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DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 066 883 EM 010 172
TITLE Eleventh Report on Telecommunication and the PeacefulUses of Outer Space.
INSTITUTION International Telecommunication Union, Geneva(Switzerland).
REPORT NO B-10PUB DATE Jul 72NOTE 124p.
EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$6.58DESCRIPTORS Annual Reports; *Communication Satellites;
International Law; *International Organizations;Standards; *Technological Advancement;*Telecommunication
ABSTRACTSubjects covered in this annual report of the
International Telecommunication Union (ITU) include 1) action takenwith regard to regulations; 2) application of internationalregulations; 3) telecommunication studies and standardization; 4)planning of the international telecommunication network; 5) technicalcooperation activities; 6) cooperation with other internationalorganizations concerned with space; and 7) information anddo,-umentation activities. In addition, appendixes contain the reportsof individual countries on developments in space communication andrelevant resolutions adopted by the United Nations at its 26thsession. (RH)
booklet* No. 10
Eleventh Reportby the InternationalTelecommunication Union
on telecqmfnunicationand the peaceful uses
of outer space
Other publications on the ITU:
Book From semaphore to satellite, 1793-1965 (1965)
Booklet No. 1 1865-1965, a hundred years of international co-operation (1967)
Booklet No. 2 ITU and space radiocommunication (1968)
Booklet No. 3 Eighth Report by the International i elecommunication Union on telecommuni-cation and the peaceful uses of outer space (1969)
Booklet No. 4 Symposium " Space and Radiocommunication ", Paris (1969)
Booklet No.J - World Telecommunication Day-17 May 1969 (1969)Booklet No. 6 Ninth Report by the International Telecommunication Union on telecommuni-
cation and the peaceful uses of outer space (1970)
Booklet No. 7 World Telecommunication Day-17 May 1970 (1971)Booklet No. 8 Tenth Report by the Intc.nitional Telecommunication Union on telecommuni-
cation and the peaceful uses of outer space (1971)
Booklet No. 9 Speeches made at the inaugural meeting of the second World AdministrativeRadio Conference for Space Telecommunications on 7 June 1971 (1971)
Published by the International Telecommunication Union, Geneva 1972
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH,EOUCATION & WELFAREOFFICE OF EOUCATION
THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO.DUCE!' EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROMTHE Pt SON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT POINTS F VIEW OR OPIN-IONS STATED DO I\ T NECESSARILYREPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDU-CATION POSITION DR POLICY
eleventh report
by the
international telecommunication union
on telecommunication and the peaceful uses of outer space
1. Introduction
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
5
2. Action taken with regard to regulationsDecisions of the World Administra-tive Radio Conference to:- Space Telecommunications (Geneva, 1971) 5
3. Application of international regulationsInternational registration of frequen-cy assignments to space telecommunications 10
4. Telecommunication studies did standardization 14
S. Planning of the international telecommunication network 17
6. Technical Co-operation activities 17
7. Co-operation with other international organizations concerned with space 18
8. Information and documentation activities 19
Annex 1
Report) on progress made in the development of space communicationsInformation supplied by the following countries (countries are listed in French alphabeticalorder):
Argentine Republic 23
Australia (Commonwealth of) 32
Belgium 35
Brazil 37
Cameroon (Federal Republic of) 41
Canada 41
Ceylon 56
China 57
Korea (R.,cuiAlc of) 57
Denmark 59
Spain 60
United States of America 63
Finland 59
France 72
Greece 78
India (Republic of) 78
Indonesia (Republic of) 79
3
Page
Iran 83Israel (State of) 83Italy 84Jamaica 86Japan
87Kenya
92Kuwait (State of) 93Mexico
95Nicaragua 100Norway 59New Zealand 101
PI Uganda92
Netherlands (Kingdom of the) 103Portugal
103ill Federal Republic of Germany 103
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Channel Islands and theIsle of Man
108Sweden
59Switzerland (Confederation of) 114Tanzania (United Republic of) 92Thailand 114Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 114Zaire (Republic of) 116Zambia (Republic of) 120
Annex 2
Resolutions adopted by the United Nations at its 26th session:n s-o..tion 2776 (XXVI) International co-operation in the peaceful uses of outer space 123Resolution 2778 (XXVI) Convening of theWorking Group on Remote Sensing of theE.2rti, by Satellites 125
Eleventh Report of the ITUon telecommunication and thepeaceful uses of outer space
1. Introduction
THIS document is a report on the actiontaken by the International Telecom-
munication Union (ITU) with regard toouter space since the submission of theTenth Report in 1971 (see the supplementto the Telecommunication Journal, July1971).
It is submitted for the attention of theUnited Nations Committee on the Peace-ful Uses of Outer Space and of the Econo-mic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and forthe information of Members of the Union.As it was explained in earlier reports inthis series, international regulations areadopted at World Administrative Con-ferences. Since these are intergovernmentalconferences, the regulations they adopthave the force of international treaties. Theinternational registration of frequencyassignments for space telecommunica-tions is carried out by a permanent organ
of the ITU, the International FrequencyRegistration Board (IFRB), in accordancewith Radio Regulations drawn up by thecompetent ITU Conferences. Technicalstudies relating to the use of telecommuni-cations in outer space are conducted bytwo other permanent organs, the Inter-national Radio Consultative Committee(CCIR) and the International Telegraphand Telephone Consultative Committee(CCITT).
Details of the work done by the Confer-ences and permanent organs of the Unionare given in the sections which follow.
Annex I contains reports by a number ofMembers of the Union on the progress theyhave made in space communications in1971.
Annex 2 contains two resolutions of theUnited Nations.
2. Action taken with regard to regulationsDecisions of the World AdministrativeRadio Conference for Space Telecommunications (Geneva, 1971)
During 1971, the ITU's main activitieswith regard to outer space were carriedout in the context of the World Adminis-trative Radio Conference for Space Tele-communications. The need for such aconference had become increasingly ap-parent owing to advances in space radio-communication techniques and the rapidlyexpanding use of these radiocommunica-tions, calling for special attention tocertain factors which could not be exa-mined in isolation.
Some of these factors are:
the extremely rapid development ofspace techniques;
the diversification of space radio -communications;
the need for co-ordination betweenexisting or planned world-wide systemsand other regional or even nationalsystems which are planned or understudy;
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--- the efficient use of orbits, especiallythe geostationary satellite orbit, andfinally,
ne%% prospects for direct broadcastingvia satellite.
The Conference, which was held in Genevafrom 7 June to 17 July 1971, was attendedby some 740 delegates from 100 countries(see the Telecommunication Journal, July,August, September, October 1971). Itswork was mainly based on proposalssubmitted by Members of the ITU. Thepurpose of this World AdministrativeConference was to ensure that the technicalprovisions and regulations governing theuse of space telecommunications by allusers should be based on the most recenttechnical achievements and that theyshould enable optimum use to be made ofthese telecommunications in forthcomingyears.
Before we examine some of the decisionsof the Conference, it may be useful tomention certain of the principles on whichthey were based: use with equa"ty ofrights of the frequency bands allocated tothe space radiocommunication services, nopermanent priority that might create anobstacle to the establishment of their ownspace systems by other countries, introduc-tion of new co-ordination procedures witha view to more efficient use of the frequencyspectrum and of the geostationary satelliteorbit. In the case of broadcasting, restric-tions were placed on radiation inside theterritory of other countries.
From 3 February to 3 March 1971, theCCIR held a special meeting of its StudyGroups concerned in order to provide theConference with technical data based onthe latest developments.
The technical preparation of the Confer-ence was the work of the IFRB.
The agenda as adopteu by the Administra-tive Council included the following item:
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to consider, revise and supplement asnecessary, existing administrative andtechnical provisions of the Radio Regu-lations and adopt, as necessary, newprovisions for radiocommunication ser-vices, in so far as they use space radiotechniques, including those for mannedspace vehicles, and for the radio astro-nomy service, so as to ensure the efficientuse of the spectrum ".
The following is a brief review of some orthe principal changes introduced into theRadio Regulations, with special emphasison two services to which frequencyassignments were made for the first time,the broadcasting-satellite service and theearth exploration-satellite service.
Article I (Definitions) was partly revised;in many cases, there was a tendency toregard space rac';ocommunications. notas a service in the proper sense of the term,but rather as a special technique used invarious services. The following definitionsare to be noted:
84A P Broadcasting-satellite serviceA radiocommunication service in whichsignals transmitted or retransmitted byspace stations are intended for directreception' by the general public.
84APA Individual reception (in the broad-casting- satellite service)
The reception of emissions from a
space station in the broadcasting -satellite service by simple domesticinstallat.ons and in particular thosepossessing small antennae.
84APB Community reception (in thebroadcasting-satellite service)
The reception of emissions from a spacestation in the broadcasting-satellite ser-vice by receiving equipment, which in
' In the broadcasting-satellite service, theterm " direct reception " shall encompass bothindividual reception and community reception.
sonic cases may he complex and haveantennae larrer than those used forindividual reception, and intended foruse:
by a group of the general public atone location, or
through a distribution system cover-ing a limited area.
84ASA Earth exploration-satellite service
A radiocommunication s.;rvice betweenearth stations and one or more spacestations in which:
information relating to the charac-teristics of the earth and its naturalphenomena is obtained from instru-ments on earth satellites;
similar information is collected fromair-borne or earth-based platforms;such information may be distributedto earth stations within the systemconcerned;
-- platform interrogation may be in-cluded.
Article 5, which contains the Table ofFrequency Allocations to the variousservices, was revised, chiefly ir. order tocater for the development Of frequencyrequirements.
To mention only the two services whoserequirements have emerged in definiteform in recent years, the broad :asting-satellite service and the earth exploration-satellite service, it will be seen that newancations have been made to both ofthem.
Frequencies in the band 620-790 MHz maybe assigned to television stations usingfrequency-modulatio t in the broadcasting-satellite service, s bject to agreementbetween the administrations concerned andthose having services which may be affected(see Resolutions Nos. Spa2-2 and Spa2-3and Recommendation No. Spa2-10).
The band 2500-269(1 MHz is allocated on aprimary basis to the broadcasting-satelliteservice, sharing with other services (fixedand mobile). The use of this hand by thebroadcasting-satellite service is limited todomestic and regional systems for com-munity reception and is subject to agree-ment between the administrations con-ccrned and those having services, operatingin accordance with the Frequency Table,which may be affected.
Satellite broadcasting was also allocatedthe band 1E7-12.2 GHz (1E7-12.5 GHz inRegion I, i.e., the Old World, excludingSouth-East Asia). This is an allocation on aprimary basis shared with other services(fixed and mobile).
The band 22.5-23 GHz was also allocatedon a primary basis to satellite brradcasting(shared with the fixed and mobile services)in Region 3 (South-East Asia and Austral-asia).
Frequency bands were also allocated to theearth exploration - satellite service. Theseinclude, in particular, the bands
1525-1535 MHz8025-8400 MHz21.2-22 GHz
Ot her bq rids (401-403 ; 460-47( 1690-1700:2025-2120 MHz) may also tz used forearth exploration-satellite applications oncondition that no harmful interference iscaused to stations operating in accordancewith the Frequency Table.
It should be noted that frequency alloca-tions to services other than the broad-casting-satellite and the earth exploration-satellite services were likewise considerablyrevised. These revisions include the alloca-tions to meteorology, space research, theamateur service, the standard frequencyand time signal services, radio astronomyand, above all, the aeronautical mobile andmaritime mobile satellite services, whichin the next few years will be using space
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techniques for radionavigation and forreliable high-quality communication re-quirements.
The allocations to the fixed-satellite(commu iication- satellite) service were alsorevised and new allocations were added.
Given a spectrum in which all the bandswere already aliocated, all these newallocations, from which most of theservices have benefited, were made possibleonly by wider use of band sharing byseveral services. This could not have beendone without the complex technical studiescarried out in recent years, mainly by theInternational Radio Consultative Com-mittee of the ITU.
Whereas the allocations made by the 1963Conference stopped short at 40 GHz,the 1971 Conference allocated parts of the40-275 GHz range to certain services.
The following allocations may be men-tioned.
Broadcasting-satellite service
41-43 Gtlz84-86 GHz
Earth exploration-satellite service51-52 GHz65-66 GHz
Article 7 (Special Rules Relating toParticular Services) provides that alltechnical means available shall be used toreduce, to the maximum extent practicable,the radiation of space stations in thebroadcasting-satellite service over the ter-ritory of other countries unless an agree.ment has been previously reached withsuch countries.
New provisions were introduced on thestation keeping of space stations and on thepointing accuracy of antennae on geo-stationary satellites.
Article 9, on notification and recording inthe Master International Frequency Regis-
8
ter of frequency assignments to terrestrialradiocommunication stations, was amen-ded to take account of the changes madein the procedures for co- ordination be-tween terrestrial and earth stations.
Article 9A, which was previously con-cerned with the notification and recordingof frequency assignments to stations in thespace service, was entirely revised and nowalso deals with co-ordination, although itno longer applies to stations in the broad-casting-satellite service. A procedure hasnow been laid down for the advancepublication of information on plannedsatellite systems, enabling any administration which considers that unacceptableinterference may be caused to its existing orplanned space radiocommunication ser-vices to communicate its observations tothe administration concerned.
As in the past, any frequency assignment toan earth or space station shall be notifiedto the IFRB:
if the use of the frequency concerned iscapable of causing harmful inter-ference to any service of anotheradministration; or
if the frequency is to be used forinternational radiocommunication: or
if it is desired to obtain internationalrecognition of the use of the frequency.
The Conference introduced additionalclarifications of the notification procedurewith regard to transmitting or receivingfrequencies of earth and space stations andthe receiving frequencies of radio astron-omy stations.
Thanks to the work of the CCIR, inparticular, it was possible to draw up avery detailed method, based on thelatest technical data, of determining theco-ordination area of an earth station, i.e.,the area in which such a station may causeinterference to terrestrial stations or besubject to interference from them.
In addition, CCIR stufies provided thebasis for a method of calculating inter-ference between geostationary satellitenetworks sharing the same frequencybands.
The Conference also adopted a number ofResolutions and Recommendations. Theserelate to various sera ices, but sonic of themare more general in scope. One such text isResolution No. Spa2-1 relating to theuse by all countries, with equal rights, offrequency bands ror space radiocom-munication services, which provides intera/ia that the registration with the ITU offrequency assignments for space radio-communication services and their useshould not provide any permanent priorityfor any individual country or group ofcountries and should not create an ob-stacle to the establishment of space systemsby other countries. This is justified by thefact that the use of the allocated frequencybands and fixed positions in the geosta-tionary satellite orbit by individual coun-tries or groups of countries can start atvarious dates depending on requirementsand readiness of technical facilities ofcountries.
Accordingly, a country or a group ofcountries having registered with the ITUfrequencies for their space radiocom-munication services should take all prac-ticable measures to realize the possibility ofthe use of new space systems by othercountries or groups of countries so desiring.
Resolution No. Spa2-2 relating to theestablishment of agreements and associate,'plans for the broadcasting-satellite serviceprovides that stations in the broadcasting-satellite service shall be established andoperated in accordance with agreementsand associated plans adopted by World or
Regional Administrative Conferences. TheAdministrative Council of the ITU isrequested to examine as soon as possiblethe question of a World AdministrativeConference, and/or Regional Adntinizara-
/0
tive Conferences as required, with a view tofixing suitable dates, places and agenda.During the period before the entry intoforce of such agreements and associatedplans the administrations and the IFRI3shall apply the procedure contained inResolution No, Spa2-3,
Recommendation No. Spa2-I3 relates tothe use of space radiocommunications inthe event of natural disasters, epidemics,famines and similar emergencies. It re-commends, in particular, that administra-tions, indix idually or in collaboration,provide for the needs of eventual reliefoperations in planning their space radio-communication systems and identify forthis purpose preferred radio-frequencychanneis and facilities which could quicklybe made available for relief operationsThis recommendation was brought to theattention of the United Nations, thespecialized agencies E....td other inter-national organi,ations concerned in orderto ensure full co- operation in its implemen-tation.
Recommendation No. Spa2-1 relates to theexamination by World AdministrativeRadio Conferences of the situation withregard to occupation of the frequencyspectrum in space radiocommunications.In one of the considering " paragraphs itis stated that despite the provisions ofArticle 9A of the Radio Regulations andthe principles adopted by the Conference,which provide for full consultation andco-ordination between administ rat ions witha view to the optimum accommodation ofall space systems, it is possible that as theuse of frequencies and orbital positionsincreases, administrations may encounterundue difficulty in one or more frequencybands in meeting their requirements forspace radiocommunication. If such a
situation arises, it is recommended thatthe next appropriate World AdministrativeRadio Conference be empowered to dealwith it. Moreover, the ITU AdministrativeCouncil is invited, in the same event, toinclude in the agenda for the next appro.
9
priate World Administrative Radio Con-leience specific provisions enabling it toexamine all aspects of the use of thefrequency band(s) concerned including,infer din, the relevant frequency assign-ments recorded in the Master Inter-national Frequency Register and to find asolution to the problem.
Another important point to he mentionedis the request that the CCIR pursue thestudies relating to space radiocommunica-t ions which it has been conducting success-fully for a long time. Special attentionshould be paid to the studies of criteria forfrequency sharing between several ser-
vices, 11'1101 11 ill result in the improvedefficiency of radio spectrum utilisation.Thc.;e are, in broad outline, some of theresults achieved by the Conference. Be itrecalled that the Radio Regulations asthus revised constitute (as do the Tele-graph Regulations and the TelephoneRegulations) an annex to the InternationalTelecommunication Convention drawn upby the plenipotentiaries of the Membercountries of the Union and ratified (oracceded to) by these countries. Accordingly,the regulations adopted by World Ad-ministrative Conferences have the force ofan international treaty. The new regulationswill come into force on 1 January 1973.
3. Application of international regulationsInternational registration of frequencyassignments to space telecommunications
3.1 Since the publication of the TenthReport, the IFRB has continued to applythe relevant provisions of the RadioRegulations annexed to the Internationa;Telecommunication Convention, in con-r.,:ction with frequency assignment noticesfor space communications, received fromadministrations. The Board received 951such notices in 1971. 'Lie relevant notifica-tion and registratioi procedures aredefined in Article 9A f the Radio Regula-tions.
3.2 In accordance with the provisions ofResolution No. Spal adopted by theExtraordinary Admii.istrative Radio Con-ference to Allocete Frequency Bands forSpace Radiocommunication Purposes,Geneva, 1963, the IFRB published in 1971,in a special section of its weekly circular,
10
information from the Administration ofFrame containing a more detailed des-cription of the Symphonic experimentalcommunication-satellite system, which hadbeen the subject of a summary descriptionpublished in 1968.
3.3 The frequency assignment noticesreceived and dealt with by the IFRB in 1971mainly conc,:rned the establishment ormodification of space systems and theimplementation of experimental pro-grammes. Through its weekly circular, theIFRB regularly communicated to adminis-trations the detailed information containedin all the notices it received, as well asthe findings it reached in accordance withthe provisions of Article 9A of the RadioRegulations. These notices are brieflydescribed in the table below.
Table
country system or programme
notices rece.ved and dealt witi,by the IFRB in accordance
with the provisions of Article 9Aof the Radio Regulations .
ArgentineRepublic
Brazil
Canada
Chile
China
United Statesof America
INTELSAT programme(Intelsat-Ill)
INTELS;LT programme( Intelsat-! V)
INTELSAT programme(Intelsat-III and Intelsat-IV)
national communication-sate:1:te system (Anik)
space research programmeLi..
INTELSAT programme(Intelsat -I V)
INTELSAT programme(Intelsat-III)
INTELSAT programme(Intelsat-IV)
1.1=
earth station Balcarce (trans-mission, reception, tracking)
earth station Tangua (trans-mission, reception)
earth station Mill Village(Nova Scotia) (transmission,reception, tracking)
space stations Anik-I andAnik-2 (transmission, recep-tion, telemetering, tracking,telecom mand)
earth stations Allan Park(Ontario) (transmission, re-ception, telemetering, track-ing. telecommand and BayBulls (Newfoundi..nd), GrandBeach (Manitoba), Harriets-field (Nova Scotia), Huggett(Alberta), Lake Cowichan(British Columbia), Qu'Ap-pelle (Saskatchewan), RiviereRouge (Province of Quebec)'(transmission, reception)
space station Isis-2 (telemeter-ing, tracking, telecommand)
earth stations Ottawa (Onta-rio)and Resolute(North-WcstTerritories) (telemetering, tra-cking, telecommand)
earth station Longovilo (trans-mission, reception)
earth station Taipei (trans-mission, reception)
space stations Intelsat -IV(Pacific 1, Atlantic 2) (trans-mission, reception, tracking,Lelemetering)
country system or programme
notices received and dealt withby the IFRR in accordance
with the provisions of Article 9Aof the Radio Regulations
United Statesof America(continued)
France
INTELSAT programme(Intelsat-III and Intelsat -IV)
United States Governmentcommunication-satellite sys-tem (1-23)
United States Governmentcommunication-satellite sys-tem (Phase 11)
Symphonie experimental com-munication-satellite system
experimental space researchprogramme D2-A
experimental space andmeteorological research pro-gramme via satellite Eole
experimental space researchprogramme Svct
earth stati,m Talkeetna(Alaska) (transmission, recep-tion, tracking, telemetering)
earth station Yona (Guam)(transmission,roception,track-ing, telemetering)
earth station GuantanamoBay (reception)
space stations USGCSS PhaseII (Atlantic, East Pacific, WestPacific, Indian Ocean) (trans-mission, reception, tracking,telemetering)
space station Symphonic-1(transmission, reception)
space station D2-A (telemeter-ing, telecommand)
earth stations Bretigny-sur-Orge and Kourou (FrenchGuyana) (telemetering, track-ing, telecommand)
space station CAS-A (tele-metering, tracking, telecom-mand)
earth stations installed onstratospheric balloons (tele-metering)
earth stations Bretigny-sur-Orge and Kourou (FrenchGuyana) (telemetering, track-ing, telecommand)
space station Sret (telemeter-ing)
earth stations Bretigny-sur-Orge and Kourou (FrenchGuyana) (telemetering, track-ing)
country system or programme
notices received and dealt withby the IFRB in accordance
with the provisions of Article 9Aof the Radio Regulations
Greece -- inter-governmental communi- earth station Atalanti (recep-cation-satellite system tion, tracking)(Saicom-2)
India INTELSAT programme earth station Arvi (reception)(Republic of) (Intelsat-Ill)
Israel INTELSAT programme earth station Erneq Ha' ela(State of) (lute/sat-IV) (transmission, reception, tele-
,rnetering, tracking)
Japan INTELSAT programme earth station lbaraki (trans-( hue/sat-Ill and hue/sat -IV) mission, reception)
experimental space research space station Shinsei (tele-program me Shinsei metering, telecommand)
Malagasy INTELSAT programme earth station ArivonirnarnoRepublic ( Intelsat-IV) (transmission, reception)
Nigeria (Federal INTELSAT programme earth station Lanlate (trans-Repu blic of) (hue/sat-Ill) mission, reception)
New Zealand INTELSAT programme earth station Warkworth(Intelsat-Ill and huelsat-IV) (transmission, reception, track-
ing)
Federal INTELSAT programme earth station Raisting (trans -Republic of (hie/sat-IV) mission, reception)Germany
United INTELSAT programme earth station Hong KongKingdom of (lute/sat -Ill) (transmission, reception, tele-Great Britainand Northern
metering, tracking)
Ireland
Senegal INTELSAT programme earth station Rhandoul (trans-(Republic of) (Intelsat-1V) mission, reception)
Singapore INTELSAT programme earth station Sentosa Singa-(Republic of) (late/sat -Ill) pore (transmission, reception)
Sweden INTELSAT programme earth station Tanum (trans -(late /sat -IV) mission, reception, telemeter-
ing, tracking)
Zaire INTELSAT programme earth station N'Sele (trans-(Repu blic of) (hnelsat-IV) mission, reception)
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3.4 Furthermore, the ITU has pub!ishedall particulars of the earth and spacestations which were recorded in theMaster International Frequency Registerin the List of stations in the space serviceand in the radio astronomy service "prepared by the !FRB. The fourth recapi-tulative supplement to the second editionof that list, as well as the third editionand the first supplement thereto, werepublished during 1971.
3.5 Under No. 482 of the Radio Regula-tions, the IFRB prepared the WorldAdministrative Radio Conference forSpace Telecommunications, Geneva, June-July 1971, from the technical point of view.In particular, it contributed to the work ofthe " Special Joint Meeting of CCIR StudyGroups to prepare technical bases for theWorld Administrative Radio Conference
for Space Telecommunications and exa-mined the matters of interest to the Con-ference and proposals submitted by ad-ministrations.
3.6 The IFRB began to prepare a newedition of its Rules of Procedure andTechnical Standards, in conformity withthe relevant provisions of the RadioRegulations revised by the World Admini-strative Radio Conference for SpaceTelecommunications, Geneva, 1971, whichshall come into force on 1 January 1973.This new edition will be used from 1 Janu-ary 1973 to effect examinations required bythe regulatory provisions relating tonotices of frequency assignments in bandsshared between space radiocommunicationservices and terrestrial radiocommunica-tion services or between space radio-communication services.
4. Telecommunication studies and standardization
4.1 General
Studies of telecommunication questionsand work on standardization within theITU are largely done by two of its perman-ent organs: the CCIR and the CCITT.
