documenting annual differences in vegetation cover, height and … · 2018. 11. 7. · documenting...
TRANSCRIPT
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Documenting Annual Differences in Vegetation Cover, Height and Diversity near
Barrow, Alaska
Timothy F. Botting
Advisor: Dr. Robert HollisterCommittee members: Drs. James Dunn and Gary Greer
Masters Thesis Defense - April 2015
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Background Information
• Importance of plants• Focus vegetation changes in arctic regions
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Individual Plant Species Importance
• Base of food web• Other trophic levels• Habitat suitability via
habitat structure
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Functional Group Importance
• Incorporates multiple individual species
• Saves time when sampling
• Simplistic modeling and mapping
• Used in climate warming studies
• Predictive power• Growth forms
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Cover and Height Importance
• Competition• Albedo• Habitat selection
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Diversity Importance
• Productivity• Stability• Function• Predictive power
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Focus on Arctic Regions
From IPCC 2007. Observed sea ice extent in 2002 and projected extent from 2080-2100 accompanied by shifts in distribution of vegetation and new shipping routes.
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Focus on Arctic Regions
From IPCC 2007. Observed sea ice extent in 2002 and projected extent from 2080-2100 accompanied by shifts in distribution of vegetation and new shipping routes.
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Documenting Change - ARCSS
• Funding Initiative– Established early 1990s– Interdisciplinary research– Grids a part of initiative
• Importance– Baseline information– Landscape level– Long-term
• Scope– Numerous sites
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Documenting Change – AON and ITEX
• Arctic Observing Network– Developed 2006– 50+ projects– Current change– Future change– Adapting to change
• ITEX– Established 1990– 11+ countries, 40+ sites– Established protocols– Warming treatments– Climate warming syntheses
over space and time• Funding for this project and
U.S. ITEX sites through AON
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Knowledge Gaps
• Understand changes in plant cover, height and diversity
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Knowledge Gaps
• Understand changes in plant cover, height and diversity
• Consider multiple community types
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Research Questions
1. How has the vegetation metrics of cover, height and diversity changed over time?
2. What abiotic factors may explain the observed changes?
3. Are observed changes over time consistent across community types?
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Study Location and Site
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• Sampling• ‘Site’ = 30 plots in 2012 and 2014• ‘Grid’ = 98 plots in 2010 and 2013
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Data Collection
• Vegetation sampling– Permanently marked
and resampled– 75cm2 grid
(100 intersections, spaced 7.5 cm apart)
– All contacts recorded(including height and live or dead status)
• Vascular plants to spp.• Non-vascular to growth form
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Data Collection
• Abiotic variables (summer)• Site (1 value)
– Air temperature (°C)– Precipitation (cm)– Thawing degree days (TDD)
sum of daily temperatures• Plot (30 values - average)
– Thaw depth (cm)– Soil temperature (°C)– Soil moisture (VWC %)
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Abiotic Variables
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Abiotic Variables
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Abiotic Variables
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Abiotic Variables
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Abiotic Variables
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Abiotic Variables
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Abiotic VariablesNo significant correlations with year
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Abiotic VariablesShort time span of study
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Abiotic Variables
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Abiotic Variables
Only the sum of thawing degrees was correlated significantly with air temperature
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Abiotic Variables
TDD (sum) calculated directly from air temperature values
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Research Questions
1. How has the vegetation metrics of cover, height and diversity changed over time? (site only)
2. What abiotic factors may explain the observed changes?
3. Are observed changes over time consistent across community types?
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Functional Groups
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Functional Groups
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Functional Groups
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Functional Groups
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Functional Groups
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Functional Groups
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Functional Groups
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Functional Groups
All functional groups changed significantly
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Functional Groups
Changes were large from year to year
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Shift focus to species within functional groups at the site
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The cover of many species within functional groups significantly changed over time
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The cover of 3 functional groups was significantly correlated with year
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Likely due to increased graminoid abundance, lemming herbivory and leaf retention time
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Other vegetation metrics also changed significantly over time
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Therefore caution against non-consecutive time series sampling
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Aerial Evidence of Vegetation Changes
