice sirens, the pulsed signal iswarbled. making it quite distinctive.

The primary system depends onthe human ear for reception of the

signal. In cold water the diver's wetsuit includes a hood which presentsa formidable damping effect on thesignal. By limiting the use of the pri-mary system to use in warmer wa-ters where no hood is needed, thisproblem is overcome.

The human ear sustains a hearingloss of about 30 decibels upon enter-ing water. In addition to this, thereis a desensitization of the ear by theloud, periodic exhalation bubblesand inherent regulator noise duringinhalation. Frequencies and magni-tudes of these sounds were deter-mined in the UNH swimming pool.The analysis of the data indicatedthat the transmission system shouldbe designed to accommodate twotypes of signals, a signal centered at

1 kHz and having an FM band-width of 1 kHz. The second, a 20kHz carrier, upon which is im-pressed a 2 kHz FM signal.

The Diver Recall System hasbeen made available in two models.Model 1 is a portable unit which op-erates from a 24 volt, direct current,negative ground source. Model 2 isa permanent installation, unit whichis operated from a power source id-entical to that of Model 1. Model 1and Model 2 have identical circui-try, each of which encompasses theprimary and secondary methods ofcommunication. The primary cir-cuits of the transmittcr consists of a1 Hz sawtooth generator, a voltagecontrolled oscillator, a 1 Hz squarewave astable multivibrator, a switch-

4 6

Diver Auditory Problems are Described

45

ing transistor, and a push-pull classB power amplifier. The secondarycircuits consist of a single stagetransistor amplifier used a.s a fre-

50 Hz

GENERATOR

1 kHz

VOLTAGECONTROL

GENERATOR

POWERAMP

quency modulation adjustment andbuffer stage, also an audio outputstage which delivers power to a setof headphones, and a third stage.which consists of a preamp to thepower amplifier stage.

The receiver of the diver recallsystem is designed to complementthe transmitter of the same system.It receives the FM signal from thetran.smitter, demodulates the 2 kHztone from the 20 kI 17, carrier, andthen feeds it to the bone phoneswhich are under the hood of the di-ver's wet suit. The tone that the di-ver hears is not unlike that of a tele-phone dial tone. By having this un-usual tone applied directly to thebone phones, usual interferencewith diver hearing because of regu-lator and ambient sea noise is pre-vented. .The designers believe thatthis system will allow a diver to en-ter the water with the confidence ofhaving an adequate warning system.

At this time this system has notbeen tried under actual conditions.It has been bench tested and alsotank tested. Under these conditionsthe receiver responded very well tothe signal from the transmitter, andshould provide an- adequate signalfor the diver. Pool and open watertests will be conducted on the sys-tem before it is judged to meet alldesign requirements.

1 Hz

SQUARE WAVEGENERATOR

Transmitter Block Diagram

TRANSDUCER

4 7

Receiver Block Diagram

46

Anticipated Ecological Aspects ofArtificial Reef Construction in NewHampshire

Advisor:Professor Donald W. Nlelvin

Undergraduate Student:Mr. Wayne S. Breda, Zoology

Our exploding world populationhas placed heavy demands on theseas which are expected to helpfeed us, receive unnunthered tonsof waste, and provide recreationaldiversion. In many parts of theworld, scientists, engineers, conser-vationists, and others have turned toman-made reefs to help the seascarry their burden.

Recreational planners have usedman-made reefs to enhance sportfishing or to modify waves to amore favorable pattern for surfing.Conservationists and land develop-ers have constructed reefs to protectshorelines. Fishery biologists seekgreater harvests from the seas bymodifying the environment with theconstruction of man-made reefs.

It is the purpose of this report todiscuss some construction and ecolo-gical aspects of artificial reefs andrelate these to a reef that could bebuilt in New Hampshire. An artifi-cial reef could be constructed inNew Hampshire waters to protectstretches of eroding coastline, toserve as a recreational facility to en-hance natural waves for stwfing, toprovide a safe area for snorkellersand scuba divers, or to attract gamefish thus enhancing the sport fishingpossibilities. Most importantly, how-everan 'artificial reef could providea protective haven for organisms vi-tal to the-economy of New Eng-land's fishing communities.

Artificial reefs already built werestudied. Materials used in one con-structed in the 1960's included 333tons of quarry rock, 1 streetcar, 14automobile bodies, and 44 concreteshelters. Its ecosystem, when stud-ied about five years later, included

over 200 species of invertebrates and78 species of fishes. Fishing successwas two to three times greater onthe artificial reef than on nearby na-tural reef areas.