4.2 Integration of telecommunication satel-lites in the general network (activities ofthe CCITT)
4.2.1 The CCITT is studying the use oftelecommunication satellites for telegraph,facsimile, telephone and data transmissionsand, where necessary, the signallingassociated with these various types ofinformation. A large number of StudyGroups have contributed to this work
4.2.2 Study Group XII (Telephone tra.i.smission performance and local telephonenetworks) considers that, for the present,the propagation time limits given inRecommendation G.114, White Book,
14
Volume III (Recommendation P.14 inVolume V), as approved by the IVthPlenary Assembly (Mar del Plata, 1968)should remain unchanged. The StudyGroup has, however, investigated ways ofimproving the quality of communicationswith very long propagation times, especiallyby the use of adaptive echo cancellers.
The limits laid down in RecommendationG.114 are based on speech transmissionquality; error correction in data trans-mission may present difficulties whenpropagation time is long, and the questionis being studied by Special Study Group A(Data transmission), Question 1/A, pointAC: Use of circuits established by meansof satellite for data transmission.
4.2.3 Study Group XVI (Telephone cir-cuits) has studied the transmission prob-lems raised by the introduction of satellitesystems providing demand-assigned tele-phone circuits.
Study Group XIII (Automatic and semi-automatic telephone networks) is wellaware that the international routingplan may require amendment a few yearshence if demand assignment of circuitsbecomes a common practice. A study isbeing made of this question and will bedealt with by the Study Group early in1972.
4.2.4 The new signalling systems recom-mended for telex and telephony take thepeculiarities of satellite circuits into ac-count. In particular, a Group of Experts ofStudy Group XI (Telephone switchingand signalling) has dealt with the questionof signalling in satellite systems providingtelephone circuits on demand assignment.This study has corroborated the con-clusions adopted for bringing the Spade(single channel per carrier PCM multipleaccess demand assignment equipment)system into operation and has defined thefundamental bases for any new systems ofthis type which may be planned. Specialattention was given to the implications forsuch systems of the common-channelsignalling system No. 6. The conclusionsof this Group of Experts have been used asguidelines for the studies to be conductedon the subject in the International Tele-communications Satellite Consortium(INTELSAT).
4.2.5 The programme of Study Group IV(Transmission maintenance of internationallines, circuits, and chains of circuits)includes the maintenance of satellitecircuits, which poses som:, new problems,particularly as the composition of suchcircuits is not defined in the same way as inconventional systems, which means thatmaintenance management and clearing offaults are much more complicated.
4.2.6 Study Group II (Telephone opera-tion and tariffs) is studying the tariffproblems raised by the use of satellitecircuits for telephony.
a
4.3 Space radiocommunication technique(activities of the CCIR)
As was mentioned in the Tenth Report ofthis series, the CCIR convened a SpecialJoint Study Group Meeting in February1971, in accordance with a decision takenat the XlIth Plenary Assembly, NewDelhi, 1970. The report of this meeting,covering all aspects of space communica-tion, served as a technical basis for thework of the World Administrative RadioConference for Space Telecommunications(Geneva, June-July 1971).
Many conclusions contained in the reportwere incorporated in the Final Acts of theConference. They all relate to frequencysharing, directly or indirectly. In thisregard, it should be stated that the CCIRrecognizes that the ultimate expansion ofradiocommunications within a given fre-quency range is limited by the problem ofsharing. This problem cannot be solved inan absolute sense, but is dealt with con-tinuously by finding optimum solutions tospecific problems, resulting in a steadyincrease in the efficiency of use of theradio-frequency spectrum. This fundamen-tal problem is under active investigation inall Study Groups of the CCIR, where itsimportance is clearly recognized. In theFinal Acts of the above Conference forSpace Telecommunications, important de-cisions are based on the results of CCIRstudies.
4.3.1 Pr Kedure for determination of co-ordina-tion distances
The study of co-ordination distances wasfirst initiated by CCIR Study Group IV atits Washington meeting in 1962. Theobjective is to limit interference in thefrequency bands shared between thecommunication-satellite service and terres-trial radio-relay systems. The Xth PlenaryAssembly of the CCIR (Geneva, 1963)adopted a recommendation and a reportwhich served as the technical bases for thecalculation procedure established by the
15
first Space Conference held in 1963. Studiescontinued in CCIR Study Groups IV and V(subsequently Study Groups 4 (Fixedservices using satellites) and 5 (Propagationin non-ionized media)) as the communica-tion-satellite service expanded, and thefrequency bands in the range of 1-10 GHzallocated by the 1963 Space Conferencebecame insufficient to cover requirements.Thus the Special Joint Meeting evolved aprocedure for determining the co-ordina-tion distance for an expanded frequencyrange, I to 40 GHz. Furthermore, it nowaccommodates all space services, instead ofonly the communication-satellite service,together with terrestrial services that sharefrequency bands with them. New propaga-tion curves adopted by CCIR Study Group5 were used, which take account, amongstother effects, of those of hydrometeors (pre-cipitation scatter). These curves were em-bodied in the report of a special InterimWorking Party meeting held in December1970, and were further modified at theSpecial Joint Meeting; Study Group 5 isdevoting a good deal of its attention topropagation aspects of the sharing prob-lem in general.
The Special Joint Meeting further definedthe concept of " interference probability ",outlined methods of limiting interferencein various situations, and gave informationfor its calculation.
4.3.2 Efficient use of the geostationary satelliteorbit
The investigation of the various technicalfactors relative to mutual interference,enumerated in paragraph 4.2 of the TenthReport of this series, is continuing. Thereport adopted by the 2nd Session of theInterim Working Party set up under CCIRResolution No. 56 was further improvedon the basis of various contributions to theSpecial Joint Meeting. As with studies onco-ordination distance, the investigation ofthe efficient use of the geostationarysatellite orbit, formerly restricted tocommunication satellites, now includes
16
/ 7
satellites for other services. It is nowgenerally agreed that this orbit has verywide applications, especially for broad-casting satellites.The method of calculating interference isbased on the concept that the effectivenoise temperature of the .system sufferingthe interference increases as the level ofinterference rises. It can, therefore, beapplied irrespective of the modulationcharacteristics of these satellite networks,and irrespective of the precise frequenciesused.
Studies were also made of the sharingproblem between geostationary and non-geostationary satellites, as well as thatrelating to inter-satellite relay links.
4.3.3 Power limits
Studies on the limits of power radiated bysatellites and by radio-relay stations werepursued in greater detail. Different valueswere proposed for different frequencybands.
4.3.4 Use of frequencies higher than 10 GHz
As the requirements for space communi-cations increase, new frequencies must bemade available. Thus, studies on propaga-tion of radio waves beyond 10 GHz,taking into account the absorption due tooxygen and water vapour, are extremelyimportant. At the same time new demandsfor digital data transmission and videotelephony are imposed on the radio-relaysystems, which, because of wide band-width requirements, require bearer fre-quencies higher than 10 C;Hz for thesepurposes. Thus, the sharing on thesefrequency bands between communicationsatellite and radio-relay systems willcontinue to be a major problem in CCIRstudies.Finally, among other matters, the WorldAdministrative Radio Conference forSpace Telecommunications has referred amost important question to the CCIR :ngeneral, and as of 1971 this matter is under
10,
study. The information sought is to enableclear definition of the terms " acceptable(or unacceptable) interference "and" harm-ful interference ". The enormous impor-tance of such studies in respect to 17uture
development of all radiocommunicationsoperating under conditions of sharingcannot be exaggerated, and it is expectedthat 1972 will see progress in this fieldwithin the CCIR.
5. Planning of the international telecommunication network
5.1 General
According to the International Tele-communication Convention, there shallbe a World Plan Committee, and suchRegional Plan Committees as may bejointly approved by the Plenary Assembliesof the International Consultative Commit-tees. These Plan Committees shall developa general plan for the international tele-communication network to help in plan-ning international telecommunication ser-vices. They shall refer to the InternationalConsultative Committees questions thestudy of which is of particular interest tonew or developing countries and which arewithin the terms of reference to thoseConsultative Committees.
5.2 The Plan Committee for Europeestablished the number of satellite circuitsoperated by each earth station. The WorldPlan Committee decided that these datashould appear in all the Plan Books (forRegional Plans and the World Plan).
5.3 The Plan Committee for Asia andOceania asked the International Con-sultative Committees to undertake astudy of the technical and economic aspectsof a domestic and/or regional satellitesystem, while the Plan Committee forEurope and the Mediterranean Basinissued an opinion on the co-ordinationand development of satellite communi-cations.
6. Technical Co-operation activities
In 1971 the ITU was actively involved inthree space projects. The continuationof the activities at Ahmedabad, India;the educational feasibility study for theAndean region inassociation with the UnitedNations Educational, Scientific and Cul-tural Organization (UNESCO) and a newproject a space radiocommunicationsystem for aid following natural disasters.
6.1 Space radiocommunication system for aidfollowing natural disasters
General Assembly resolutions have pointedto the needs for better management andco-ordination of disaster relief and it isclear that without the rapid establishmentof adequate telecommunications after the
It
disaster has struck, proper managementof disaster relief is virtually impossible.Recommendation No. Spat -13 of the 1971World Administrative Radio Conferencefor Space Telecommunications stressedthat rapid and reliable telecommunicationsare essential for the improvement of reliefoperations and invited the CCIR to studystandard specifications and preferred fre-quencies for transportable earth stationsand for compatible mobile and trans-portable radiocommunications equipmentfor this purpose.It is envisaged that the equipment wouldbe operated by the newly-establishedoffice within the United Nations systemfor disaster relief matters in collaborationwith the Red Cross.
17
6.2 Andean educational television feasibilitystudy
In the framework of United NationsDevelopment Programme (UNDP) SpecialFund Project REG-233, UNESCO hasbeen designated executing agency, inassociation with ITU, with regard to theviability study and the regional systemplanitication for education, cultural anddevelopment purposes in South America,taking into account modern communi-cation means, including satellite communi-cations. In the framework of this project,ITU has recruited, as from January 1971,a system planning expert, responsible forundertaking the preliminary studies and,in particular, the tentative plan for theimplementation of the project. Further-more, this expert will assure the co-ordination of the activities undertakenin the countries concerned with this study,during 1972, by a team of three expertsin broadcasting, radio-relay systems andsatellite communications respectively.
6.3 Experimental satellite communicationearth station, Ahmedabad, India
In June 1970, the UNDP GoverningCouncli approved a request from theGovernment of India for I 068 900 USdollars for the up-grading and equippingof the experimental satellite communi-cation earth station, which is to participatein the India/United States educationaltelevision satellite experiment project.
The year under review saw the appoint-ment of the Technical Co-ordinator ofthis ITU/UNDP project. He has been
actively following the co-ordination ofequipment purchases provided for in theplan of operation. To aid the co-ordinatorin the highly-skilled expertise requiredin developing the station for transmissionto the satellite, a sub-contractor wasemployed. Work on the direct receptionreceivers is progressing normally undersupervision of the host administrationAlso progressing normally is the associatedfellowship programme.
6.4 Seminars organized by the ITU
Space telecommunications often figureon the programme of ITU seminars. Suchwas the case with the Lagos seminar(April 1971) on broadcasting problemsand with the Mexico City seminar(September-October 1971) on problemsof radio-frequency spectrum management.At the latter seminar, a member of the!FRB and two staff members of itsSpecialized Secretariat gave lectures onfrequency usage, and in particular onspace telecommunications; in the courseof these lectures they also analysed theresults of the World AdministrativeRadio Conference on Snace Telecom-munications, Geneva, 1971 (see Telecom-munication Journal, January 1972).
6.5 Preparation of handbooks
CCITT Special Autonomous WorkingParty No. 3 (GAS 3) has prepared textson satellite telecommunications to sup-plement the handbook on " Economicand technical aspects of the choice oftransmission systems ".
7. Co-operation with other international organizations concerned with space
In 1971, the ITU pursued its consistentco-operation with many internationalorganizations concerned with spacematters. In particular, it took part inmeetings of the United Nations Com-mittee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer
18
Space and its Sub-Committees and Work-ing Group.
It also continued to take an active partin the work of the specialized agenciesconcerned with space telecommunications
(International Civil Aviation Organization(ICAO): Inter - Governmental MaritimeConsultative Organization (IMCO),UNESCO) and of inter-governmental
regional organizations (European Con-ference of Postal and TelecommunicationsAdministrations (CEPT): Inter-AmericanTelecommunications Conference (CITEL)).
8. Information and documentation activities
In application of Administrative CouncilResolutions Nos. 636 and 637 concerningthe spread of information on the activitiesarid role of the ITU in space telecom-munications, the General Secretariat tookcertain measures (summarized below)during 1971.
The theme of the Third World Telecom-munication Day proposed by the Admin-istrative Council to Members of the Unionwas Space and Telecommunications ".A series of photographs illustrating thistheme and texts specially written for theoccasion were widely distributed in theweeks preceding 17 May 1971.
TELECOM 71, the first world telecom-munication exhibition, organized by theITU, was held from 17 to 27 June. Spacetechniques were given a prominent placeand the 70 000 visitors were able togather information on the equipmentused for these techniques. The exhibitioncovered a surface of 24 030 m2 and 250exhibitors took part (see the Telecom-munication Journal, October 1971).
The Telecommunication Journal continuedto publish a monthly list of satelliteslaunched, articles on space matters and,at regular intervals, statistics on theutilization of telecommunication satellites.The May issue (of which 10 000 copies
O
were pr4z1,,:ti) was devoted to space, inview of the second World AdministrativeRadio Conference for Space Telecom-munications which started on 7 June.It contained 220 pages of text and twosupplements (a 146-page List of artificialsatellites launched from 1957 to 1970and a planiiphere showing the locationsof earth stations used in the public satellitecommunication service, with a movabletransparent plate for finding the coveragezone of a satellite in geostationary orbitas a function of its position above theequator).
Considerable documentation was distri-buted both before and during the SpaceConference.
In July the "Journal" published, as asupplement, the Tenth Report by theITU on Telecommunication and thePeaceful Uses of Outer Space and inOctober an analysis of the results of theSpace Conference.
As in previous years, the Union's filmlibrary lent out many films dealin6 withspace telecommunications.
Finally, the ITU produced a 72-minutecolour film TELECOM: Message tothe 21st Century ", part of which concernsspace telecommunication.
19
ANNEX 1
Reports on progresc made in the development of
space communications
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC
Commercial services
In 1971 activities connected with spacecommunications developed considerablyin Argentina.
As will be seen from the following, thenumber of operating and reserve circuitsincreased as well as the number of com-munications. We can also say that thequality of the services was improved.
The commercial space services are, ofcourse, operated by the Empresa Nacional(le Telecomimicaciones (ENTEL) andthe Direction Nacional de Correos yTeleconninicaciones by means of systemsinstalled at the Balcarce earth stationat the Buenos Aires switching and inter-national centres, both located in the Tal-cahuano and Cangallo building, and atthe Division OperaciOn Servicio Inter-nacional (DOSI) on the 5th floor of themain Post Office.
The first two centres handle internationaltelephone, telex and television traffic andthe third international telegraph traffic.
The work carried out in 1971 at each ofthese centres and prospects for the currentyear are dealt with below.
Balcarce earth station
The station, which was brought intoservice in 1969, operated with thehue /sat -III communication satellite until27 March 1971, when it started workingwith Intelsat-IV, which has almost fivetimes the capacity of Intelsat-Ill.
A number of equipment improvementsand new installations were required at
the earth station to enable it to workwith the new satellite and, at the same time,the work required to complete Balcarce IIwas continued. The position is as follows;The construction of the second antenna,with its rotating paraboloid reflector29.75 m in diameter, has been finishedand by the time this report is published,the operational tests also will more orless have been completed. The electriccharacteristics are similar to those of thefirst antenna, but a number of improve-ments were incorporated in the mechanicalstructure. Of these the following may beof interest:
the azimuth drives (motor-reducinggear-brake system) have been installedat the first-floor level of the spaceinside the base, unlike the first antennain which they were placed at basementlevel. The application of the forces inthis position shortens that part of thevertical axis which is subject to torqueso that the pointing of the assembly ismore stable and more accurate;
the floor corresponding to the ground-floor level is solid with the verticalaxis and revolves with it. The trans-mitting equipments are mounted onthis revolving platform and it waspossible to dispense with rotating jointsfor the azimuth motion on the respectivewaveguides. As a result, the efficiencyof the transmission system was sub-stantially improved;
the four final power amplifiers for thefour 1.2 kW transmirers are now beinginstalled. The travelling wave tubeamplifiers have a band with of 500MHz, thus obviating the need for
23
*.3vect4...r:
/44,AZ.
The Balcarce II station. The Balcarce I antenna can be seen in the background
24
'KEEN7=311111Cit.reirM
-.4011-040.
(Telecommunication Administration, Argentina)
adjustment when the carrier frequenciesare changed.
The transmitters are also being equippedwith four exciters (with tuning controlto ensure rapid adjustment to frequencychanges) and a fifth exciter for the Spadeservice (single channel per carrier PCMmultiple access demand assignment equip-ment). This system offers the followingadvantages:
the equipment at the earth stationand the frequency spectrum used bythe satellite will be substantiallyreduced because one carrier with 24channels will be common to allcountries and each channel may beused by all stations with the necessaryequipments. Each channel will haveits own sub-carrier which will be selec-ted at random, on request, accordingto traffic requirements.
These equipments will be hosed in theBalcarce II antenna.
The Balcarce I antenna had to be madecapable of working with the Intelsat-IVsatellite and for this purpose two exciterswith tuning control and one Spade typeof exciter were installed.
The equipments listed below are commonto both antennae and are already installedin the equipment building:
four modulators for telephony andone for television, similar to theoriginal modulators;nine 750-70 MHz convertors for thereceiving sub-system and one fortelevision, with the required standbys;
nine threshold extension demodulatorsfor telephony and one for television;one Spade equipment initially with12 channels and the required 750-70MHz convertors.
Three console systems are being providedfor three operating centres: antennaoperation, operation and control ofequipment, and video control.
A third 250 kVA generating set will beadded, bringing the total power availableto 750 kVA.
A switching system will be installed topermit the instantaneous transfer ofcommunications from one antenna to theother. Transmission switching will be at70 MHz and reception at 750 MHz.
The reliability of the BalcarceMar delPlata link will be improved by connectingthe two points with a coaxial cable,making two complete routes betweenBalcarce and Buenos Aires (one normaland one alternative route).
Buenos Aires International Centre (CIBACentro Internacional Buenos Aires)
In 1971, the capacity of the telephoneexchange was increased from 63 to 88circuits. Twenty-five of the circuits areoperated manually and the remaindersemi-automatically, which means thatan operator is required at only one terminal.
Table I lists the countries now inter-connected with our system and showsthe number of channels used in each case.
In emergencies due to failure of the earthstation or of the satellite, it will be possibleto bring I I telephone circuits into operationimmediately, 8 to the United States ofAmerica and 3 to Italy. The equipmentsare accommodated in the General Pachecoand Don Bosco transmitting and receivingexchanges.
25
Table I
country telegraphy telephony
telex
carrier telex leased transit
United States ITT I 22 -- 7 ITT 35 21 2
RCA I I data RCA 28 II 1-WUI I transm. WU1 25 8 3
Italy I 7 40
Spain 6 I 4 2
Chile I 14 I 6
Peru 3 I 3 3
Brazil I 12 2 _ 14 12 1
Federal Republicof Germany
I 4 2 _ 20 4
France 3 I 6 6
Venezuela 3 I
arrm viaWUI
Mexico 2 3
Canada 2 2 viaUSA
Colombia 1
United Kingdom 1 3 I 19 2 1
Switzerland I 4 viaItaly
Austria I 4 viaGermany
Belgium I viaGermany
Netherlands 4 viaGermany
Japan 4 I viaSpain
26
Figure I gives an idea of the developmentof telephone traffic. It will be seen thatthe number of outgoing calls ranged froma minimum of 5500 in October to amaximu.'i of 11 000 in May.
Outgoing cr.ils in 1971 totalled 324 046and charged minutes 2 355 154.
thousands
34-
32
28
24
20
16
12
8-
0
month
1969
The capacity of the telex exchange wasexpanded and it is planned to equip anESK (TWKD) exchange with 410 cir-cuits over the next three years (seefigure 2).
Table 2 shows developments in 1970 and1971 and prospects for 1972:
completed calls
e--
...
II
Figure I International feltphoue traffic
outgoing calls (1971),..-
outgoing calls (1970)
I 1
Ill IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
Telex service exists with the following and Netherlands via Germany; Brazil;countries: Austria; Germany; Belgium Canada via RCA: Chile; Spain; United
27
co
States of America via ITT, I' CA and WUI; Operational figures ler 1971 are shownFrance; Great Britain; Italy; Japan via in table 3.Spain; Peru; Switzerland via Italy; Vene-zuela via WUI.
Table 2
1970 1971 1972
incoming circuits 90 104 -- two-way automatic outgoing circuits 66 76 144
semi-automatic outgoing circuits 38 47 47
Table 3
No, of calls No. of chargedminutes
incomingoutgoing
481 CnO (approx.)5f? 37!
2 500 000 (approx.)2 655 809
completed0. going calls
70 000
60 000
50 000
40 000
30 000
20 000
10 000
month I H III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
Fic'ure 2 Monthly figures for the telex service
28
XI XII
outgoing minutescharged
300 000
200 000
100 000
completed calls
---- minutes charged
Division Operation Servicio Internacional(DOSI)
This centre handles all internationaltelegraph traffic over nine send andreceive circuits:
Buenos AiresNew York:I circuit with Western Union Inter-national Inc. (WUI)I circuit with RCA Global Communi-cations Inc. (RCA)I circuit with World CommunicationsInc. (Worldcom)
Buenos AiresRomeI circuit with Italcahk, Servizi Cah lo-grafici, Radiotelegrafici e Radioelettrici,SpA
Buenos AiresRio de Janeiro1 circuit with the Empresa Brasileirade Telecomunimcdes (EM BRATEL)
Buenos AiresHamburgI circuit with the Ministry of Postsand Telecommunications
Buenos AiresLondonI circuit with the United KingdomPost Office
Buenos AiresSantiagoI circuit with the Administration Chilenade Teleconninicaciones
Buenos AiresViennaI circuit with EPER Radio-Austria
Figure 3 shows the development oftelegraph traffic from October 1970when the service was nationalizeduntilDecember 1971.
Improvements in facilities are shown infigures 4, 5 and 6. Figure 4 shows thetime required to collect the text of a
Antennae of the Balearce earth station (P&T Administration, Argentina)
29
telegram at a customer's home at hisrequest. The procedure is as follows:a) receipt of the request by telephone,b) dispatch of messenger,e) collection of telegram at the customer's
home,
d) delivery of the telegram at the tele-communication counter.
Curve I shows the time from a) tocurve 2, the time from a) to e), and curve
telegrams(thousands)
70
3, the time from a) to d). It will be notedthat all of these times are decreasing;in 1971, the average total time was reducedby 33%.
Figure 5 shows the time required todeliver telegrams in advance either bytelephone or by telex. The average timefor telephone delivery dropped from 18to 8 min, or by 55%, Telex delivery timedropped from 12 to 7 min, or by 41%.
sik
)ik 0\
60 I ./
1
A.I. . \, \
I
I I50 I
I 0 0'°. 1)` 1:3\C( Cr 0._..//
u
1
1
...I ...,0 \ ----ee\ . A,
e"... \e7-`*.......40
30
20
10
0month
iX XI XII
II
I I III III AVIV
1970
telegrams sent
---- telegrams received
I I I 1 I IVI VII VIII IX X XI XII
I
1971
Figure 3 International telegraph traffic via satellite
30
ay
time(minutes)
0month I H III IV V VI VII VIII XI X XI XII
average timt---- time, centre
radius
1971
Figure 4 Time required to collect telegrams from customer's homeI. Time elapsed between receipt of request and dispatch of n.-csenger2. Time elapsed between receipt of request by telephone and collection of telegram at customer's
home
3. Time elapsed between receipt of request by telephone and delivery of 'elegram to the telecommu-nication counter
time(minutes)
18161412
I telephone10 (average time)
telex86 (average time)
42-4- 111111111M
month I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII 0 1971Figure 5 Telegram alliance delivery times
Figure 6 shows the time required todeliver telegrams in Buenos Aires. Theaverage timewhich is constantly dimin-
time(minutes)
130 -
120
110
908070605040-6-
30
20
10
0
month
ishingwas reduced from 108 min in Aprilto 65 min in November 1971, whichrepresents an improvement of 39.5
1
1
1 I 4 1 1 t 1 I t 1 1 1
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX
Figure 6 Telegram delivery times, Buenos Aires
I I
I I
outsidecentral radius
I I
general average
central radius
X XI XII 1971
AUSTRALIA (COMMONWEALTH OF)
International satellite communications
An original signatory of the InterimINTELSAT Agreement, Australia for-mally acceded to the Agreements esta-
32
blishing Definitive Arrangements forINTELSAT when they were opened forsignature on 20 August 1971. Australiacontinued its active participation inINTELSAT management through the
representation of the Overseas Telecom-munications Commission (Australia) onthe Interim Communications SatelliteCommittee (ICSC).
Australia's use of INTELSAT satellites inIndian and Pacific Oceans through thestandard earth stations located at Moree(New South Wales), Carnarvon (WesternAustralia) and Ceduna (South Australia)increased to a total of 169 equivalentvoice-grade circuits as at 31 October 1971,compared with a total of 100 equivalentvoice-grade circuits at the correspondingdate in 1970. Australia is now the fifthlargest user of the INTELSAT spacesegment.
