domestic and community crisis response - nt...domestic and community crisis response light...

DomesticandCommunityCrisisResponse

CrisisResponseandTraumaCareSeries

P.O.Box739•Forest,VA24551•1-800-526-8673•www.AACC.net


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Welcome toLightUniversityand the“DomesticandCommunityCrisisResponse”programofstudy.Our prayer is that you will be blessed by your studies and increase your effectiveness inreaching out to others. We believe you will find this program to be academically sound,clinicallyexcellentandbiblically-based.Our faculty represents some of the best in their field – including professors, counselors andministers who provide students with current, practical instruction relevant to the needs oftoday’sgenerations.We have alsoworked hard to provide youwith a program that is convenient and flexible –givingyoutheadvantageof“classroominstruction”onlineandallowingyoutocompleteyourtrainingonyourowntimeandscheduleinthecomfortofyourhomeoroffice.Thetestmaterialcanbefoundatwww.lightuniversity.comandmaybetakenopenbook.Onceyouhavesuccessfullycompletedthetest,whichcoverstheunitswithinthiscourse,youwillbeawardedacertificateofcompletionsignifyingyouhavecompletedthisprogramofstudy.Thank you for your interest in this program of study. Our prayer is that you will grow inknowledge,discernment,andpeople-skillsthroughoutthiscourseofstudy.Sincerely,

RonHawkinsDean,LightUniversity


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TheAmericanAssociationofChristianCounselors

• Represents the largestorganizedmembership (nearly50,000)ofChristian counselorsandcaregiversintheworld,havingjustcelebratedits25thanniversaryin2011.• Knownforitstop-tierpublications(ChristianCounselingToday,theChristianCounseling

Connection and Christian Coaching Today), professional credentialing opportunitiesofferedthroughtheInternationalBoardofChristianCare(IBCC),excellenceinChristiancounseling education, an array of broad-based conferences and live training events,radioprograms,regulatoryandadvocacyeffortsonbehalfofChristianprofessionals,apeer-reviewed Ethics Code, and collaborative partnerships such as CompassionInternational,theNationalHispanicChristianLeadershipConferenceandCareNet(tonameafew),theAACChasbecomethefaceofChristiancounselingtoday.

• With the needed vision and practical support necessary, theAACC helped launch the

InternationalChristianCoachingAssociation(ICCA)in2011,whichnowrepresentsthelargestChristianlifecoachingorganizationintheworldwithover2,000membersandgrowing.

OurMission

The AACC is committed to assisting Christian counselors, the entire “community of care,”licensedprofessionals,pastors,and laychurchmemberswith littleorno formal training. It isourintentiontoequipclinical,pastoral,andlaycaregiverswithbiblicaltruthandpsychosocialinsights that minister to hurting persons and helps them move to personal wholeness,interpersonalcompetence,mentalstability,andspiritualmaturity.


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OurVision

TheAACC’svisionhastwocriticaldimensions:First,wedesiretoservetheworldwideChristianChurch by helping foster maturity in Christ. Secondly, we aim to serve, educate, and equip1,000,000 professional clinicians, pastoral counselors, and lay helpers throughout the nextdecade.WearecommittedtohelpingtheChurchequipGod’speopletoloveandcareforoneanother.We recognize Christian counseling as a unique form of Christian discipleship, assisting thechurch in its call to bring believers to maturity in the lifelong process of sanctification—ofgrowingtomaturityinChristandexperiencingabundantlife.Werecognizesomearegiftedtodosointhecontextofaclinical,professionaland/orpastoralmanner.Wealsobelieveselected laypeoplearecalledtocareforothersandthattheyneedtheappropriatetrainingandmentoringtodoso.WebelievetheroleofthehelpingministryintheChurchmustbesupportedbythreestrongcords:thepastor,thelayhelper,andtheclinicalprofessional.ItistothesethreerolesthattheAACCisdedicatedtoserve(Ephesians4:11-13).

OurCoreValues

InthenameofChrist,theAmericanAssociationofChristianCounselorsabidesbythefollowingvalues:

VALUE1:OURSOURCEWearecommittedtohonorJesusChristandglorifyGod,remainingflexibleandresponsivetotheHolySpiritinallthatHehascalledustobeanddo.VALUE2:OURSTRENGTHWearecommittedtobiblicaltruths,andtoclinicalexcellenceandunityinthedeliveryofallourresources,services,trainingandbenefits.VALUE3:OURSERVICEWeare committed toeffectivelyandcompetently serve the communityof careworldwide—bothourmembership and the churchat large—withexcellenceand timeliness, andbyover-deliveryonourpromises.VALUE4:OURSTAFFWearecommittedtovalueandinvestinourpeopleaspartnersinourmissiontohelpotherseffectivelyprovideChrist-centeredcounselingandsoulcareforhurtingpeople.VALUE5:OURSTEWARDSHIPWe are committed to profitably steward the resourcesGod gives to us in order to continueservingtheneedsofhurtingpeople.


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LightUniversity• Establishedin1999undertheleadershipofDr.TimClinton—hasnowseennearly200,000

students from around the world (including lay caregivers, pastors and chaplains, crisisresponders,lifecoaches,andlicensedmentalhealthpractitioners)enrollincoursesthataredelivered via multiple formats (live conference and webinar presentations, video-basedcertificationtraining,andastate-of-theartonlinedistanceteachingplatform).

• Thesepresentations,courses,andcertificateanddiplomaprograms,offeroneofthemostcomprehensive orientations to Christian counseling anywhere. The strength of LightUniversity is partially determined by its world-class faculty—over 150 of the leadingChristianeducators,authors,mentalhealthcliniciansandlifecoachingexpertsintheUnitedStates. This core groupof facultymembers represents a literal “Who’sWho” inChristiancounseling. No other university in the world has pulled together such a diverse andcomprehensivegroupofprofessionals.

• Educational and training materials cover over 40 relevant core areas in Christian—

counseling, lifecoaching,mediation,andcrisis response—equippingcompetentcaregiversand ministry leaders who are making a difference in their churches, communities, andorganizations.

OurMissionStatement

TotrainonemillionBiblicalCounselors,ChristianLifeCoaches,andChristianCrisisRespondersbyeducating,equipping,andservingtoday’sChristianleaders.

AcademicallySound•ClinicallyExcellent•DistinctivelyChristian


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Video-basedCurriculum

• UtilizesDVDpresentations that incorporateover 150 of the leading Christian educators,authors,mentalhealthclinicians,andlifecoachingexpertsintheUnitedStates.

• Eachpresentationisapproximately50-60minutesinlengthandmostareaccompaniedbyacorrespondingtext(inoutlineformat)anda10-questionexaminationtomeasurelearningoutcomes.Therearenearly1,000uniquepresentationsthatareavailableandorganizedinvariouscourseofferings.

• Learning is self-directed and pacing is determined according to the individual timeparameters/scheduleofeachparticipant.

• With the successful completion of each program course, participants receive an officialCertificate of Completion. In addition to the normal Certificate of Completion that eachparticipant receives, Regular and Advanced Diplomas in Biblical Counseling are alsoavailable.

Ø TheRegularDiploma isawardedbytakingCaringForPeopleGod’sWay,BreakingFreeandoneadditionalElectiveamongtheavailableCoreCourses.

Ø TheAdvancedDiplomaisawardedbytakingCaringForPeopleGod’sWay,BreakingFree,andanythreeElectivesamongtheavailableCoreCourses.

Credentialing

• LightUniversitycourses,programs,certificatesanddiplomasarerecognizedandendorsedbytheInternationalBoardofChristianCare(IBCC)anditsthreeaffiliateBoards:theBoardofChristianProfessional&PastoralCounselors(BCPPC);theBoardofChristianLifeCoaching(BCLC);andtheBoardofChristianCrisis&TraumaResponse(BCCTR).

• Credentialing is a separateprocess from certificate or diploma completion.However, theIBCC accepts Light University and Light University Online programs as meeting theacademic requirements for credentialing purposes. Graduates are eligible to apply forcredentialinginmostcases.

Ø Credentialinginvolvesanapplication,attestation,andpersonalreferences.

Ø CredentialrenewalsincludeContinuingEducationrequirements,re-attestation,andoccureitherannuallyorbienniallydependingonthespecificBoard.


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OnlineTesting

TheURLfortakingallquizzesforthiscourseis:http://www.lightuniversity.com/my-account/.

• TOLOGINTOYOURACCOUNT

Ø You should have received an email upon checkout that included your username,password,andalinktologintoyouraccountonline.

• MYDASHBOARDPAGE

Ø Once registered, youwill see theMyDVD Course Dashboard link by placing yourmousepointerovertheMyAccountmenuinthetopbarofthewebsite.Thispagewill include studentPROFILE informationand theREGISTEREDCOURSES forwhichyouareregistered.TheLOG-OUTandMYDASHBOARDtabswillbeinthetoprightofeachscreen.Clickingonthe>nexttothecoursewilltakeyoutothecoursepagecontainingthequizzes.

• QUIZZES

Ø Simplyclickonthefirstquiztobegin.

• PRINTCERTIFICATE

Afterallquizzesaresuccessfullycompleted,a“PrintYourCertificate”buttonwillappearnearthetopofthecoursepage.YouwillnowbeabletoprintoutaCertificateofCompletion.Yournameandthecourseinformationarepre-populated.ContinuingEducationThe AACC is approved by the American Psychological Association (APA) to offer continuingeducationforpsychologists.TheAACCisaco-sponsorofthistrainingcurriculumandaNationalBoard of Certified Counselors (NBCC)ApprovedContinuing Education Provider (ACEPTM). TheAACC may award NBCC approved clock hours for events or programs that meet NBCCrequirements.TheAACCmaintainsresponsibilityforthecontentofthistrainingcurriculum.TheAACCalsoofferscontinuingeducationcreditforplaytherapiststhroughtheAssociationforPlayTherapy (APT Approved Provider #14-373), so long as the training element is specificallyapplicabletothepracticeofplaytherapy.It remains the responsibility of each individual to be aware of his/her state licensure andContinuing Education requirements. A letter certifying participation will be mailed to thoseindividuals who submit a Continuing Education request and have successfully completed allcourserequirements.