Factors that must be considered. when evaluating various construc-tion materials are cost, ease of hand-ling at sea, durability, sufficient sizeto prevent sanding-in, and effective-ness as an artificial habitat. Thus,quarry rock, tpncrete rubble, auto-mobile tires, junked automobiles,junked appliances, and baled solidwastes' are feasible materials for anian-made reef in New Hampshire.

Nlan-made reefs should be con-structed upon firm, flat, relativelysterile sand or mud bottoms at a dis-tance of over one-half mile from na-turally occuring reefs. An artificialreef in New Hampshire could beconstructed on nearly any offshorearea, its depth depending on its pur-pose. To protect an endangeredshoreline it would necessarily haveto be located in shallow water.. How-ever, less than 10 feet of waterwould expose the reef inhabitants tounfavorable conditions.

Correlation of aerial photographsof the New Hampshire coast ob-tained by Project M.A.P.S. (a SeaGrant program) with a UnitedStates Geological Survey quadranglemap indicates that approximately 9%miles of sandy shoreline in NewHampshire could be used as appro-priate sites for artificial reef con-struction.

An especially important factorpromoting invertebrate colonizationis the production of a stationary sub-strate. Artificial reefs provide thistype of environment and support adiversity of organisms, especiallysessile and semi-sessile organismssuch as sponges, anemones, barna-cles, and limpets. Once an artificialreef is constructed, shelter is provid-ed by the cracks, crevices, and openspaces in the construction material,

'See page 17 of this report.

4.8

promoting colonization of reefs bythe large benthic and !nektonic or-ganisms.

Early settlement on the artificialreef is a function of the number oflarvae suspended in the surroundingwater column. In later stages of de-velopment, settlement is increasing-ly influenced by the organisms al-ready attached to the reef. This is es-pecially true of the large benthicand vertebrate fishes, which seekshelter in the 'reef and feed on theorganisms attached to the reef.

Invertebrate colonization ofman-made reefs can be expected tooccur in several stages. The first isthe algal-bacterial stage. Chlorophy-ta (geen algae), rhodophyta (red al-gae), and phaeophyta (brown algae)establish themselves along with vari-ous bacteria as a thin film on the sur-face of the reef material. This is fol-lowed by barnacle-hydroid, rnol-lusk-polychaete, ascidian-sponge,and lastly encrusting ectoproct stages

In New Hampshire, a man-madereef could be constructed thatwould favorably modify the bottomrelief and attract a large variety ofmarine species, and at the sametime provide an outlet for junked au-tomobiles, building rubble, andother wastes of an industrial society.Large fishes attracted to these reefsfor protection and food could becaught by commercial and sportfishermen. Striped bass, codfish, lob-sters, mackerel, crabs, and shrimpare just a few reef inhabitants thatare sought for their commercial andsport-fishing potential.

A Sewage Disposal Plan for NewCastie, New Hampshire

Advisor:Professor Donald W. Melvin

Student:Mr. Daniel P. Carroll, Zoology

This project is a subjective studyof the problem of human sewagedisposal in the small quiescent com-munity of New Castle, New Hamp-shire. The study shows that from aconsideration of the present meansof sewage disposal, New Castle is

overpopulated and overdeveloped.This project proposes new methodsto alleviate the sewage disposalproblems that presently face thetown.

This study in no way implies thatNew Castle, New Hampshire has agreater sewage disposal problemthan any other coastal community.Its dense settlement, extremely poorsoil conditions and the fact that it issurrounded by water and marshes,and its small size make it a logicalchoice for study as a typical sea-coast community. Further, manyresidents have objected to the instal-lation of community sanitation lines,but are dealing with the sewage dis-posal problem in other ways.

The town of New Castle, NewHampshire is on an island lying adja-cent to Portsmouth, and was settledin 1623.

When evaluating New Castle withsewage disposal in mind, many diffi-culties are evident. As an old com-munity, it is densely settled, with anuneven distribution of homes. Witha population of about 1100, NewCastle is overpopulated from a sew-age disposal standpoint. The soilsare poor for sewage disPosal, andthe gound water table is generallyhigh. Shallow ledge and ledge out-croppings increase the severity ofthe problem.

Approximately 60 per cent ofNew Castle's 458 acres could be con-sidered buildable. With New Hamp-

shire Water Supply and PollutionControl Commission requirementsof 1 acre lots for this soil, 291 lotsare possible if conventional sewagedisposal is used. With 320 lots nowarid an overabundance of anti-quated subsurface sewage disposalsystems, it is obvious that New Cas-tle should allow new homes onlywhere it can be shown that sewagedisposal will not be a problem. Thesentiments of the people being gen-erally against the construction of acommunity sewage disposal systemmeans that individual sewage dispo-sal systems must be found to meetthe demands of the widely variablesoil conditions existing in the town.