The collocated 13 m earth station atCarnarvon provided full-time tracking,telemetry and control services for theIntelsat-II, III and IV satellites in 1971.Additional modifications being carriedout during the year to both the 13 m andstandard earth stations at Carnarvonwill equip them to perform system moni-toring functions for the INTELSATnetwork. This work, which results froma decision of the ICSC, will be completedearly in 1972.
Field trials for CCITT telephone signallingsystem No. 6 on both satellite and cablecircuits were continued during 1971.The first phase of the trials (testing ofsignalling) has been completed. Thesecond phase (simulated telephone callsand test calls) conducted by Australia inconjunction with the United Kingdom,the United States, Japan and Italy, isnow in progress.
Domestic communications
The Australian Post Office has continuedits studies of the feasibility and require-ments for an Australian domestic satellitecommunications system to be integratedwith the Australian national telecommuni-cations network. rt early study in 1966showed that although a domestic satellitecommunications system was technically
feasible and could meet the technicalrequirements of the Australian network,it could not compete economically atthat time with conventional terrestrialmicrowave radio or coaxial cable systems.Progress in technological and economicfactors has continued and more recentstudies have shown that these improvedthe prospects of viability of a satellitesystem. Indications are that this trendwill continue.
The study includes consideration ofprovision of facilities for the followingservices as part of the Australian network:
point-to-point trunk telephony, handlinglarge blocks of traffic over longdistances typically Sydney Perth,Sydney Darwin;multiple access trunk telephony, withsmaller blocks of traffic to intermediatecentres in distant areas having limitedtrunk access at present;
television relay between major centres;
television programme distribution forretransmission at established terrestrialtelevision stations;a telephone subscribers' servicetoindividual subscribers in remote loca-tions of the country.
A significant benefit of a satellite servicewhich is not directly quantifiable is theimprovement in reliability achievable in thelong-distance trunk network when satellitelinks are available. A satellite system alsoprovides the potentiality for facilities whichwould not otherwise be possible; inparticular, the remote subscribers' tele-phone service. In the 1970 Report, aprogramme of experiments aimed atproviding data for future design of such asubscribers' service was described. Theresults of the programme have now beenpublished in Australian TelecommunicationResearch which is a journal of the Tele-communication Society of Australia (Box4050, GPO, Melbourne, Victoria, Aus-tralia, 3001). The complete issue of
33
k '
1111111Ci.
The Overseas Telecommunications Commission (Australia) Carnarvon installation. In the fore-ground is the antenna for the tracking, telemetry and control station with the huge 30 m antennaof the communications earth station to the left
Volume 5, No. I, May 1971, is devoted tothese experiments.
The effect of the conclusions of the WorldAdministrative Radio Conference forSpace Telecommunications on the Austra-lian domestic satellite proposal are alsobeing studied, especially in relation tooperating frequency bands and changedpower flux density limits. In the Australiansituation, the possibility of operation atfrequencies above 4/6 GHz, despite in-creased propagation difficulties, is attrac-tive as it minimizes co-ordination problemsand sharing with heavily developed terres-trial radio-relay routes and allows earthstations to be sited close to the maintraffic centres thus reducing the cost ofterrestrial interconnections. The increasedallowable power flux density at these
34
(OTC)
frequencies, particularly at the high ele-vation angles of a domestic system, offersthe prospects of reduced cost earth stationsby taking advantage of higher satelliteoutput powers becoming available fromemerging technology.
The major propagation problem at fre-quencies of 10 GHz and above is createdby the additional attenuation caused byrain. This attenuation will vary, inter alia,with meteorological conditions and thereis a scarcity of data, particularly fortropical areas. Equipment is now beingprepared for a programme of measure-ments which is planned to start in atropical location in Australia in 1972. Itwill use a solar radiometer and will con-centrate initially on the frequency range10 to 15 GHz.
Meteorology
The Bureau of Meteorology has continuedto operate satellite earth stations at Perth,Darwin and Melbourne to obtain data frommeteorological satellites in the Essa,Nimbus and hos series. These stations usesteerable antennae which are remotelycontrolled from meteorological officessome kilometres away. A further remotely-controlled earth station will be commis-sioned at Brisbane early in 1972 to extendcoverage to the north and east of Australia.A fixed antenna receiving system inMelbourne receives daily satellite fac-simile data from the United States via theATS-I synchronous satellite.
As in previous years, a temporary satelliteearth station was established at Mawsonto receive meteorological satellite picturesin support of Australia's Antarctic expedi-tion in the 1971-72 summer.
Ionospheric research
Work is well advanced to establish a dataacquisition station at Darwin early in 1972to receive data from ionospheric soundingsatellites. The information will be used forionospheric research in the tropical re-gions by the Ionospheric PredictionService.
Co-operation in other space projects
During 1971, co-operation in UnitedStates space projects continued.
In January and July 1971, the Carnarvon,Honeysuckle Creek and Tidbinbilla stationssupported the Apollo-I4 and /5 mannedlunar missions. In the latter mission,the 64 m Parkes antenna also took partto provide improved reception of lunarsurface television and some essentialtelemetered data.
The construction of a 64 m antenna atTidbinbilla has continued and is onschedule for operation in mid-1973.The first British satellite launched by aBritish vehicle, Prospero, has been trackedas opportunity has arisen, by the Car-narvon and Orroral stations.Since May 1971, the Island Lagoonstation has tracked the Mariner-9 space-craft. It is a key station for the presentMars orbital tracking and is supportedoccasionally by the Tidbinbilla DeepSpace Communication Complex.
Plans to use 48 kHz (wideband) circuitsfor data flow between the stations andGoddard Space Flight Center have pro-gressed and the first circuit betweenGoddard and the Canberra SwitchingCentre will be available for testing fromearly 1972.
BELGIUM
The Belgian Telegraph and TelephoneAdministration has decided to build anearth station at Lessive, for routingintercontinental traffic via the Intelsatsystem. Its entry into service is scheduledfor the second half of 1972.
Initially, the station will have one antennafor links to the United States, Canada,
Israel, and Zaire via Intelsat-IV over theAtlantic.
For transmission (in the 5925-6425 MHzband) it will be equipped to emit an FDM-FM carrier with 132 channels in the globalbeam and an FDM-FM carrier with 60channels in the spot beam. For reception(in the 3700-4200 MHz band), it will be
35/ 35
Belgian earth station mounting the antenna reflector
equipped to receive carriers with 252channels from Canada, 60 channels fromIsrael, 432 channels from the United Statesand 24 channels from Zaire.
Later the station will work with the Spadesystem either on demand assignment or as
36
(RTT)
a fixed PCM/PSK link, It will also beable to -receive and transmit televisionprogrammes.
The plans of the Lessive earth stationallow for future expansion to a capacity ofthree antennae.
BRAZIL
1. Satellite telecommunications1.1 Utilization of facilities
Considerable progress has been achievedin Brazil's international links during 1971.
met
-AIM. 116.
A measure of this progress is the 54.9"';',increase in the number of satellite cir-cuits, to 19 different countries, as shownin the table on page 38.
;An ,
Installation of a 13.7 m precision radio telescope for millimetric wawlengths at Itapetinga RadioObservatoq, Atibaia, Sao Paulo
(CRAAM)
I
43b 37
type ofcircuit
date
voice record other total
December 1970 60 13 0 73
December 1971 94 16 3 113
1.2 Installations
To back up this large demand of circuits,several installations have been expandedduring 1971.Most of the equipment procured for thehuelsat-IV operation has already arrivedand is installed at the earth station.
A contract has been passed for a 3 kWTWT amplifier which is due to arrive inthe near future.An invitation for tenders was issued forSpade equipment. The Northern ElectricCompany (NEC) proposal is presentlybeing evaluated.The international switching centre isbeing expanded to a capacity of 370 cir-cuits, of which 60 will be fully automatic(DDD), 240 semi-automatic and 70 formanual operation.
The number of echo suppressors was alsoexpanded and 204 new units have beenpurchased. Twenty-four tone disablershave also been procured with a view tothe increase in the requirement for datatransmission circuits mainly of the AVDtype.
The intercontinental telex exchange willbe in operation in the first quarter of 1972and the specifications for the internationaltelegraph message switching centre havenow been completed. A call for tenderswill be issued shortly.
1.3 Services
The following new services have beenstarted during 1971:
38
the hot-line system which is a point-to-point transmission system for AVD use,charged for the duration of the call;leased, permanent voice channels forAVD use.
Another important event in 1971 was theaward by the United States Commu^ icat ionsSatellite Corporation (COMSAT) of acontract to the Empresa Brasileira de Tele-comunicacties (EMBRATEL) to operatetwo receiving terminals at 1.5 and 4 GHzfor the purpose of collecting scintillationdata utilizing the ATS-5 and an INTELSATsatellite.
2. Space research
2.1 The programmes of space researchare carried out by the Institute de PesquisasEspaciais (INPE), Institute of SpaceResearch, as the main executive agency,within the orientation of the ComisthoBrasileira de Atividades Espaciais (COBAE),the Brazilian Commission for SpaceActivities.
2.2 Project " Mate "
Study of the geomagnetic field. Twelvemagnetometers installed as follows: oneeach at Fortaleza-Ceara, Sao Jose dosCampos and Baur(' (Sao Paulo): the othernine along a line running from Sao Jose dosCampos to Marajo Island. Work done inco-operation with United States labora-tories and with the Inn itut fiir Geophysik midMeteorologic der Technischen UniversitiliBraunschweig, Federal Republic of Ger-many.
2.3 Project " Miro "
Studies of absorption of cosmic noise bythe upper atmosphere, using riometers andmeasurement of parameters of the neutralatmosphere between heights of 30 and90 km using a Q-switching laser radar.
2.4 Project " Tela "
Study of precipitation of charged particlesin the area of the South Atlantic geomag-netic anomaly, Construction of detectorsand telerr,!try equipment for the payloadsof stratospheric balloons used in thisresearch. Eight launchings this year.
2.5 Project " Obra "
Study of atmospheric noise causzd byelectrical discharges which interfere withcommunications in the VLF and HF bands.
2.6 Project " Safo "
Research in the upper atmosphere with thehelp of rocket-borne payloads, in co-operation with foreign agencies and theBrazilian Ministry of Aeronautics.
2.7 Project " Rasa "
Measurement of ionospheric electron con-tent through Fara: v and Doppler effects,also scintillation measurements of signalsemitted by satellites.
2.8 Project " Rada/Sol "
Observation of .olar explosions and flaresby continuous photography in the H-alpharegion.
2.9 Project " Sonda "
Ionospheric sounding with variable fre-quency sounders for studies of HF propa-gation.
2.10 Project " Bema "
Study of propagation of VLF electromag-
af
netic radiation, using both terrestrialstations and sounding rockets.
2.11 Project " Lume "
Observation and analysis of luminescencein the upper atmosphere.
Variations in the photo-chemical emissionlines of main constituents of the upperatmosphere are correlated with variation ofion content of the several regions of theionosphere. A new station installed ontop of the ltatiaia Mountain in 1971 in aco-operative programme with the Univer-sity of Texas, at Dallas.
2.12 Project " Exametnet "
Meteorological rocket sounding seekinglatitudinal knowledge of the upper atmos-phere. Collaborative activity involvingAmerican countries of the northern andsouthern hemispheres.
2.13 Project " Mesa "
Meteorological studies based on APTsatellite pictures of cloud cover, both in thevisible and in the infrared spectrum.During 1971, twenty receiving stationsbuilt to 1NPE specifications were deliveredby Brazilian industry.
2.14 Project " Sere "
Survey of natt.ral resources using remotesensors in the visible, infrared and micro-wave regions. This programme, initiated byINPE in 1961, has resulted in the availa-bility of trained experts for the Radamproject of the Brazilian Government. AUnited Nations panel meeting was held atINPE, in December 1971, for the assess-ment of and possibility of adoption ofthese techniques by other developingcountries. Fifteen countries, from Africa,Asia and Latin America, attended thetwo-week panel.
39
2.15 Project " Saci "
Utilization of the systems approach to thepossible use of a Brazilian geostationarysatellite to improve the capabilities of thecountry's educational system.
Phase AEquipment for experimentalcommunication with Stanford Universityusing the ATS-3 satellite was installed in1971 and is undergoing tests.
Phase BComprehensive educational ex-periment ir. north-eastern Brazil withintended use of United States NationalAeronautics and Space Administration(NASA) ATS-F and G satellites forbroadcast to 500 schools (estimated20 000 pupils). In 1971, a pilot studio wasinstalled, production personnel trained andinstructional teams formed for lay teachertraining lessons. By December, seventylessons had been taped. Low-cost parabolicreflector antennae were tested, work on2.5 GHz converters was undertaken sothat specifications could be issued toprivate electronics industry.
Phase C--Feasibility study on a Bra/Alansynchronous educational satellite as a
means of providing education anywhere inBrazil. This study is intended for submissionto higher authorities as a basis for theirdecision.
2.16 Fortaleza tracking station
At Fortaleza (Ceara), INPE operatesjointly with the French Centre nationald'etudes spatiales (ONES) a trackingstation for spacecraft launched fromKourou, French Guiana.
3. Radioastronomy
Radioastronomy programmes are carriedout by the Centre of Radio Astronomyand Astrophysics, Mackenzie University(CRAAM), Sao Paulo
3.1 Solar activity at microwaves
During 1971, this Centre developed regular
40
39
solar radio observations, with a polari-meter at A 4.3 cm, at Itapetinga RadioObservatory, Atibaia, Sao Paulo. Regulardata on flux and polarization of solaractivity are available to the scientificcommunity through specialized data bulle-tins.
Research in this field was directed in 1971towards the behaviour of the slowlyvarying solar component, the evolution ofpolarization with time during solar bursts,the dependence of bursts, the dependenceof burst polarization on the associatedactive centres in the sun, and relatedsubjects.
3.2 The new radio telescope for millimetricwavelengths
A 13.7 m precision radio telescope formIlimetric wavelengths has been installedat Itapetinga Radio Observatory. Thissystem is unique in the southern hemi-sphere; it has a reflector surface showinga maximum gain at 110 GHz, and pointingaccuracy of about 2 millidegrees. The sys-tem is enclosed in a modern radome, andhas been ordered from and developed bythe Electronic Space Structure Corporation(ESSCO), Massachusetts, United States.First tests were performed in the autumn of1971, out the calibration work will takeseveral months more. Initial results havebeen very encouraging.
Plans for 1972 call for the construction of a50-channel Tectral analyzer, and improve-ments on data acquisition system.After calibrations and alignment arecompleted, the first research work willconcentrate on circular polarization mea-surements of the Sun and stronger super-nova remnants, interstellar water vapour,lunar occultations, spectra of quasi-stellarsources, technological research on radomebehaviour under different meteorologicalconditions, and microwave propagationthrough the troposphere. Co-operativeplans are scheduled with the United StatesNational Radio Astronomy Observatory
..1111.,
and Haystack Observatory, for very longbaseline interferometry, and measurementsat millimetric wavelengths.
3.3 Solar-terrestrial physics
During 1971, research was concentrated onextensive studies of VLF propagationacross the geomagnetic anomaly, on rio-meter measurements at 30 MHz, andpreparation of a programme of bariumreleases by rocket, the latter in cc,-operationwith the Brazilian Air Ministry.
One part of the VLF project has developedover many years in co-operation with theInstitute for Exploratory Research, Deal,New Jersey, United States, within aninternational effort named INT-VLF. Twotracking receivers, controlled by a cesium
frequency standard having a rubidiumstandard as a stand-by, are operated atitapetinga Radio Observatory. The otherpart was developed in co-operation w;ththe Brazilian Air Ministry, and consists ofthree more tracking sta:ions controlledby a rubidium standard, two of which willbe operated at various sites in Brazil during1972-1973, constituting the MOB-VLFproject and related researches.
Research was mostly oriented in 1971
towards interpretation of an Air ForceCambridge Research Laboratories' exper-iment on VLF sounding, influence ofVLF propagation paths on SID's effects,anomalies in propagation produced bysolar protons, by X-ray fluorescent moonradiation, by cosmic ray Forbush decreases,and theoretical D region physics.
CAMEROON (FEDERAL REN)RLIC OF)
During 1971, the Federal Republic ofCameroon pursued its overall and practicalstudy of the installation of the communi-cation-satellite earth station at Yaounde.The site for the station was chosen andsoundings were made. The constructioncontract was concluded with the FrenchTelespare company, which has started
setting up the building site. Telecom-munication equipments and other sub-assemblies have been orderea.It is planned to bring the earth stationinto service early in 1973. When thisspace centre is in operation, technicaland scientific studies in the field of spaceradiocommunications can be commenced.
CANADA
1. International satellite communications1.1 IntroductionThe Canadian Overseas Telecommu-gi-cation Corporation (COTC) is presendyinvolved in a major programme involvingthe construction of a new satellite com-munication earth station as well as theconversion and expansion of an existingstation orighally constructed in 1969.
The new station will be located on thewest coast of Canada at Lake Cowichan,British Columbia, and is designed to
operate via INTELSAT satellites overthe Pacific to Australia and the Far East,including Japan, the Philippines, HongKong, New Zealand and Singapore.
The existing station located on the eastcoast of Canada at Mill Village, NovaScotia, is being modified for operationto the new transmission parameters ofthe Intelsat-IV satellite, and the basicequipment capability is also being expandedto cater for the ever-increasing growthof international traffic.
41
1.2 Description of west coast station
1.2.1 General
Construction of the new earth stationat Lake Cowichan commenced in April1971, and it is expected that the stationwill enter into service by mid-1972. Thesite is located on Vancouver Island andwill be shared with a similar, but com-pletely independent, earth station presentlyunder construction by Telesat Canada,a corporation entrusted with the provisionof a domestic satellite system for Canada.
1.2.2 Initial capability
The COTC station will incorporate aninitial capability for the transmission ofthree frequency-modulated multi-des-tination carriers with frequency adjust-ability to any portion of the band 5925to 6425 MHz. The reception capabilitywill accommodate 10 frequency-modulatedcarriers within the band 3700 to 4200MHz. The station will also include facilitiesfor transmission and reception of onetelevision and associated sound channelsadaptable to both 625/50 and 525/60line standards. EmpLasis has been placedon an overall concept which will easilyallow for an expansion of this initialcapability atsome point in the future withoutthe requirement for a major service inter-ruption.
1.3 Main technical characteristics
1.3.1 Antenna
A Cassegrainian antenna system will beemployed using a shaped 30.5 m parabolicreflector mounted on a wheel and trackassembly. Because of the severity ofCanadian winters, and deleterious effectsof snow and ice on transmission, a uniqueantenna de-icing system will be employed.The system incorporates the use ofheating elements mounted within neopreneblankets attached to the rear surfaceof the antenna panels and requires a
42
41
peak power consumption of 500 kW. Thestation standby power system has thereforebeen designed to accommodate both thenormal station load as well as the de-icingsystem power requirement.
1.3.2 Tracking system
The wneel and track antenna structurehas a capability for continuous auto-trackover the complete range of azimuth andelevation angles. Position control is derivedfrom azimuth and elevation differenceand sum signals originating from a uniqueintegrated multi-mode feed system whichwill accommodate, in future, spectrum usein the transmit and receive band usingpolarization discrimination. The trackingsignals are processed by a monopulsetracking receiver system which includesswitchover facilities to a standby receiver.The monopulse receiver output interfaceswith an updated static drive system. Asa back-up to the auto-track system, amanual system also interfaces with thestatic drive and by use of a precise encodersystem and position print-out informationit is possible to afford precise manualoperation.
1.3.3 Transmitters
A total of three transmitter chains areprovided, one of which will act as standbyfor the other two. Each transmitter chaincomprises a broadband linear modulator,double-frequency up-converter arrange-ment and a 3 kW air-cooled klystron of50 MHz bandwidth. Because of the strin-gent level stability requirements of thesatellite system, a closed loop outputregulator system will be used for eachtransmitter. The modulators will belocated in the control building and inter-connected to the wo-converters locatedin the elevated equipment room of theantenna tower by coaxial cable. Thebaseband feed to the modulator includesprovision of energy dispenal insertionfor reduction of intermoduiation in the
satellite by energy spreading, and toensure that the satellite power-flux densitywill not exceed the limits prescribed inthe ITU Regulations. In addition, toprevent over-deviation into adjacentchannel allocations, a baseband overloadcircuit will detect excess input powerand introduce attenuation as requiredto prevent over-deviation.
1.3.4 Receivers
The front and low noise receiver systemwill consist of two switchable parametricamplifiers with noise temperature ofapproximately 15 K. The pump generatorof the amplifiers utilizes solid statedesign. The amplifiers will be inter-connected from the antenna tower tothe control building by waveguide andthence to a waveguide splitter systemwhich will allow for branching to theindividual double frequency down-converters. The down-converters will befollowed by IF amplifiers, pre-detectionIE filters and threshold extension demo-dulators designed to accommodate therange of carrier to noise temperatureratios of the Intelsat-IV system. Thedouble down-conversion system providesthe utmost in frequency agility since achange in frequency can be accomplishedby change of local oscillator crystalonly, and there is no requirement forRE filter tuning.The receiver equipment described in theforegoing is of 100% solid state design.A standby receiver will provide automaticback-up facilities for failure of eitherthe telephony or television receiver.
1.3.5 Monitoring facilities and display and test
A computerized system has been providedfor monitoring performance parameterson a continuously sampled basis. Undernormal operating conditions, the systemwill produce print-outs approximatelyonce an hour; however, this intervalcan be manually changed to any period
of time desired. When the measuredvalue of any parameter exceeds thespecified range of normal operation,an alarm identification and associatedprint-out will be provided indicating thesource of the deviation. A total of 60functions will initially be monitoredincluding such parameters as receiverout-of-band noise, receive-carrier level,e.i.r.p., tracking errors, environmentalparameters, etc.
All switching, control and status indicationsof the complete transmit and receive chainswill be monitored at a centralized consolearea.
To facilitate line-up and trouble-shooting,built-in test loops have been providedincorporating frequency translating con-verters which willallow for transmit/receivetest loops at baseband, IF and RFfrequency.
1.3.6 Power system
A 23 kV, 3-phase transmission lineprovided by the local hydro authoritiesfeeds both the COTC and Telesat stations.At the COTC station, the voltage isconverted to 600 V via two separate23 kV/600 V 500 kVA transformers. Onetransformer feeds a bus system restrictedto communication functions and thesecond transformer feeds a bus usedprimarily for housekeeping functions.Both bus networks are interconnectedby a normally open line switch thatcan be activated in the event of failureof one of the transformers. The communi-cation bus feeds a rotary-inverter systemequipped with batteries, which will providea no-break facility for a 20 min powerinterruption. To cater for longer timebreaks, a 500 kVA diesel generatorsystem has been provided. The powerdistribution system has been so arrangedas to allow also for use of the dieselgenerator for application of de-icingpower to the antenna without disruptionto the other loads during periods of
k
43
normal commercial power service. Thecomplete system has been equipped withthe utmost in protective devices includingground fault detection, reverse power,reverse current and over-current relaying.All relaying functions feed a centralizedmaster enunciation panel located in themain control building.
1.4 Mill Village station
The Canadian Overseas Telecommuni-cation Corporation is currently under-taking a major modification and expansionprogramme at its east coast satellitecommunication earth station at MillVillage, Nova Scotia. Mill Village islocated approximately 130 km south-westof Halifax along the coast of Nova Scotia.
The modification programme was requiredprimarily to accommodate the new trans-mission parameters of the Intelsat-1Vsatellites, as well as to provide for anincreased capability as required for thesteady growth of trans-Atlantic traffic.
Because the Intelsat -/V system will providefor increased satellite system carrierlevels by use of spot beam antenna, itwas calculated that the Mill Villagelow-noise receiver system would be drivenbeyond the linearity requirements of theoverall system. As a result, it was foundnecessary to replace the tunnel diodeamplifiers following the parametric am-plifiers by high level, transistorized 4 GHzamplifiers. The original transmitter systemincluded a klystron high-power amplifierfor telephony carrier transmission, asimilar amplifier for television and soundtransmission, a high-power 8 kW TWTacting in standby for both. In order toaccommodate an increase in requirements,the system has been converted to a three8 kW TWT configuration thus allowingfor the transmission of up to five telephonycarriers as well as a television and soundchannel.
As for the case of the new Lake Cowichan
44
earth station, the receive system low-noiseamplifier located in the antenna upperequipment room, is interconnected bywaveguide to a branching arrangementlocated in the control room. To caterfor growth, a second waveguide branchingnetwork has been added, thus effectivelydoubling the receiver system capabilityin terms of possibility of down-converterand demodulator expansion without therequirement for service interruption.
The original threshold extension demo-dulators which were optimized foroperation with the low carrier-to-noisetemperature ratios of the Intelsat-I1system, have been modified to accept therelatively high carrier-to-noise temperatureratios associated with the 1i:raw-a-IVsystem.
New demodulators and down-convertershave also been added so that the initialcapability will include reception of 14
frequency modulated telephony carriersas well as reception of one television andassociated sound channel. A standbysystem has been provided which willallow for automatic switch-over to re-dundant receivers, one associated witheach of the major branching networks.
Because of the decreased spacing ofcarrier allocations in the Intelsat-IVsystem, a development programme wasinitiated with Canadian industry for theprovision of receiver system IF filtersto meet the new stringent system require-ments for bandwidth, amplitude responseand group delay. The new filters haveexceeded expectations, and each chainwill be individually equipped with thesefilters designed to the individual capacityrequirement. The standby receiver switch-ing network will allow for instantaneousselection of appropriate filters uponswitch-over.
