doe office of science high energy physics

Office of Science

U.S. Department of Energy

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DOE Office of ScienceHigh Energy Physics

Biological and Environmental Research Advisory CommitteeApril 20, 2005

Dr. Robin Staffin, Associate DirectorOffice of High Energy Physics

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This is not our grandparents’ Universe

We do not know what 96% of the universe is made of!

3.5%

73%

23%

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Quantum Universe

• Quantum Universe , along with Connecting Quarks with the Cosmos and The Physics of the Universe, defines the HEP program as a series of basic connected questions: “To discover what the universe

is made of and how it works is the challenge of particle physics”

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Quantum Universe Questions and Tools for a Scientific Revolution

Question Tools

1. Are there undiscovered principles of nature: New symmetries, new physical laws? The quantum ideas that so successfully describe familiar matter fail when applied to

cosmic physics. Solving the problem requires the appearance of new forces and new particles signaling the discovery of new symmetries—undiscovered principles of nature’s behavior.

Tevatron, LHC, International Linear Collider

2. How can we solve the mystery of dark energy? The dark energy that permeates empty space and accelerates the expansion of the universe

must have a quantum explanation. Dark energy might be related to the Higgs field, a force that fills space and gives particles mass.

LHC, International Linear Collider, JDEM

3. Are there extra dimensions of space? String theory predicts seven undiscovered dimensions of space that give rise to much of

the apparent complexity of particle physics. The discovery of extra dimensions would be an epochal event in human history; it would change our understanding of the birth and evolution of the universe. String theory could reshape our concept of gravity.

LHC, International Linear Collider,

4. Do all the forces become one? At the most fundamental level all forces and particles in the universe may be related, and

all the forces might be manifestations of a single grand unified force, realizing Einstein’s dream.

International Linear Collider, and Proton Decay

5. Why are there so many kinds of particles? Why do three families of particles exist, and why do their masses differ so dramatically?

Patterns and variations in the families of elementary particles suggest undiscovered underlying principles that tie together the quarks and leptons of the Standard Model.

Tevatron, BaBar, and BTeV

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Quantum Universe Questions and Tools for a Scientific Revolution

Question Tools

6. What is dark matter? How can we make it in the laboratory? Most of the matter in the universe is unknown dark matter, probably heavy particles

produced in the big bang. While most of these particles annihilated into pure energy, some remained. These remaining particles should have a small enough mass to be produced and studied at accelerators.

International Linear Collider and JDEM

7. What are the neutrinos telling us? Of all the known particles, neutrinos are the most mysterious. They played an

essential role in the evolution of the universe, and their tiny nonzero mass may signal new physics at very high energies.

NuMI/MINOS , Double Beta Decay Experiment and Neutrino Superbeams

8. How did the universe come to be? According to cosmic theory, the universe began with a singular explosion followed by

a burst of inflationary expansion. Following inflation, the universe cooled, passing through a series of phase transitions and allowing the formation of stars, galaxies and life on earth. Understanding inflation requires breakthroughs in quantum physics and quantum gravity.

LHC and RHIC

9. What happened to the antimatter? The big bang almost certainly produced equal amounts of matter and antimatter, yet

the universe seems to contain no antimatter. How did the asymmetry arise?

BaBar, BTeV, and Neutrino Superbeams

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Quantum Universe - Major U.S. Facilities

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Quantum Universe Around the World

Many countries are considering translating Quantum Universe into their languages (China, Italy, France); or converting it to reflect a picture of their country’s program (UK, Canada).

Poised for a “Great Leap Forward”

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HEP Major Program Thrusts

Major Questions

Physics Program

Now 2005 2010 2015+

Are there undiscovered principles of Nature?

What is Dark Energy?

Are there extra dimensions?

Do all the forces become one?

What is Dark Matter?

B-factory, Tevatron

LHC

LC

Blue = In operation Orange = Approved Purple = Proposed

LHC

JDEM, LSST

LCLHC

CDMS, AXION LC

LC

LC

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HEP Major Program Thrusts

Major Question

Physics Program

Now 2005 2010 2015+

What are neutrinos telling us?

How did the universe come to be?

Why so many particles?

What happened to the antimatter? B-factory SuperBeam

Blue = In operation Orange = Approved Purple = Proposed

LHC

MINOSMiniBooNE SuperBeam

??

BTeV

LHC

Tevatron/B-factory Lattice QCD

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Fermilab Tevatron

“Run 2” Physics• Tevatron is currently the energy

frontier facility in HEP both nationally and worldwide, until LHC takes over later this decade

• Addresses some of the most fundamental questions facing particle physics today

• Precision W boson and top quark masses, supersymmetry search, dark matter candidate, extra dimensions, constraining the Higgs

• Priority will be on maximizing the long-term physics output

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Near Detector: 980 tons Far Detector: 5400 tons

NuMI/MINOS

Neutrino oscillation experiment using 120 GeV Proton Beam Construction of Beamline and two detectors completed in Jan 2005 Operations began, collecting neutrinos

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B Physics: An Intriguing Hint?