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DomesticandCommunityCrisisResponseTableofContents:

CRDC101:LostGrievers:RespondingtoPeopleFacingUnrecognizedLosses............................9JenniferCisney,M.A.andKevinEllers,D.Min.CRDC102:TheRoleoftheChaplain............................................................................................15BG(Ret.)CharlieBaldwin,M.Div.;ChaplainKeithEthridge,M.Div.;MG(Ret.)BobDees,M.S.CRDC103:TheRoleoftheFamilyasaPlatformforSpiritualHealing.......................................21DennisRainey,M.A.CRDC104:TheRoleoftheChurchandtheParachurch..............................................................27NeilRhodes,B.A.;BillButler,Ph.D.;MG(Ret.)BobDees,M.S.CRDC105:TheRoleoftheCounselorandtheCommunity........................................................33LindaMintle,Ph.D.CRDC106:CrisisResponseintheWorkplace..............................................................................43CraigBoden,M.Div.,Ed.S.CRDC107:CrisisResponseinHighSchoolsandColleges...........................................................54JoshuaStraub,Ph.D.CRDC108:CrisisResponsetoCrimeandActsofViolence.........................................................61DavidJenkins,Psy.D.CRDC109:CrisisResponsetoAccidentsandtheAftermath......................................................79JoshuaStraub,Ph.D.andJenniferCisney,M.A.CRDC110:CrisisResponsetoDomesticViolence.......................................................................84MarkCrear,Ph.D.andSabrinaBlack,M.A.CRDC111:CrisisResponsetoRapeandSexualAssault.............................................................93TrinaGreer,Psy.D.CRDC112:TraumaandSpirituality...........................................................................................112ScottFloyd,Ph.D.


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CRDC101:

LostGrievers:RespondingtoPeopleFacingUnrecognizedLosses

JenniferCisney,M.A.andKevinEllers,D.Min


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CourseDescriptionAs a crisis responder, one must recognize that the emotional, spiritual, and psychologicalimpactsofanincidentaremeasuredbyhoweachindividualisaffectedandspecificlossestheyexperience.Someofthemostchallenginglossesarethosethatarenotpublicallyrecognizedorsocially acknowledged as significant. This session will address how to identify these"unrecognized"lossesandgivepracticalrecommendationsforhelping.LearningObjectives:Bytheendofthislesson:

1. Participantswillbeabletoidentifycommonunrecognizedlossessuchaspetloss,healthloss,miscarriage,friendlossandothers.

2. Participants will hear testimonials from those who have experienced unrecognized

losses.

3. Participants will learn crisis intervention techniques for identifying and validatingunrecognizedlosses.


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I.Defining“UnrecognizedLosses”

A. Disenfranchisedgrief–thepainofasignificantlossthatisnotsociallysupported

B. Death of an immediate family member typically results in attention and sympathyfromfamilymembersandfriends,butnotalllossistreatedthisway.

II.ConsequencesofUnrecognized/UngrievedLosses

A. “Theproblemwith suffering in silence is that youdon’thave the support youneedwhenyouneeditmost.Bottlingupintensefeelingsleadstodeepresentmentandisstressful on the body, which can make you more vulnerable to illness.” –MaryMcCambridge,FoundationforGrievingChildren

B. Long-termconsequencesofunrecognizedlossanddisenfranchisedgrief:• PhysicalIllness

• Depression

• Anxiety

• Addiction• Relationshipproblems

III.PotentialAreasofUnrecognizedLoss/DisenfranchisedGrief

A. Your relationship is not recognizedbyothersbecause theydidnot knowyouhadarelationship.


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• Miscarriage/Adoption

• Friendshipwherethedepthoftherelationshipisnotknown

• Co-workers

• Professionalrelationships-pastors,counselors,healthcareprofessionals,etc.

B. Yourlossisnotaperson

• Petloss

1. 74.8milliondogsand88.3millioncatsarepetsinU.S.homes

2. 39%ofU.S.homeshaveadogand34%haveacat

3. 83%ofpetownerscallthemselvestheirpet’s“mommy”or“daddy”

• Divorce

• DeathofaDream

• Financial/Job/MaterialLoss

• Health/FunctioningLoss

C. Your relationship is not accepted or approved of by family or society OR there isstigmasurroundingthelifeordeathofthelovedone.• Homosexualrelationships/Affairs


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• Abortion

• Suicide

• Drug/Alcoholaddictionrelateddeaths

• AIDs

• Deathsassociatedwithcrime/violence

• Incarceration

IV.TechniquesforEffectiveCrisisInterventioninCasesofUnrecognizedLoss

A. SuspendJudgment

B. Askquestionstodetermineifthereisanunrecognizedloss

C. Validate the loss and the pain and help personal understand their feelings arelegitimate

D. Helpthemlearnhowtorespondtohurtful/ignorantremarksorstatements

E. Suggesttechniquesforgrieving


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CRDC101StudyQuestions

1.Whatistheclinicaltermforunrecognizedlosses?2. Why are losses that are not socially recognized or publically acknowledged more

challengingtogrieve?3.Haveyouexperiencedalossthatwasnotrecognizedoracknowledged?Ifso,howdid

thisaffectyou?4.Whatisthemosthelpfultothosewhoareexperiencingdisenfranchisedgrief?5.Whymightpetlossbetraumatic?

Bibliography/ReadingList

A. Doka,Kenneth J. (1989). DisenfranchisedGrief:RecognizingHiddenSorrow; LexingtonBooks.

B. Doka, Kenneth J. (2002). Disenfranchised Grief: New Directions, Challenges, andStrategiesforPractice:ResearchPress(2002)

C. Kurtz,Gary.(2008).ColdNosesatthePearlyGates:ABookofHopeforThoseWhoHaveLostaPet:Citadel.

D. Shanan, Niki Behrikis. (2007). The Rainbow Bridge: Pet Loss is Heaven’s Gain: PetePublishing.


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CRDC102:

TheRoleoftheChaplain

BG(Ret.)CharlieBaldwin,M.Div.;ChaplainKeithEthridge,M.Div.;

MG(Ret.)BobDees,M.S.


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CourseDescriptionA panel of presenters describes the roleof the chaplain. Soldiers often look to chaplains astrusted commanders, who can help spiritual wounds, as well as hiddenwounds of war andothertrauma.Studentswillgainabetterunderstandingofwhatachaplain’s job is,howtheycaninfluencesoldiers,andlearnsomeofthesensitiveissuesthatchaplainsdealwith.

LearningObjectives:Bytheendofthislesson:

1. Participantswillbeabletolearnthebackgroundinformationaboutchaplains.2. Participantswillbeabletounderstandthebroadernetworkofchaplains.3. Participantswillbeabletounderstandspecificrolesofchaplains.


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I.WhatisaChaplainAllAbout?

A. Chaplainsareconstitutionallybased.

B. Chaplainsguaranteethatservicemenandwomencanpracticetheirfaithoverseas.

C. Chaplainsareendorsedbydenominations.

D. ChaplainsrequireaMastersDegreeandpastoralexperience.

E. ThereareadditionalcriteriatobeaVAChaplain.

II.BroaderNetwork

A. Armed Forces Chaplain Board – A group consisting of the six active duty ChaplainGenerals – the Chief of Chaplains and the Deputy Chief of Chaplains for the threeservices–aswellasthereservecomponents(GuardandReserves),whomeettoadvisetheSecretaryofDefenseandtheJointChiefsonmattersofreligiousimportance.

B. Veterans CommunityOutreach Initiative – A VeteransAffairs effort to partnerwith

community clergy, faith-based organizations and parachurch organizations to helpthemcounselveteranseffectively.

C. Local communitiesneed to reachout to reserveveterans inneedwhomaynothave

accesstothehelpprovidedintheon-basecommunity.D. Wemustworkthroughlocalchurchesandcounselorstomeetwidespreadneeds.


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III.HowDoesaChaplainShowCompassion?

A. Helpsoldiersunderstandthatcombatstressisanaturalhumanresponse.

B. LetservicemembersknowthatGodlovesthemandthereishope.

C. TheultimateanswerisfoundinapersonalrelationshipwithJesusChrist.

D. “Faithinthefoxhole.Hopeonthehomefront.”

E. Itisimportanttorememberthatchaplainsarepeoplewhoneedtobeministeredtoalso.• CompassionFatigue–Traumaoftenhitschaplains“comingandgoing”andthestress

onthemcanbeoverwhelming.• Clergyeducationaboutthesignsandsymptomsofsuicidehelpspreventsuicide.• VASuicidePreventionHotline–1(800)273-TALK(8155)

F. HelpingFamilies• Chaplains need to intentionally resist insensitivity to the needs of families around

them.• ArmyFamilyCovenant• People in the community need to be sensitive to the reserve component and the

difficultiesthatcomewiththatuniquemilitarylifestyle.


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G. DealingwithDeath• Donotbeafraidtobeinvolved.

• Beingpresentmatters,evenwhenthereisnothingtosay.• Helppeopleturnpainintopositiveaction.

IV.WordsofWisdomforCounselors

A. Bepresentandawareofneeds.

B. Pursueclinicaltraining.

C. Walkthroughthevalleyoftheshadowofdeath.

D. PraythatGodmightmakeonemorealerttotheneeds.

E. Prayforboldness.

F. Inviteachaplaintocomeandspeakatone’schurchorcommunityevent.


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1. Whatdoesbeingachaplainrequire?

2. Discussthe“broadernetwork”ofchaplaincy.

3. Whataresomeofthewaysachaplaincanshowcompassion?

4. Howcanchaplainshelpfamilies?

5. Ifsoldiershavegreatchaplains,istherestillaneedforcommunitysupport?


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CRDC103:

TheRoleoftheFamilyasaPlatformforSpiritualHealing

DennisRainey,M.A.


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CourseDescriptionThe family is also part of the caregiving equation, and counselors need to understand theirimportantrole.Inthislesson,DennisRaineywilldiscussGod’splanandtoolsformarriage,andwillprovideencouragementtopeoplewhohavedifficultsituationswithintheirfamilysettings.Hewill alsodiscusshow families canbe victorious andovercome traumatic scenariosby thegraceandpowerofGod.