In addition to the above, the Corporationis planning to participate with INTELSATwith the introduction of a demand-assigned carrier service, and a Spade
system, PCM/PSK terminal will be in-stalled in June 1972. This equipmentwill allow for the transmission of upto 60 single channel RF carriers, on ademand-assigned basis and will provideincreased flexibility for light route com-munications to other earth stations,similarly equipped.
2. Domestic satellite communications
2.1 Introduction
Significant progress has been made byTelesat-Canada during 1971 towards thescheduled start of commercial operationsfor the Canadian domestic satellite systemin January 1973. Since the major character-istics of the satellite were described inthe Tenth Report, emphasis is placed thisyear on information relating to theassociated earth stations.
2.2 Space segment
The satellite programme is proceedingsatisfactorily and qualification testingof the complete spacecraft is being under-taken, following successful completionof unit and shelf assembly qualificationtests. Integration of the first flight modelequipment shelf with the spacecraft struc-ture is expected to take place early in1972. A contract with NASA for thelaunch of the satellite using a Delta 1913launch vehicle was signed in May 1971and arrangements have been made withHughes Aircraft Company for provisionof a transportable station which will belocated on an island in the Pacific Ocean.This will be used in conjunction with thetracking, telemetry and command stationat Allan Park during the transfer orbitphase.
Work on the satellite control centre inOttawa is well in hand and a contractto provide computer equipment has beenawarded. Delivery and installation ofcomputer units to the satellite control
centre has been completed and deliveriesof units for the tracking, telemetry andcommand stations are expected to becompleted early in 1972. Developmentwork on the programmes for transferand synchronous orbit operations arewell advanced and exercising of someprogrammes is being undertaken.
2.3 Earth segment
Bids were received in January 1971 for theconstruction of the earth stations requiredto establish the initial communicationsystems. By mid-1971 contracts had beensigned with Canadian companies for thesupply of 35 stations comprising fivecategories as follows:
tracking, telemetry and controlheavy route
network television 6
northern telecommunications 2
remote television 24
The characteristics of the earth stationsand their locations are outlined in table Iand figure I respectively.
2.3.1 Heavy route stations
The heavy route stations are located atLake Cowichan near Vancouver and atAllan Park, approximately 130 km fromToronto, where the site is shared withthe tracking, telemetry and commandinstallation. Both heavy route stationsare equipped for message service andthe transmission and reception of televisionprogrammes. They employ full steerable30 m diameter wheel- and track-antennaewhich may be operated either in a steptrack or manual tracking mode.
2.3.2 Tracking, telemetry and command
The tracking, telemetry and commandstation employs an 11 m diameter antennawith a fully tracking mount which maybe operated either in auto-track, pro-grammed or manual tracking modes.It provides azimuth, elevation and rangeinformation to the satellite control com-
45
puter located in Ottawa in addition tomonitoring telemetry signals from, andtransmitting commands to, the satellite.Provision has also been made to duplicatethe telemetry and command functionsof the tracking, telemetry and commandstation through the main communicationsantenna of the Allan Park heavy routestation,
2.3.3 Network television
There is a total of six network televisionstations situated at widely separatedlocations across the country as shownon figure I. These stations will be usedinitially for the transmission and receptionof television and are equipped withantennae of 10.2 m diameter havinglimited steerability by means of remotemanual control from within the station.Provision has been made for the additionof tracking facilities if these should berequired at a later date. Possible coursesof action have also been studied for theinstallation of message facilities at theHarrietsfield network television stationin order to satisfy the traffic requirementbetween the east coast and Torontowhich will result from the completion ofthe Cantat -Il trans-Atlantic cable in 1974.
2.3.4 Remote television
The remote television stations providetelevision reception for 24 locations invarious parts of Canada. The stationsemploy 7.9 m manually steerable antennaeinstalled on a wide triangular foundationwhich permits locating the building directlyunder the rear of the dish, thus minimizingthe length of the waveguide intercon-nection. The building is of a prefabricatedfibreglass and plastic foam structureand the electronics and associated ancillaryequipment are factory-installed beforethe building is shipped to site. In allcases where required, special precautionshave been taken during preparation ofthe foundations to prevent thawing ofthe permafrost (permanently frozen terrain
46
condition common in northern latitudes)due to loss of heat through the floor ofthe building.
2.3.5 Northern telecommunications
The two northern telecommunicationsstations located at Frobisher Bay, BaffinIsland and Resolute Bay, CornwallisIsland. in the Canadian Arctic, have thesame antenna facilities as the networktelevision stations. Resolute Bay isequipped with message facilities only andcommunicates solely with Frobisher Bay.Frobisher Bay has both message andtelevision receive facilities and, in additionto communicating with Resolute Bay,has a direct connection to Allan Park.
2.3.6 Thin route stations
In Canada, there are a considerablenumber of very small isolated communitieswhich have virtually no communicationswith the community at large. The conceptof the thin route station providing oneto six voice circuits on individual carriershas been evolved to meet such communi-cation requirements. Progress has beenmade in defining the system design anddetermining the optimum methods ofmodulation and access to the satellitefor a thin route network. Two suchstations are projected for service inJanuary 1973 with a follow-on programmeof 15 stations in the period 1975-1976.
2.3.7 Maintenance
The widely dispersed nature of the Cana-dian domestic satellite earth station net-work combined with inhospitable terrainand severe climatic conditions createvery difficult maintenance problems. Theseare currently being closely studied toprovide definition of overall logistic andoperational requirements prior to thepreparation of detailed operating pro-cedures. The present plan is that all earthstations, except heavy route, will beunmanned and that personnel from thelocal community will perform simple
maintenance and control functions ona routine or " as required " basis. Formajor maintenance, or equipment break-down, the services of travelling mainte-nance crews will be available. Field repairwill normally consist of restoration ofservice by the replacement of defectiveunits which will then be returned to acentral depot for repair and overhaul.
3. Communications technology satelliteproject
3.1 Introduction
The communications technology satellite(CTS) project is a joint CanadaUnitedStates programme to investigate thetechnology associated with high-poweredcommunications satellites. This programmeincludes the launch in early 1975 of anexperimental geostationary satellite withan e.i.r.p. considerably in excess of thatcurrently available for operational satellitecommunications systems.
The Canadian Department of Communi-cations will manage the project to developthe spacecraft, provide a spacecraftassembly and test facility and provideresearch and development support. Thesatellite will be built in Canada andCanadian manufacturers will design andfabricate the spacecraft sub-systems.NASA will supply a Thor-Deltalaunch vehicle and will develop andprocure a travelling wave tube (TWT)to be flown on CTS. This TWT will be aprototype for even higher power tubesintended for future space applications.NASA will also provide access to advancedelectronic component technology andspacecraft environmental test facilities.The principal Canadian objectives ofthis programme are:a) to augment the capability of the
Canadian aerospace industry, parti-cularly in areas relating to higher-power satellites and their associatedground stations;
h) to conduct communications experi-ments employing high power satellitesand small, low-cost ground terminals.
3.2 Major characteristics of the satellite
The CTS will be placed in the geosta-tionary satellite orbit and its positionwill be maintained within 0.20 in boththe east-west and north-south directions.It will be three-axis stabilized and itsattitude with respect to the earth will bemaintained to an accuracy of 0.1" inpitch and roll and 1.0" in yaw.
The satellite will receive at 14 GHz andtransmit at 12 GHz; the transponderbandwidth will be approximately 85 MHz.
A 200 W TWT with an operating efficiencyof 50% or better at saturation will beemployed in the transponder.
The maximum e.i.r.p. of the satellite willbe 59 dBW at 12 GHz.
Two SHF antennae each of 2.5" beam-width will be used; these will be steerableon command from the ground to illuminatediscrete areas of the earth's surface.
The solar power sub-system will includetwo extendable solar sails, each 6 m longand 1.3 m wide. The available power atbeginning of life will be 1100 W.
3.3 Advanced technology and communica-tions experiments
A number of advanced technology experi-ments are planned for the spacecraft. Oneof these is an experiment designed toevaluate liquid gallium as a power transfermedium. A second consists of a 1.78 mNthrust ion engine to be used for station-keeping. An experiment that uses aninterferometer for yaw-sensing is alsounder consideration.
Canadian communications experimentscurrently planned include television broad-casting to community receive terminals,two-way voice for applications to tele-phony or which may be used in conjunction
47
Figure l Initial Telesat earth station locations
A.B.
Heavy route
I.
Remote television
13. Pine Point
Allan ParkLake Cowichan
Clinton Creek2. Dawson 14. Fort Smith3. Elsa 15. Uranium City4. Whitehorse 16. La Ronge5. Faro 17. Sept Iles
Network television 6. Watson Lake 18. Churchill7. Cassiar 19. Great Whale
C. Huggett 8. Fort Nelson 21. Fort ChimoD. Qu'appelle 9. Norman Wells 22. Fort GeorgeE. Grand Beach 10. Fort Simpson 23. Goose BayF. Riviere Rouge I I. Inuvik 24. Port-au-PortG. Bay Bulls 12. Yellowknife 25. Magdalen IslandsH. Harrietsfield
Northern telecommunications
50. Resolute51. Frobisher Bay
Tab
le I
Det
ails
of i
nitia
l Tel
esat
sys
tem
trac
king
, tel
emet
ryan
d co
ntro
lst
atio
n1
heav
y ro
ute
stat
ions
netw
ork
tele
visi
onst
atio
ns
nort
hern
tele
com
mun
icat
ion
stat
ions
rem
ote
tele
visi
on s
tatio
ns
num
ber
ofst
atio
nsI
26
224
loca
tion
Alla
n P
ark
Alla
n P
ark
Bay
Bul
lsF
robi
sher
Bay
see
map
(Ont
ario
)(O
ntar
io)
(New
foun
dlan
d)(N
orth
-Wes
tT
errit
orie
s)
Lake
Cow
icha
nH
arrie
tsfie
ldR
esol
ute
(Brit
ish
Col
ombi
a)(N
ova
Sco
tia)
(Nor
th-W
est
Ter
ritor
ies)
Riv
iere
Rou
ge(Q
uebe
c)
Gra
nd B
each
(Man
itoba
)
Qu'
App
elle
(Sas
katc
hew
an)
Hug
gett
(Alb
erta
)
func
tion
trac
king
and
rang
ing,
tele
met
ry,
mon
itor,
com
man
d
mes
sage
: tel
evis
ion
tran
smit
and
rece
ive
1
tele
visi
on tr
ansm
itan
d re
ceiv
eal
l: m
essa
ge
Fro
bish
er:
tele
visi
on r
ecei
ve
tele
visi
on r
ecei
ve
trac
king
, tel
emet
ryan
d co
ntro
lst
atio
n
heav
y ro
ute
stat
ions
netw
ork
tele
visi
onst
atio
ns
nort
hern
tele
com
mun
icat
ion
stat
ions
rem
ote
tele
visi
on s
tatio
ns
ante
nna
stat
ion
G/T
mes
sage
perf
orm
ance
tele
visi
onpe
rfor
man
ce
vide
o S/
N
11 m
diam
eter
AZ
-EL;
aut
o-tr
ack
or m
anua
lco
ntro
l
28 d
B
30 m
dia
met
er;
whe
el a
nd tr
ack:
step
trac
k or
man
ual c
ontr
ol
37dB
5625
pW
pO
54 d
B
10.2
m d
iam
eter
;lim
ited
stee
rabi
lity;
man
ual c
ontr
ol
28 d
B
54 d
B
sam
e as
net
wor
kte
levi
sion
sta
tions
28 d
B
5625
pW
p0F
robi
s.ie
r
25 0
00 p
WpO
Res
olut
e
50 d
B
7.9
m d
iam
eter
;lim
ited
stee
rabi
lity:
man
ually
adj
uste
d
26 d
B
50 d
B
audi
o S
/N
pow
eram
plifi
er
tow
-no
ise
ampl
ifier
stan
dby
pow
er
3 kW
kly
stro
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with television experiments to provide arequest or interactive voice channel, therelay of television signals from a remotetransportable terminal to a central receiveterminal.
4. Operations, research and development
4.1 Meteorological satellite operations
The Atmospheric EI:vironment Service ofthe Canadian Department of the Environ-ment continues to receive data acquireddirectly from United States meteorologicalsatellites. While this data is employed dailyfor meteorological purposes, it is alsodistributed to government, universities andother agencies for research relating tosurface and environmental conditions. TheInstitute of Aerospace Studies of theUniversity of Toronto utilizes the real-timesatellite signals for studies relating to thedevelopment of a laser beam image record-er for the earth resources satellite pro-gramme.
Good quality transmissions are beingreceived from the Tos operational space-craft Essa-8 and from ATS-I and ATS-3.Data was also acquired, up until mid-summer, front I -Tos -1 and Nona -I. Newearth stations being installed at Halifax andVancouver for reception of APT type dataare expected to be operative by late spring1972. The data received by these twostations will be transmitted in real-timeor near real-time to all major forecastcentres.
4.2 EIrth exploration programme
A co-operative experimental programmebetween the Canadian Department ofEnergy, Mines and Resources (EMR) andNASA is being undertaken to study theapplication of earth exploration satellitesfor the detection of environmental condi-tions at and near the earth's surface.
The specific objectives of this joint pro-gramme are as follows:
52
a) to assess the practical value of sensingfeatures on the surface of the earth fromspace;
h) to compare the data acquisition capa-bilities of aircraft and spacecraft;
c) to determine which remote sensors arcmost effective for surveying the earth'ssurface;
d) to improve procedures for handling andprocessing data; and
e) to determine the requirement for anoperational space-assisted system forsurveying earth resources.
In order to achieve the above objectives, aCanadian centre for remote sensing hasbeen established under the responsibility ofEMR. Facilities for the handling of grounddata and data retransmission are being setup. An installation located at Prince Albert,Saskatchewan, formerly used for auroralstudies, has been converted to serve as themain Canadian satellite earth stationreceiving centre. This installation willutilize a 25.5 m diameter paraboloidwhich has been modified to operate at2 GHz and has been equipped with auto-track. It is anticipated that the experimen-tal satellite programme will commencewith the launch by NASA of the earthresources technology satellite Erts-A, sche-duled for spring 1972.
4.3 Aeronautical satellite studies
A co-operative programme undertaken bythe Ministry of Transport and the Depart-ment of Communications in which sgtellitebeacon signals were monitored at frequen-cies of 250 and 1550 MHz was continued in1971. The signals are received at Ottawa(invariant geomagnetic latitude: 57°) andat Churchill, Manitoba (invariant geo-magnetic latitude: 69 °). This programme isproviding an extensive set of ionosphericfading statistics.
Investigations of the effects of multipathon the channel characteristics of a low-angle aeronautical satellite system havebeen carried out using a spread spectrumsignal technique. A bi-phase modulated
signal was transmitted through the ATS-5satellite and was received in an aircraftflying over the North Atlantic Ocean ofthe Newloundland coast. These measure-ments have yielded information on timeand frequency spreading characteristics ofocean-reflected signals.
The Ministry of Transport is supporting adevelopment programme with the Com-munications Research Centre (CRC) tostudy the feasibility of an array type ofantenna for use on aircraft in an aeronauti-cal satellite system, and a prototype arrayhas been built for testing purposes.
4.4 Low capacity communications to remoteareas
A study of satellite systems for communi-cations to small and simple groundstations serving small isolated communitiesand temporary installations has continued
at the Communications Research Centre.Models of systems to meet Canadiantraffic requirements have been devised andevaluated. Laboratory work has beencarried out on various methods of speechsignal processing for single-channel-per-carrier analogue FM systems. Subjectivetests have confirmed improvements whichcan be obtained by companding and pre-emphasis of the speech signal. Work hascontinued on the design and laboratoryimplementation of a centrally-controlledsystem for assigning channels on demandto intermittent users to permit the sharingof satellite transponder capacity amongmany stations. A study has also been madeof the use of a communications satellite,primarily intended for voice communica-tions between small terminals, for the relayof data from remote unattended environ-mental sensing stations, such as weatherstations.
Arrives conception of comnumications technology satellite (CTS) to be launched in 1975(Canadian Department of Commerce)
53
4.5 UHF propagation studies
Thu Communications Research Centre hascontinued its investigations of the perfor-mance of satellite systems operating atfrequencies near 300 MHz. This project hasbeen active since 1967 and previous workhas included measurements of ionosphericfading, time dispersion, and frequencyselective fading during various ionosphericconditions, including visual aurora. Dataon the behaviour of these parameters atUHF have been obtained at variousCanadian locations, including Ottawa,Churchill, and Resolute Bay.During 1971, these propagation measure-ments were continued. At Ottawa, nearlycontinuous measurements of signal fadingat 250 MHz were carried out in order toestablish accurate system margins. As well,simultaneous measurements of signal fadingat 136, 250, and 1550 MHz were continuedat both Ottawa and Churchill to obtainstatistical data on the frequency depen-dence of signal fading amplitude. Someeffort has also been directed at the measure-ment of sea surface and land surfacemultipath effects in the 300 MHz frequencyrange and preliminary measurements ofnoise levels at 300 MHz have been made inurban, suburban and rural areas.
4.6 SHF propagation studies
The Co nmunications Research Celtre alsocontinued its programme of study of theeffects of the earth's atmosphere on radio-wave propagation at frequencies betweenabout 4 and 30 GHz, particularly as theseeffects relate to the design of satellitecommunications systems.
4.6.1 Precipitation attenuation
During 1970 and 1971, the signal strengthreceived at 15.3 GHz from the ATS-5satellite was measured using a 9 m antenna,providing a margin for attenuation mea-surements of approximately 14 dB.The receiving antenna was also connectedas a total-power radiometer, to obtainsimultaneous measurements of the sky
54
noise temperature at 15.3 GHz. Attenua-tions, calculated from the measured skytemperatures show very good agreementwith the directly measured attenuationsprovided an effective medium temperatureof approximately 0 °C is assumed.The spatial distribution of precipitationalong the propagation path was alsodetermined by means of an S band radar.The mean radar reflectivity at each rangeis used to calculate path attenuations.Generally good agreement is obtainedbetween measured and calculated attenua-tions for most meteorological conditions.The effects on the calculated attenuation ofradar returns from the bright band andsnow ale is under investigation.To obtaii, long-term rain attenuationstatistics for the calculation of margins forsatellite communications systems operatingat SHF, it is planned to set up radiometersat several locations across Canada charac-teristic of various climatic regions. It ishoped to continue these measurementscontinuously over a period of severalyears.
4.6.2 16 GHz long-range transhorizon propaga-tion experiment
CRC continued its co-operative pro-gramme to study transhorizon propagationat a frequency of 16 GHz over a 500 kmpath between Boston, Massachusetts andOttawa, Ontario. The main purpose of theexperiment has been to utilize the inter-section of the narrow beam antennae(approximately 0.15°) as a means forremote probing of the troposphere. How-ever, data relevant to the problem ofinterference between satellite and terres-trial systems sharing the same frequenciescan also be obtained from the link, and asuitable experiment has been proposed.In the remote probing experiment, thetwo antennae are synchronously scannedso that the beam intersection follows apredicted path, rapidly mapping out alarge volume of space. Amplitude andDoppler frequency measurements provide
s3
information on the location and motion ofturbulent layers.
4.6.3 Low-angle tropospheric scintillation
When SHF signals are propagated throughthe troposphere, fluctuations in amplitudeare caused by inhomogeneities in therefractive structure of the medium. 'A-heamplitude of thc: fluctuations depends onthe path lenetb in the troposphere, andhence the elevation angle of a satellitecommunications circuit.
Since fading statistics are important insystem design, particularly in the case ofsatellite systems operating at high latitudes,a continuing series of measurements oflow-angle fluctuations is being carried outat CRC. Receiver facilit:cs include afixed 9 m antenna and a transportable 1.8 mantenna. To date, fading statistics havebeen obtained for more than 1200 hours ofobservations. Although most of the datahas been collected at Ottawa, limitedmeasurements indicate that the fadingamplitudes are smaller in the Arctic. Theseasonal dependence is such that thefading is significantly less in winter than insummer. Investigations of the spatialcoherence of the fading suggest mat termin-al separations in excess of about 100 m willbe required if space diversity systems are tobe used to overcome the fading. At thepresent time, experiments are being con-ducted at 4 and 7 GHz in an attempt todetermine the frequency dependence ofthe fading. At a frequency of 7 GHz, fadesof several decibels are typical for an eleva-tion angle of five degrees during thesummer months at Ottawa.
4.7 Upper atmosphere research
A comprehensive study of the topsideionosphere is being continued throughobservations made by the Alouette-I,Alouette-II, Isis-I and Isis-// satellites.
Alouette-I, launched in September 1962,now supplies about 30 minutes ofionospheric data daily.
Alouette-II, launched in November 1965,is operated from 3 to 4 hours a day.
Isis-I, launched in January 1969, isoperated from about 5 to 7 hours a day.
The Isis-II spacecraft wa., launched on31 March 1971 from the Western TestRange by NASA and is operated forabout 8 hours a day. The equipment onIsis-// includes two optical experiments forobserving aurora and airglow, as well asequipment (similar to that on Isis-I) whichmeasured electron temperature and density,ion temperature, mass ano number density,the spectra of soft and energetic particles,and radio emissions in the very lowfrequency to high frequency bands.
The intercomparison of Isis-II data is wellunder way. One brief study has confirmedthe existence of the polar wind (an upwardflow of protons) and has shown that theother observations (electron and iondensity, composition and temperature)are consistent with the measured upwardflow of protons. Also, both aurora andairglow have been observed by the opticalequipments.
A study of Isis-I particle data has shownthat the magnetospheric davcide cuspextends down to ionospheric heights andare revealed in Isis data by its charac-teristic energy spectrum.
4.8 Satellite antenna study
The National Research Council of Canadais carrying out a study in co-operation withthe Communications Research Centrepertaining to antenna beam shaping andaperture synthesis. The study relates to thespecialized coverage requirements of fixedsatellites for single or multiple, fixed orsteerable, beams of arbitrary shape.Closed form solutions have been obtainedfor the necessary aperture distributions onvarious apertures for arbitrarily specifiedfar-field power patterns.
s~? 55
5. Reports from industry
5.1 Bell-Northern Research, Ottawa, is in-volved with several continuing spacetelecommunications programmes. Systemsengineering studies are being pursued onquestions relating to the integration of theCanadian terrestrial network and thesatellite circuits that will be a /ailable uponexpansion of the domestic satellite systemin the years ahead. Particular emphasis isbeing placed on remote area communica-tions, long-haul large capacity trunking,flexible restoral, overflow traffic handlingand demand assignment. Le II-NorthernResearch are also investigating, on theirown behalf, specific techniques includingtime-division multiple access for com-munications between major traffic centresand voice actuated carrier-single telephon,channel per carrier techniques for remoteareas.
Bel!- Northern Research have developed anew microwave radio system to serve asback-hauls linking satellite earth stationsto trunk routes or main populationcentres. This terrestrial system employs thelatest semi-conductor technology and hasbeen designed to operate in an area of thespectrum (6425-6590 MHz and 6770-6930MHz) where co-ordination with spaceservices is either not required or minimal.
5.2 As a result of a continuing develop-ment programme in earth station technolo-gy conducted by RCA Limited, Montreal,a step-track system has been designed
which utilizes maxima seeking techniquesas an alternative to the conventional auto-track system. This " step-track " systemwhich has been adopted by Telesat for theheavy route earth stations situated atAllan Park and at Lake Cowichan (refer tosection 2Domestic satellite communica-tions) achieves the required trackingaccuracy under all environmental condi-tions and with significant reduction inequipment and hence improvement inreliability. Operating from one of themain communication signals, the systempermits the use of a simplified servo-drivesystem and obviates the need for thedifference mode circuitry of the feed, thetracking down-converter and the three-channel-tracking receiver.
RCA Limited have developed and testeda prototype television video-televisionsound multiplexer/de:nultiplexer that willpermit two audio signals to be conveyed onone 8.5 MHz sub-carrier. In addition, thedevelopment of sum mode feed systems for10 and 30 m antennae has been completed.
5.3 Northern Electric Company Limited,Montreal, was associated with HughesAircraft in the design and construct ion of thetransponder for the Intelsat-IV F4 satellitewhich was launched in January 1972. Themanufacture of the electronics portions ofthe first flying model of the Canadiandomestic satellite Anik is complete and testof the electronics platform was scheduledfor January 1972.
CEYLON
Ceylon has taken a firm decision toestablish a communications satellite earthstation to operate with the Indian Oceansatellite.
Calls for tenders for this project are
56
expected to be put out in tl..; latter part of1972 and the station should be in operationby September 1974.
The selection of a suitable consultant forthis project is in hand.
CHINA
1. INTELSAT meetingsTwo INTELSAT meetings of the Pacificand Indian Ocean regions operationsrepresentatives were held in Taipei from24 February to 3 March 1971 with a totalof 38 participants from 23 countries andterritories. Important items discussed were:transition schedule for Pacific Intelsat-IV;restoration plan; and Spade system forIndian Ocean satellite communication.
2. International satellite communicationsThe Taipei earth station marked another
successful operation in 1971 with anaverage reliability of 99.85%. By the endof 1971 54 satellite circuits were inoperat ion.
The modification for operation withIntelsat-1V to be launched over the PacificOcean is expected to be completed inearly 1972.
Preparation for building a second earthstation for operation with the Indian Oceansatellite is well under way and the newstation will be ready for service in thespring of 1973, as scheduled.
KOREA (REPUBLIC OF)
The Kumsan earth station was officiallyopened on 2 June 1970 and has been insuccessful operation linking directly theSeoul international exchange with Oakland,Hong Kong, Manila and Taipei.Korea became a member of INTELSATon 24 February 1967.