If individual sewage disposalunits are to be used, the soils andtheir permeabilities are of utmostimportance. The degree to whichthe island will tolerate subsurface

47

sewage disposal systems can be esti-mated from permeability of its soils.Percolation tests, which are essential-ly permeability tests done with wa-ter, are used in the state of NewHampshire as the sole means of de-termining absorption bed size.

Untreated household or industrialwastes will clog many, if not all ab-sorption beds. A septic tank whichputs raw sewage through a type ofpreliminary treatment and dis-charges a clarified effluent is fre-quently used. This is done so it maymore readily percolate into the soilsof an absorption bed. Most singlefamily dwellings use a 1000 gallonseptic tank.

Septic tanks conventionally deliv-er their effluents to leaching systemstypically consisting of standardtrenches, leaching pits, or absorp-tion beds. Presently, because of ma-

NEW

CASTLE

-

New Castle and Surrounding Water Areas

49

48

terial and construction costs, absorp-tion beds are universally used overthc other two types of leaching sys-tems. In New Hampshire, the sizeof the absorption area is determinedsolely by the percolation rate. Otherregulations concern such features asthe minimum depth below naturalground level, depth of rockfill orpacking material, spacing of thelines for distributing the effluentand minimum distance of the bot-tom of the bed above all ground wa-ter, ledge, or impermeable substra-tum. Conventional leaching bedsjust described are prone to failure.Common causes of failure are agingof the field, silt from the bed oroverburden, breakage of subsurfacedistribution pipes, and root or biolo-gical growths.

Leaching field chamber systemsgive the homeowner a more effec-tive kaching field with the impor-tant additional advantage of accessi-bility for servicing. These chambers,joined together, form a hollow un-derground cavern having a horizon-tal closed roof supported above theleaching field surface. This effective-ly triples the capacity of the leach-ing field and provides direct accessto the leaching surface through man-holes. These chambers increase aero-bic conditions and eliminate anaero-bic shine accumulation. The cham-bers prevent the major cause ofleaching bed failures by completelyeliminating the need for crushedstone and distribution pipes.

One make of leaching field cham-ber differs from the others in that itincludes flow diffusers for meteringflow of effluent to all areas of the

_absorption bed.

Thc .advantages. that leachingfield chambers have over conven-tional absorption beds has led to aruling by the New Hampshire Wa-ter Supply and Pollution ControlCommission allowing reduction ofthe required size of an absorptionbed by 40 per cent. Thus, in margi-nal areas, like New Castle, they

should always be used in place of aconventional absorption bed.

The most recent development inthe field of individual sewage dispo-sal systems is the use of self-con-tained sewage treatment plants,which employ an extended aerationprocess. Self-cOntained plants em-ploy aerobic microorganisms to re-move organic wastes. These organ-isms use free oxygen and convert or-ganic wastes to carbon dioxide andwater. Self-contained plants are cap-able of producing effluent barelydistinguishable from drinking water.One commercial model provideschlorination for the effluent wherethere is danger of high ground wa-ter.

The three design options offeredin the preceeding pages could yieldsix varied subsurface sewage dispo-sal systems. In order of increasingcosts, they would be: (1) septic tankand conventional absorption bed;(2) septic tank and leaching fieldchambers; (3) septic tank and cham-bers with flow diffusers; (4) aera-tion plant and conventional absorp-tion bed; (5) aeration plant andleaching field chambers; and (6)aeration plant and chambers withflow diffusers.

Probably the best system that ahomeowner in New Castle could- in-stall would be the aeration plantand leaching field chambers withflow diffusers. In areas of good soil,a septic tank and conventional ab-sorption bed would be adequate.Nevertheless, the sixth choice Woulddefinitely perform for a greaterlength of time than the first.

As an example of an optimum de-sign, consider a lot of approximate-ly 22,000 square -feet off .LaurelLane in New Castle, New Hamp-shire having a 0 to 3 per cent slope.The soil classification is Hollis-Charl-ton. Actual percolation test data taken in June 1972 showed .18 min-utes/inch at 36 inches.2 A system, de-

'Complete test data are not included here.

5 0

signed to agree with New Hamp-shire Water Supply and PollutionControl Commission specificationswould require a 1200 gallon aera-tion plant, and a flow diffuser cham-ber bed of four rows of four cham-bers each (512 sq. ft.). The estima-tedcost, installed, would be $2241.15.

While the best way of handlingdomestic sewage is to collect it insanitation sewer lirws and to trans-port the sewage to modern, proper-ly operated, central sewage plants,New Castle, New Hampshire, is anexception. Pollution is not universalon the island, and because of the dif-ficulties in installing sanitation sewerlines in ths community, an effectivealternative must be used. From astudy of the means available, therecommended op ti mum u in sy stemshould be the system just described.With a system of this type each indi-vidual home-owner will deal withhis or her own problem and the ex-pense will fall on those with whomthe problem originates.

