does change in adolescent faith, spirituality and religiosity really happen? janice l. templeton...
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Does Change in Adolescent Faith, Spirituality and Religiosity Really Happen?
Janice L. TempletonStephen C. Peck
Jacquelynne S. EcclesUniversity of Michigan
OverviewOverview
Spirituality, religiosity, faith: Spirituality, religiosity, faith: complex constructs complex constructs
Complex developmental processesComplex developmental processes Mixed methods approach: person-Mixed methods approach: person-
centered and variable centeredcentered and variable centered Stability and change in adolescent Stability and change in adolescent
religiosity: person-centered religiosity: person-centered approachapproach
Complex Develomental Complex Develomental ProcessesProcesses
Multifinality Multifinality EquifinalityEquifinality
Cicchetti, Dante & Rogosch, 1996
Multifinality Multifinality ((Cicchetti, Dante & Rogosch,
1996)
Religious family context
Not religious
Religious, but don’t attend religious services
Spiritual, but not religious
Religious and attend religious services weekly
Equifinality Equifinality ((Cicchetti, Dante & Rogosch, 1996)
Spiritual, but not religious
Highly religious family
Civically engaged family
Environmentalist family
vs. Variable centered approachvs. Variable centered approach Complex, dynamic and adaptive Complex, dynamic and adaptive
person-environment systemsperson-environment systems Principles and mechanisms Principles and mechanisms
underlying developmental underlying developmental processes processes
Patterns of development across Patterns of development across time time
Person-centered Person-centered ApproachApproach
Magnusson, 2003Magnusson, 2003
MADICSMADICS (Eccles & Sameroff, (Eccles & Sameroff, PI’s)PI’s)
Maryland Adolescent Development Maryland Adolescent Development in Context Studyin Context Study
6 (plus) Waves of Longitudinal Data6 (plus) Waves of Longitudinal Data Questionnaires and InterviewsQuestionnaires and Interviews Target Youth, PCG, SCG, & OSTarget Youth, PCG, SCG, & OS N’s 1482 (age 12) to 900 (age 23)N’s 1482 (age 12) to 900 (age 23) 49% Female49% Female 60% Black, 30% White, 10% Other60% Black, 30% White, 10% Other
MADICS MADICS AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
We thank the following people for their support of We thank the following people for their support of this project (listed alphabetically): Elaine Belansky, this project (listed alphabetically): Elaine Belansky, Todd Bartko, Heather Bouchey, Nick Butler, Celina Todd Bartko, Heather Bouchey, Nick Butler, Celina Chatman, Diane Early, Kari Fraser, Leslie Gutman, Chatman, Diane Early, Kari Fraser, Leslie Gutman, Katie Jodl, Ariel Kalil, Linda Kuhn, Sarah Lord, Karen Katie Jodl, Ariel Kalil, Linda Kuhn, Sarah Lord, Karen McCarthy, Oksana Malanchuk, Alice Michael, McCarthy, Oksana Malanchuk, Alice Michael, Melanie Overby, Stephen C. Peck, Robert Roeser, Melanie Overby, Stephen C. Peck, Robert Roeser, Sherri Steele, Erika Taylor, Janice Templeton, Cindy Sherri Steele, Erika Taylor, Janice Templeton, Cindy Winston, and Carol Wong.Winston, and Carol Wong.Data reported here come from grants to Jacquelynne Data reported here come from grants to Jacquelynne S. Eccles and Arnold J. Sameroff from the MacArthur S. Eccles and Arnold J. Sameroff from the MacArthur Network on Successful Adolescent Development in Network on Successful Adolescent Development in High Risk Settings (Chair: R. Jessor) and the High Risk Settings (Chair: R. Jessor) and the National Institutes for Child Health and Human National Institutes for Child Health and Human Development and to Jacquelynne S. Eccles from the Development and to Jacquelynne S. Eccles from the W.T. Grant Foundation.W.T. Grant Foundation.