The average service reliability was 99.9%throughout the year and the overallinternational traffic for the Pacific regionshowed an increase of 150% when com-pared with that previously passed via highfrequency radio.
By the end of 1971, 32 voice grade circuitsvia Intelsat-Ill F4 were in commercialoperation; 19 television programmes (2transmission and 17 receiving) totalling1934 minutes were handled via satellitesduring the year.
The Kumsan earth station consists of fivesections under the station manager. Theorganization of the Kumsan earth stationis as follows:Station Manager
1st Operation Section2nd Operation Section3rd Operation Section
Engineering Sectionantenna system, HPA, LNR, GMT,GCE, MUX, M/W, power and powerback-up, special facilitiesGeneral Affairs Section
Station description
Location: KumsanChoong Chung Nam Do, Korea
Antenna: No. I
Antenna
type:27 m Cassegrainsub-reflector support:quadrupedmount:elevation over azimuth kingpost
Tracking system and feed
prime mode:monopulse auto-trackalternate:manual with looped-back carrier moni-torfeed system:five-horn monopulse
57
4... :, 11M.608,1
katavan earth station
,...10 latItAl-sn:0,4,4.,411/4. .
-- tracking receiver:single conversion beacon down-converter
Low-noise receiver
type:cryogenic four-stage parametric ampli-fier with an additional uncooled stageplus a tunnel diode amplifier in cascadecooling system:two-stage helium refrigeratorbandwidth:500 MHz (I dB)switching:automatic with manual over-ride
High-power amplifier
type:travelling wave tubesbandwidth:500 MHz
58
(Ministry of Communications, Korea)
power:6.3 kW with NEC LD-793switching:automatic with manual over-ride
GCE
receiver type:single conversion down-converters withphase-locked-loop threshold extensiondemodulatorsswitching:automatic with manual over-ride
Power
prime:commercialUPS:electric motor driven by a commercialpower sourceback-up:diesel generator.
DENMARK, FINLAND, NORWAY AND SWEDEN
The Nordic earth station at Tanum
The Telecommunication Administrationsof Denmark, Finland, Norway and Swedenhave established jointly an earth station atTanum on the west coast of Sweden. Thestation was brought into operation on3 December 1971. In the first phase ofoperation the station will be connected tostations in the United States and Canadaon pre-assigned circuits. In a later phase,the station will be connected to earthstations in South America, Africa, and theMiddle East via the Spade system. Thestation is also fully equipped for trans-mission and reception of television pro-grammes. The antenna system and theelectronic equipment have been deliveredby the Italian consortium, Consorzio per
k ilkatgtl e49.1"441
Tanum earth station (Sweden)
Sistemi di Telecomunicazioni via Satellitifrom Milan. The buildings, power instal-lation, and other technical equipment havebeen delivered by companies from theNordic countries. The total cost for thestation amounts to approximately 5 millionUS dollars.
In accordance with an agreement concludedbetween the Telecommunication Adminis-trations of Denmark, Finland, Norwayand Sweden, the station will be operatedby the Swedish Administration. All impor-tant decisions concerning the earth stationwill be taken by a Board composed ofrepresentatives of the four above - mentionedNordic Administrations. The operatingpersonnel has been recruited from theNordic countries concerned.
ti
4."
111,;- yfot,;"
(Central Administration of Swedish Telecommunications)
59
Technical data for the station
Antenna
The antenna is a modified Cassegrainconfiguration with a diameter of 29.7 m.The antenna, being situated in a countrywith very cold winters, has been suppliedwith a de-icing system, which will preventany accumulation of snow or ice. Themaximum heating power is 800 kW.The measured antenna gain is 59.7 dB at4.0 GHz and 63.3 dB at 6.0 GHz. Thefigure of merit (G/T) for the antenna is41.6 dB at 4 GHz and 5' elevation.The main reflector RMS surface error isI mm.A special design feature for the antenna isthat the mechanical bearings in the antennarotating structure can be replaced in theunlikely but possible event of a bearingfailure without the station being taken outof operation.In the ground level equipment room of theantenna tower, the centre of the floor isattached to and rotates with the azimuthaxis. This new carousel design providesspace for mounting high-power trans-mitters and associated units which rotatewith the antenna and thus eliminates thenecessity for rotary joints in azimuth andreduces the length of waveguides. Thefixed, or non-rotating, floor provides spacefor mounting additional equipment.
Receiving equipment
Cryogenically cooled parametric amplifiers
are situated in an elevated equipmentroom, close to the antenna feed. Twocooled and two uncooled stages are usedwith a total gain of 40 dB.A double conversion 750/70 MHz IF-system is used, followed by either thresholdextension or conversional demodulators.
Transmitting equipment
The transmitting system is based on 1.2 kWTWT tubes which are arranged in a single-carrier-per-tube configuration. It consistsof three operating transmitters: one for atelephony carrier, one for a televisioncarrier and one for a Spade carrier. Afourth transmitter is used as a commonstandby for the other three. An advancedswitching system gives a high degree offlexibility in the transmit system.
Power supply and continuity system
The power supply system is of the no-breaktype based on static inverters operatingfrom battery supply. The batteries arecharged either from the main power linesto the station or, in the case of line failure,from diesel generators at the station.
Radio link and coaxial cable system
The earth station is connected to theSwedish communication network via a
radio-relay link from Tanum to Goteborgwith separate links for telephony andtelevision. A further back-up for thetelephony circuits is provided by a coaxialcable connection from the earth station toGoteborg.
SPAIN
IntroductionThe privileged geographical situation ofdain, between three continents, and the
considerable increase in international trafficwithin the last five years, were at theorigin of the decision to install a basicinfrastructure geared to the dynamic
60
objective of meeting short- and long-terminternational communication requirements.
The outcome of this decision are themultiple linksland and submarine cable,HF and microwave links and earthstationswhich have provided Spain with
direct connections to countries in allcontinents over the last five years.
Immediately perceiving the impact whichspace techniques would have on inter-national communications, the CompaidaTelefonica Nacional de Espana (CTNE)became a member of INTELSAT at thevery outset. The first experimental work inthis field was begun in 1963 with themobile station at Grifi On operating withnon-synchronous satellites; four yearslater, the Maspalomas station was installedon Gran Canaria (Canary Islands); thisstation, equipped with two 12.6 m diameterantennae, inaugurated Spanish satellitecommunication traffic and extended thecircuits of the NASA tracking station tothe Space Flight Control Center inHouston through the INTELSAT satellitesover the Atlantic.In 1968, the Buitrago I station, located80 km from Madrid, was brought intoservice and connected America to Spainwith multi-destination operation; twoyears afterwards, the second antenna(Buitrago II) for traffic over the IndianOcean was constructed.
The trend towards greater operationalflexibility in space communication and thedesire to incorporate the latest technicaldevelopments led to the inauguration in1971 of the earth station at Agiiimes(Canary Islands) and the extension andadaptation of Buitrago I for operation inaccordance with Intelsat-1V standards.
Agiiimes earth station
1. Objectives
The earth station at Agiiimes was broughtinto service in April 1971 and is located35 km from Las Palmas (Gran Canaria),It is intended to meet the followingobjectives:
To supplement the Buitrago station
In the event of a prolonged breakdown ofBuitrago I (Atlantic) the new Agiiimes
station is capable of taking over theBuitrago I baseband and handling trafficvia the Atlantic satellite.
In the event of a prolonged breakdown ofBuitrago II (Indian Ocean), Buitrago Iwould handle Buitrago H traffic, changingover to the Indian Ocean satellite, andAgiiimes would take over the Buitrago Ibaseband, handling the Atlantic traffic.
For television transmission and as a carrierto the United States
The inauguration of the A,,..imes stationestablished the first direc' television trans-mission via satellite between the CanaryIslands and the Spanish mainland. Sincethen there has been a daily exchange ofnews and educational programmes withreliable and high-quality service. CTNE'suse of the space segment for televisionmakes Spain the major user of theINTELSAT network for this type oftransmission. By 31 December, 823 pro-grammes had been exchanged between theCanaries and peninsular Spain, with atotal duration of 503 h 20 min. As apermanent feature the Agiiimes stationtransmits a carrier including NASA circuitsto the United States, which was previouslyemitted by the now closed station ofMaspalomas.
As a cable back-up facility
The strategic situation of the CanaryIslands and the extensive and high-qualityconnections with the Spanish mainlandthrough submarine cables Pencan-1 (160channels) and Pencan-11 (1840 channels)make the Agiiimes station a vital supportelement for the TAT-5 cables (SpainUnited States) and the proposed Bracancable (Canary IslandsBrazil).
This possibility makes the Canary Islandsa very attractive shore end point forfuture cables to Central America andWest Africa.
61
Agiiimes earth station. Antenna and building
2. Technical characteristics
2.1 Antenna
diameter:30 in
gain, 4 Gliz:60.7 dBgain, 6 GHz:63.3 dBtype:Cassegrain
tracking system:manual; automatic; programmed
2.2 Reception
range of frequencies:3700-4200 MHz
62
(DirecciOn General de C y T, Spain)
bandwidth:500 MHz (1 dB)figure of merit (G/T):higher than 40.7 dB/K for angle ofoperationparametric amplifier gain:30 dB
parametric amplifier noise temperature:17 K
demodulator capacity:24-432 channelsnoise level:8000 pWp
2.3 Transmission
range of frequencies:5925-6425 MHz
modulator input level:message:
20 dBm per channelvision:I Vpp
modulator output frequency:70 MHzpower amplifiers:5
klystron output power:3 kW (nominal)power stability:-0.25 dB per day.
Extension and adaptation of Buitrago 1for " Intelsat-IV " operation
1. c,siectives
The need to increase satellite capacity tomeet the growing demand for carriersfrom countries wishing to be integratedinto the INTELSAT network has led tothe design of a new satellite known asIntelsat-IV, with standards (defined inDocument ICSC-4.5-13E W ///70) whichrequire earth station equipment to complywith stricter and stabler conditions for themore efficient use of satellite trafficcapacity.
These standards, which will come intoforce around mid-January 1972 (phase 3of Intelsat -IV), together with spot antennatransmission from the satellite, mean thatearth stations must be adapted to this newspace communication procedure.
In April 1971, CTNE signed a contractwith a view to making the necessaryextensions and adaptations of the Buitrago 1station to Intelsat-1V and the workinvolved was successfully completed inSeptember and October.
2. Characteristics
The units installed by ITT/SPC enableBuitrago I to transmit and receive thefollowing carriers simultaneously throughIntelsat-IV satellites:a) monochrome or colour televisioncarrier
and associated carriers;b) four message carriers (transmission)
with possible extension to eight;c) Spade carrier;d) 16 message carriers (reception).
The modifications to Buitrago I were soplanned as to give a normal lifetime of15 years and produce continuous relia-bility and ease of maintenance 24 hoursper day.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
1. Satellite systems and services
1.1 Meteorological satellites
The second of the improved Tiros oper-ational satellites (hos) was launched latein 1970 and designated Noaa -I. Noaa -Iand hos-/ provided world-wide storedpicture data and direct read-out service viaautomatic picture transmission (APT) dayand nightnight-time data were obtainedby the two channel scanning radiometer.Essa-8(APT) and Faca-9 advanced vidicon,camera system (AVCS)the last satellitesof the Tos seriescontinued to provide
useful data throughout 1971. These twosatellites sustained the operational systemwhen failure in the hos stabilization sub-system forced a temporary halt in the hosservice. About 500 APT stations wereoperated by some 60 countries to receivethe APT service from the ESSA (Environ-mental Science Services Administration),Thos and NOAA (National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration) satellites.During 1971, the meteorological satellitesprovided global cloud cover observingservices daily. All hurricanes and typhoonswere tracked; bulletins were sent to
Gs63
appropriate National Weather Servicesgiving storm position, size, and estimatedstrength.
ATS-I and ATS-Ill, launched in December1966 and November 1967 respectively,continued to provide valuable data forresearch and operational experiments. Theoperational system evolving from thesesatellites, to be named the geostationaryoperational environmental satellite (Goes),is now under development. The prototypeis planned for launch late in 1972.
Time-lapse films from ATS-I and ATS-IIIpictures taken at 15 to 30 minute intervals,were used in near real time in the hurricaneand severe local storms (thunderstorm andtornado) advisory services. Wind infor-mation derived from cloud motions wereused daily as an input to the numericalweather prediction programme of theNational Meteorological Center. Satellitepictures, picture mosaics, and specializedcharts were transmitted through the ATS-Iand ATS-III Wefax (weather facsimileoperational experiment) systems to APTstations within range.
The satellite infrared spectrometer (SIRS)on Nimbus-I Vprovided useful data throughmost of 1971. Atmospheric soundingsderived from the SIRS observations wereused daily in the numerical weatheranalysis programme of the NationalMeteorological Center. These soundingswere distributed throughout the worldbeginning in the latter half of 1971.
1.2 United States Government satellite com-munications system
The first two synchronous, near-equatorialsatellites of the second generation UnitedStates Government communications -satellite system were launched on2 November 1971. These new satellites,which operate in the 7250-7750 and7900-8400 MHz frequency bands, havewide-bandwidth, low-distortion communi-cations repeaters to accommodate fre-quency division multiple-access and spread-spectrum multiple-access techniques for
64
transmission of voice, digital data, andwide-band graphics. After the successfullaunch into orbit, some problems developedin the functioning of the satellites andefforts to resolve these problems werecontinuing in December 1971.
1.3 Commercial communication system
The Definitive Arrangements forINTELSAT were concluded on 21 May1971 and were opened for signature on20 August 1971, seven years to the date ofentry into force of the Interim Agreement.
The first in the higher capacity Intelsat-IVseries of satellites was successfully launchedon 25 January 1971, by an Atlas-Centaurvehicle, the first use of these high-perfor-mance vehicles on INTELSAT missions.This satellite was positioned over theAtlantic Ocean area at 335.5' E andentered into service in March 1971. Asecond bite/sat-IV satellite was launchedlate in 1971. Intelsat-IV satellites areequipped with two spot beam antennae,which allow the satellite transmission to bemuch more concentrated over a limitedgeographic area. By careful pointing ofthese beams to high traffic catchmentareas, higher capacity can be derived fromthe Intelsat-IV satellite. Each Intelsat-IVhas global beam antennae for full coverageof the ocean basin area being served, adesign life of seven years and a capacity offrom 3000 to 9000 voice circuits, dependingon such factors as the mix of trafficbetween spot and global beams and thesize of the carriers.
During 1971, increases occurred in thetelephony, record, and television trafficcarried by the INTELSAT system. Thenumber of full-time units (a unit isbasically a two-way voice-grade linkbetween an earth station and an Intelsatsatellite) in service on 31 December 1970,was 4388.1; on 30 November 1971, it was5352. The number of unit hours of tem-porary service for 1970 totalled 749 984;as of 30 November 1971, the number of unithours of temporary service was 906 624.
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65
The number of television transmit hoursfor 1970 was 996; as of 30 November 1971,the number of television transmit hourswas 1362.
Membership in INTELSAT increasedfrom 77 at the end of 1970 to 82 as of14 December 1971.
The number of earth stations accessing theINTELSAT system has also grown. As of31 December 1970, there were 53 antennaeat 45 earth stations in 31 countries. As of14 December 1971, there were 63 antennaeat 54 earth stations in 39 countries.
1.4 Amateur-satellite service
A new amateur satellite is being readiedfor launch in 1972. The prototype andflight units for the satellite, called Amsal-Oscar B (A-0 B) are under constructionby amateurs in Australia, Germany andthe United States. The units under con-struction for the A-0 B are a 24-channelMorse code telemetry system, a 432 to144 MHz 10 W linear translator, a 144 to28 MHz linear translator, a 144 to435 MHz FM repeater, a 60-channel tele-type telemetry encoder and a CODE3TOREmessage storage device. The latter system,which can be loaded from ground stations,is designed to store emergency messages,operational information on the satelliteand orbit information for repeated trans-mission to the ground over the satellitetelemetry system. By using a combinedpower source of solar cells and battery, thesatellite is expected to have a life span ofover one year.
1.5 Mobile services
1.5.1 Aeronautical
Experimentation has continued to definethe optimum system parameters and spaceradiocommunication techniques that willsatisfy aeronautical communications andair traffic control surveillance requirements.
Experimental results from tests on theATS-5 satellite have confirmed theoreticalestimates on absorption,scintillationpropa-
66
gation and airborne antenna design values.Failure in the satellite stabilization systemand decreases in satellite transmitter powerhave hampered the collection of certaindata.
1.5.2 Maritime
The World Administrative Radio Con-ference for Space Telecommunicationsallocated, on a world-wide basis, the band406-406.1 MHz for the use and develop-ment of emergency position-indicatingradio beacon (EPIRB) systems using spacetechniques. Following this, the UnitedStates initiated an experimental programmewhich is expected to provide data for thedesign of equipment needed to deploy anoperational EPIRB system by 1976.Studies and tests are continuing in aneffort to analyze the potential for oceanicmaritime communications by satellite atUHF (1535-1660 MHz) frequencies. Onestudy has analyzed candidate trackingschemes and configurations for the postu-lated 10 dB ship antenna. Another studyhas reviewed critical sub-system designcriteria for both the spacecraft and ship-board terminals. Further studies will beconducted in 1972.
1.6 Radionavigation satellite system
The Doppler/range-rate radio navigationsatellite system in the frequency bands149.9-150.05 and 399.9-400.05 MHz, whichhas been operational since 1968, continuesto provide navigational information insupport of ship operations. Commercialequipment is available and use of thesystem is expanding for merchant shippingand off-shore drilling interests. Currently,there are five operational satellites in thesystem.
2. Research and development programmes
2.1 Applications technology satellites "ATS "
The ATS series of spacecraft continues toconduct experiments in meteorology, navi-gation, and communication satellite tech-nologies.
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Prior to launch from Cape Kennedy ( Florida), COMSAT engineers extensively check the Intel-sat-IV" spacecraft. Here COMSAT engineers check the wiring of the satellite's solar cells. Thesecells supply power to the satellite once it is placed in orbit
4,
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(Department of State, United States)
67
The technology and experience gained inthe ATS programme have contributedsignificantly to the NOAA planned oper-ational synchronous meteorological satel-lite (SMS) system. This system mayprovide for the long-sought goal of two-week weather forecasts.
NASA's applications technology satelliteprogrammers also helping to developspace technology to meet new communica-tions requirements and is contributing tothe development of techniques for air andsea navigation and air traffic controlmethods. Frequencies in the VHF, UHF,and SHF portions of the spectrum havebeen used.
2.2 Time dissemination experiments
Beginning on I August 1971, a time andfrequency broadcast similar to WWV hasbeen relayed through the applicationstechnology satellite ATS-3. This satellite isgeostationary, located at approximately70' W longitude over the equator, andoperates on a down-link frequency of135.625 MHz. The broadcasts are fre-quency-modulated and occupy 30 kHz ofbandwidth. These experimental broadcaststake place at 1700 to 1715 and 2330 to2345 GMT Monday through Friday andare expected to continue until 1 August1972.
Measurements are being made of thetiming resolution, accuracy and reliability.Special aids for the computation of signaldelays are being distributed to users. Theaids include overlays of signal delay on anearth map updated monthly and a specialpurpose circular slide rule. Results to datehave indicated the timing accuracy to beapproximately I ms using the overlays and25µs using the slide rule computer. Timingresolution of 10 /IS has also beenexperienced.
2.3 Earth resource satellites (earth explora-tion satellites)
Satellites have already given us new viewsof our planet and its near space environ-
68
ment. They have indicated that the earthtends to be pear-shaped and bumpy witha bulging midriff. The satellites have veri-fied the extent of the intense Van Allenradiation region over the earth. They haverevealed that the earth's magnetic fieldlooks like an elongated tear drop stretchingat least 5.6 million kilometres outward onthe earth's night side. They have reportedon atmospheric particles, tiny meteoroids,and other phenomena in space near earth.For the future, an earth resources satelliteprogramme is proposed to gather data onnatural resources. Discoveries of untappedmineral wealth and fresh water, informa-tion for utilization of land for farming andforestry, assistance in telling man when andwhere to fish, measuring the magnitude ofair and water pollution, and aid for urbanplanning by surveying the growth ofpopulation centres are among the resultsexpected from the programme. Potentialuses are anticipated in geography, geology,oceanography, hydrology, agriculture,forestry and cartography.
The soon-to-be-launched earth resourcestechnology satellites ( ERTS) will helpdevelop and advance the technology andequipment needed for earth resourcessurveys from space. These satellites areexpected to provide information regularlyand inexpensively after initial launch. Theywill make repeated observations that showslow changes, will acquire data regularlyfrom areas where other means would bedifficult and expensive, and will reveallarge-scale features that might be overlooked when viewed at lower altitudes.Adequacy of the earth exploration satellitefrequency bands allocated by the 1971Space Telecommunications Conference arebeing tested by experiments flown in highaltitude aircraft, balloons and spacecraft.
2.4 Deep space research
Some Mariner spacecraft have alreadyreported on the cratered face of Mars andCie peculiarly dense atmosphere andintense surface heat of Venus. These
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observations were made during relativelyfleeting periods as the spacecraft sped bythe planets. In the latter part of 1971,NASA placed a Mariner in orbit aroundMars to gather information over differentareas, take pictures and investigate surface
(Department of State, United States)
features, atmosphere and heat balance.This mission is supported by the earth-to-space 2110 MHz band and the space-to-earth 2290 MHz band. Frequencies inthese bands, as well as the 8400-8500 MHzband, will be used in the next Mariner.
69
The deep space network continued itssupport of the Pioneer missions. Signalsfrom these spacecraft from the far side ofthe sun are providing an experiment totest the validity of the Einstein theory ofrelativity. As the signals must pass close tothe sun, the effect of that body's tremen-dous gravitational pull on them can beanalyzed. Recent observations suggestEinstein's predictions to be in error 133, buta small percent.
The two new 64 m antennae, one nearMadrid (Spain) and the other nearCanberra (Australia) are nearing comple-tion. These, along with the present one atGoldstone, Calif( rnia, will provide thecapability to communicate continuouslywith the spacecraft probing Jupiter, Saturnand the other far planets of our solarsystem.
2.5 Manned space research
NASA had two very successful, mannedmissions to the moon during the year.Apollo-I4, in January, with astronautsShepard, Roosa, and Mitchell, broughtback the data from many experiments,hundreds of still an movie pictures andnearly 43 kg of lunar rocks and soil. Theyleft a number of operating experiments(Apollo lunar surface experiments packageAlsep-Al) on the moon supported by atelecommand link and a telemetering linkto send the collected data to earth.Apollo-I5, in July, with astronauts Scott,Waroen, and Irwin, assisted in their moonexplorations by a wheeled vehicle, theLunar Rover, brought back even morepictures and samples. They also left anA Isep-A2 supported by a different downfrequency (2119 MHz up, 2278.5 MHzdown for Al and 2278.0 MHz down forA2).
2.6 Solar radiation satellite " Solrad-10 "
The tenth in a series of solar radiationsatellites, senses and records solar X-rayemissions and, upon command, telemeter.
70
the data to an earth terminal. Solarradiation fluctuates and can be in the formof intense electromagnetic waves andnuclear particle streams. Investigations arein progress for development of earthenvironment disturbance forecasting tech-niques, utilizing Solrad satellite sensordata to define possible effects of solaractivity emissions on the performance ofVLF through EHF radio systems using oraffected by the ionosphere.
2.7 TDMA techniques for space communica-tions
Time-division multiple access (TDMA)space communications techniques havebeen developed for a highly efficient,flexible, and cost-effective satellite com-munications system. The techniques pro-vide a truly orthogonal multiple-accesssystem in which subscribers acc.ss thesatellite sequentially in a highly synchron-ized time format. As a result, systemefficiencies as high as 85 % can be achieved.The concept provides the capability ofreadily mixing user terminal sizes and datarates in a common network. The time slotscan be allocated and re-allocated in nearreal-time for effective management of thesatellite resources; capability lacking inother systems.
2.8 UHF scintillation fading test
Significant results were obtained in ane.,aluation of ionospheric scintillation ofsignals from a UHF satellite to an airborneterminal operating near the equator. Thetest, run during September and October1971, showed that extensive scintillationfading occurs within 10 or 15° of themagnetic equator almost every night duringthe equinox season. On one particularnight 5 hours of continuous fading wasencountered of approximately 20 dB depthon the received UHF satellite beaconsignal while covering a 3600 km flight pathnear the magnetic equator. Fading on theground exhibited a period of from I secondto 1 minute. Fading while airborne
" NOAA-I " satellite(Department of State, United States)
71
exhibited a fade rate about five times asfast, i.e., a period of I/5th second to 12 s.Often the fading was of limited duration,lasting typically 20 to 93 min a night, Thefading appears to be broadband, as acheck of two UHF frequencies 5 MHzapart, showed coherent fading. The SHFsatellite beacon was monitored duringperiods of UHF fading and no noticeableSHF scintillation fading was observed.Much additional data is needed to deter-mine the impact of this phenomenon oncommunications satellite system design.
2.9 Improvement of ionospheric forecastingcapability
Improved ionospheric forecasting capa-bility is being developed through the useof aerial ionospheric mapping techniques.