Conceptual Design of a System ofAutomatically Controlling Diver De-compression

Advisor:Professor Fletcher A. Blanchard

Consultant:Professor Robert S. Torrest

Technician:Mr..Robert A. Blake

Students:Mr. Bruce A. Bond, ChemicalEngineering; Mr. Mark NV. Fur-long, Chemical Engineering; Ms.Karen A. Hayes, Mechanical En-gineering; Mr. Timothy L. La-barre, Mechanical Engineering;Mr. Charles D. Wiswall, Elec-trical Engineering

The University of New Hamp-shire's recompression chamber wasconstructed in 1968-69 as a studentproject. The chamber was success-fully used in 1971 during the EDAL-HAB II project at the Isles of Shoalsand in Project FLARE off the Flor-ida coast in 1972. When in use, the'pressure in the chamber is manually,.decreased in steps by the hyperbar-ic specialist who is in constant atten-dance. Oxygen and carbon dioxidelevels and temperature have some-times been monitored, but highflow rates have usually been em-ployed to assure proper atmospher-ic conditions in lieu of precise moni-toring instruments.

The purpose of this project wasto alleviate some of the fatiguingfeatures of manually controlled de-compression by designing a systemin which the decompression sched-ule may be programmed and thenautomatically followed by a systemof pressure transducers and. elec-

-tronically controlled solenoid valveswith provision for manual overrideat all times.

The UNI I recompression cham-ber was originally designed as a por-table unit. For the purposes of thisproject, it was decided to make thesystem dependent'on the use of con-

ventional 60 cycle power for usewith the timer chosen.

The ChamberIn a closed chamber inhabited by

human beings, atmospheric condi-tions must be carefully controlled.Too high a partial pressure of oxy-gen for too long a period can causeoxygen poisoning. An overly humidatmosphere can make an alreadycramped recompression chamberseem even more suffocating. Seriousalso is an over-abundance of carbondioxide. If low humidity air can besupplied, chamber humidity isusually not a problem and carbondioxide concentration becomes thedeciding factor in setting theflow-through rate for the chamber.The partial pressure of the carbondioxide in the chamber should beheld at a maximum of 0.005 atmos-pheres regardless of the chamberpressure. For two occupants in thechamber this requires a flushing rateof 10.0 cubic ft./min. measured atatmospheric pressure.

49

Pressure Control and AtmosphereMonitoring Equipment

The system chosen uses two mainsolenoid valves, one on the supplyline and one on the exhaust line tocontrol chamber pressure by adjust-ing flow rate. Two back-up sole-noid valves and two back-up man-ual valves are also used, in case offailure of the main solenoid valves.

Dynisco, Westwood, Massachd-setts, supplied a model pressuretransducer having a range of 0 to100 psia and having an error notgreater than 0.05 per cent to moni-tor the chamber pressure. At themaximum design working pressureof the chamber (90 psi correspond-ing to 165 feet of seawater) this 0.05per cent accuracy is equivalent to0.45 psi or about 1 foot of seawater.A Beekman Model 715 Process Oxy-gen Monitor which has an operatingpressure limit of 65 psia was madeavailable to the project. An in-lineflow asse.t: o-rmits the monitorto be used ;_s thy .itkust line.

;,-

11.

,(2,U..3

^Cc..

Project Team Member Describes Control Scheme for Recompression Chamber

5 1

50

Scheduling Timer

The timing reference for the digi-tal chamber controller is providedby a 60 Lix voltage source which isfrequency divided to produce an ac-curate one pulse per minute signal.At each one minute interval a com-parison is made between the cham-ber pressure and the pre-stored pres-sure vs. time data (decompressionprofile). The output of the pressurecomparator drives the solenoidvalves to control chamber pressure

TRUNKSUPPLY

TRUNK PRESSEXHAUST IND

in accordance with the desired de-compression schedule.

Conclusions and Recommenda-tions

The project was carried throughthe design phase and much of thehardware installation was complet-ed. The electronic timer/controllerwas not completed in time to eva-hiate the chamber control. It wasnot tested. I lowever, the work donewill provide a sound plan of action

AIRSUPPLY

for future work which will makethe recompression chamber an ac-tual working chamber.

A few basic recommendationsare: (1) The manual and automatic .controls should be assembled togeth-er and a protective frameworkshould be built around them. (2) ACO2 monitor should be acquired.(3) The exhaust system should bemodified to suit the pressure rangeof the available 02 monitor.