1. Participantswillbeabletolearnhowtobuildaspirituallystrongmarriageandfamily.

2. Participants will be able to learn practical application for growing a spiritually strong

marriage.3. Participantswillbeabletolearnaboutthespecificapplicationformilitaryfamilies,who

arefacingincreasingchallenges.


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I.MilitaryFamilies

A. Militaryfamiliestodayarefacingincreasingchallenges.

B. Militaryfamilieshaveatremendousamountofpressureonthembecauseofwar,andasaresultmanyhaveunhealthyrelationshipsandneedpracticalhelpandhope.

C. Military divorce rates are up 28% among enlisted and 78% amongst officers. (NBCNews).

D. Matthew7:24-27

II.HowtoBuildaSpirituallyStrongMarriageandFamily

A. BuildaccordingtotheMaster’sblueprint.

B. Rejectisolationandbuildoneness.

• Isolationistheenemyofeveryspirituallystrongmarriageandfamily.• Thenaturaltendencyinmarriageisnottowardoneness,buttowardisolation.• Genesis2:24-25–“Forthisreasonamanshallleavehisfatherandhismother,andbe

joinedtohiswife;andtheyshallbecomeoneflesh.Andthemanandhiswifewerebothnakedandwerenotashamed.”

• Leave,cleave,receive–andindoingso,rejectisolation.


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C. Resolveconflictwhenitoccurs.• Ephesians4:31-32–“Letallbitternessandwrathandangerandclamorandslander

beputawayfromyou,alongwithallmalice.Bekindtooneanother,tenderhearted,forgivingeachother,justasGodinChristalsohasforgivenyou.”

• Forgivenessisgivinguptherighttopunish.• SpiritualDiscipline:Praytogethereveryday.

D. Rememberwhotheenemyis.• Marriagedoesnottakeplaceonaromanticbalcony,butonaspiritualbattlefield.• Knowtheenemyinhisprimarytactics.• Ephesians 6:12 – “Forwe do not struggle against flesh and blood, but against the

rulers, against the powers, against the world forces of this darkness, against thespiritualforcesofwickednessintheheavenlyplaces.”

• One’smateisnevertheenemy.

E. MakeaCourageousCommitmentIII.ThreeApplicationsforGrowingaSpirituallyStrongMarriage

A. GuardOne’sHeart.(Proverbs4:23).


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B. Surroundoneselfwiththerightkindofinfluences.• 1Corinthians15:33• Betherightkindofinfluencetoothers.

C. Investinone’smarriageregularly.


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1. DiscusswhatDennisRaineymeantwhenhetalkedabout“whowillbethebuilderofone’shome?”

2. Discusstheroleofisolationinamarriagerelationship.

3. Whoistheenemy,andwhyisthisimportanttokeepinmindinamarriage?

4. Whataresomepracticalapplicationsforgrowingaspirituallystrongmarriagethatwerereferencedinthevideo?

5. Discusssomemilitaryapplicationstothislesson.


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CRDC104:

TheRoleoftheChurchandtheParachurch

NeilRhodes,B.A.;BillButler,Ph.D.;

MG(Ret.)BobDees,M.S.


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CourseDescriptionThis lesson discusses the importance of the church being involved in the lives of traumasufferers,aswellasthenecessityofteamworkandpartneringwithparachurchorganizations.Thepresenterswilldiscussdifferentprograms,andhowtoteamsothatchurchescanhavethebest impact on the targetedpopulation. Studentswill gain insight on the power of the localchurch to reach into the grassroots of America, partneringwith the parachurch, in order toeffectivelyhelptraumasufferers.


1. Participantswillbeableto learnkeyaspectsthatchurchescandotoreachouttothe

community.

2. ParticipantswillbeabletolearnfromtheexampleoftheTimesSquareChurchinNewYorkCity.

3. Participantswillbeabletolearntheeffectivenessofparachurchorganizations.


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I.HowtheChurchCanEffectivelyHelpTraumaSufferers

A. Haveahearttoreachout.B. Bemilitaryfriendly.C. Reachouttothedeployed.D. Encourageandsupportspecialrecognitionservicesandevents.E. UnderstandthatGodcanchallengechurcheswithoneveteran.F. Befaithful–Haveloveandappreciation.G. Understandthatkeyleadersarepassionanddesire.H. Getstarted–loveoneveteran.I. Provideconsistentcare,love,andtalk.J. Haveaheartofcompassion.

• Ittakestimetohealandreintegrate.


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• Ittakestimetobuild/rebuildtrust.• Traintocommunicate,andlearnhowtolovecorrectly.

K. HowtoMinistertotheMilitary• Isaiah61• Luke4

II.HowtheParachurchCanHelp

A. Aneffectivechurchshouldholdtheirmissionwitha loosegrip,andunderstandthatthereareotherswhoareimportantinmeetingtheneedsoftraumasufferers.

B. CharacteristicsofParachurchOrganizations• TypicallyProtestantandEvangelical• Somecatertoadefinedspectrumofevangelicalbeliefs• Mostareself-consciouslyinterdenominationalorecumenical• Vehicles by which faith groups work collaboratively outside of and across

denominationstoengagewiththeworldinsocialwelfareandevangelism.

C. A parachurch organization can often dive deeply into the cultural context inwhichtheyareministering.


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D. Aparachurchorganizationcanprovidefocused,broad-reachingresources.

E. Parachurchorganizationsarepartofthehealingequation.

F. Parachurchorganizationscanactasabridgebetweenotherorganizations.

G. Themostrelevantfeltneedintoday’sarmedforcesistheimpactofcombattrauma.

H. BridgestoHealingMinistry• Seekstomobilizechurches• BridgestoHealingChurch-BasedSeminar• BridgestoHealingChurchGuide• CombatTraumaHealingManual• WhenWarComesHomeManual

I. APerfectStorm• Peoplearerecognizingagrowingneedforcounselingservices.• Thereisagrowingacceptanceinculturethatcounselinghelpisrelevant.• There is an increasing shortageof providers,which is exacerbatedby the fact that

Americaisanationatwar.


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1. Discusswaysthatachurchcanbeginreachingouttotraumasufferers.

2. Discusshowtobeginhavingaheartofcompassion.

3. What are parachurch organizations, and how can they complement the church’soutreach?

4. Discusssomeofthecharacteristicsofaparachurchorganization.

5. How can counselors take advantage of the role of the church and parachurch in thecommunity?


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CRDC105:

TheRoleoftheCounselorandtheCommunity

LindaMintle,Ph.D.


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CourseDescriptionDr.Mintlegivesstudentsanoverviewofthementalhealthprofessioninordertohelpstudentslearnwhenandhowtogiveproperreferrals.Identifyingandconnectingwiththeseresourcesiscrucialwhenworkingwithvictimsoftrauma.Thislessonwillalsoprovidestudentswithspecificinsightsdealingwithmilitaryfamilies,anditwillofferbiblicallybasedthoughtsabouthowtherole of the counselor and the community is consistent with faith, values, and the Christianworldview.


1. Participantswillbeabletounderstandthevariousmentalhealthdisciplines.

2. Participantswillbeabletolearnaboutcommunityserviceprogramsthatareavailable.3. Participants will be able to learn how to properly choose a therapist for a particular

traumasituation.


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I.ReportsfromthePentagon’sTaskForceonMentalHealth

A. Therearesignificantgapsinthecontinuumofcareformentalhealth.B. Thereisastigmaattachedtoreceivingmentalhealthservices.C. The number of active duty mental health professionals is insufficient and likely to

decreasewithoutsubstantialintervention.D. The network mental health benefit is hindered by fragmented rules and policies,

inadequateoversight,andinsufficientreimbursement.

II.UnderstandingMentalHealthDisciplines

A. Psychotherapist: Amental health professionalwho doesn’t have any connection tolicensing.

B. Psychoanalyst:Amentalhealthprofessionalwhotypicallyhasagreatdealofspecifictrainingtohandledeepmentalhealthissues.

C. MedicalDoctor• CanbeanM.D.orD.O.• Major difference is that D.O.’s have additional training in physical manipulation

techniquesthataresomewhatsimilartochiropractic.• Mostdoctorstypicallyspecializeinanarea.


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• LookforsomeonewhoisBoardCertified.

• Psychiatrists prescribe medications; find out whether the psychiatrist doesmedicationevaluationsandfollowup,oralsopsychotherapy.

D. Psychologists(Ph.D.orPsy.D.)• Ph.D.isaDoctorateofPhilosophywithspecialtyinpsychologyandresearch.• Psy.D.isaDoctorateofPsychologywithanemphasisonclinicalpsychology.• TheyarebothLicensedPsychologists.• TheymayprescribemedicationinNewMexicoandLouisiana.• Theytypicallyoperateinanareaofspecialty.

E. EducationSpecialist(Ed.S.)• Typicallyoperateasaschoolpsychologist

F. MastersLevelPsychologists• Industrialandorganizationsettings• M.Ed.workasLicensedProfessionalCounselor


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G. SocialWorkers• DoctorofSocialWork(D.S.W.)• MasterofSocialWork(M.S.W.)• Licensedas

1. ClinicalSocialWorker(LCSW)2. IndependentClinicalSocialWorker(LICSW)

• Donotprescribemedications

H. MentalHealthCounselors• HaveaMastersDegreeandseveralyearsofsupervisedexperience

• Licensedas

1. LicensedProfessionalCounselor(LPC)2. LicensedMentalHealthCounselor(LMHC)

I. MarriageandFamilyTherapists• HaveMastersorDoctorateDegrees• Licensedas LicensedMarriage and Family Therapist (LMFT)or aremembersof the

AmericanAssociationofMarriageandFamilyTherapists(AAMFT)


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J. PastoralCounselors(M.Div.,D.Min.,Th.D.,D.Div.)• TrainedasMentalHealthProviders• Workspecificallywithreligiousandspiritualaspects• Licensingvariesbystate:AR,KY,ME,NH,NC,TNlicensepastoralcounselors

K. PsychiatricNurses(RN)• ClinicalNurseSpecialist

• Advanced Practice Registered Nurse (Masters Degree in Psychiatric Mental HealthNursing)

L. Certifications• CSAC:CertifiedSubstanceAbuseCounselor• CAC:CertifiedAlcoholismCounselor

M. www.MilitaryMentalHealth.org – a website designed to help people assess theirmentalhealthonavoluntaryandanonymousbasis.