If central value remains as is, this would become

~5 sigma by 2005

B-Factory at SLAC

~2.6 discrepan

cy

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U.S. and CERN’s Large Hadron Collider

LHC : Next energy frontier as the world’s foremost HEP research facility• U.S. scientific research at the frontier critically depends on participation in LHC• U.S. contributions to LHC construction began in 1996 and have progressed on track • A high priority for DOE is to provide adequate resources to enable U.S. physicists to

analyze the vast quantity of LHC data and lead the LHC physics program• The LHC is presently scheduled to begin commissioning in 2007

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The Next Step:International Linear Collider (ILC)

Electron Positron Collider at 0.5-1 TeV

ILC together with LHC Can establish “Higgs” mechanism generates all masses

Can establish Supersymmetry as a new principle of nature

Can figure out what Dark Matter really is

Can study Extra Dimensions & measure their number, shape, geometry

Can test Unification of Quantum Mechanics and Gravity

Super high tech: nanometer beams Superconducting cavities for main accelerator

Technology extremely challenging, yet basically at hand

Need to complete the design

World-wide organization and machine design in development

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LHC discovered something….but is it the Dark Matter?

This Figure shows how a Linear Collider (along with other experiments) can persuasively identify supersymmetric particles as the Dark Matter,

not just dark matter candidate.

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ILC: the scale(but not the location!)

US o

pti

ons

stud

y 4

7 k

m long

US o

pti

ons

stud

y 4

7 k

m long

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Planning for the Future

Current U.S. accelerator-based program is world-leading, but finite in lifetime B-factory and the Tevatron will ramp down toward the end of the decade; and a

number of neutrino programs also

Linear Collider is HEP’s highest priority for a future major facility, but timescale is uncertain and it cannot be done without either an increase in

resources or a reduction in cost

LHC participation will be a central piece of the program

Hence

We are planning for a portfolio of medium scale, medium term experiments to start construction in the period 2007-10

Scientific opportunities are compelling neutrino physics (APS study); dark matter, dark energy…

Resources will become available, through redirection

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Summary

We appear to be on the verge of the next revolution in particle physics TeV scale: Unification, origin of mass, supersymmetry and

dark matter Neutrinos: Determine the detailed properities of the three

(?) “flavor” of neutrinos CP Violation: Is the Standard Model all there is? Where’s all the anti-matter? Dark Matter and Energy: Can we understand the other 90%

of the universe?

By the end of the decade, we hope to have some of the answers…and undoubtedly new questions

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BACKUP SLIDES

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Fermilab Tevatron Run2

Oct ‘03

Oct ‘04

Run II data sample will double every 12 months or so until 2007, then run steadily until 2009.

Total by the end of Run II will be between 4 and 8 fb-1 , or ~20x the previous sample.

Run2 at 2 fb-1

Higgs, Top and W

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International Linear Collider (ILC) and U.S. Involvement

In August 2004 International Committee for the Future of Accelerators (ICFA) announced their technology recommendation for an ILC: The recommended technology choice is superconducting radio frequency

acceleration in the main linacs World-wide collaborators are consolidating efforts toward cold technology-

based world-wide R&D program.

The Director of the world-wide Global Design Effort has been appointed: Barry Barish (U.S) by ICFA.

The technology selection has led to a realignment of the U.S. linear collider R&D effort: A management realignment into the “American Directorate” as part of a

Global Design Effort. World government meetings on how to organize international R&D. UK, US,

Canada, Germany, Italy, France, CERN, Japan, South Korea, India.

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High Energy Physics FY 2006 Budget

FY04 Actual

FY05 Approp.

FY06 Request

FY06 - FY05 % Change

Facility ops Tevatron 226 230 223 -7 -3.0%NuMI operations 0 0 8 8B-factory 115 117 107 -10 -8.5%LHC (construction+ops) 64 62 60 -2 -2.9%LBNL and BNL infrastructure 6 6 6 0

Projects NuMI, Run2B upgrade, GLAST 33 18 2 -16 -88.8%planned BTeV MIE 0 7 0 -7

Subtotal ops & projects 444 439 406 -33 -7.6%

core research University research 101 100 101 1Laboratory research 78 77 76 -1 -1.3%SciDAC & QCDOC 7 7 7 0

Subtotal core research 186 184 184 0 0.0%

Accelerator R&D 43 41 40 -1 -2.4%Detector R&D 12 14 13 -1 -7.1%BTeV R&D 4 4 0 -4LC R&D 20 23 25 2 8.7%SNAP R&D 3 3 3 0Neutrino R&D 0 0 10 10

Subtotal R&D and new initiatives 82 85 91 6 7.1%

Others 4 28 33 5 17.9%Total as shown in FY06 budget 716 736 714 -23 -3.1%SBIR/STTR in FY 2004 17

Grand Total incl SBIR/STTR 733 736 714 -23 -3.1%

($M)

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New Initiatives

Some medium-scale experiments that might be considered (not an exhaustive list)

• A reactor-based neutrino experiment to measure 13

• An off-axis accelerator-based neutrino experiment for 13 and to

resolve the neutrino mass hierarchy

• A high intensity neutrino beam for neutrino CP-violation experiments

• A neutrinoless double-beta decay experiment to probe the Majorana nature of neutrinos

• An underground experiment to search for direct evidence of dark matter

• A ground-based dark energy experiment

• …Note: JDEM, ILC are considered to be above “medium-scale.”

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