PROGRAM CHARTTIMER --'4ECORDER

I FLOW ICONTROL

SECONDARY SUPPLYPRESS IND

NC-NORMALLY CLOSEDNO-NORMALLY OPEN PRESSURE

EOLIALIZERNC

Piping and Control Diagram of Recompression Chamber

Sagamore CreekAnCoastal Region Zoning

Advisor:Professor Donald W.

Student:Ms. Reed S. l)ewey,Science

Example of aProblem

Melvin

Political

Sagamore Creek is a part of NewHampshire's coastal zone with prob-lems probably siinilar to other coas-tal areas. It is a saltwater creek withheadwaters in salt marshes nearRoute I about two miles south ofthe.. Portsmouth traffic circle. It emp-ties into the waterway separatingNew Castle from the mainland, adja-cent to Little I larbor. It is a safe ha-ven 'for such small craft as lobsterand pleasure.. boats. Its shores arezoned for both residential and com-mercial uses, and the lower half,from Sagamore bridge down, is al-ready somewhat commerciallydeveloped, with a restaurant and amarina.

Some existing development is al-ready detrimental to the Creek, pol-luting it or encroaching upon it.Strict control is necessary to protectthe public's interest in this public re-sourcethe water in the Creek andthe real estate around it. Because ofthe nature of the political processstrict control is difficult to achieve.Rational men do not easily yieldtheir freedom to make a profit, andthe public is only vaguely aware ofwhat it has to lose. As a further com-plication there are many state agen-cies having some jurisdiction overNew Hampshire's coastal regions.These include the Office of StatePlanning, the Fish and Game De-partment. the Department of PublicWorks and I lighways, the PublicUtilities Commission, the Water Re-sources Board, the Water Supplyand Pollution Control Commission,and the.. New Hampshire Port Au-thority.

Not included in this, but perhapsmost responsible for regulating thecritical adjacent land use is the.city

of Portsmouth. The City Managerhires the City Planning Commissionwho can be said to work toward thepublic good. However, the PlanningCommission may (ml)' professional-ly evaluate and recommend, and itremains up to the political body ofthe city to implement any policy.The city's interest lies in the benefitof its citizens, not directly with thegood of the Creek. Politics being asthey are, it is not surprising if reve-nue in the hand looks better thansome future open space.

Where residential developmenthas occurred, as in the Rye sectionnear the mouth of the Creek, the ef-fect has been the creation of someprime real estate. The owners cer-tainly have an interest in preservingthe quiet, rural character of theirstreets and stabilizing taxes.

In New Hampshire, belief in localgovernment runs deep. Should theCreek be sacrificed on the altar ofthis tradition? Certainly without a

Jed.

51

clear plan for the Creek, it will benibbled away with changes in zon-ing ordinances and discovered loop-holes, lost in the tangle of compet-ing interests, unregulated by agen-cies that hardly know of each otherand have no funds for investing inthe future.

Rather than fear the encroach-ment of government, New Hamp-shire citizens should demand thatthe government which claims juris-diction must take the responsibilityfor maintaining the public treasure.It is foolish to lay the burden ofmotivation on concerned bird-watchers.

Perhaps a conference of all theagencies having some controls overthe Creek and other coastal landscould agree on who would makepolicy decisions. If Sagamore Creekis filled in and paved over, who willbear the blame when the deed isdone?

fir

,...Z -Air;

,

,$0.1-

Jury Session PresentationCoastal Zoning Problem

5 3

52

Relation of Sagamore Creek to Surrounding Communities

54

The Shallow Water Buoy Project

Advisors:Professor Alden L. Winn andProfessor Ronald R. Clark

Students:Mr. Sidney L. Brayton, Mr. Den-nis F. Desharnais, Mr. MichaelP. Miville, Mr. Stephen K. Nilson,Mr. Robert A. Norcross, Mr.Richard D. Roberge, and Mr.Kenneth Stiouphile, ElectricalEngineering

Graduate Student:... Mr. Eugene R. Cloutier, Mas-

ter. of Science Program inNI echanical Engineering

The mission of this project is thedevelopment, construction, and de-ployment of a buoy system capableof independent long-term monitor-ing of estuary parameters. Indivi-duals or companies conducting re-search in estuaries must have ameans of analyzing these regionsavailable to them. The analysisshould yield information on suchfactors as the ecological impact ofagriculture on recreational develop-ment of the estuary. The system de-scribed here, when developed fur-ther, will be capable of long-termmonitoring of several interrelatedparameters which can be used to un-derstand the biological makeup ofthe area under study.

This project is planned to yield anoperational system of interest to in-dividuals or companies who willcontinue the development of estuar-ine buoy systems. Further work byengineering students now engagedon the project is planned.