III.CommunityServices

A. SubstanceAbusePrograms

http://www.MilitaryMentalHealth.org


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B. Emergency/CrisisPrograms

C. DomesticViolencePrograms

D. MentalHealthCenters

E. ChildandFamilyServicePrograms

F. ConsumerCreditCounselingServices

G. CrisisHotlines/EmergencyCare

H. CommunitySupportPrograms

I. ChurchSupportPrograms

J. Onesuggestionistoprovideseminarsformilitarygroups.

IV.FindingaMentalHealthProvider

A. TalktoHealthCareProviders


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B. WordofMouth

C. CheckPhoneListings

D. AskHealthInsuranceCompanies

E. CheckSpouse’sEmployeeAssistanceProgram

F. UseaReferralServicefromaNationalProfessionalOrganizationliketheAACC

G. GototheChaplain

H. FindaFamilyServiceCenter

V.ChoosingaMentalHealthTherapist

A. Howseverearethesymptoms?

B. Aretheregoingtobemedicalneeds?

C. Whatistheprovider’slevelofexpertise?

D. WilltheprovideracceptTriCareinsuranceorprovidehelpprobono?


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E. ConsiderationsforReferrals• Gender

• Age/Generation

• Religion/Faith• Language/Culture• OfficeHours,Fees,SessionLength• TreatmentApproach• AreaofSpecialization

F. DoesoneneedaChristiantherapist?• Theworldviewofatherapistmakesabigimpactwhendealingwithtraumas.• Therapyisnot“value-free.”• AChristiantherapistfacilitatespeopletotheOneTrueHealer.• “Spiritual” does not mean Christian. Be certain what “spiritual” means before

referring.


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1. DiscussthesignificanceofthereportfromthePentagon’sTaskForceregardingmentalhealth.

2. Brieflylistandexplainthedifferentmentalhealthdisciplines.

3. What are some examples of community service programs that can benefit thecommunitywiththeirmentalhealthservices?

4. Whataresomewaysthatonecanfindanappropriatementalhealthprovider?

5. DiscusstheimplicationsofchoosingornotchoosingaChristiantherapist.


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CRDC106:

CrisisResponseintheWorkplace

CraigBoden,M.Div.,Ed.S.


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CourseDescriptionThislessonwilleducatecrisisrespondersonhowtospecificallyservicevictimsofacrisisthathastakenplaceatwork.Studentswillbetaughthowthephasesofcrisisresponseandhowtheycanbestminstertotheneedsofvictimsthroughouttheseperiods,aswellaswhattoexpectwhenaddressingthevictims.


1. Participantswill be able guide victims through the steps necessary to get the victims

from“victim”to“survivor”mentality.

2. Participants will be able to address groups of victims in a corporate way, helpingmultiplevictimsatonce.

3. Participantswillbeabletounderstandtheimportanceofself-careinordertobestserve

asaresponder.


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I.Introduction

A. Craig’sBackground

• September11,2001NewYorkexperience

B. Overview

• Historyofcriticalincidenceresponse• Thephasesofcriticalincidenceresponse• Theroleoftheresponderintheworkplace• Thecommonreactionspeoplehavetoatrauma• Athree-stepmodelofpsychologicalfirstaid• Self-care:thepossibilityofcompassionfatigue

II.TheHistoryofCriticalIncidentResponse

A. TraumaBeganwiththeBeginningoftheWorld

• BiblicalexamplesincludeCainandAbel;Dinah’srape

B. TheCivilWar

• “Nostalgia”-usedtorefertothehorrorsofthewar


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C. WorldWarI

• Psychologistsusedfieldtestingtodeterminesoldierplacement• “Shell-shock”

D. WorldWarII

• “Battlefatigue”

E. TheVietnamWar

• Theterm“Post-TraumaticStressDisorder”(PTSD)beginstodevelop.• Psychologistsstudiedtheeffectsoftraumaamongsoldiers.• PTSD’sdefinitionwasexpandedwhenpsychologistsnotedsimilarsymptomsamong

victimsofbombings,rapes,etc.

F. The1980s

• Psychologists found that first responders (police, firemen, etc.) would exhibit thesamesymptomsoftraumaasvictimsdirectlyinvolvedinthetrauma.

G. September11,2001

• Resultedinthelargestresponseofcriticalincidentresponseever.• Since that time, more research has been conducted about the best method of

response.


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H. WhatisaCriticalIncident?

• Acritical incident isanyeventorsituation thathasaperceivedor realpotential totemporarilyoverwhelmanindividual’sorgroup’sabilitytocope.

• Coping is an individual’s or group’s capacity to maintain or restore equilibrium,

gainingasenseofself-efficacy.• Traumaisanexperiencethatproducespsychologicalinjurytoaperson.

1. DerivedfromGreekwordmeaning“towound”;traumawoundsthesoul.2. One’ssouliscomprisedofhiswill,mind,andemotions.3. Awound to themind is apsychologicalwound that rendersone incapableof

thinking in concreteandobjective thought, rendering the victimpowerless tomakedecisions.

4. An emotional wound can be described as a wound to the heart and needs

attention.III.ThePhasesofCriticalIncidentResponse

A. Several types: work place fatality, catastrophic accident, off-site employee death,

naturaldisaster,terroristattack,downsizing/mergers,epidemicsB. PhasesareTime-orientedC. FirstPhase:MovingaPersonfromDeprivationtoAccessingResources

• Donotexpecttoministertofeelingsyet;meetbasicneedsfirst.


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D. SecondPhase:MovingfromIsolationtoConnectivity

• Timealoneisimportant,butshouldnothappenextensively.• Victimsneedsupport,especiallyfromfellowemployeesexperiencingthesituation.

E. ThirdPhase:MovingfromChaostoOrder

• Victimsneed to begin to get back into routine so that they donot dwell in chaos,allowingthemtomoveon.

F. FourthPhase:MovingfromPowerlessnesstoEfficacy

• Aftertrauma,victimsfeelpowerlesstodoanything.• Givingavictimasimpletaskwillhelpregainasenseofcontrolinhisorherlife.

G. Movingfrom“Victim”to“Survivor”

• Responders must help victims avoid victim mentality and to help them seethemselvesassurvivors.

IV.TheRoleofCrisisResponseintheWorkplace

A. Consultantsneedtocommunicatesupport,provideaccurateandusefulinformation,andpracticalassistanceinhelpingtheorganizationmeettheneedsoftheemployees.

B. Crisis responders shoulduse careful etiquette in communicatingwithmanagement

onthetelephoneandinperson,understandingcorporateneeds.


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C. Responders should never mention suicide unless it has been officially declared; ifmistaken,everythingtheresponderhassaidwillbediscredited.

D. Providingpracticalassistance:ThePsychologicalFirstAidModel.E. Donotneglectthemanagers—they’veexperiencedtraumatoo.F. Asatherapist,onemustassessneedsfromanindividualperspective;asaconsultant

withmanagement,onemustassessneedsfromasystemicperspective.G. As a therapist, one facilitates self-discovery; as a consultant, one helps decide a

courseofaction.H. As a therapist, onemust set goals and treatment plan; as a consultant, onemust

provideresources.I. Understandthecorporateneeds.

V.TheCommonReactionsPeopleHavetoTrauma:Examples

A. Physical:Thirst,chills,fatigue,nausea,etc.B. Cognitive:Confusion,nightmares,hyper-vigilance,suspiciousness,etc.C. Emotionally:Fear,guilt,anger,rage,etc.


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D. Behaviorally:Withdrawal,anti-socialantics,erraticmovements,etc.E. Realizingone’sownmortalityF. QuestioningreligiousbeliefsG. Lossofsecurity

VI.AThree-StepModelofPsychologicalFirstAid(ACT)

A. Acknowledge• Acknowledgethefactthatsomeonedied,theevent,thenames.• Assessforcomfortandsafety.

B. Communicatecompassionandcompetency• Donotpressurevictimstotellmorethantheyarewilling.• Explainthatbeingupsetisanormalreaction.• Provide a structured environment where an individual will find his thoughts and

feelingsvalidated.• Explainthatvictimsareexperiencingnormalreactionstoanabnormalevent.

C. Teaching• Teachthemaboutresiliency.


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• Educationcanleadtoinoculation.

1. Avoidstimuliassociatedwithstressor.

2. Avoidhighsugarfoods,alcohol,andcaffeine.

3. Findsupportivepeoplewhowilllistentoyou.

• Benefitsoflarge-groupmeetings

1. Providesfactualinformation.2. Helpstodispelrumors.3. Givescredibilitytoleadershipandmanagement.

VII.Self-Care

A. Preparefortheworst:theremightnotbeahotelwaitingforyou

B. PrepareYourselfPhysically• Iftheresponderisnotcomfortablegoing,heshouldnotgo• Ifaresponderisnotphysicallyable,heshouldnotgo

C. CompassionFatigue• Contagion–‘traumacanbecontagiousasrespondersrecreateimagesintheirmind

whilelisteningtovictims.• Respondersmustdebriefandtakecareofthemselvesjustliketheytellvictimsto.


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• “Compassion fatigue is the convergence of primary traumatic stress, secondarytrauma stress, and cumulative stress, or burnout, in the lives of the helpingprofessionalsandothercaregivers.”–CharlesFigley.

• “Weareallsusceptibletotrauma;weareallatrisk.Yourpreviousmentalstability,

race,gender, levelofeducation,previousemotionaldisorders,or lackofemotionaldisordersseemtomakenodifference,althoughyourabilitytohandlelife’s’ordinarystresses and your personally developed coping skills can help. Yet traumaoverwhelms all of us.”--Norm Wright’s “The New Guide To Crisis And TraumaCounseling.”


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1. Discussthehistoryofcrisisresponse.Howhasitdevelopedintowhatitistoday?

2. Whatisacriticalincidence?

3. Listanddescribethethree-steppsychologicalfirst-aidmodel,ACT:

4. Inwhatthreewaysshouldacrisisresponderintheworkplaceofferhelp?

5. Whyisitimportanttomaintainself-careinpreparationforandduringacrisis?


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CRDC107:

CrisisResponseinHighSchoolsandColleges

JoshuaStraub,Ph.D.