Mid August 2013 Mid August 2014
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Research Questions
1. How has the vegetation metrics of cover, height and diversity changed over time?
2. What abiotic factors may explain the observed changes? (site only)
3. Are observed changes over time consistent across community types?
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Metrics are correlated significantly with various abiotic factors
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Metrics are the most strongly correlated with different abiotic factors
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Research Questions
1. How has the vegetation metrics of cover, height and diversity changed over time?
2. What abiotic factors may explain the observed changes?
3. Are observed changes over time consistent across community types? (grid only)
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Identifying Community Types
• Based on land cover classification map developed by other researchers
• Modified based on field observations• Four vegetation community types identified
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Identifying Community Types
• Based on land cover classification map developed by other researchers
• Modified using field observations• Four vegetation community types identified
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Identifying Community Types
• Based on land cover classification map developed by other researchers
• Modified using field observations• Four vegetation community types identified
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Community Types and Dominant Species
Dry dwarf shrub graminoid tundra (Dry)-Carex stans-Eriophorum triste-Poa arctica-Petasites frigidus-Salix rotundifolia
Moist graminoid tundra (Moist)-Carex stans-Dupontia fisheri-Eriophorum russeolum-Eriophorum triste-Gymnocolea inflata
Wet graminoid tundra (Wet)-Carex stans-Dupontia fisheri-Eriophorum russeolum-Eriophorum triste-Bryum capillare
Dry-moist dwarf shrub graminoid tundra (Dry-moist)-Carex stans-Dupontia fisheri-Eriophorum russeolum-Eriophorum triste-Salix rotundifolia
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Community Types and Dominant Species
Dry dwarf shrub graminoid tundra (Dry)-Carex stans-Eriophorum triste-Poa arctica-Petasites frigidus-Salix rotundifolia
Moist graminoid tundra (Moist)-Carex stans-Dupontia fisheri-Eriophorum russeolum-Eriophorum triste-Gymnocolea inflata
Wet graminoid tundra (Wet)-Carex stans-Dupontia fisheri-Eriophorum russeolum-Eriophorum triste-Bryum capillare
Dry-moist dwarf shrub graminoid tundra (Dry-moist)-Carex stans-Dupontia fisheri-Eriophorum russeolum-Eriophorum triste-Salix rotundifolia
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Community Types and Dominant Species
Dry dwarf shrub graminoid tundra (Dry)-Carex stans-Eriophorum triste-Poa arctica-Petasites frigidus-Salix rotundifolia
Moist graminoid tundra (Moist)-Carex stans-Dupontia fisheri-Eriophorum russeolum-Eriophorum triste-Gymnocolea inflata
Wet graminoid tundra (Wet)-Carex stans-Dupontia fisheri-Eriophorum russeolum-Eriophorum triste-Bryum capillare
Dry-moist dwarf shrub graminoid tundra (Dry-moist)-Carex stans-Dupontia fisheri-Eriophorum russeolum-Eriophorum triste-Salix rotundifolia
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Community Types and Dominant Species
Dry dwarf shrub graminoid tundra (Dry)-Carex stans-Eriophorum triste-Poa arctica-Petasites frigidus-Salix rotundifolia
Moist graminoid tundra (Moist)-Carex stans-Dupontia fisheri-Eriophorum russeolum-Eriophorum triste-Gymnocolea inflata
Wet graminoid tundra (Wet)-Carex stans-Dupontia fisheri-Eriophorum russeolum-Eriophorum triste-Bryum capillare
Dry-moist dwarf shrub graminoid tundra (Dry-moist)-Carex stans-Dupontia fisheri-Eriophorum russeolum-Eriophorum triste-Salix rotundifolia
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Community Types and Dominant Species
Dry dwarf shrub graminoid tundra (Dry)-Carex stans-Eriophorum triste-Poa arctica-Petasites frigidus-Salix rotundifolia
Moist graminoid tundra (Moist)-Carex stans-Dupontia fisheri-Eriophorum russeolum-Eriophorum triste-Gymnocolea inflata
Wet graminoid tundra (Wet)-Carex stans-Dupontia fisheri-Eriophorum russeolum-Eriophorum triste-Bryum capillare
Dry-moist dwarf shrub graminoid tundra (Dry-moist)-Carex stans-Dupontia fisheri-Eriophorum russeolum-Eriophorum triste-Salix rotundifolia
Considerable amount of overlap of species within community types
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Distribution of Communities
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The cover of most functional groups and abundant taxa significantly changed over time
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The cover of most functional groups and abundant taxa significantly differed within communities
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There were no significant interactions between year and community type
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Communities responded similarly over time
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Use of two vegetation community types is representative of the landscape in Barrow