The system will consist of experi-mental and electronic packages at-tached to a triangular aluminumframe. This frame will be tetheredto three anchor cables (legs), 120 de-grees apart, anchored to the bayfloor. Two of the legs will be offixed length with the third attachedto a motor winch assembly located

53

Shallow Water Buoy Block Diagram

CURRENT DIRECTION

ANCHOR ANDWINCH

SURFACE

BUOY AND INSTRUMENTATION

MOTORCONTROLOVER-RIDE

78'

7.70 -/ .

55

ANCHOR

BOTTOM

90'

Shallow Water Buoy System

ANCHOR

54

in the third anchor package. Themotor winch assembly consists of aBodine D-C Nlotor connected to a15 inch diameter clrum. The coilingof the third leg, varying the buoydepth, will be controlled by a clocktinwr and the d-c output froinpressure transducer located in thebuoy package.

The electronics package is housedin an aluminum cylinder with 0-ringsealed end caps. Circuit boards arenumnted inside on an adjustableframe for easy servicing and modifi-cation.

The cylinder carries a tempera-ture sensor in an oscillator circuitproviding an output frequency pro-portional to water temperature. Aninductively coupled salinometer pro-jects from the..side of the electronicspackage. This consists of two toroi-dal windings whose inductive coup-ling will vary with water conductiv-ity. By combining temperature and,.conductivity readings a salinity mea-surement is obtained. A dissolvedoxygen sensor utilizing a membranecovered polargraphic electrode asthe detector is mounted in its ownhousing. Velocity of the water is de-termined by measuring the Dopplershift of a 10 megahertz sonic signalinjected into the water from a hous-ing mounted under the -buoy. Tur-bidity is measured in another hous-ing by measuring the light transmit7ted through the water from a sourceto a detector. The final packagehouses a pollution level indicator,utilizing the fact that organic com-pounds (indicators of pollution) ex-hibit very strong absorption charac-teristics for ultra-violet light.

The sensor outputs are frequencymodulated for use in the 8 channelmultiplexing transmission system, 7data channels, and 1 synchronizationchannel. The data are transmitted tothe shore station over the same ca-ble used to provide power to themotor winch assembly and instru-inentation packages.

To insure safety from damage by

boats, the buoy has a shore-basedmotor winch over-ride circuit, enabl-ing shore control of buoy depth. Alight assembly that is activated asthe buoy approaches the surface ismonnted on top of the buoy forwarning boats of the subsurfacebuoy. For protection from surface

obstacles, a whip rod connected toa switch is mounted on the top ofthe buoy. If an obstacle is present,the rod will bend, activating aswitch which turns off the winchmotor. The buoy will stay at this lev-el until the descent stage lowers thebuoy.

Explaining the Instrumentation for the Shallow Water BuoY at the Jury Session.

56

55

PERSONNEL OF THE MARINE ANNUAL REPORT-1973FACULTY AND PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATES

Thomas N. Bonner, Ph.D., President .of the I ?niversity of New HampshireE. Eugene Allmendinger, NI.S.Associate Professor of Naval Architecture,

Executive Officer, Office of Marine Science and TechnologyRobert W. Alperi, Ph.D., Formerly Assistant Professor of Mechanical EngineeringVictor 13. Azzi, D. Eng., Professor of MechanicsClara H. Bartley, Ph.D., Formerly Professor of MicrobiologyDonald Beaumariage, Ph.D., Manned Undersea Science and Technology Group

National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationFletcher A. Blanchard, NI.S., Professor of Electrical Engineering and Associate

Director of the Engineering Design and Analysis LaboratoryArthur C. Borror, Ph.D., Professor of ZoologyBonnie Bowen, A.B., Professional Biologist, Zoology DepartmentSheril D. Burton, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Microbiology, Brigham Young

l'niversityR.H. Carrier, Ph.D., Staff Investigator, UNH Raytheon ProjectBarbaros Celikkol, Ph.D., Director, UNH-Raytheon Sea Grant Project and

Assistant Professor of Mechanical EngineeringPatrick C. Clark, M.S., Professional Biologist, Zoology DepartmentRonald R. Clark, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Electrical EngineeringRichard A. Cooper, Ph.D., Fisheries Biologist, National Marine Fisheries