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CourseDescriptionThislessonbeginsbydescribinganddefiningwhatacrisisis,crisispreparednessandtheproperapproach a crisis response worker should take when responding to a crisis in either a highschoolorcollegesetting.Thelessoncarefullyoutlineshowacrisisteamshouldfunction,howtheyshouldcoordinatewithotherresources,andthedifferentlevelsofresponse.


1. Participantswillknowthedefinitionofcrisisandbeabletociteexamplesofcrises.

2. Participants will know about contributing factors that influence the prevention of,

outcomeof,andrecoveryfromcrises.

3. Participants will be able to understand the different functions of crisis managementteamandhowtheyinteractwiththecommunity.


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I.UnderstandandGrasptheSchoolCulture

A. Understandtheperspectiveoftheteachers,schoolboard,andadministration

B. Establishrelationshipswiththeschoolsbeforeanincidentoftraumaoccurs

II.ExamplesofSchoolTragedies

A. Suicides

B. Caraccidents

C. Teenagepregnancies

III.CrisisInterventioninColleges

A. Specialteamsamongststudentsfortragedies

B. Specialteamsforviolenceresponse

C. 80%ofuniversitieshave“threatassessmentteams”

D. Beginningtobepro-activeratherthanjustreactive


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IV.CharacteristicsofaCrisis

A. AccordingtotheInternationalCriticalIncidentStressFoundationa“crisis”isdefinedas“anyincidentthatcausesdistressand/orimpairmentinfunctioningonanindividualgrouporanorganization.”

B. According to theDSM, events thatmay generate traumatic stress and require crisisinterventionincludeexperiencing,witnessing,orlearningaboutaneventthatinvolvesactual death or physical injury, or threatened, extremely negative, uncontrollable,unpredictableevents.

V.Resistance,Resilience,andRecovery

A. Resistance- building your immunity by preparing for a potential crisis, and makingknowntothoseinvolvedthatthereareplansofactioninplace

B. Resilience-the“bounce-backfactor”

C. Recovery-thejourneytoestablishingpre-crisisnormalcy

VI.FourLevelsofCrisisResponse

A. Minimalresponse

B. Buildinglevelresponse

C. Districtlevelresponse


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D. Communitylevelresponse

VII.CrisisManagement

A. Definition-containmentandmitigationofacriticalincident

B. Reactions:• Setupacrisisteamandtherolesofthemembers

1. Team should consist of both school officials and leaders from outside of the

community

2. Teamleader-themanagerorexecutiveleaderinthecrisis

3. Intelligencesection-thestrategicplannersthatdecidewhatandhowtoactandplanaccordingly,whilereportingtotheteamleader

4. Faculty-Staffliaison-personwhocommunicateswhatishappeningtotherestofthestaffandparentstodispelrumors

5. Mediaspecialist-someonewhowillcommunicatewiththemediaandpublic

6. Recordkeeper-someonetokeeptrackofthewrittendocumentsandtorecordactionstaken

7. Studentliaison-communicatesandtakescareofthestudents

8. Theteamshouldknowoneanotherandcommunicatewitheachother

9. TheteamshouldworkwiththeEAP

• Setupacrisisplan

1. Leadership-non-schooladministratorwhowillbecalmandauthoritative


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2. Location- two types: internal and external. Includes command center andstudenttrackingtoensureeachoneistakencareof. Considerwheremedia,staff,parents,andvisitorsaregoingtogo.

3. Communication-havewaysofcommunicatinginordertodispelrumors

4. Materials- a place where administration can go to get what they need (i.e.buildingplans,phonesnumbers,firstaidkits)

5. Transportation- consider how people will leave the campus, where to parkincomingcars

6. Documentation-notification,verification,andactivationofenactedplans

• Setupacrisisresponse

1. Re-establishsafetyandsecurity

2. Normalizetheday

3. Informationmanagement

4. Attendtotheneedsofthefacultyandstafffirst

5. Attendtotheneedsofthestudents

6. Applytheappropriatecrisisresponse


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1. Whatpreventativemeasuresshouldbetakenbeforeacrisis?

2. ListanddescribetherolesofResistance,Resilience,andRecovery

3. Whatarethefourlevelsofcrisisresponse?

4. Whatistheroleofateamleader?

5. Whoshouldcomprisethecrisisteam?


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CRDC108:

CrisisResponsetoActsofViolence

DavidJenkins,Psy.D.


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CourseDescriptionUnfortunately,crimeandactsofviolencearecommonoccurrencesinsociety.Thiscoursewilleducatestudentsaboutcrimestatistics,typesofcrime,andtheprocessundergonebyavictimthathasexperienceda crime. Studentswill learnhow tohelp victims copeandgrow in therecoveryprocessinadditiontowarningsignsofpoorrecovery.


1. Participantswillunderstandthenatureofcrimeanditsconsequencesonvictims.

2. Participantswillunderstandtheaftereffectsofcrime,legalandemotional.

3. Participantswill knowhow to guide crimes victims through the recovery process andhowtore-establishasenseofsecurity.


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I.Introduction

A. Outlineofvideo• Experienceofcrime

• Responsetocrime

B. ScopeoftheCrimeProblem

• Morethan25millionpeopleeachyear

1. Therearealsowitnessesofcrimestoconsider

• EstimatedCrime(BJS,2011) EstimatedCrimeinUnitedStates–Total (Crimerateper100,000population)

Data obtained from (BJS, 2011). Table indicates crime rate forviolentandpropertycrimes.Violentcrimes include: (1)murder&negligent manslaughter; (2) forcible rape; (3) robbery; (4)aggravated assault. Property crimes include: (1) burglary; (2)larceny-theft;(3)motorvehicletheft.Whileratesarestillhigh,thedata show there has been a significant reduction in the rate ofcrimeatthesametimethepopulationwasincreasing.

Year Population ViolentCrimeRates

PropertyCrimeRates

2000

2005

2009

281,421,906

296,507,061

307,006,550

506.5

469.0

429.4

3,618.3

3,431.5

3,036.1


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• CrimeClock(OfficeforVictimsofCrime(OVC),2007)

TypeofCrime FrequencyofCrime

Homicide

Rape

Assault

Theft

Burglary

DomesticViolence

ChildAbuse/Neglect

DrunkDriving

IdentityTheft

ElderAbuse

HateCrime

1personismurderedevery31min

1personisrapedevery2.7min

1personisassaultedevery2.7min

1homeisvictimizedbytheftevery2.3

sec

1homeisburglarizedevery9.2sec

1womanisvictimizedbyanintimatepartnerevery1.4min;1manis

victimizedevery6.7min

1childisreportedabusedorneglectedevery36sec

1personiskilledinanalcohol-related

trafficcrashevery31min

1personbecomesavictimofidentitytheftevery9sec

1elderlypersonisvictimizedevery2.7

min

1hatecrimeisreportedtothepoliceevery55min

• Keyfindings(NCVC,2009)

• Crimeevent(BJS,2010)


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C. FinancialCosts

• Expenditure(BJS,2011) Nationalestimatesofjusticecosts

Dataobtainedfrom(BJS,2011).Table indicatesexpendituresat federalstate, and local government levels. Totals include direct costs of thejustice system as well as intergovernmental costs (i.e., payments fromonegovernmenttoanother).

• NatureofCrime

1. Violent(murder,rape,aggravatedassault,armedrobbery,etc.)

2. Property(burglary,vehiclemotortheft,theft,vandalism,etc.)

3. Progression

o Propertycrimehurtsvictimsat“outermostlayer”ofpersonal

belongingso Armedrobberyinvolvespersonalcontactandthreato Assaultandbatteryinvolvesphysicalandpsychologicalinjuryo Rapeinvadesthecoreoftheself

4. Complicatedbythefactthatsomeonepersonallychosetooffend

Year FederalGovernment

Total

StateGovernment

Total

LocalGovernment

Total

1995

2000

2005

$21,197,000,000

$27,994,999,000

$40,019,000,000

$41,196,021,000

$58,166,467,000

$69,747,699,000

$58,885,024,000

$78,995,330,000

$103,906,121,000


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• CharacteristicsofCrimeVictims

1. Womenandchildrenareatsubstantialrisko Womenmoreoftenknowtheirperpetratorso Victimizationinchildhoodsetsthestageforfuturevictimization

2. Menaremorelikelytoexperiencedirecteffectsofcombatand

crimebystrangers

• Maybemoredifficultformentoreportassaultduetoshame,ridicule,ordisbelief

II.InterfacewithLegalSystem

A. PossibleProcess(OVC,2009,“TheCriminalJusticeProcess”)

• Crimeisreportedtoorobservedbythepolice

• Suspectisarrestedandbookedintojail

• Defendantischargedinarraignment

• Preliminaryhearing

• Chargescouldbedismissedatthearraignmentorpreliminaryhearingduetoalackofevidencetoconvictthesuspect

• Casegoesbeforeagrandjury

• Defendantisindictedornotindicted

• Defendantischargedandpleadsguiltyornotguilty


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• Ifdefendantisfoundguilty,therecanbeimprisonment,fines,

communityservice,suspendedsentence,probation,orthecasecangototrialandthedefendantcanbefoundnotguilty

B. IssuesatLevelsofInterfacewithVictim/Family

• DistrictAttorney

1.Communication2.Trust3.Facts–Howmany?Whatkind?4.ViewsonSentencing/Deathpenalty5.Mediaawareness

• Court

1.ProcessIssues

o Orientingfunctiono Roleinduction

2.Protocol

o What’sexpected/helpful/nothelpful?3.DefenseTactics

o MitigatetheImpacto Preparefamilyforaggravating/mitigatingcircumstances


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• Media

1.Interviews2.Publicstatements3.Levelofpublicinterest4.Levelofpublicscrutiny

C. PotentialRisks(Herman,2003)

• Psychological

• Revictimization

• Victim’smentalhealthneedsoftenconflictwithcriminaljustice

• Safety

• Retaliation• Useoflegalproceedings(e.g.requireddisclosureofhealthrecords,

custodychallengebyperpetratorofdomesticviolence)