MADICS Religion MeasuresMADICS Religion Measures
Explicit Explicit How often do you attend church or religious How often do you attend church or religious
services?services?
Implicit Implicit (Open-ended questions, religious(Open-ended questions, religious
content NOT solicited)content NOT solicited) HopesHopes: List four things about the kind of : List four things about the kind of
person you most hope to be at this time next person you most hope to be at this time next year.year.
WishesWishes: What you would wish for, if you had : What you would wish for, if you had three wishes?three wishes?
OccupationOccupation: If you could have any job, what : If you could have any job, what would it be at age 25?would it be at age 25?
AnalysisAnalysis
Chi square Chi square Adjusted residuals +/- 1.96Adjusted residuals +/- 1.96
More than expected by chance
Less than expected by chance
Expected by chance
Explicit MeasuresExplicit Measures Do you have a religion?Do you have a religion? How often do you attend church or How often do you attend church or
religious services? religious services? 3 groups3 groups
No religion No religion Low attendance – once/month or lessLow attendance – once/month or less High attendance – once/week or moreHigh attendance – once/week or more
Religious TypesReligious Types8th 11th
No religionNo religionN=106N=106
66% (13.4)
High AttendHigh AttendN=397N=397
81% (14.5)
Low AttendLow AttendN=122N=122
52% (9.0) Low AttendLow AttendN=63N=63
No religionNo religionN=70N=70
High AttendHigh AttendN=321N=321
“Stability”
Examples of Implicit Religious Examples of Implicit Religious Identity Theme ResponsesIdentity Theme Responses
HopesHopes: to be saved, to serve : to be saved, to serve GodGod
WishesWishes: : have everyone go to have everyone go to heaven, be more spiritualheaven, be more spiritual
Million Dollars:Million Dollars: give money to give money to church church
Desired OccupationDesired Occupation: : ministerminister
77thth 8 8thth 11 11thth
No Religious Identity PatternsNo Religious Identity Patterns
YesN=43
YesN=13
5% (-5.2) 37% (5.1)
63% (-5.1)
NoN=22
7% (-7.0) YesN=50
NoN=896
NoN=853
95% (5.2)
NoN=638
93% (7.0)
77thth 8 8thth 11 11thth
Religious Identity Theme Religious Identity Theme PatternsPatterns
YesN=151
NoN=127
84% (-5.2)NoN=6
30% (-8.6)
YesN=24
16% (5.2)
YesN=14
70% (8.6)
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
High Attend Low Attend No Religion
No rel idRel id
88thth Grade Religious Identity and Grade Religious Identity and Religious Service AttendanceReligious Service Attendance
N=367
Adj
uste
d R
esid
uals
Religious Identity PathwaysReligious Identity Pathways
High AttendNo Relig Id
N=422
Relig IDN=56
13% (4.9)
88thth 11th11th
Not Hi Att No Relig Id
N=279Relig ID
N=7
3% (-4.9)
Family ContextFamily Context
Primary caregiver reportPrimary caregiver report How important is religion in the How important is religion in the
day to day life of your family? day to day life of your family? Low Importance (Not At All, A Low Importance (Not At All, A
Little, Somewhat)Little, Somewhat) High Importance (Very)High Importance (Very)
8th 8th
11th11th
Youth and Family Context Youth and Family Context
PatternsPatterns
Hi ImpNo IDN=396
Hi Imp/No IDN=283
72% (*12.1)
12% (*2.0)
Hi Imp/IDN=46
ConclusionsConclusions
Mixed methods approachMixed methods approach Person-centered approach Person-centered approach Variable-centered approachVariable-centered approach
Individual profiles - spiritualityIndividual profiles - spirituality Context profiles – family Context profiles – family
socialization factors such as parental socialization factors such as parental religiosity, parent-youth affective religiosity, parent-youth affective relationshiprelationship
Thank you.For More Information:
http://www.rcgd.isr.umich.edu/garp