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Research Questions
1. How has the vegetation metrics of cover, height and diversity changed over time?
2. What abiotic factors may explain the observed changes?
3. Are observed changes over time consistent across community types?
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Conclusions
1. How has the vegetation metrics of cover, height and diversity changed over time? – Changes were huge from year to year
• Cover of all functional groups changed significantly
• Cover of 3 functional groups correlated significantly with year– Therefore caution with monitoring
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Conclusions
1. How has the vegetation metrics of cover, height and diversity changed over time? – Changes were huge from year to year– Cover of all functional groups changed
significantly over time
• Cover of 3 functional groups correlated significantly with year– Therefore caution with monitoring
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Conclusions
1. How has the vegetation metrics of cover, height and diversity changed over time? – Changes were huge from year to year– Cover of all functional groups changed
significantly over time– Cover of 3 functional groups correlated
significantly with year– Therefore caution with monitoring
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Conclusions
1. How has the vegetation metrics of cover, height and diversity changed over time? – Changes were huge from year to year– Cover of all functional groups changed
significantly over time– Cover of 3 functional groups correlated
significantly with year• Therefore caution with monitoring over a non-
consecutive time series
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Research Questions
2. What abiotic factors may explain the observed changes?– Functional groups correlated significantly and the
most strongly with different abiotic variables• Therefore need to consider many abiotic factors when
documenting vegetation changes
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Research Questions
2. What abiotic factors may explain the observed changes?– Functional groups correlated significantly and the
most strongly with different abiotic variables• Therefore need to consider many abiotic factors when
documenting vegetation changes
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Research Questions
2. What abiotic factors may explain the observed changes?– Functional groups correlated significantly and the
most strongly with different abiotic variables• Therefore need to consider many abiotic factors when
documenting vegetation changes
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Research Questions
3. Are observed changes over time consistent across community types?– No interaction between community type and
year for functional group or abundant taxa cover• Considerable overlap of species across the grid• One or two community type analyses representative of
changes across the landscape
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Research Questions
3. Are observed changes over time consistent across community types?– No interaction between community type and
year for functional group or abundant taxa cover• Considerable overlap of species across the grid• One or two community type analyses representative of
changes across the landscape
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Research Questions
3. Are observed changes over time consistent across community types?– No interaction between community type and year
for functional group or abundant taxa cover• Considerable overlap of species across the grid• One or two community type analyses representative of
changes across the landscape
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Research Questions
3. Are observed changes over time consistent across community types?– No interaction between community type and year
for functional group or abundant taxa cover• Considerable overlap of species across the grid• One or two community type analyses representative
of changes across the landscape
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Future Research
• Consider other factors– Herbivory– Analyses incorporating a
combination of factors– Growth vs. density
• Longer consecutive time series
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Future Research
• Consider other factors– Herbivory– Analyses incorporating a
combination of factors– Growth vs. density
• Longer consecutive time series
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Future Research
• Consider other factors– Herbivory– Analyses incorporating a
combination of factors together rather than individually
– Growth vs. density
• Longer consecutive time series
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Future Research
• Consider other factors– Herbivory– Analyses incorporating a
combination of factors together rather than individually
– Growth vs. density
• Longer consecutive time series
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Future Research
• Consider other factors– Herbivory– Analyses incorporating a
combination of factors– Growth vs. density
• Longer consecutive time series
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Acknowledgements• Advisor: Dr. Robert Hollister• Committee members: Drs. James Dunn, Gary Greer and
Heather Rueth• Principle investigators Drs. Steven Oberbauer and Craig
Tweedie for providing funding, data and insights• Grand Valley State University, University of Texas at El Paso
and George Washington University researchers for collecting and providing data
• Barrow Arctic Science Consortium and UMIAQ for logistical support
• National Science Foundation and GVSU Presidential Research Grant for funding
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Questions?