D. PotentialBenefits(Herman,2003)

• Greatersafetyandprotection

• Increasedsenseofpowerandcontrol

• Publicacknowledgementofsuffering


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• Potentialforrestitution

• Restoredtrustincommunity

• Dependsupon:1. Qualityofencounterwithlegalsystem

2. Respectfulandinclusivepoliciesmayhelp

3. Informedchoicebyvictim

• Resultsarepartiallysupported,butinconclusive

E. RestorativeJustice

• VictimOffenderMediation((VOM)Umbreitetal.,2001)1. Outcomes

2. ClientSatisfaction

o Attempttohumanizethejusticeprocesso Generally,highlevelsofsatisfactiono 40-60%offeredVOMchoosenottoparticipate

3. ClientPerceptionofFairness

o Ledtooverallsenseoffairnessinjusticesystemo Felttreatedmorefairlyo Feltoutcomes/restitutionweremorefairo Keyisthemediator

4. Restitution

5. Diversion

6. Recidivism


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7. Costs8. VOM&CrimesofViolence

o VOMoftenusedas“frontend”diversionaryoptiono Usedmainlywithyounger,“lessserious”offenderso 1996-1997surveyshowedVOMprogramsarebeingaskedto

mediatecrimesofincreasingseverityandcomplexityo Advancedtrainingisnecessaryinworkingwithcasesofsevere

violenceo Participantsreportrelief,closure,andgratitudefornotbeing

forgottenorunheardo Needfarmorelengthyandintensepreparationprocess

F. WhatdoVictimsWant?

• Safety1. Protectionfromperpetratorsandrevictimization,crimeprevention

throughcollaborativeproblemsolving,arestoredsenseofindividualandcommunitysafety

• Access1. Abilitytoparticipateinthejusticesystemprocessandobtain

informationandservices,regardlessofindividualorfamilycircumstances

• Information1. Verbalandwritteninformationaboutjusticesystemprocessesand

victimservicesthatisclear,concise,anduserfriendly

• Support1. Servicesandassistancetoenableparticipationinjusticeprocesses,

recoveryfromtrauma,andrepairofharmcausedbycrime


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• Continuity1. Servicesandassistancetoenableparticipationinjusticeprocesses,

recoveryfromtrauma,andrepairofharmcausedbycrime

• Voice1. Empowermenttospeakoutaboutprocessingofindividualcases,

opportunitiestoinfluenceagencyandsystemwidepoliciesandpractices

III.EmotionalandSpiritualResultsofCrime(Kilpatrick&Acierno,2003)

A. Post-TraumaticStressDisorder(PTSD)

• Crime-inducedcasestendtopersistlonger

• Rape(32%lifetime;12%currentinpast6months)

• Physicalassault(38%lifetime;17%6months)

• Homicideoffamilymember(22%lifetime;9%6months;even15+yearslater)

• Overallcrime(26%lifetime;10%6months;3xnon-crimevictims)1. Women2xaslikelyasmentodevelopPTSD

B. Depression

• 38%-48%co-occurringwithPTSD


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• Ratesforrapeandphysicalassaultaresimilar1. Assaultedwomennearly6xmorelikelytohavedepressionthannon-

crimewomen

C. SubstanceAbuse

• 35-45%co-occurringwithPTSD

• Facilitatesadditionalviolence1. 60-75%victimsreportperpetratorwasundertheinfluence

D. OtherAnxietyDisorders

• Increasedbyafactorof3forPanicDisorder

E. RiskFactors

• Gender–men(assaultbystrangers);women(rape,domesticviolencebyintimates)

• Age–youngerintoearlyadulthoodandthendeclinewithage

• Race–non-whiteminorities

• Priorvictimization

• Priormentalhealthproblems

• AssaultCharacteristics(knownbyperpetrator,weaponused,medicalcare,familiarlocation,insidehome)


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IV.PathwayTowardRecovery

A. RoadtoNormal(OVC,2009)

• Shock/Disbelief(immediateandupto1week)

1. Physicalreactions

2. Emotionalstyles

3. Needs

4. Thoughts

• Outwardadjustment(upto1yearlater)

• Reorganization(1yearormore)

• Resolution

B. FactorsAffectingRecovery(OVC,2009)

• Aiding

1. Supportfromintimates

2. Positiveself-esteem

3. Supportfromsystems(criminaljustice,service,etc.)

4. Opportunitytofreelydiscusscrime&expressemotions

5. Griefrecovery

6. Insight

7. Action-orientedbehaviors


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8. Realisticexpectationsofselfandsystem

9. Objectiveattributionofblame

• Inhibiting

1. Priorvictimization

2. Negativeself-esteem

3. Poorsocialsupport

4. Simultaneousproblems(family,financial,employment,school)

5. Recurringproblems(substanceabuse,anxiety,depression)

6. Degreeofviolence

7. Relationshiptoperpetrator(stranger,acquaintance,relative)

8. Increasedphysicalailments

9. Suicidaland/orpsychoticbehavior

10. Misdiagnosisbytherapistorphysician

• CrisisIntervention(NCVC,2004)

1. CriticalElements:

§ Psychologicalfirstaid§ Survivorneedsassessment§ Empathyandsupport

• Helpfultechniques

1. FirstAidKit(OVC,2009)

§ Empathyfirst§ Givethemtools(information,resources)§ Stages(developmentalperspective)


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§ Empowerment§ Activelistening§ Respectautonomy§ Thanks,anyway(furtherinterventionmaynotbenecessaryor

desired)§ You’renotalone(support,“normalize”response)§ CanIgetbacktoyou?§ Healthyself

• SpecializedCare(Hembree&Foa,2003)

1. Exposuretherapy

2. Stressinoculationtraining

3. Cognitivetherapy

4. EMDR

5. PharmacologicalTreatment(SSRIs,Tricyclics,MAOI,Anxiolytics)

• PosttraumaticGrowth(Tedeschi&Calhoun,2004;Calhounetal.,2000)

1. Definition:Posttraumaticgrowthispositivepsychologicalchangeexperiencedasaresultofthestrugglewithhighlychallenginglifecircumstances

2. PosttraumaticGrowth:

§ Goesbeyondabilitytoresistandnotbedamaged§ Involvesmovementbeyondpre-traumalevelsofadaptation§ Transformationisthedistinguishingquality

V.Conclusion

A. Crimeanditseffectarepreventable.We’redoingthistoourselves!


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B. Mostpeoplerecoverwell.Forthosethatstruggle,mostwillalsorecover.Somehaveongoingdifficulties.

C. Justice,withbothvictimsandoffendersinview,isclosetotheheartofGod.

Jer.22:3-53ThussaystheLORD,"Dojusticeandrighteousness,anddelivertheonewhohasbeenrobbedfromthepowerofhisoppressor.Alsodonotmistreatordoviolencetothestranger,theorphan,orthewidow;anddonotshedinnocentbloodinthisplace.

4

"Forifyoumenwillindeedperformthisthing,thenkingswillenterthegatesofthishouse,sittinginDavid'splaceonhisthrone,ridinginchariotsandonhorses,eventhekinghimselfandhisservantsandhispeople.

5"Butifyouwillnotobeythesewords,IswearbyMyself,"declarestheLORD,"thatthishousewillbecomeadesolation."

Ps82:3-43Vindicatetheweakandfatherless;Dojusticetotheafflictedanddestitute.

4Rescue

theweakandneedy;Deliverthemoutofthehandofthewicked.

TheGoodSamaritan


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References

BureauofJusticeStatistics(2011).EstimatedcrimeintheUnitedStates—Total.Retrievedfromhttp://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/

BureauofJusticeStatistics(2011).Expenditure:Nationalestimates.Retrievedfromhttp://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/

BureauofJusticeStatistics(2010).Thecrimeevent.Retrievedfromhttp://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/Calhoun,L.G.,Cann,A.,Tedeschi,R.G.,&McMillan,J.(2000).Acorrelationaltestofthe

relationshipbetweenposttraumaticgrowth,religion,andcognitiveprocessing.JournalofTraumaticStress,13,521-527.

Hembree,E.A.,&Foa,E.B.(2003).Interventionsfortrauma-relatedemotionaldisturbancesinadultvictimsofcrime.JournalofTraumaticStress,16,187-199.

Herman,J.L.(2003).Thementalhealthofcrimevictims:Impactoflegalintervention.JournalofTraumaticStress,16,159-166.

InternationalAssociationofChiefsofPolice.(2009).Enhancinglawenforcementresponsetocrimevictims:A21stcenturystrategy.Retrievedfromwww.theiacp.org

Kilpatrick,D.G.,&Acierno,R.(2003).Mentalhealthneedsofcrimevictims:Epidemiologyandoutcomes.JournalofTraumaticStress,16,119-132.

OfficeforVictimsofCrime.(2007).Crimeclock.Retrievedfromwww.ovc.govOfficeforVictimsofCrime.(2009).GoodSamaritans:Volunteershelpingvictimsprogram

handbookandtrainingguide.Retrievedfromwww.ovc.gov

NationalCenterforVictimsofCrime.(2004).Crisisintervention.Retrievedfromwww.ncvc.org

NationalCenterforVictimsofCrime.(2009).Keyfindings.Retrievedfromwww.ncvc.org

Roberts,A.R.,&Otten,A.J.(2005).Theseven-stagecrisisinterventionmodel:Aroadmaptogoalattainment,problemsolving,andcrisisresolution.BriefTreatmentandCrisisIntervention,5,329-339.

Tedeschi,R.G.,&Calhoun,L.G.(2004).Posttraumaticgrowth:Conceptualfoundationsandclinicalevidence.PsychologicalInquiry,15,1-18.

Umbreit,M.S.,Coates,R.B.,&Vos,B.(2001).Theimpactofvictim-offendermediation:Twodecadesofresearch.FederalProbation,65,29-35.

Walsh,F.(2002).Afamilyresilienceframework:Innovativepracticeapplications.Family

Relations,51,130-137.


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1. Whyshouldcrisisrespondersbeatleastsomewhatfamiliarwithcrimestatistics?

2. Why shoulda crisis responderbe familiarwith the legal systemwhenworkingwithavictimofacrime?

3. Discussthepotentialrisksandbenefitsofsurvivingacrime.

4. WhatisVOM?

5. Discussthreefactorsthatwillaidinavictim’srecovery.


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CRDC109:

CrisisResponsetoAccidentsandtheAftermath

JoshuaStraub,Ph.D.

andJenniferCisney,M.A.