This approach is concerned with mappingthe actual electron density in the iono-sphere rather than selected parameters thatcharacterize the electron distribution. Thus,by mapping the electron density atconstant atmospheric heights, the heightdependence of the ionized atmosphere canbe properly taken into account. Since theionosphere is a dynamic medium withsimultaneous changes in both the ioniza-tion content and the ionization heightdistribution, such an approach is neededfirst to specify and then to predict thestate of the ionosphere. When the synopticmaps are obtained, they are used in con-junction with radio propagation data andthe results of ray-tracing studies todetermine the relationships between themaps and actual propagation conditions.
FRANCE
1. Radiocommunications in the fixed-satellite s..!rvice
In 1971, the French Administrationpursued and developed its activities invarious contexts.
1.1 INTELSAT
As in other years since 1964, the FrenchAdministration, as a member of theINTELSAT consortium, continued to takean active part in the work of the InterimCommunications Satellite Committee(ICSC) and its Sub-Committees.
Throughout the year, the two antennae inservice at the Pleumeur-Bodou satellitecommunication centre have continuedtransmission on telephone circuits and thetransmission of television programmes inthe Atlantic zone.
One of these antennae was used to establishlinks via the Intelsat-IV Atlantic satellite,while the other continued to work withthe Intelsat-Ill satellite operating in the
72
Atlantic area. At the end of 1971, thePleumeur-Bodou centre was providinglinks with Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Iran,Jordan, Mexico, Peru, United States andZaire for France and some other Europeanof Middle Eastern countries.
Steps have been taken to regroup all trafficin the Atlantic area so that it can berouted by the Pleumeur-Bodou II station,which will also be fitted with Spadeequipment by the beginning of 1972. ThePleumeur-Bodou I station will then heswitched over to operate with the Intelsat-III satellite over the Indian Ocean.
Work started on the construction of athird standard INTELSAT antenna at thePleumeur-Bodou centre in 1971. It willbecome operational in mid-1973.
The construction of the standardINTELSAT station in the French WestIndies (Martinique) has been completed.General trials were held at the end of 1971,with a view to bringing the station intoservice at the very beginning of 1972.
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(CNES)
73
" Eole" meteorological .satellite on antenna testing mast
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(CNES)
1.2 " Molnya "
As in previous years, colour televisionbroadcasts (Seem system) were relayed bythe Molnya-I satellite between France andthe USSR in 1971, using the Pleumeur-Bodou I station.
1.3 European programme
The French Administration continued totake an active part in the study of satellitesfor radiocommunications in the fixedservice between European countries. Forthis purpose, the French representative hasbeen working within the permanentnucleus set up by the European Con-ference of Posts and TelecommunicationsAdministrations (CEPT). This nucleus ofrepresentatives of European countries con-ducted technical and economic studies ofthe projected system and collaboratedclosely with the European Space ResearchOrganisation (ESRO) to which the satellitedefinition study was entrusted.
1.4 "Symphonie " programme
Under the Franco-German Symphonicagreement, the final contract for theconstruction of a prototype satellite andtwo flight models was placed in 1971. Thesatellites are to be delivered and acceptance-tested during 1973. The mechanical mock-up is in the process of assembly and thethermal mock-up has passed its trials. Theidentification model is being fabricated.
In 1971, contracts were placed for theconstruction of the experimental earthstations for the Symphonic programme.Work on the site of the station to be setup at Pleumeur-Bodou has already started.
2. Radionavigation by satellite
The French Administration has continuedto participate actively in the work on theproject for a satellite air navigation aidwhich is now being carried out within theframework of ESRO,
3. Satellite meteorology
3.1 " Peole programme
The Peale satellite, which was launched on12 December 1970, was used primarily tocheck the performance of the Eo/eprogramme's locating system, based ondistance and Doppler measurements invarious operating conditions. It shouldalso be mentioned that a brief experimentalsound programme relay was carried outusing this satellite as repeater.
3.2 " Eole " programme
Designed for the study of the circulationof the atmosphere in the southern hemi-sphere, the Eo /e satellite was bunched on16 August 1971 from the American baseat Wallops Island by a Scout launcher. Atthe beginning of December 1971, 479balloons had been released from the threeArgentine stations at Neuquen, LagoFagnano and Mendoza. These balloons,interrogated and positioned by the satellite,provide information on wind behaviour.They have an average life of 6 months.
4. Earth-exploration satellite and radio-communications in the mobile satelliteservice complementary " Eole " pro-gramme
In the first quarter of 1971, the Eolesatellite was used to retrieve and re-transmitdata elaborated on board merchant vessels.This experiment is a follow-up to thestudies on multiple paths caused byreflections from the surface of the sea.
In 1972, after the conclusion of the mainmeteorological experiment carried out inconjunction with balloons, Eole will beused for an experiment in data collectionfrom transponders placed on driftingbuoys or in inaccessible places on theground.
75
Standard INTELSAT earth station in Martinique(Ministry of P&T, France)
5. Scientific space research
5.1 D2 A satellite
Launched on 15 April 1971 from the SpaceCentre in French Guyana, D2 A is thefirst satellite in the 02 programme; it isalso the first French satellite to be stabilizedby gas jets. The scientific experimentsconducted relate to the distribution ofatomic hydrogen in the geocorona and inspace, and solar radiation.
5.2 " D2 B satellite
The D2 Bsatellite, now under construction,is scheduled for launching in 1974 fromthe Guyana Space Centre. D2 B will beused for three photometric experiments,one spectro-photometric experiment and azodiacal light experiment.
6. Technical space research
6.1 " Sret programme
The Sret (satellites de recherches et (rendestechnologiques) programme satellites areintended to try out new technologies inreal conditions.
The first Sret satellite, to be used forexperiments with thin-layer solar cells, was
livered to the USSR at the end of 1971launching.
6.2 Research and development
In connection with solar panels, efforts aredirected towards obtaining a specific powerof 60 W/kg by 1975 and have centred onthin-layer cells (CdTe and CdS) andstructures.
The ionic propulsion programme aim ,. atachieving the stabilization of 700 kg geo-stationary satellites by 1975. Work in 1971was concentrated on the basic technologies:contact ionization (cesium), focussing anddeflection of ion beams and neutralization.
A substantial effort has also been made inconnection with solid-state hyperfrequencycomponents for communication satellitesand certain sub-assemblies for frequenciesabove 10 GI-1z (particularly on integratedparametric amplifier and 12 GI-1z travellingwave tubes).
Studies were also carried out on instabil-ities, optical components, plastic materialsand the " POGO " effect (vibrations in theliquid fuel stages of launcher rockets).
7. Tracking, telemetry, telecommand
The network of stations belonging to theCentre national d'etudes spatiales (ONES)was used in 1971 for activities connectedwith:
the French satellites:DI-A, DI-C, DI-D, Peole, D2-A, Eole
the European satellites:Esro-2 and Heos-A I
the American satellites:Essa, Nimbus, Itos-I, Noaa-I, Sasa,Syncom-3, Solrad-9, Transit, Geos-B
the Canadian satellites:Alouelle-I, Alouelle-2, Isis-A, Isis-B
the Italian satellite:San Marco-C.
77
GREECE
The Greek earth station Thermopylae I,which started its service on 21 April 1970,operated very successfully throughout 197 LThe initially available capacity of 60 voicegrade circuits was increased in 1971 to 132and an additional expansion to 432 will bepossible when the service is transferredfrom the /we/sat-Ill to Intelsat-IV AtlanticOcean satellite.
The necessary arrangements have alreadybeen made for the transmission, when thisbecomes advisable, of a second telephonecarrier.
In July 1972 it is scheduled to meet thegroup of countries using the Spade demandassignment system over satellite circuits.The establishment of direct communica-tions with other stations in Africa andSouth America will thus be possible by theuse of Spade.
All contracts were approved and work isin progress for the construction andinstallation of a second antenna, Thermo-pylae 2.
The new system is planned to go intoservice during the third quarter of 1972and will operate with satellites of theIndian Ocean region. It will initiallyprovide direct communications withAustralia and Japan.
Greek earth station installations and foundationof second antenna Thermopylae 2
(0TE)
INDIA (REPUBLIC OF)
1. An earth station for global communi-cation has been established at Arvi. It wastested and put into operation through theIndian Ocean satellite Intelsat-Ill F3 on26 February 1971. It has been in regularcommercial operation since then.2. An earth station is being planned foraugmenting communication facilities inthe northern region of the country. Thisstation is expected to provide facilities for
7A
participation in the NASA and theDepartment of Atomic Energy domestictelevision experiment utilizing the ATS-Fsatellite in 1974 and thereafter for com-mercial operation from the beginning of1975.
3. The Indian Meteorological Departmentmaintains five receiving stations one eachat Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, New Delhiand Poona for automatic picture trans-
mission (APT) for meteorological satel- locally made in the Meteorological Depart-lites, Except for the equipment used at mein.Bombay, all the receiving units were
INDONESIA (REPUBLIC OF)
Progress made during the year 1971 in the development of space radiocommunicationsof the Djatiluhur earth station
A. Djatiluhur satellite links 1971
date links established
I January 197124 August 197123 October 1971
Yamaguchi, Goonhilly, Raisting, Ceduna, Kuantan, BuitragoSentosaHong Kong
B. Circuit growth 1971
i) Existing circuits at December 1970:
country telephone telegraph
japan 4 1
United Kingdom 2Federal Republic of Germany I 1
Australia 2 I
Netherlands 2Singapore 4Malaysia I
Spain 1 I
Hong Kong 3
1970: total telephone circuits 20total telegraph circuits 4
total circuits 24
79
ii) circuits operated in 1971:
month 1971
country
JapanUnitedKing-dom
Fed.Rep. ofGer-many
Austra-Ha
Nether-lands
Singa-pore
Malay-sia
Spain Ii oneKong
tlp tgp tlp tgp tip tgp tlp tgp tlp tgp tlp tgp tip tgp tlp tgp tlp tgp
JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNm emberDecember
4 I
4 I
4 I
4 1
4 1
4 I
4 1
5 2
5 25 25 2
5 2
2
23 -222 --
2 -2 ._
2 - -2 22 22 22 22 _
2 2 -2 2 22 2 _
2 2 22 2 _
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4 --45
5
5
5
5 -8
8 I
8 I
8 I
9 1
I
1
1
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I
I
I
1
2
22
2
3 --3
3
3
3
3
33
3
4 I
4 I
4 I
1971: total telephone circuits 29- total telegraph circuits 7
- total circy L, 36
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80
Earth station at Djalihthur(ITT)
C. Satellite service availability 1971
month
interru ition time (minutes)
satel- Yama- Hong Raist- Djatil- Dui- Kuan- Sen- Ceduna Goon-lite guchi Kong ing uhur trago tan tosa hilly
January 0 0 51 0 117 65 9 256February 0 I 4 0 60 572 35March 0 0 I 4 14 12 21
April 0 4 0 140 21 18 2 97
May 0 2 14 1 25 16 13 265June 0 4 27 17 0 11 9 535July 0 I 30 4 69 50 28 351
August 17 36 27 14 16 0 0 9 56September 31 4 84 20 108 15 281 47October 0 2 10 4 37 3 18 5 149November 0 2 35 11 90 0 0 I 14 16
December 0 0 10 0 0 24 0 103 2 6
total 48 56 55 248 328 276 346 137 956 1834
Yearlyavailability .
(",,) 99.991 99.989 99. )58 99.943 99.937 99.936 99.933 99.932 99.816 99.696
D. Detailed cause of Interruption at Djatiluhur earth station 1971
cause of interruption interruption time (minutes) percentage
maintenance 145 44.21environment 71 21.65power failure 48 14.63tracking 35 10.67high-power amplifier 24 7.32low-noise amplifier 5 1.52
81
E. Video telecast 1971
dateDuration(minutes) circuits programme
9 March 80 New York-Jamesburg-lbaraki-Yamaguchi-Djatiluhur-Djakarta
Clay-Frazierboxing match
26 August 82 Djakarta-Djatiluhur-Raisting-Hilversum Queen Juliana'svisit
26 August 19 id. id.27 August 10 id. id.28 August 13 id. id.29 August 53 Bandung-Djakarta-Djatiluhur-Raisting-
Hilvtrsum id.29 August 14 Djakarta Djatiluhur-Raisting-Hilversum id.30 August 15 id. id.31 August 10 kl. id.I September 10 id. id.2 September 12 id. id.3 September 10 id. iJ.
. 4 September 12 id. id.5 September 7 id. id.
23 October 2 Djakarta-Djatiluhur-Sentosa Sentosa earth stationopening ceremony
total 349
F. Temporary circuits operav-d in 1971
date days circuits application
15 February 3 Bandung-Djakarta-Djatiluhur-Yamaguchi-Fuchu air base (Japan)
Admiral McCain'svisit
10 August 28 Djakarta-Djatiluhur-Raisting-Hilversum Queen Juliana'svisit
22 August I5 Bandung -Djatiluhur- Raisting-Amsterdam
Queen Juliana'svisit
25 November 3 Djakarta-Djatiluhur-Yamaguchi- Admiral McCain's
[Fuchu air base (Japan) visit
82
IRAN
The Ministry of Posts, Telegraph andTelephone of the Imperial Government ofIran made the fullest possible use ofsatellite communications in 1971. Ur to75% of Iran's international and inter-continental traffic was handled by thecurrently-operating earth station at Assa-dabad. A transportable earth station wasalso used during the month of October tocarry overflow traffic on the occasion ofthe 2500th anniversary celebration of thefoundation of the Persian empire. Iran hasalso implemented an expansion and modi-fication programme for the Iranian satellitecommunication earth station located atAssadabad so as to meet the ever-expandingrequirements for international telecom-munications in Iran.
The earth station improvements encom-passed the expansion of the transmit chaincapability from 24 channel to a full60 channels, while the receive capabilitywas expanded from five to seven receivechains capable of receiving a basebandconfiguration of up to 420 channels,
In addition, new equipment was installed
to provide transmission and reception oftelevision on a number of differentfrequencies simply by turning a selectorswitch to the desired frequency. All thenew equipment added to the Assadabadearth station and the existing equipment atpresent being modified will meet themandatory requirements for operationwith the Intelsat-IV series of communica-tions satellites. The expansion of the earthstation at Assadabad has enabled Iran tohave direct telephone communications withseven major countries in the Atlanticregion since July 1971. An agreement hasalso been signed between the Ministry andthe Interim Communications SatelliteCommittee (ICSC) to provide for the useof single-channel per carrier PCM multipleaccess demand assignment equipment(Spade) at the Assadabad earth station.When the Spade system becomes fullyoperational, Iran will be able to havedirect communications on a demand basiswith all countries in the Atlantic regionequipped for Spaue operation in additionto the seven countries with which Iran hasdedicated circuits.
ISRAEL (STATE OF)
The construction of the Israeli earthstation in Emeq Ha'ela, which started inNovember 1970, proceeded during theyear 1971 at a satisfactory rate. It isexpected that the station will becomeoperational in May 1972 as specified inthe contract between the Israeli Govern-ment and the contractor.
At the same time, installation of themicrowave systems connecting the earthstation with Tel-Aviv for message trafficon the one hlnd and with Jerusalem fortelevision video and sound transmissionson the other hand has been performed by
the Israeli Ministry of Communications.Additional orders were placed for equip-ment to enable the Emeq Ha'ela earthstation to receive and transmit, in additionto black and white 625/50 and 525/60 linetelevision signals, colour television signalsboth in the PAL (625/50) and NTSC(525/60) systems.
During the year 1971. work proceeded onthe enlargement of the international trunkexchange to cater ftr the internationaltrunk lines to be pro, 'ded via the AtlanticOcean satellite Intelsat r V.
83
Eine(' Wein earth station(Ministry of Communications. Israel)
The plans were finalized for the operation be started in the year 1972/73, initially onof the international subscriber dialling, to an experimental scale.
ITALY
Facilities
A standard converter was installed at theFucino earth station in early 1971 toconvert television signals from the NTSC525/60 to the PAL 625/50 standard andvice-versa. On the occasion of the Apollo-15mission in July 1971, all television pro-
84
grammes were converted for broadcastingon the Earovision network.
Operation
Up to 30 November 1971, 203 circuitswere routed through the Fucino station,divided as indicated in the table.
Z44114,-,
Table
a) Terminal circuits (total: 151)
Atlantic Ocean satellite Indian Ocean satellite
ItalyArgentina 8 ItalyAustralia 4Italy Brazi' 10 ItalyEast At .a 2Italy Canada 8 ItalyJapan 5
ItalyChile 3 ItalyKait 2ItalyMexico 7 ItalyLebanon 1
ItalyPanama I ItalyThailand 2ItalyPeru 3 ItalyIndia I
Italy--United States 75Italy Uruguay I
Ita'yVenezuela 9ItalyZaire 1
ItalyNigeria 5
ItalyIran 3
total 134 total 17
b) Transit circuits (total: 52)
Atlantic Ocean satellite Indian Ocean satellite
PortugalBrazil 2 Greece Australia 3
United Kingdom Iran 4 FranceJapan 3
United KingdomJamaica 2 Switzerland Japan I
United KI igdomPanama 1
United KingdomNigeria 7
CzechoslovakiaUnited States I
IsraelUnited States I I
SwitzerlandUnited States 13
TurkeyUnited States 1
IsraelCanada I
total 45 total 7
From 1 January to 30 November 1971,I32 television services were routed throughthe iucino earth station, for a total of5665 minutes.
Also in 1971, the telemetry and control
aye
services for the INTELSAT satellites inorbit over the Atlantic and Indian Oceanswere carried out by the Fucino station,which also took part in the control andparking operations of the first Intelsat-IVsatellite.
85
The Fucino II antenna ( 29.56 m diameter) for communications with countries in the Indian Oceanarea through an INTELSAT satellite. In the background, the Fucino I antenna ( 27.4 m diameter)for communications with North and South America through the I NTELSAT satellite in orbit overthe Atlantic Ocean. At right the antenna for telemetry and control of INTELSAT satellites
(Ministero delle Poste et delle Telecomunicazioni, Italy)
Research
Studies on the communication experimentsto be made by the Sirio satellite have beencarried out by the Tele.spazio company.
A pilot project for broadcasting ofeducational television programmes throughthe Sirio satellite has been completed andsubmitted to the Italy-Latin America
Institute. Experiment., in the reception ofmeteo photographs broadcast from theEssa-8 satellite were also carried out at theFucino station.Italy also takes part in the work of theCEPT Permanent Nucleus that is carryingout a technical-economic study on aEuropean system of satellite communica-tions, in co-operation with ESRO.
JAMAICA
The earth station at Prospect Pen, Jamaica,constructed by Cable and Wireless Limitedfor Jamaica International Telecommunica-tions Limited (JAM INTEL) commencedoperations in December 1971.
JAMINTEL (the joint company formedon I April 1971 by the Government ofJamaica and Cable and Wireless Ltd.)operates the island's external telecommu-
nications and the earth station operatesinitially via the Intelsat -111 F7 satellite overthe Atlantic Ocean.
Direct circuits have been established toBarbados (via Trinidad earth station),Canada, the United Kingdom and theUnited States.
Direct circuits to Trinidad will be estab-, lishe n 1972.
JAPAN
1. Space Telecommunication Services
a) International commercial satellite communi-cations
International commercial satellite com-munications from Japan continued toincrease in order to be able to cope withthe rapidly rising demands for inter-national communication services.
The Kokusai Denshin Demva CompanyLimited (KDD), the Japanese designatedcommunications entity in INTELSAT,completed the construction of tbe Thirdfacility of its Jbaraki satellite com.nunica-tion centre in August 1971. This fa Niity isa standard earth station intended tooperate with one of the satellites belongingto the Intelsat-IV series, which had beenscheduled to operate over the Pacific Oceanin the latter part of 1971. The equipmentcomplies fully with the required earthstation characteristics set out in DocumentICSC-45-13. This facility also has thepossibility of access to a satellite of theIntelsat-Ill series.
The specifications of the antenna andtransmitter are as follows:
antenna:Cassegrain, fed by four reflectors and awave guide
size of main reflector:29.6 m in diameter
G/T:41.7 dB
transmitter:high-power amplifiers (8 kW) equippedwith travelling wave tubes commonlyused for television
maximum transmitting capac;,carrier:1872 channels
television transmission:525 and 625 line systems can be used.
b) Experiments using the applications techno-logy satellite
Since the applications technology satelliteATS-1 was launched by NASA inDecember 1966, many experiments havebeen carried out by the Radio ResearchLaboratories, Ministry of Posts and Tele-communications, using this satellite.
In 1971, the Laboratories undertookexperiments concerned with research intonew systems of multi-access communica-tion, namely the spread spectrum randomaccess (SSRA) and random access discreteaddress (RADA) systems. The SSB -PMsystem of multi-access communication wasalso the subject of experiments in whichNASA stations participated.
Since 1970, the Laboratories have colla-borated with the Japan MeteorologicalAgency of the Ministry of Transport, inexperiments on receiving the pictures ofclouds by the spin scan cloud camera(SSCC) as well as with Nippon HosoKyokai (NHK), the Japan BroadcastingCorporation, in experiments on multiplesound channels transmitting for television.
c) Terrestrial experimental facilities for do-mestic communication satellite
Experimental stations facilities have beenconstructed by the Nippon Telegraph andTelephone Public Corporation (NTT) inYokosuka (an earth station) and inOhkusu (a simulator of satellite), both ofwhich are situate(' in Kanagawa Prefecture,in order to mak., research into and developa satellite communication system for thedomestic public communication services.The Corporation will begin its experimentson micro and shorter centimetric wavespace communications at these stations in1972.
4 87
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The third facility of KDD's Tharaki satellite coarnamication rehire
(Ministry of P&T, Japan)
88
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2. Space research service
a) Success in launching experimental and scien-tific satellites
The Institute of Space and AeronauticalScience of the University of Tokyolaunched an experimental satellite Tanscion 16 February 1971 and a scientificsatellite Shinsei on 28 September 1971from its Kagoshima Space Centre; thesesatellites were successfully placed intoorbit around the earth. The former wasinternationally registered as 1971-011 A andthe latter as 1971-080A.
Tansei, which confirmed the launchingcapability of the M-4S type rocket, ismainly intended to acquire data on theenvironment and operation of the satellite.Shinsei, which is the first Japanese scientificsatellite, is intended to observe the effectof solar radiation on HF, cosmic rays andionospheric plasma. This satellite will beable to operate for a long period usingsolar cells for power supply.
b) Preparation for launching scientific satelliteNo. 2
The scientific satellite No. 2 is beingprepared for launching in 1972 by theInstitute. Its purpose will be the observa-tion of plasma waves, plasma density,terrestrial magnetism, etc. This satellitewill be launched into an elliptical orbitwith a perigee of 500 km, an apogee of3000 km, and an inclination of 30°.
3. Development of artificial satellites
a) Development of ionosphere sounding satel-lite
The National Space Development Agencyof Japan is making good progress in thedevelopment of an ionosphere soundingsatellite (/SS) scheduled to be launchedin 1976. The engineering model wascompleted in March 1971 and the indivi-dual parts of it fieve been thoroughlytested.
The Agency has also started to assemblefor tests the engineering model of theengineering test satellite ETS-I with theintention of launching it prior to putting/SS into space.
The Radio Research Laboratories, Ministryof Posts and Telecommunications, beganin 1968 to construct a satellite controlcentre at its Kashima branch, lbarakiPrefecture, for use in conjunction with thissatellite. The parabolic antenna of 18 m indiameter, a telemetering receiver, a tele-command transmitter, etc., were com-pleted in October 1971 in the first phase ofthis work.
b) Development of an experimental geostation-ary communication satellite
An experimental geostationary communi-cation satellite (ECS) is being developedin Japan for the purpose of realizing futurecommunication satellite systems. Thy.,satellite is scheduled for launching in 19/8.
The matter is the subject of deliberationsin the Space Telecommunications Co-operation Council. The Council is com-posed of the Ministry of Posts and Tele-communications, NTT, NHK and KDD.Research work on the equipment andantennae of this satellite as well as develop-ment is being done by these four organiza-tions according to their respective tasks.
As for the mission equipments, the trialtransmitter; for millimetric and shorter-centimetric waves have been produced andare being studied with a view to highcapacity radiocommunication systemsacharacteristic feature of space telecommu-nications. Bread board models of thee tuipments were completed and the pro-duction of the engine:Ting models wasstarted. A mechaniczi de-spin antenna isbeing investigated and studied for generalcommunications.
The research and development of thisequipment up to the stage of the com-pletion of the engineering models is theresponsibility of the four organizations.
Alarr_431
- .
.09
" Shinsei", the. first scientific satellite launched by the University of Tokyo
(Ministry of P&T, Japan)
The task of manufacturing the satellite andlaunching it will belong to the NationalSpace Development Agency.
The Agency is also studying the systemengineering of the engineering test satellite
ETS-II which is scheduled to he launchedin 1977 in advance of the ECS. Thepurpose of this is to obtain a betterunderstanding of the techniques of laurch-ing geostationary satellites, examining theoperation attitude controls etc.