Service, Woods llole, MassachusettsRobert W. Corell, Ph.D., Professor of Mechanical EngineeringRobert A. Croker, Ph.D., Associate Professor of ZoologyHorst Gragula, M.D., Institut fur Flugmedizen, Bonn-Bad GodesbergDonald M. Green, Ph.D., Professor of Biochemistry and GeneticsHarry H. Hall, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus of PhysicsLarry J. Harris, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of ZoologyGerard Haux, Chief Engineer, Dthgerwerke, LubekFrederick G. Hochgraf, M.S., Associate Professor of Mechanical EngineeringMiyoshi Ikawa, Ph.D., Professor of BiochemistryGalen E. Jones, Ph:13., Professor of MicrobiologyGerald L. Klippenstein, Ph.D., Associate Professor of BiochemistryIan Koblick, Marine Resources Development Foundation, San Germain, P.R.Paul E. Lavoie, B.S. in Electrical Engineering, UNH Diving Safety OfficerDavid E. Limbert, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Mechanical EngineeringTheodore C. Loder, Assistant Professor of Earth SciencesAnthony Low, M.D., Institut fur Flugmedizin, Bon - Bad GodesbergGunther Luther, Ph.D., Program Manager, Gesellschaft fur Kernenergiever-

vertung in Schiffbau und Schiffahrt MBH, Hamburg - GeestachtArthur C. Mathieson, Ph.D., Director, Jackson Estuarine Laboratory and

Professor of BotanyAndrew McCusker, M.S., Professional Biologist, Zoology DepartmentJoseph L. Melnick, Ph.D., Professor and Chairman, Department of Virology

and Epidemiology, Baylor College of MedicineDonald W. Melvin, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Electrical EngineeringTheodore G. Metcalf, Ph.D., Professor and Chairman, Department of MicrobiologyBruce A. Miller, Ph.D:, Director, UNH Marine Advisory Services; Coordinator,

Maine-New Hampshire Blue Mussel ProjectJames Miller, Ph.D., Manned Undersea Science and Technology Group,

National Oceanic and Atmospheric .AdministrationWilliam Mosberg, M. Eng., Associate Professor and Chairman, Department of Mechanical

Engineering

57

Hugh F. Mulligan, Ph.D., Associate Professor of BotanyJoseph B. Murdoch, Ph.D., Professor and Chairman, Department of Electrical

EngineeringLindsay Murray,.B.A., Department of Oceanography, University of

Liverpool, EnglandA. Kiefer Newman, Ph.D., Formerly Assistant Professor of Electrical EngineeringH.A. O'Neal, Scripps Institution of OceanographyHeinz Oser, NI.D., histitut fur Flugmedizin, Bonn - Bad GodesbergThomas G. Pistole, Ph.D.Assistant Professor of MicrobiologyRichard C. Ringrose, Ph.D., Professor of Animal ScienceLeslie Boyle, Ph.D., Department of Oceanography, University of Liverpool, EnglandJohn H. Ryther, Ph.D., Woods I lole Oceanographic InstitutionGodfrey H. Savage, Ph.D., Director, Coherent Area Sea Grant Programs; Director,

Engineering Design and Analysis Laboratory, and Professor of MechanicalEngineering

Erick D. Sawtelle, B.A., Research AssociatePhilip J. Sawyer, Ph.D., Professor and Chairman, Departinent of ZoologyHermann Schmidt, Senior Manager for New Products, Gesellschaft fur Kernener-

gieververtung in Schiffbau und Schiffahrt M BI I. Hamburg - GeestachtThomas C. Shevenell, M. Phil., Research Associate and Instructor in Earth

SciencesKondagunta V. Sivaprasad, Ph.1) Assistant Professor of Electrical EngineeringLawrence W. Stolte, M.S., Fisheries Biologist, Fish and Game Department,

State of New HampshireEdward H. StolwOrthy, D. Eng., Professor Emeritus of Mechanical EngineeringKerwin C. Stotz, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Electrical EngineeringRichard G. Strout, Ph.D., Professor of Animal Science N,

Charles K. Taft, Ph.D., Professor of Mechanical EngineeringRobert S. Torrest, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Chemical EngineeringJ. John Uebel, Ph.D., Professor of ChemistryJoseph Vadus, M.S., Manned Undersea Science and Technology Group,

National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationJames M. Vaughn, Ph.D., Research Associate, Woods Hole Oceanographic

InstitutionKarl H. Vesper, Professor of Business and Professor of Mechanical Engineering,

University of WashingtonPeter M. Vogel, M.S., Staff Investigator, UNH-Raytheon ProjectBarrie E. Walden, Ocean Engineer, DSRV, Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionCraig Wallis, Ph.D., Professor of Virology, Baylor College of Medicine13. Allan Waterfield, M.S., Assistant Professor of Physical EducationArthur S. Westneat, M.S., Raytheon Program ManagerJohn A. Wilson, Ph-.1)., Associate Professor of Mechanical EngineeringAlden L. Winn, S.M., Professor of Electrical EngineeringAsim Yildiz, I). Eng., Professor of MechanicsMusa Yildiz, Ph.D., Visiting Professor of Mathematics