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CourseDescriptionThis lesson describes the seriousness of car accidents and the impact they can have upon afamily. An interviewwiththeBarrickfamilyrevealshowtheir livesweredramaticallyalteredafterahead-oncollisionwithadrunkdriver. Partofhelpingvictims suffering the traumaofsuchaneventisunderstandingthevariousaftereffectsofthewreck.LearningObjectives:Bytheendofthislesson:

1. Participants will understand automobile accidents statistics and the very real danger

driversfaceeachtimetheyareontheroad.

2. Participantswill learnabout the real-lifeexperienceofone familyandhowtheywereaffectednotonlyphysically,butpsychologically,afterthecrash.

3. Participantswilllearnwhatreactionstoavoidandhowtohelpwhencounselingafamily

recoverfromthetraumaofanautomobileaccident.


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I.Introduction

A. In 2008, there were over 10million car accidents; 39,000 resulted in a fatality, withnearly3millioninjuries.

B. Caraccidentsarenowtheleadingcauseofdeathamongchildrenages2-14.

C. About115peopledieincaraccidentseveryday,anaverageofonedeatheverythirteenminutes.

D. Ofthe42,000peoplekilledinacaraccidentin2007,32%wererelatedtoalcohol.

E. There 11, 773 drunk driving deaths in 2008 alone, with 17,000 people who wereimpactedbydrunkdrivingaccidents.

F. An alcohol related accident causes death every 45minutes, and an injury every twominutes.

G. IntheU.S.,drunkdrivingisnowtheleadingcauseofcriminaldeath.

H. Thesenumbersincreasewhenoneisdrunkandtexting.

I. Textinggivesteenagersthereflexesofa70-year-old.

J. In 2007, driving distractions (such as texting) resulted in 1000 crashes by 16 and 17-year-oldsalone.

K. Each year 21% of fatal crashes among 16-19-year-olds were the result of cell phoneusage.

L. Cellphoneusecauses25%ofallcaraccidents.


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M. Textingwhiledrivingismorelikelytocauseanaccidentthandrunkdriving.

N. Twomillionpeopleincaraccidentseachyearsufferpermanentinjuries.

O. Accidentsaretheleadingcauseofdisabilityaroundtheworld.

II.InterviewSegment

Usethisspacetowriteyourthoughtsduringtheinterview.

II.Conclusion

A. There isn’t necessarily a connection between severity of the accident and resultingtrauma

B. Bethereforthevictim

C. Donotuseclichés

D. Donotassumeyouunderstandwhatthevictimisfeeling


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E. Donotminimizethevictim’spainoritsmeaning

F. Mostimportantly,prayforthevictim

G. Helpvictimstoreachanew“normal”,wheretheycanadjustinawaythatbringsglorytoGod

H. Romans5:3-5


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CRDC110:

CrisisResponsetoDomesticViolence

MarkCrear,Ph.D.andSabrinaBlack,M.A.


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CourseDescriptionFor many years there have been increasingly staggering statistics of victims of DomesticViolence,alsoreferredtoasIntimatePartnerViolence.Thetwopanelistswilldiscusshowtobeaneffective“firstresponder”whenencounteringactsofDomesticViolence.LearningObjectives:Bytheendofthislesson:

1. Participants will implement First Response strategies towards dealing with acts of

domesticviolence.

2. Participants will understand their responsibility as service providers to identify andprovidereferralsanda“nowwhat”planforsurvivorsofdomesticviolence.

3. Participants will develop the necessary skills to providing culturally relevant care to

victims.


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I. Introduction

A. Accordingtothelatestcensus&statistics,awomanisbeatenevery15seconds.

B. Domesticviolenceistheleadingcauseofinjurytowomenbetweenages15and44intheUnitedStates…morethancaraccidents,muggings,andrapescombined.

C. Domestic violence is not something that happens only to women, many men aresubjectedtoabuseaswell...evenintheChristianpopulation

D. Psalms18:48 “Hedeliverethme frommineenemies: yea, Thou liftestmeupabove

thosethatriseupagainstme:Thouhastdeliveredmefromtheviolentman.”

II.GeneralDefinition

A. Domesticviolenceisanytypeofphysicaland/oremotionalinjuryorthreatofinjurytoapersoninanintimaterelationshipsetting.

B. TwocategoriesofDomesticViolence:

• Familyviolence1. Parentsandchildren

2. Siblings

3. Extendedfamilies

• IntimateRelationship1. Co-inhabitingcouples,heterosexualandhomosexual


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2. Peoplewhohavehadsexualornon-sexualrelationships

3. Dormitoryrelationships

C. Domesticviolence isawiderangeofactivities thathappentoan individualsuchas:slapping,kicking,biting,pinching,pushing,intimidation,coercion,andisolation.

D. MisconceptionsofDomesticViolence

1. Ifyoudon’thitaperson,it’snotconsideredviolent

2. Domesticviolenceisaboutanger

E. DomesticViolenceisAboutPowerandControl

III.WhatCausesDomesticViolence

A. Cultural/Spiritual

• Intimate partner violence affects people regardless of race, ethnicity, class, sexualand gender identity, religious affiliation, age, immigration status, and ability. Thetermcultureisusedinthiscontexttorefertothoseaxesofidentificationandothersharedexperiences. Becauseof thesensitivenatureofabuse,providingculturallyrelevantcareiscriticalwhenworkingwithvictimsofabuse.1. Languagebarrier

2. Citizenship

• Muchofdomesticviolenceishiddeninthechurch,sopeoplewithinthechurchneedtobeawareoftheissuesinvolvedwithdomesticviolence


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B. NaturalDisasters

• Hurricanes,earthquakes,tsunamis,etc.

• According to women’s justice department, there is almost a doubling in domesticviolence

• IssuanceofHSPD8

IV.WhattoExpectasFirstCrisisResponders:

A. DefinitionofFirstResponse

• Domestic violence interventionby victimadvocates attempting combat and reduceabuse.

• ThethreeS’s:Support,Safety,andSolutions

B. TypesofFirstResponse• Phonecallorface-to-face

• Respondersinterveneinprayerandaction

C. ExpectChaos,MixedReports,andMixedEmotions

D. RespondersMustAssesstheSituationasWellastoProtecttheCrimeScene


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E. ProcedurestoFollowFirstResponse(byFEMA):• Staycalm

1. Bewareofcounter-transference

2. Donottakesides

3. Donotleaptoconclusions

4. Donothandlesituationsalone

5. Protectyourself

6. Determinelocationofvictimandsuspect

7. Provideappropriatelevelofaidtoinjuredparties

8. Becarefulwithyourtoneandbodylanguage

9. Helpredirectthewoman’senergy

• Safety1. Helptoprotectthevictim

2. Determineifthereareanyfirearms

3. Areyouindangerrightnow?

• Determiningprimaryaggressor(s)

1. Ajuvenilecanbetheperpetratoras“manofthehouse”

2. Watcheyemovementsandbodilytension

3. Notepriorcomplaintsofdomesticviolence

4. Notetheseverityoftheinjuriesinflictedoneachperson


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• AssessingVictimization–LethalityAssessment1. ThelethalityassessmentisaninstrumentbyDr.JacquelynCambellwhichgives

aprotocolforfirstrespondersthatwillidentifyandhelpvictimswhowouldbeassessedasbeingindangerofdeath.

2. A first responder using a lethality assessment will ask a victim of domesticviolenceeleven‘yesorno’questionsthathavebeendeterminedtobecriticalfactorsinidentifyingvictimswhoareindangerofbeingkilled.

• Documentation1. Whyyouarepresent

2. Whatthevictimneeds

3. Notes,photos,etc.

4. Restrainingorders

• Legality1. Firstrespondersmustreportanddocumentincidents2. Police

3. RememberHIPAAlaws

• Placement1. Whattodowiththevictimandchildren

• Resources1. CARE:Callthehotline,Alwaysaskthepersoniftheywanttogosomeplaceelse,

Refertocounselors,church,etc.,Encouragethevictimtogethelp2. TheChurch

3. Hotlinephonenumbers


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We recommend that anyone responding to domestic violence in an officialcapacitybetrainedinthestate/communitythattheyareworkinginaccordancewiththoseregulations.Thisonesessionaloneisnotsufficienttotrainyouasacertifiedcrisisresponder.

AboutthepresentersRev.MarkCrear,Ph.D.,isnotonlytheChairpersonofBAACC,buthasover10yearsofChristian

Counseling with certifications in Domestic Violence education and prevention. ManyclinicianshavebenefitedfromDr.Crear’suniqueandtransparentstyleofcounseling.

ElderSabrinaD.Black,M.A., isanauthor,professor, counselor,mentor, lifecoachandBible

scholar.ElderBlackistheClinicalDirectorofAbundantLifeCounselingCenter,anoutpatientmental health facility, which emphasizes spiritual values. Her dynamic message of life’sstruggles, temptations and triumphs, challenges others to deal with the real issues ofChristianliving.


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LethalityAssessmentTest

TheLethalityAssessmentProgram(LAP),currentlyaprogramforfirstresponders,representsanopportunitybornfromthreebodiesofsignificantresearchbyDr.JacquelynCampbell:Thelethalityassessmentisaninstrumentandaprotocolforfirstrespondersthatwillidentifyandhelpvictimswhowouldbeassessedasbeingindangerofdeath.Afirstresponderusingalethalityassessmentwillaskavictimofdomesticviolence11yesornoquestionsthatweredeterminedtobecriticalfactorsinidentifyingvictimswhoareindangerofbeingkilled.IfthevictimgivespositiveresponsestoanyofQuestions1-3,thistriggersaprotocolreferral.Ifthevictimgivesnegativeresponsestoquestions1-3,butgivespositiveresponsestoatleast4ofquestions4-11,thistriggersaprotocolreferral.If the protocol referral is triggered, the Responder will advise the victim that the victims insimilarsituationhavebeenkilledandthattheywouldlikethevictimtospeakwithadomesticviolencecounselor,ChurchClergy,SupportGroupSupporthotlineetc.ThegoaloftheLAPistopreventdomesticviolencehomicides,seriousinjury,andre-assaultbyencouragingmorevictimstoutilizethesupportandshelterservicesofdomesticviolenceprograms.