KENYA, UGANDA, TANZANIA (UNITED REPUBLIC OF)
Details of East Africa I. communicationssatellite station, end lino and internationaltransmission maintenance centre/inter-national telephone exchange facilities
Owners and operators:
East African External Telecommunica-tion Company Limited
Name of station:
Longonot, Rift Valley, Kenya
Location:
01 00' S36" 29' 43" E
Commissioned:
10 August 1970
Supplier:
Marconi Company Limitedstandard design for hue/sat-Ill satel-lite seriesoperating through the I IA satellite( Intelsat-III F3)
Technical details:
antenna:
Cassegrain, 30 rn shaped main reflec-tor with 2.7 m diameter sub - reflectorfully steerable, kingpost type eleva-tion over azimuth mount in rein-forced concrete towerfeed. static. (Sylvania Symmtrac I)
intersite connections:
separate antenna tower and control
92
buildings with coaxial cable transmitand waveguide receive interconnections
receive:
Comtech type 401 low-noise cooledp.irametric amplifiers with cryogenicsby Cryogenic Technology Inc. (type 350)Located in a high-level cabin above thekingpost. Parametrics are followed bylow-noise TWTS intersite waveguidepower dividers, down converters andthreshold extension demodulators
transmit:Marconi type P2020 low-power kly-stron, hybrid cooled, transmitters drivenfrom star.dard Marconi baseband,modulator and upconverter equipment
tracking:Marconi standard monopt.lse typetracking receivers
space segment and end-link multiplexequipment:
standard Tekttra equipment
engineerine service circuit equipment:multiplexMarconi-lialianaswitchingMarconi
end-link microwave:2 GHz 600 channel twin path micro-wave standard Fujitsu equipment
television:not catered for
general:
the station is compatible with ,.:urrentINTcLSAT performance specifications
opemtional data:I. Direct communication with Aus-
tralia, India, Italy, Spain aimthe United Kingr4
2. Circuit quantities .spectively 2, 2,2, 3 and 20
3. VFT bearers to the United Kingdom(2), Italy and Spain
4. Circuits terminate in Kenya,Uganda and Tanzania
11111111111r11111romminKoriicamgmmr
5. The international telephone ex-change. providing semi-automaticfacilites to CCITT signalling systemNo. 5, will he ready for service inMarch 1972. The manufacturers areinitll L imil
6. Current mode of operation is
manuel ring-down with the inter-national switchboards operated byEA P & T Corporation.
KUWAIT (STATE OF)
A. Communication satellite earthstation facilities
1. Existing station
An earth station was established in Kuwaitin October 1969, for communication viathe hnelsat-III F3 satellite tezated abovethe equator at 62 E longitude on theIndian Ocean. During 1971, this earthstation was satisfactorily utilized by theMinistry of Posts, Telegraphs and Tele-phones, State of Kuwait, for the establish-ment of telecommunication circuits as wellas telecasts with different countries of theworld.
Dtinf 1911, the overall efficiency of thecii nits derived via satellite service waskept above 99.5% throughout.
2. Future expansion
Plans have been prepared for the expansionof the existing earth station complex toprovide for a second antenna for additionalcommunication via the Intelsat-IV satellite,located above the Atlantic Ocean. Thiswill enable Kuwait to open direct telecom-munication services and interchange tele-casts with more countries of the West andcover practically the whole of the world.It is expected to execute this plan withinthe next two years.
B. International telephone service
1. Existing se-vice
The number of direct telephone circuitsworking with different countries in 1971via satellites is given in table I.
2. Future expansion
During 1972, it is expected to open newdirect telephone circuits via satellites, withthe following countries:
Egypt (via Italy)FranceJordan (via Lebanon)Syria (via Lebanon)Pakistan
C. International telegraph and telexservice
1. Existing service
The number of voice circuits used forvoice frequency telegraph with differentcountries via satellites in 1971 is given intable 2.
93
Table 1
No. countries
---
number ofcircuits at
the beginningof 1971
additionalcircuits
citahlishedin 1971
total circuitsat the end
of 1971
I Bahrain 3 3 62 Dubai ( AE) (via Bahrain) I I
3 India __. I I
4 Italy I I
5 Japan I I
6 Lebanon 3 3
7 Qatar (via Bahrain) I 1
8 Spain I I
9 United Kingdom 3 3
10 United States of America (via Spain) I I
11 Federal Republic of Germany I I
. total 13 7 20
Table 2
No. countries number of voicecircuits
number of teleg aph/telex channels
1 Bahrain I 8
2 Italy I 243 Japan I 64 Lebanon 1 45 United Kingdom I 14
2. Future expansion
During 1972, it is expected to open newvoice circuits for voice frequency telegraphworking via satellites with the followingcountries:
IndiaEgypt (via Italy)Federal Republic of Germany
94
United States of America (via Italy)
D. Television service
During 1971, Kuwait received a largenumber of telecasts of important sportsand cultural events from North America,Europe and Asia.Such activities are expected to increasefurther during the future.
MEXICO
Introduction
Mexico ties been interested in space com-munications ever since INTELSAT wasset up on 20 August 1964, and on 25 August1966 it signed the agreements making it amember of the organization.
In 1967 it acquired under contract theequipment and systems needed for anearth station. This came into service withthe transmission of television picture: ofthe Olympic Games in Mexico in Octoher1968, using the ATS-3 satellite for charnel-ling the information.
On 13 January 1969, the earth station ofTulancingo (so-called because it is locatednear the town of this name) for ..he firsttime gained access to a .satellite ofthe INTELSAT series and establishedtelephone communication with severalcountries, members of the Consortium.
Since the introduction of the system,technical developments have led toimprovements in equipment and in thequality of the information channelled andthis, in turn, has resulted in increasedservices and a more efficient use of thes;stem.
Tulancingo earth station
Operational capacity
The initial acquisition of equipment forthis earth station was planned on the basisof receiving up to seven telephone carrierstwo fully reiundant with automaticswitching and five sharing two commonstandby equipments. It soon becamenecessary to increase the number of pre-assigned receiving carriers and to use partof the standby equipment to receive threeadditional carriers, thus raising the totalcapacity to ten. This expansion lessenedthe reliability of the links set up, producingan immediate demand for new equipment.
The new equipment contracted for during1971 to increase reliability in the rec.:ptionof the pre assigned carriers, together withthe contract for the Spade system at theend of the same year, will enable theTulancingo statior as from 1972 to meetthe country's demand for telephonecircuits via satellite for a reasonableperiod.
In addition to the telephone facilities, theTulancingo station possesses installationsfor receiving one television carrier and twotelevision sound carriers. In 1972, equip-ment will be added to duplicate thereceiving capacity for this service.
Circuits in service
At the end of 1971, the situation withregard to satellite circuits in service (4 kHz)via the Tulancingo station was the follow-ing:
country
Germany(via France)ArgentinaBrazilChileColombiaSpainFranceEngland(via Spain)ItalyPanamaPeruVenezuela
number of circuits
I04
73
3
4
tot.:: 42
One of thl circuits to Italy is occupied by24 telegrarh channels of which three aredirected to Tokyo (Japan), two to Berne(Switzerland) and the remaining 19 to theservice with Italy.
95
Distribution in the baseband
The present capacity of the carrier trans-mitted by Tulancingo, 6281.25 MHz, is60 channels with s bandwidth of 4 kHz.Subsequently, in phase III or the Intelsat-I I'transition plan in the Atlantic region-
i.e. in the first quarter of 1972thecapacity of the transmission can ier will beincreased to 96 channels with a bandwidthof 7.5 kHz.
The channels arc distributed within thecarrier as indicated in the table.
Group A
channel frequency(kHz)
country class use
I 13 Italy MI speech2 17 Italy M2 speech
. 3 21 Italy M3 speech4 25 Italy TI telegraphy5 29 Italy M,1 speech6 33 Italy M5 speech7 37 France MI speech8 41 France M2 speech9 45 France M3 speech
10 49 France M4 speechI I 53 Italy M6 speech12 59 Gen Any * TI telegraphy
Supergroup 1
Group 5
channel frequency country class use1 k I-1z)
1 107 Peru MI speech2 _ 103 Peru M2 speech3 99 Colombia MI sp-.ch4 95 Colombia M2 speech5 91
6 877 838 799 75 Venezuela MI speech
10 71 Venezuela M2 speechII 67 Venezuela M3 speech12 63 Venezuela M4 speech
* via France
96
Group 4
I 155 Spain M I speech2 151 Spain M2 speech3 147 Spain M3 speech4 143 Spain M4 speech5 139 Spain M7 speech6 135 Spain M8 speech7 131 Spain M9 speech8 127 Spain M5 speech9 123 Spain M6 speech
10 119 United Kingdom ** M I speech11 115 United Kingdom ** M 1 speech1 2 I I I Spain M 10 speech
Group 3
channel frequency country class use(kHz)
I 203 Chile M 1 speech2 199 Chile M2 speech3 195 Argentina MI speech4 191 Argentina M2 speech5 187 Panama M I speech6 1837 1798 1759 171 Panama M2 speech
10 167 Panama M3 speechI I 163 Brazil M2 speech12 159 Brazil M 1 speech
** via SpainGroup 2 of Supergroup I (204-252 kHz) is assigned for future traffic will. Germany.
Transmission
Television programme's
Reception
Few television programmes were trans- There was a slight increase in the receptionmitted via satellite in 1971 compared with of television programmes in 197;, as shownprevious years. Diagram 1 shows television in diagram 2.transmission times since the Tulancingoearth station started operation.
97
C
EN.cg
200
100
10
I II
C_
EM1-
I I II I! fl 41 II if1968 1969 1970 1 1971
Diagram 1
Television programmestransmission time
98
100
ru' 10
E
C
0
E
EE
0O.
1
C
Eri
E
.c
E
0
E0
C4
0
1969 1970 I 1971
Diagram 2Television programmes reception time
Data transmission tests
In 1971, tests on data transmission viasatellite were conducted between bankingorganizations in Mexico, Brazil and Italywith saitsfactory results.
fe
Operation with the " Intelsat-IV F2 "satellite
In March, there was a changeover fromoperation with the Intelsat-la F6 satelliteto the Intelsat-IV F2, both located over the
99
Adamic Ocean, according to a transitionplan which involved reassignment of thecarrier frequencies.
The change of satellite improved theoperational angle of elevation of theTulancingo earth station antenna from anaverage of 3 to almost 7 due to the morewesterly siting of the new
New projects
1971 saw the beginning of a study on thetechnical and economic feasibility of con-structing a second earth station working inthe Atlantic region in 1974.
In addition, equipment was acquired bycontract for the installation in theTulancingo station of the facilities requiredfor integration into the Spade system.
Participation in meetings and internation-al co-operation
In 1971, Mexico was represented regularlyat the general meetings of the ICS('and at the Plenipotentiary Conference ofINTELSAT at which the Agreementsestablishing Definitive Arrangements forthe Consortium were approved.In June and July, Mexican representativesattended the World Administrative RadioConference for Space Telecommunicationsin Geneva and meetings of the Inter-American Telecommunications Commis-sion held in Caracas, Venezuela.In 5. tember and October, Mexico actedas host country for the ITU seminar onfrequency management which included alecture on space communications.Also in October, Mexico took an activepart in the seminar held in Washington,DC on the operation of earth stations.
NICARAGUA
Work in progress on the NICATELSAT earth station
r(Di, .ccion General de Teect. unicaciones y Correos, Nicaragua)
The Compafiia Nietwaguense de Telecom-nicaeiones pot Sat (NICATELSAT),the Nicaraguan telecommunication satel-lite company was sct up on 5 August 1971.
On 24 September, contracts were signedwith Mitsubishi Shoji Kaisha Limited and
Mitsui and Company Incorporated for theconstruction of a communication satelliteearth station some 8 km south-west ofManagua. Construction work is now underway and delivery scheduled for I October1972.
NEW ZEALAND
New Zealand's satellite earth station, sitednear Warkworth, approximately 55 kmnorth of Auckland, officially came intooperation in July 1971 and has providedconsiderable relief on the congestedCotnpac cable.
The station, which meets standardINTELSAT operational specifications, isat present working with the Intelsat-111satellite over the Pacific Ocean, but willlater switch to an Intelsat -1 V satellite.
Basic characteristics of the station
opened:17 July 1971
total area of land for station develop-ment:16.6 hectares
number of people to maintain station:18
mains power requirements:initially: 250 kW;ultimately: 500 kW
,g1
4'
New Zealand's satellite earth station showing the terminal building, microwave tower providingaccess to the gateway exchange at Auckland and the antennc
(New Zealand Administration)
101
administration andsize:1208 m2
maximum heightground level:36.57 in
diameter of dish:30.48 m.
Station limitations
1. Antenna
equipment building
of antenna from
a) Minimum operating angle of elevation
8°. Below this angle, an increase in noiselevel will occur.
b) Tracking limitsThe antenna can continuously track aquasi-stationary satellite. The satellite canbe tracked in azimuth ±170° on true northand in elevation 0-90' (but see I a) above).
2. Radome
Not provided.
3. Weather extremes
Can withstand 67.3 m/s (242 km/h) winds.Operates with degraded performance up to44.8 m/s (161 km/h). Drives to stow at53.7 m/s (193 km/h).
Available equipment
1. Transmit
One 10 MHz transmit message chain plusone spare, partially equipped.
2. Receive
Three 10 MHz receive message chains plusone spare, partially equipped.
102
3. Television
d) Audio
One transmit and two receive chains. Thesecond receive chain can also be used as acontingency chain.
b) Video
One transmit, one receive.
c) Standards conversion
The station is equipped with a televisionstandards converter which can converttelevision signals from 625/50 to 525/60and vice-versa (monochrome) and fromPAL to NTSC and vice-versa (colour).Conversion can be provided on trans-mission, reception, or transit services.
4. For contingency purposes
a) Transmit
One 10 MHz chain plus one 5 MHz chainwhen not used for television audio.
b) Receive
Two 20 MHz chains. Tne second contin-gency chain is shared with the televisionaudio chain.
NoteTelevision and contingency servicescannot be operated simultaneously.
5. Beacons
Provision has been made for beaconreception on 3934 and 3967 MHz.
6. Engineering service circuits
The message and contingency andtelevision-audio carriers are each equippedwith two voice channels and ten telegraphchannels.
Additional informationfuture plans
A second message up chain has beenprovided for future use.
NETHERLANDS (KINGDOM OF THE)
Experiments with the " ATS.3" technological satellite
In 1971 the Netherlands PTT completeda programme of VHF communicationtrials with shipping via the ATS-3 satellite.
The Mojave earth station in the UnitedStates, an experimental earth station atKootwijk in the Netherlands and twoships, the Niemt' Amsterdam and theAtlantic. Crown took part in this pro-gramme, the purpose of which was toevaluate the respective advantages ofvarious narrow-band modulations:
frequency modulation (16 kHz band-width) and single-sideband modulationfor telephone selective calling andfacsimile transmissions;
frequency-shift modulation (85 Hz shift)for multi-channel direct printing radio-telegraphy.
The results of these trials show that fairlyaccurate communications with shipping viaVHF satellites, can be obtained with thethree modulation systems tested.
Research on frequencies above 10 GHz
The Netherlands Administration has begunto construct an experimental earth stationprimarily intended for participation in theSirio programme. The station will beequipped with a parabolic Cassegrainantenna, 10 m in diameter. The antennacan be steered in all directions witl; the aidof automatic and programmed trackmgsystems.
The accuracy of the main antenna surfacepermits working on frequencies up to40 GHz.
PORTUGAL
Economic and technical studies are in pro-gress with a view to the construction ofthre._! earth stations. Two of these stationsare for the Portuguese Oversea Provinces
(Angola and Mozambique) and the thirdfor Lisbon; all are to work with theINTELSAT Atlantic Ocean satellite.
FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY
1. Satellite telecommunication service
1.1 Satellite telecommunications via theRaisting earth station continued to expandin 1971. In the Indian Ocean region, newlinks were opened to Australia, Hong Kongand the Philippines; traffic with Iran wasestablis'ied in the Atlantic region.The Raisting 2 antenna equipments werereplaced by others conforming to theparameters of the Intelsat-IV satellitesystem. Operation will be adjusted to the
new transmission parameters in the springof 1972.
Construction of the Raisting 3 antenna,begun in mid -1970, is at such an advancedstage that mechanical and telecommunica-tion equipment can already be installed init. During the 1972 Olympic Games, thisantenna will be used for television trans-mission in the Atlantic region. There willbe four television channels for the MunichGames, routed through the Raisting
103
112.
Raisting 3 antenna
(Bundesministcrium fiir das Post- und Fernmeldcwcsen)4 .*
/6
antennae; after the Games, Raisting 3 willhe used as a second antenna for theAtlantic region.1.2 Work on the Franco-German Sym-phonic, satellite project continued accordingto plan. On completion of the planningstage, a contract was placed for theRaisting Symphonic earth station. This %%illhave a Cassegrain antenna with a figure ofmerit G/T 31.5 dB/K for an antennadiameter of 15.5 m and a maximum e.i.r.p.of 88 dBW. The installation is to be usedfor an experimental Franco - German pro-gramme. The German earth station shouldbe brought into service by early 1973.
After the project and feasibility studyphases, the development of the Symphonic,satellite was completed at the end of 1970.
,
Tests on various preliminary models andthe construction and assembly of theprototype were almost completed in 1971and the construction of two flight modelswas also begun.
1.3 An experimental earth station is n)wbeing built at Leeheim in the FederalRepublic of Germany for the study ofpropagation conditions in bands above10 GHz. This experimental station, whichwill be ready in June 1972, and a trans-mitting station situated some distance awaywill initially be used to investigate precipi-'ation scattering of microwaves, with aview to ascertaining the best bases forco-ordination of frequencies between thesatellite radiocommunication service andterrestrial radio services. After the Italian
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Receiving and recording equipment of the monitoring and measuring service
105
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(Bundesministerium fiir das Post- and Fernmeldewesen)
experimental satellite Sirio is launched, theDeutsche Bundespost will take part in thisexperimental programme through theLeeheim station.
2. Monitoring and measuring service
The Bundespost Monitoring and Measur-ing Service has an installation at Darmstadtfor receiving space radio emissions bet,%cen20 MHz and I GHz. It is equipped formeasuring field strength, frequencies andbandwidths and also for automatic moni-toring of spectrum occupancy in the SO to470 MHz range.
A larger r, _eiving installation is to beconstructed which should be completed in1975. It will cover the 135 MHz to 13 GHzrange, divided into two sub-ranges, forwhich a common parabolic mirror antenna,13 in in diameter, will be used.
The antenna of this installation is able to
106
track the satellite, either automatically bythe monopulse system, by programmedcontrol, by manual steering, or by acombination of these methods. For satellitelocation, it is planned to have an antennaand receiver automatic station- findingsystem.
3. Radioastronomy service
The fully controllable radiotelescope of theMax-Planck-histittit far Radioastrollomiewas brought into service on 12 May 1971at ElTelsberg (Eifel). Its average deviationof the parabolic reflector from the parabolaform is only 1 mm for a diameter of 100 in.The antenna gain a, I() GHz is 70 dB for ahalf-value beamwidth of the main lobe ofabout I arc minute. The antenna is com-manded by a processor with a trackingaccuracy of 2 arc seconds. A parametricamplifier cooled by helium gas is used as apre-amplifier.
lb<
Antenna of the monitoring and measuring service
(Bundesministerium fur das Post- and Ferntneldcwesen)
it?107
e,
4. Space research radio service
4.1 " AcrosThe scientific mission of the :tyros aero-nomic satellite is to study phenomena ofthe upper atmosphere. This is a bilateralproject carried out in co-operation withNASA. The satellite is now being developedand should he launched in the autumn of1972 by a NASA Scout launcher.
4.2 " Helios "The Helios project, intended for solarresearch, is also being carried out in co-operation with NASA.
The programme comprises two probeswhich are to he placed in elliptical orbitround the sun at a 16-month interval fromeach other in 1974 and 1975, The scientificmission of these probes is to mesure solarwinds, the interplanetary magnetic field,cosmic radiation, zodiacal light and cosmicdust in interrianetary space.
The launcher will be of the Titan-111D-Centaur type. Provisional analyses indi-cate that with its aid it will he possible toapproach the sun to within 0.25 of anastronomical unit.
UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, THECHANNEL ISLANDS AND THE ISLE OF MAN
A. Satellite cc rnmunications Imp Construction of the third aerial system
a. Operational activities and earth stationat Goonhilly (described in the 1970 Report).
is nearing the final stages and the terminaldevelopments
1. The United Kingdom continues toparticipate fully in the INTELSAT Con-sortium and to make extensive use of itsfacilities. Terminals I and 2 at Goonhillyearth station are operating with the Indianand Atlantic Ocean region /ate /sal -Illsatellites respectively. During 1971, directsatellite services were established withNigeria, Trinidad, India, Singapore andHong Kong. Satellite service with Iran andNigeria was re-routed via Italy when thoseadministrations transferred their operationsto the Intelstst-1 V satellite in late 1971.
By September, the United Kingdom had262 direct telephone circuits via theAtlantic and 129 circuits via the IndianOcean satellites and the Goonhilly earthstation. In addition, Goonhilly carried 72circuits for other administrations andprovided occasional television service.
2. Throughout 1971 Goonhill:, continuedto provide the (interim) technical andoperational control c mire and the asso-ciated monitoring facilities for the IndianOcean region of the INTELSAT system.
108
will he in service (with an Atlantic /we/mi-ll/ satellite) by mid -1972. Soon afterGoonhilly 3 is brought into service, theGoonhilly 2 system will be rearrangedto carry the heavy stream transatlanticservices via a second hstelsat-I V satellite.Spade equipment for 24 channels will beavailab: for use in the Atlantic zone byearly 1973.
Other innovations being .ntroduced atGoon hilly include processor- controlledswitching and signalling equipment for theengineering service circuits and a computer-controlled monitoring and data loggingsystem.
3. Experimental and development workis being expanded. A 9 m diameter steer-able aerial for experimental work hasrecently been installed at Goonhilly.Studies of methods of improving theefficiency and reliability of earth stationsare in hand; in particular, a developmentcontract has been placed for work on thelinearization of high dower travelling wavetubes and a study is being made " in-
j
r -
Goonhilly aerial No. 3 during filial stages of construction. April /972
(United Kingdom Post Office)
for 109
house " of the practicability of computer-aided control of earth stations.
4. In the Overseas Territories for whoseexternal relations the United Kingdom isresponsible, Cable and Wireless Limited iscurrently operating three earth stations.The Ascension Island earth station worksinto the Atlantic Ocean region hildsto-/Vsatellite and is used primarily for NASAcommunications. The Hong Kong I earthstation operates in the Pacific Ocean regic9Intelsat-111 satellite zone. By the end of1971, Hong Kong I was working circuitsto Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand,South Korea, Thailand and the UnitedStates. The Hong Kong 11 earth stationoperates with the Indian Ocean regionIntelsat-III satellite. The station came intoservice on 21 October 1971, and at the endof 1971 was working circuits to Bahrain,Germany, Indonesia, Singapore, and theUnited Kingdom. During 1972, it is alsoexpected to work to India, Malaysia,Pakistan and Switzerland.
Hong Kong I and II earth station eachprovide one unidirectional televisionchannel. These common channels allowservice with all countries working to thePacific and Indian Ocean satellites providedtheir earth stations are equipped to transmitand receive television signals. Subject tothe availability of facilities, each channel isavailable 24 hours daily, between theinternational television centre of Cable andWireless in Hong Kong and the satellite,at which point the channel provided by thecompany connects with the channel pro-vided by the overseas company or admi-nistration. Telecine facilities are availableat both earth stations, in addition tonormal services. Each is equipped forprocessing and monitoring 625-line 50-cycle PAL and 525-line 60-cycle NTSCtelevision signals for either transmission orreception. One wideband audio programmechannel, together with nine voice co-ordinating channels, can also be handledin either direction. Both Hong Kong Iand II earth stations have been designed
110
to withstand typhoon conditions of windsup to 338 km per hour, when their respec-tive 27 and 29 m diameter dishes are" parked in a horizontal position. Theearth stations can also operate successfullyin winds of up to 112 km per hour.
b. Propagation studies
5. During 1971, measurements werecarried out at II and 37 GHz toevaluate the performance of the 6 111apert Lire steerable offset Cassegrain antennaconstructed at the United Kingdom PostOffice Research Department at MartleshamHeath, Suffolk. Plans for equipping thisantenna for use with the Sirio satellite arewell advanced. Development rf a suitablebroadband helium-cooled parametric am-plifier centred on 11.6 G Hz, is being carriedout at Martlesham.
Mnasurements using a 12 GHz solarradiometer, set up to measure atmosphericattenuation for a range of elevation angles,have continued. The analyzed results ofthese measurements for a period of twoyears have been made available to theCO R.
c. ITU Space Conference
6. The United Kingdom took an activepart in the World Administrative RadioConference for Space Telecommunicationsheld in Geneva in June and July, and inthe Special Joint Meeting of CCIR StudyGroups held in February, to prepare thetechnical basis for the Conference.
d. ESRO applications satellite studies
7. Along with other European nations,the United Kingdom has taken part instudies of potential applications satelliteswithin the framework of the EuropeanSpace Research Organisation (ESRO).Applications for which programmes havebeen prepared are in the fields of aero-nautical and meteorologiLal satellites, andfor a telecommunications satellite (see e)below).
toy
Automatic picture transmission (APT) ground receiving equipment
The 6 m steerahle aerial used for satellite propagation studies in the 10-40 GHz frequency rangeat the Post Office research station, Martlesham Heath (near Ipswich), Suffolk
(United Kingdom Post Office)
111
e. European telecommunications sz'eltite pro-ject
8. The United Kingdom has participatedin studies carried out within the frameworkof the European Space Conference (ESC)by representatives of the European SpaceResearch Organisation, the European Con-ference of Postal and TelecommunicationsAdministrations (CEPT) and the EuropeanBroadcasting Union (EBU). The studieshave been concerned with the developmentof a European satellite system for telephonyand television using frequencies in the 12to 14 GHz range. Discussions are currentlyproceeding in ESRO Committees on therelative technical merits of possible options.