DOCTORAL PROGRAM STUDENTSDavid J. Agerton, EngineeringLawrence J. Buckley, BiochemistryJan S. Chock, BotanyMarianne Dame, MathematicsHoward A. Fields, MicrobiologyRichard P. Hager, ZoologyLarry J. Kelts, ZoologyEdward R. Kolbe,.Engineering

58

57

Alan M. Kuzirian, ZoologyPaul D. Langer, ZoologyFrederick A. Liberatore, BiochemistryEdwin A. Martinez, ZoologyThomas McGuirk, EngineeringErnani Meilez, BotanyRichard A. Niemeck, BotanyFrederick J. Passman, NlicrobiologyJames B. Rake, MicrobiologyGreg J. Schoenau, EngineeringK. J ' Scott, ZoologyThomas C. Shevenell, l'h.D. Candidate, Columbia UniversityCary K. Stewart, EngineeringRichard H. Sugatt, ZoologyJames D. Sullivan, Jr., BiochemistryKarl E. Sundkvist, EngineeringM. Robinson Swift, Engineeringlalil Tugal, Engineering

MASTER OF SCIENCE PROGRAM STUDENTS

Gerald J. Brand, Electrical EngineeringJulie L. Britko, MicrobiologyJoel A. Clark, Mechanical EngineeringEugene R. Cloutier, Mechanical EngineeringDaniel L. Cordell, Electrical EngineeringJoseph L. Cote, BiochemistryMaureen Daly, BotanyPeter R. Eppig, Earth ScienceBruce Fellows, Mechanical EngineeringJane S. Fisher, Earth ScienceRita NI. Furman, NlicrobiologyErich S. Gundlach, Earth ScienceRichard M. Hudson, Mechanical EngineeringBarry Hutchinson, BotanyWiiliam H. Lenharth, Mechanical EngineeringDavid 0. Libby, Mechanical EngineeringWalter B. Lincoln, Ocean Engineering. Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyThomas E. Mills, Earth ScienceMarjorie M. Mohr, BiochemistryFrank E. Perron, ZoologyRonnal P. Reichard, Mechanical EngineeringPeter J. Sacchetti, Electrical EngineeringRichard W. Savage, Chemical EngineeringWilliam E. Swoveland, Mechanical EngineeringVictor NI. Thomas, Jr., BiochemistryEdward Washburn, Zoology

UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS

Bruce A. Bond, Chemical EngineeringSidney L. Brayton, Electrical EngineeringWayne S. Breda, ZoologyFrank A. Byron, ZoologyDaniel_E. Carr, Earth Science

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58

Daniel P. Carroll, ZoologyKenneth J. Chisolm, Electrical EngineeringDennis F. Desharnais, Electrical EngineeringReed S. Dewey, Political ScienceF. Michael Doyle, Electrical EngineeringDavid E. Dunfee, Nlechanical EngineeringMark W. Furlong, Chemical EngineeringRaymond Gauthier, Mechanical Engineer MgKaren A. Hayes, Mechanical EngineeringRobert J. Kostyla, ChemistryTimothy L. Labarre, I echanical EngineeringJohn F. Lorentz, Biology.Michael P. Miville, Electrical EngineeringRaymond Minardi, Mechanical EngineeringByard W. Mosher, ChemistryJoseph D. Murdoch, ZoologyStephen K. Nilsen, Electrical EngineeringRobert A. Norcross, Electrical EngineeringJormthan P. Oakes, Earth ScienceAlan B. Packard, ChemistryDana C. Pederson, NlicrobiologyRichard D. Roberge, Electrical EngineeringJohn E. St. Andre, ChemistryKenneth Stiouphile, Electrical EngineeringCharles D. Wiswall, Electrical EngineeringDavid M. Wyman, Earth Science

TECHNICIANS

Joanne T. Ajdukiewicz, ZoologyCarol Anna la, ZoologyRobert A. Blake, Engineering De:,:gn and Analysis LaboratoryClaudia Darling, ZoologyRandolph Good lett, ZoologyDavid F. Hall, ZoologyRichard D. Jennings, Electrical EngineeringKathleen Kren4zier, ZoologyElizabeth Limber, ZoologySusanne B. Ludlam, BiochemistryDonald MacLennan, Electrical EngineeringRobert E. Mooney. MicrobiologyTimothy Nora ll, BotanyVivian Metier, ZoologyRobert Price, Department of Virology and Epidemiology', Baylor College

of MedicineDavid Reininger, Department of Virology and Epidemiology, Baylor College

of MedicineVirginia Sassomon, ZoologyBeverly Stiles, ZoologyEleanor Tveter, Botany