1. Consultancy servicesUnited Kingdom PostOffice and Crown Communications
9. Crown Communications, an associa-tion of the United Kingdom Post Office'nd Crown Agents, have recently com-pleted their advisory services in connectionwith the installation of Singapore's earthstation at Sentosa and assisted theSingapore Telecommunications Depart-ment in the acceptance testing and com-missioning of the station.
Crown Communications, through theUnited Kingdom Post Office, is currentlyproviding a complete consultancy servicefor the Zambia earth station project.Complete tender documents have beenprepared and issued on a world-wide basisand tenders are now being evaluated inLondon.
g. United Kingdom Post Office training courses
10. The United Kingdom Post OfficeEngineering Training School at Leafieldnear Oxford continued to provide resi-dential courses for technicians on satelliteearth station principles and practice.During 1971, four courses were p :ovidedfor 84 students from nine different admi-nistrations. Further courses are plannedfor 1972 and although the demand forseats is heavy, a few vacancies still exist.
112
Cloud systems received by APT
(United Kingdom Post Office)
The United Kingdom Government, atthe July meeting of the Scientific andTechnical Sub-Committee of the UnitedNations Committee on the Peaceful Usesof Outer Space, offered to students fromdeveloping countries a number of scholar-ships for the United Kingdom Post Officesatellite training courses at Leafield. TheUnited Kingdom Government will meetthe subsistence and training costs ofcandidates while the travelling costs to andfrom the United Kingdom are to be metby the nominating administrations.
h. Meteorology
11. The offices in the United Kingdomand those at locations abroad equippedwith suitable receiving equipment havecontinued to make the fullest possible useof pictorial information obtained fromavailable meteorological satellites. Inaddition, the United Kingdom Govern-ment under the Voluntary AssistanceProgramme of the World MeteorologicalOrganization (WMO) has provided andinstalled suitable equipment for receivingautomatic picture transmissions fromweather satellites at Addis Ababa(Ethiopia) and Amman (Jordan) during1971. Agreements have been made toprovide and install similar equipmentearly in 1972 at Kano (Nigeria) and Legon(Ghana). In all cases, training is given tothe operators of the equipment.
During the latter part of 1971, only oneAmerican meteorological satellite ( Essa-8 ) continued to provide an operationalservice, and this has daylig,it automaticpicture transmission (APT) by vidiconcameras only. Night-time satellite observa-tions, as well as APT, were obtained fromthe American Noaa-1 (also known ashos-2) satellite as long as it was in service.A number of other American meteoro-logical satellites either ceased to provide aservice or, in the case of Nona-2 (alsoknown as has -B), failed to go into orbitduring the year. It is thought that Essa-8
40-
will be the last American observationalsatellite to carry the daylight APT system,and any that are put into service during1972 will provide read-out based onscanning radiometer techniques. To meetthis situation action is in hand to procuresuitable ground recording equipment.
B. Space research relevant to radiocom-munications
12. A further satellite in the United King-dom national programme was successfullylaunched on 11 December 1971. Known asAriel-I V, this satellite will study the inter-actions between the plasma, electromag-netic waves and charged particle streamsin the topside of the ionosphere. Thescientific payload comprises a closely inter-related set of experiments measuring iono-spheric and cosmic radio noise, electrontemperature and density, VLF radiationand lightning discharge noise and low-energy proton and electron intensities.
In addition, through the launch ofsounding rockets in its national programmeand through participation in the scientificactivities of ESRO and of NASA, theUnited Kingdom has supported variousstudies which have relevance to radiocom-municat ions.
The radio and space research station atSlough is participating in the Italian Sitioproject, in collaboration also with theUnited Kingdom Post Office, by which thepropagation of millimetre radio wavesbetween a satellite and earth will bestudied. The station will be particularlyinterested in meteorological influences, inspace-diversity reception on the ground,and in frequency dispersion in widebandtransmissions. Ground equipment is beingassembled in preparation for the launch,expected to be in 1973.
Millimetre-wave radiometer measure-ments of radiation from the sun haveshown that in some circumstances bursts
113
of noise are precursors of the incidence ofprotons from solar flares. The radiometerobservations are also providing datarelevant to the influence of meteorologicalfactors, notably precipitation, on radio-communication links.
Interferometer-measurements are beingmade on the 136 MHz transmissionsfrom the satellite Intelsat-II F2. The phasefluctuations obtained so far during periodsof scintillation correspond to a spread of
incident energy not exceeding about 3 arcminutes.
In the investigation of deformations ofdish aerials, it has been found convenientto use lasers as the basis of an opticaltechnique. By this means, for example, ithas been shown that the deformations ofthe 25 in dish aerial at Chilbolton aresufficiently small to makc the aerialpotentially of useful efficiency at a wave-length of 1 cm.
SWITZERLAND (CONFEDERATION OF)
Work on the project for building a Swiss in 1971.earth station progressed according to plan
THAILAND
The Government of Thailand, as the sig-natory to the Agreement Establishing In-terim Arrangements for a Global Com-mercial Communication Satellite System,as well as to the Special Agreement, signedthe Agreement relating to the InternationalTelecommunication Satellite Organization"INTELSAT" and the Operating Agree-ment relating to the International Tele-communication Satellite Organization
INTELSAT " on 20 August 1971.Two months before that date, Thailandparticipated in the World AdministrativeRadio Conference for Space Telecom-munications held in Geneva and also in the
first world telecommunication exhibitionTELECOM 71.
1971 was also a year of great progress inspace radiocommunication. An additionalnine direct satellite circuits were broughtinto use for operation with Australia,Singapore and Italy. As regards live tele-casts, many important events, such as thelanding on the moon of Apollo-I4, theWorld Champion Boxing Match, "Chil-dren of the World", etc. were televisedvia satellite to viewers in Thailand. Therewere also transmissions of news to foreigncountries.
UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS
For the operation of the long-distanceradio telephone and telegraph system andfor the transmission of central televisionprogrammes over the network of Orbitastations located in remote and inaccessibleareas of the Soviet Union, Molnya-I com-munication satellites were launched on
114
23 July and 20 December 1971 (to sup-plement the report for 1970, it should benoted that a launching also took place on25 December 1970).
New Orbita stations became operationalin the report year bringing the totalnumber of stations in service up to 37.
it yti
P
View of the "Orbita" network Novosibirsk earth station
Work continues on the construction andplanning of new stations.
The number of hours of transmission ofcentral television programmes over theOrbita station network via Molnya-I satel-lites roughly doubled in the period 1968-1972.
Under the programme for the expansionof the communication system by meansof satellites, a new Molnya-II satellite,equipped for operation in the SHF range,
f
(APN)
was launched in the Soviet Union on24 November 1971 on a high ellipticalorbit.
This new Molnya-II satellite is designed forthe operation of the long-distance radiotelephone and telegraph system in theSoviet Union and the transmission ofcentral television programmes over thenetwork of Orbita stations, which in thenext few years will be modernized foroperation in the SHF range and also for
115
international co-operation in space tele-communications.
On 15 November 1971, the IntersputnikAgreement on the establishment of aninternational system and organization forspace telecommunications was signed inMoscow. The founder members of Inter-sputnik are: Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslo-vakia, the German Democratic Republic,the Hungarian People's Republic, Mon-golia, the People's Republic of Poland,Roumania and the USSR.
The purpose of the organization is to meetthe requirements of the Member States fortelephone and telegraph channels, colourand black and white television and theexchange of other types of information.
The Agreement, which is open to thesignature or accession of other States,provides that the organization shall co-ordinate its activity with the InternationalTelecommunication Union and co-operatewith other organizations.
The instruments of ratificat ion are depositedwith the Government of the USSR.
The Intersputnik Agreement will beregistered with the United Nations underArticle 102 of the United Nations' Charter.
On 30 September 1971, an Agreement wassigned in Washington between the Unionof Soviet Socialist Republics and theUnited States of America on measures toimprove the line of direct communicationbetween the two countries. In order toimprove the reliability of the direct lineestablished in accordance with the memor-andum signed on 20 June 1963, thisAgreement provides for the establishmentof two additional channels via satellites.
On the Soviet side, a channel will beprovided by the Molnya system, while theUnited States Government will use theINTELSAT system. Earth stations will bebuilt in the USSR for operation withINTELSAT satellites and in the UnitedStates for operation with Molnya systemsatellites.
ZAIRE (REPUBLIC OF)
1. The bringing into service of the earthstation at N'Sele for satellite communica-tions is the biggest telecommunicationsproject to have been executed in theRepublic of Zaire. The foundation stonefor this station was laid on 30 June 1970.Twelve months later, on 29 June 1971, itwas inaugurated by the President of theRepublic and from that moment becameoperational.
It is a real achievement to have built, in amatter of 12 months, within the Presidentialdomain at N'Sele 65 km from Kinshasa,this vast complex consisting of an antenna33 m in diameter, a central block housingthe control units, another block for thepower station, a water-pumping station aswell as many other amenities such as a
116
reception hall, a drive and so on. A sitehas been reserved for the installation-at alater date of a second antenna directedtowards the satellite Intelsat-111, stationedabove the Indian Ocean, for communica-tion with the Far East.The present antenna is directed towardsthe Intelsat-1V satellite above the Atlantic.
1.1. Capacity
The capacity is adjustable and may beextended up to 300 channels or more,depending on the equipment added. Atpresent, the station operates 24 telephonecircuits of which 17 are in operation, andhas a television band for transmission ofEurovision and Mondovision programmesin black-and-white and in colour.
The following international circuits areoperated:
to Brussels, via France (Pleumeur-Bodou)to the United States (via huelvai-IV)to Italy k, hue
The annexed statistics show the impactthat the earth station has already had onthe volume of international traffic, whichhas increased by 20% since June. The userswelcome particularly the clarity andquality of transmission and the fact thatthe waiting time for a call is now shorterbecause there are more circuits available.1.2 Reception
By means of its repeater 12 the stationreceives foreign television programmes on525 lines/60 frames NTSC which areconverted by the station transformer tothe 625 line/50 frame standard. Theprogrammes are transmitted by coaxialcable and then by a radio circuit to theVoice of Zaire studio (Ministry of Infor-mation) which receives them in colour onclosed circuit and broadcasts them inblack and white because there is no colourequipment available.The Apo llo-15 programme and the landingon the moon of the astronauts Scott,Warden and Irwin as well as many sportsevents, have been received live in Kinshasa.The Olympic Games of 1972 will likewisebe retransmitted live.
1.3 TelemetryThe station is also equipped with tele-metric systems which are not at present inuse.
1.4 Spade equipment
Spade equipment, which will be one of thefirst of its kind available in Africa, is tobe ordered shortly. It has been chosen soas to establish direct contact between theN 'Sele earth station and the other stationson the African continent. It will providean intermittent connection with a numberof countries which at present maintain adirect, permanent and very costly, link withthe Republic of Zaire.
2. The second important achievement in1971 was the automation of the telexnetwork which, from Kinshasa, providesdirect access to the international telexnetwork.
The balance for the past year reflects avery satisfactory state of affairs. 'rite resultof the introduction into service of thisextensive infrastructure will be even morestriking when the terminal equipment hasbeen installed and when the radio-relayaxes are all in operation; the first of thesehas been in service since 1970, the secondis now being installed and the third andfourth are in the course of study.
N'Sele earth station
Characteristics
location:04° 11' 50.71" S15° 36' 21.31" Etransmission frequency:6006.25 MHzbandwidth:2.5 MHzcapacity:60 circuitsspot beam East transponder:2
number of circuits available:24
Baseband distribution
channels I to 8:8 telephone channelsKinshasaBrussels
Supergroup lotchannels 9 and 10:2 telephone channels carrying voice-frequency telegraphyKinshasaBrussels
Group 5channels 11 and 12:2 telephone channelsKinshasaParis (transit)
Group A frequency telegraphyKinshasa Paris
channels 8-10:2 telephone channelsKinshasa-Paris
channel I :
-- channel 12:I channelKinsnasa-New York
I channelI telephone channel carrying voice- Kinshasa Italy and Southern Europe.
KinshasaBrussels telephone traffic statistics
KinshasaBrussels BrusselsKinshasa totals
1971 direct TST total direct TST total direct TST total
June * CM
2 445 672 3 117 1 386 485 1 871 3 831 1 157 4 988
19 573 5 064 24 637 10 219 3 498 13 757 29 737 8 562 38 354
July * 3 098 I 059 4 157 1 501 642 2 143 4 599 I 701 6 30027 529 9 098 36 627 12 968 5 441 18 409 40 497 14 539 55 036
August 3 292 923 4 215 1 661 667 2 328 4 953 I 590 6 548
30 151 8 576 38 727 N 251 6 088 20 339 44 402 14 664 59 066
September 3 360 1 012 4 372 2 057 693 2 750 5 417 I 705 7 121
31 736 9 899 41 241 18 241 6 770 24 011 49 977 16 669 66 646
October 3 636 927 4 563 I 973 590 2 563 5 609 1 517 7 126
35 297 9 014 44 411 16 956 5 193 22 149 52 753 14 207 66 560
November 3 534 I 297 4 831 1 726 617 2 343 5 260 1 914 7 174
34 796 12 973 47 769 14 801 5 398 20 199 49 597 18 371 67 968
December 3 859 1 362 5 221 1 898 703 2 601 5 757 2 065 7 822
36 352 12 747 49 099 15 062 6 191 21 253 51 414 18 938 70 352
1972
3 427 1 267 4 694 1 745
15 332
768 2 513 5 172 2 035 7 207January33 373 11 032 44 405 7 222 22 554 48 705 18 254 66 959
Source: Kinshasa Telecommunication Network C = number of ca IsM = duration of calls in minutes
* For purposes of comparison, the total traffic in June and July 1970 respectively was 4 165 callslasting 29 857 min and 3 871 calls lasting 29 998 min.
118
Distribution of service channels
CongoFrancepi telephony Pleumeur-Bodoupl C20 teletype Pleumeur-Bodoupl C23 TOCC teletypeAtlantic via Pleumeur-Bodou
FranceCongopl telephony Pleumeur-Bodoupl C20 teletype Pleumeur-Bodou
pl C23 TOCC teletypeAtlantic via Pleumeur-Bodou.
Note.The telegraph circuits are alloperated with a modulation speed of50 bauds and are in conformity with thestandards prescribed by CCITT Recom-mendat n R.35 with 60 Hz spacingbetweeni wo characteristic frequencies.
The signalling current of the telephonecircuits is at frequency 500/20 Hz (CCITTRecommendation Q.1).
KinshasaParis telephone traffic statistics
KinshasaParis ParisKinshasa totals
1971 direct TST total direct TST total direct TST total
June 710 261 971 367 I 1 1 478 1 077 372 1 449
5 530 1 905 7 435 2 820 913 3 733 8 350 2 818 11 168
July 2 144
16 972
August 985 587 1 572 572 223 795 1 557 810 2 367
8 794 6 223 15 017 5 305 1 739 7 044 14 099 7 962 22 061
September 1 030 681 1 719 720 241 961 1 758 922 2 680
9 403 6 909 16 312 5 594 1 830 7 424 14 997 8 739 23 736
October 991 652 1 643 625 191 816 1 616 843 2 459
9 773 6 089 15 862 4 982 I 537 6 519 14 755 7 626 22 381
November 807 661 1 468 634 180 814 1 441 841 2 281
6 990 6 013 13 003 5 069 1 515 6 584 12 059 7 528 19 587
December 948 621 1 569 658 165 823 1 606
6
786
6462 392
8 344 5 451 13 795 5 071 1 195 6 266 13 415 20 061
1972
973 622 1 595 728 199 927 1 701 821 2
2
522
031January
8 307 5 351 13 658 5 099 1 556 6 655 13 406 6 907
119
Telecommunication statistics
services year9 months
1970 1971
Telecommunications
I. Telephonyinternal trafficoutgoing: number of calls 307 500 230 625 261 367
number of minutes 2 347 935 1 760 949 1 249 420-- incoming: number of calls 115 966 86 973 155 088
number of minutes 1 143 789 857 841 929 277total: nut Aber of calls
number of minutes 3
423491
466724 2
317618
598790 2
416178
455697
international trafficoutgoing: number of calls 72 576 44 121 51 253
number of minutes 862 172 330 060 380 025incoming: number of calls 40 854 29 136 26 034
number of minutes 321 490 207 503 199 242total: number of calls 113 430 73 257 77 287
number of minutes 1 183 662 537 563 579 267
2. Telexinternal trafficoutgoing: number of calls 21 278 15 957 22 538
number of minutes 235 033 176 274 209 748international trafficoutgoing: number of calls 49 150 36 Z.( 56 621
number of minutes 363 430 272 371 429 781
3. Telegraphyinternal trafficoutgoing: number of calls I 410 734 1 058 049 1 149 546incoming: number of calls 1 440 562 I 080 420 ! 270 278total: number of calls 2 851 296 2 138 469 2 615 824international trafficoutgoing: number of calls 108 359 71 849 94 106incoming: number of calls 115 159 65 655 109 093total: number of calls 223 518 137 504 203 199
ZAMBIA (REPUBLIC OF)
An earth station operating via the Indian adjudicated and the contract may beOcean satellite is planned to come into awarded shortly.service in late 1973. Tenders are now being
120
ANNEX 2
Resolutions adopted by the United Nations
UNITED NATIONS
Resolutions adopted by the General Assembly at its Twenty sixth Session
Resolution 2776 (XXVI)
2776 (XXVI)
International co-operation in ne peaceful uses of outer space
The General Assembly,
Recalling its Resolution 2733 (XXV) of16 December 1970,
flaring considered the report of the Com-mittee on the Peaceful Uses of OuterSpace',
Reaffirming the common interest ofmankind in furthering the explorationand use of outer space for peacefulpurposes,
Continuing to believe that the benefitsderiving from space exploration -an beextended to States at all stages of economicand scientific development if MemberStates conduct their space programmesin a manner designed to promote maxi-mum international co-operation, includingthe widest possible exchange of inform-ation in this field,
Convinced of the need for continuedinternational efforts to promote practicalapplications of space technology,
1. Endorses the report of the Committeeon the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space;
2. Invites States which have not yetbecome parties to the Treaty on PrinciplesGoverning the Activities of States in theExploration and Use of Outer Space,including the Moon and Other Celestial
' official Records of the General Assembly,Twenty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 20(A14'420).
Bodies and the Agreement on the Rescueof Astronauts, the Return of Astronautsand the Return of Objects launched intoOuter Space to give early considerationto ratifying or acceding to those agree-ments so that they may have the broadestpossible effect;
3. Reiterates the importance of the goalof making satellite communications avail-able to States on a world-wide and nondiscriminatory basis, as expressed inGeneral Assembly Resolution 1721 D(XVI) of 20 December 1961;
4. Takes note of the agreements relatingto space communications recently con-cluded between a number of States andof the desirability of keeping the UnitedNations currently informed concerningactivities and developments in this field;
5. Notes the action taken by the Inter-national Telecommunication Union,through the World Administrative RadioConference for Space Telecommunicationsheld in June and July 1971, to allocatefrequencies and to adopt administrativeprocedures for all kinds of space com-munications, and recommends that theUnion and its specialized bodies, as wellas the members of the Union, shouldapply these provisions with a view topromoting the use of space communi-cations for the benefit of all countries inaccordance wit' he relevant resolutionsof the General misembly;
6. Welcomes the progress achieved bythe Committee on the Peaceful Uses of
/ 123
Outer Space in its efforts to encourageinternational programme, to promotepractical applications of space technologyfor the benefit of all countries and com-mends to the attention of Member States,specialized ager:les and interecteJ UnitedNations bodies the programme containedin the report of the Scientific and TechnicalSub-Committee of the Committee 2;
7. Takes note with appreciation of thevaluable work carried out by the Secretary-General within the framework of theprogramme for promoting the applicationof space technology in accordance withthe relevant recommendations of theCommittee on the Peaceful Uses of OuterSpace and resolutions of the GeneralAssembly;
8. Endorses the resolution contained inparagraph 15 of the report of the Com-mittee on the Peaceful Uses of OuterSpace and recommends the continuationand development of the programme forpromoting the practical applications ofspace technology taking into account theneeds of the developing countries;
9. Welcomes the efforts of a number ofMember States to share with otherinterested Member States the practicalbenefits that may be derived from pro-grammes in space technology;
10. Weomes the progress achieved ininternational co-operation among MemberStates in space research and exploration,including the exchange and analysis oflunar material on a broad internationalbasis and studies of the developmentof compatible rendezvous and dockingsystems for manned spacecraft;
11. Welcomes also the action of a numberof States and of the Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations inpromoting international co-operation ineducation and training in the peaceful
2 A1A ".105195, section I.
124
uses of outer space and endorses theappeal made to other States by the Com-mittee on the Peaceful Uses or OuterSpace for similar contributions to inter-national education and training in thisfield ;
12, Approves continuing sponsorship bythe United Nations of the Thumbaequatorial rocket launching station inIndia and the Celpa Mar del Plata Stationin Argentina, expresses its satisfactionat the work being carried out at theseranges in relation to the use of soundingrocket facilities for international co-operation and training in the peacefuland scientific exploration of outer space,and recommends that Member Statescontinue to give consideration to the useof these facilities for appropriate spaceresearch activities;
13. Welcomes the efforts of MemberStates to keep the Committee on thePeaceful Uses of Outer Space fully in-formed of their space activities andinvites all Member States to do so;
14. Notes that, in accordance withGeneral Assembly Resolution 1721 B(XVI) of 20 December 1961, the Secretary-General continues to maintain a publicregistry of objects launched into orbitor beyond on the basis of informationfurnished by Member States;
15. Takes note with appreciation of theactivities of the World MeteorologicalOrganization during the past year, asreported to the Committee on the PeacefulUses of Outer Space ", in particular themeasures taken in implementation ofGeneral Assembly Resolution 2733 D(XXV) requesting the World Meteorolo-gical Organization to mobilize technicalresources in order to discover ways aidmeans of mitigating the harmful effectsand destructive potential of tropicalstorms;
'See AlAC.1051PV.100.
16. Takes note of the programmescurrently being undertaken by the UnitedNations Educational, Scientific and Cul-tural Organization and the InternationalTelecommunication Union in satellitebroadcasting for the purpose of con-tributing to the advancement of educationand training, and draws attention to thefact that questions relating to the legalimplications of space communicationsare also on the agenda of the Legal Sub-Committee of the Committee on thePeaceful Uses if Outer Space, withwhich the two agencies should Lo-ordinatetheir activities in this field;
17. Requests the specialized agenciesand the Intel 1:ational Atomic EnergyAgency to continue, as appropriate, toprovide the Committee on the PeacefulUses of Outer Space with progress reports
on their work relating to the peaceful usesof outer space and to examine and reportto the Committee on the particularproblems which arise or may arise fromthe use of outer space in the fields withintheir competence and which should, intheir opinion, be brought to the attentioncf the Committee;
18. Endorses the recommendations con-tained in paragraph 38 of the report ofthe Committee on the Peaceful Uses ofOuter Space concerning the future workof its Legal Sub-Committee;
19. Requests the Committee on thePeaceful Uses of Outer Space to continueits work as set out in the present resolutionand in previous resolutions of the Genera!Asrembly and to report to the Assemblyat its twenty-seventh session.
es Resolution 2778 (XXVI)
2778 (XXVI)
Convening of the Working Group on Remote Sensing of the Earth by Sattilites
The General Assembly,
Recalling its Resolution 2733 C (XXV)of 16 December 1970 in which it requestedthe Scientific and Technical Sub -Com-mittee of the Committee on the PeacefulUses of Outer Space, as authorized by theCommittee to determine at what timeand in u a specific frame of referencea working group on earth resourcessurveying, with special reference to satel-lites, should be convened,
Welcoming the decision of the Sub-Committee at its eighth session to establishand convene a Working Group on RemoteSensing of the Earth by Satellites ',
Sharing the view expressed by the Com-mittee c t the Peaceful Uses of OuterSpace i11 the report on its fourteenth
' AlAC.105 195, paragraphs 15-22.
session that the potential benefits fromtechnological developments in remotesensing of the earth from space platformscould be extremely ieaningful for theeconomic development of all countriesespecially the developing countries, andfor the preservation of the global environ-ment 2,
Noting that the Working Group on RemoteSensing of the Earth by Satellites had afirst organizational meeting in connexionwith the fourteenth session of the Com-m;:tee on the Peaceful Uses of OuterSpace,
Looking forward to the early initiationof the substantive work of the WorkingGroup, keeping in mind that experimentsto test the feasibility of remote sensing
2 Official Records of the General Assembly,Twenty-sixth Session, Supplement No, 20(A/8420), paragraph 10,
/A 3 125
of the earth from space platforms arescheduled to begin early in 1972,
Expressing confidence that in dischargingits responsibility the Working Groupwould seek to promote the optimumutilization of this space application forthe benefit of individual States and of theinternational community,
1. Requests Member States to submitinformation on their national and co-operative activities in this field, as well ascomments and working papers, throughthe Secretary-General to the WorkingGroup on Remote Sensing of the Earthby Satellites;
2. Endorses the request of the Scientificand Technical Sub-Committee that the
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Working Group solicit the views of ap-propriate United Nations bodies andspecialized agencies, and other relevantinternational organizations;
3. Requests the Secretary-General toprovide the Working Group with hiscomments on this subject and to submitworking papers on matters falling withinthe terms of reference of the Group;
4. Requests the Committee on the Peace-ful Uses of Outer Space and its Scientificand Technical Sub-Committee to bringabout the early initiation of the WorkingGroup's substantive work and to keepthe General Assembly informed in a
comprehensive fashion on the progressof its work.