1. Hashe/sheeverusedaweaponagainstyouorthreatenedyouwithaweapon?2. Hashe/shethreatenedtokillyouoryourchildren?3. Doyouthinkhe/shemighttrytokillyou?4. Doeshe/shehaveagunorcanhe/shegetoneeasily?5. Hashe/sheevertriedtochokeyou?6. Ishe/sheviolentlyorconstantlyjealousordoeshe/shecontrolmostofyourdaily

activities?7. Haveyoulefthim/herorseparatedafterlivingtogetherorbeingmarried?8. Ishe/sheunemployed?9. Hashe/sheevertriedtokillhimself/herself?10. Doyouhaveachildhe/sheknowsisnothers/his?11. Doeshe/shefolloworspyonyouorleavethreateningmessages?


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POWERANDCONTROLWHEEL

DomesticViolenceismorethanjustphysicalabuse.Thepowerandcontrolwheeldescribesthebehaviorsthatareusedtogetherasasysteminviolentrelationships.Thewheelisdrawnwithviolenceastheouterrimandtheotherbehaviorsasspokes.Justlikeawheel,theydependuponandreinforceeachother.Togetherthissystemofbehaviorsbuildsbarrierstoawoman'sescape.

• Economicabusepreventsawomanfromgainingthefinancialfreedomthatcouldhelpherescapetheviolence.

• Isolationdestroysthesupportsystemofrelativesandfriendswhomightbeabletoassistheringettinginformation,supportandresources.

• Threatsreinforcethefearshefeelsandmaymaketheknownviolenceseemsaferthantheretaliationpromised,ifsheattemptstoflee.

• Sexualabuseisalsocommon,includingdenialofherrighttorefuseintimacythroughtheuseofviolenceandthreats.


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EqualityWheel

Theequalitywheelrepresentscharacteristicsofahealthyrelationship.

*CreatedbytheDomesticAbuseInterventionProject,Duluth,Minnesota.

SafeHavenShelterforBatteredWomenP.O.Box3558Duluth,Minnesota55803 Phone–24-hourcrisis/businessline:218-728-6481(Voice/TDD)Phone–TTY:218-730-2464Fax:218-728-5084E-mail:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]


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DANGERASSESSMENTJacquelynC.Campbell,Ph.D.,R.N.

Copyright,2003;www.dangerassessment.com

Severalriskfactorshavebeenassociatedwithincreasedriskofhomicides(murders)ofwomen

andmeninviolentrelationships.Wecannotpredictwhatwillhappeninyourcase,butwewouldlikeyoutobeawareofthedangerofhomicideinsituationsofabuseandforyoutoseehowmanyoftheriskfactorsapplytoyoursituation.Usingthecalendar,pleasemarktheapproximatedatesduringthepastyearwhenyouwereabusedbyyourpartnerorexpartner.Writeonthatdatehowbadtheincidentwasaccordingtothefollowingscale:

1.Slapping,pushing;noinjuriesand/orlastingpain2.Punching,kicking;bruises,cuts,and/orcontinuingpain3."Beatingup";severecontusions,burns,brokenbones4.Threattouseweapon;headinjury,internalinjury,permanentinjury5.Useofweapon;woundsfromweapon

(Ifanyofthedescriptionsforthehighernumberapply,usethehighernumber.)MarkYesorNoforeachofthefollowing.("He"referstoyourhusband,partner,ex-husband,

ex-partner,orwhoeveriscurrentlyphysicallyhurtingyou.)____1.Hasthephysicalviolenceincreasedinseverityorfrequencyoverthepastyear?____2.Doesheownagun?____3.Haveyoulefthimafterlivingtogetherduringthepastyear?

3a.(Ifhaveneverlivedwithhim,checkhere___)

____4.Isheunemployed?____5.Hasheeverusedaweaponagainstyouorthreatenedyouwithalethalweapon?

(Ifyes,wastheweaponagun?____)

____6.Doeshethreatentokillyou?____7.Hasheavoidedbeingarrestedfordomesticviolence?____8.Doyouhaveachildthatisnothis?____9.Hasheeverforcedyoutohavesexwhenyoudidnotwishtodoso?


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____10.Doesheevertrytochokeyou?____11.Doesheuseillegaldrugs?Bydrugs,Imean"uppers"oramphetamines,“meth”,

speed,angeldust,cocaine,"crack",streetdrugsormixtures.

____12.Isheanalcoholicorproblemdrinker?____13.Doeshecontrolmostorallofyourdailyactivities?Forinstance:doeshetellyouwho

youcanbefriendswith,whenyoucanseeyourfamily,howmuchmoneyyoucanuse,orwhenyoucantakethecar?(Ifhetries,butyoudonotlethim,checkhere:____)

____14.Isheviolentlyandconstantlyjealousofyou?(Forinstance,doeshesay"IfIcan't

haveyou,noonecan.")____15.Haveyoueverbeenbeatenbyhimwhileyouwerepregnant?(Ifyouhaveneverbeen

pregnantbyhim,checkhere:____)____16.Hasheeverthreatenedortriedtocommitsuicide?____17.Doeshethreatentoharmyourchildren?____18.Doyoubelieveheiscapableofkillingyou?____19.Doeshefolloworspyonyou,leavethreateningnotesormessagesonanswering

machine,destroyyourproperty,orcallyouwhenyoudon’twanthimto?

_____20.Haveyoueverthreatenedortriedtocommitsuicide?_____Total"Yes"AnswersThankyou.Pleasetalktoyournurse,advocateorcounseloraboutyourexperience


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1. Whydothinkdomesticviolenceistheleadingcauseofinjurytowomen?

2. Discussthetwolistedmythsaboutdomesticviolenceandwhytheyarefalse.

3. Whydoyouthinknaturaldisastersincreasetheoccurrenceofdomesticviolence?

4. Listanddiscussthe“ThreeS’s”.

5. Discuss the importance of documentation when responding to a domestic violencesituation.


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CRDC111:

CrisisResponsetoRapeandSexualAssault

TrinaGreer,Psy.D.


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CourseDescriptionImmediateinterventioniscrucialafterapersonexperiencesthetraumaofasexualassaultorrape.HowcanCrisisRespondersbesthelpavictimofsexualassault?Whataretheimmediateneeds of theperson? What factors help a person recover? This sessionwill help guide theCrisisRespondertoeffectivelyinterveneandplanforsuccessfulongoingrecoveryofthesexualassaultvictim.LearningObjectives:Bytheendofthislesson:

1. Participantswill develop anunderstandingof the immediateneedsof victimsof rapeandsexualtrauma.

2. Participantswillunderstandthepsychologicaleffectsofrapeandsexualassault.

3. Participants will know how to facilitatemoving the victim from crisis intervention to

planningforongoingrecovery.


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I.IntroductionRape and sexual assault are incredibly traumatic and soul-distorting. We know that it isimperativethatcrisisinterventiontakeplaceasearlyaspossibleforsuchactsofinterpersonalviolence. But after such a horrific crime as sexual assault, it is important for the CrisisRespondertoknowhowbesttoapproachthevictimandintervene.ResearchrevealshowtheCrisisRespondercanbebestequippedtoministertovictimsofrapeandsexualtrauma.II.Definitions

A. Trauma: an event outside normal human experience (as described in AACC’s StressandTraumaCaretrainingprogram)• Since the event is considered abnormal and outside human experience,

powerlessnessisakeycharacteristicexperiencedbythevictim.

• After experiencing trauma, a person’s sense of safety and attachment to others is“scrambled;”thereisalossofasenseofsafetyandofconnectiontoothersandGod

B. PTSD

• anormalreactiontoanabnormalsituation

• characterizedby:

1. ongoingre-experiencingofthetraumaandincreasedarousal

2. numbingofresponsiveness

C. SexualAssault

• Unwanted sexual contact that stops shortof rapeorattempted rape.This includes

sexualtouchingandfondling(somestatesusethisterminterchangeablywithrape).


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D. Rape• Non-consensualsexualpenetrationobtainedby

1. physicalforce

2. threatofbodilyharm

3. oratatimewhenthevictimisincapableofgivingconsentduetomentalillness,

mentalretardation,orintoxication.

• Survivorvs.Victim:

1. Bothtermsrefertoapersonwhohassufferedanassault

2. Bothtermsareusedintheliterature,andIwilluseinterchangeably

III.HelpfulResearch

A. Statistics

• 1in3womenand1in5menaresexuallyabusedpriortoage18bysomeonetheyaresupposedtotrust;andmanyoftheseabusesarechronic.

• 1in4womeninAmericaexperiencerapeintheirlifetime.

• Twothirdsofrapevictimshadapriorrelationshipwiththeiroffender.

• Inacollegesample,only4%ofrapevictimsactuallyreportedtoarapecrisiscenter

• 50%ofsexualassaultvictimswilleventuallyseekcounseling

• Interpersonalviolencesurvivorsare10timesmorelikelytodevelopPTSD(Borja,et.al.,2006)


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• Scripture:Anobservationonhumanresponsetotrauma

Mark4:35-41Disciples’responsetotraumaDuringthestormontheSeaofGalilee,thealarmedDiscipleswakeJesusandaccusinglyask:“Don’tyoucare?!” ThesemenwereintheverypresenceofourmostcaringSavior,andyettheirimmediateresponseduringthecrisiswastoaccusehimofnotcaring.Itishelpfulwhenministeringtovictimsofsexualassaulttorememberthistendencyofthehumanhearttorespondtotrauma:“Goddoesn’tcareaboutme.”As Crisis Responders, you represent that caring social support to the victim to facilitatehealingofthesocialwoundsofsexualtrauma. Crisisresponse isnotonlyapsychologicalintervention,itisaspiritualintervention.

IV.ImmediateIntervention

A. Immediate needs- After a rape, survivorsmay be openly upset, even hysterical, ortheymaybenumbandseeminglycalm.Youcanhelpvictimsbymeeting immediateneeds:• Obtainmedicalassistance.

1. Physicalwoundsmustbeaddressed.

2. Bepreparedtogently informthevictimofthe importanceofaPERK(Physical

EvidenceRecoveryKit)exam,alsocalled“RapeKit.”o APERKexamcanbecompleted,whetherornotthevictimdecidestoprosecutetheperpetrator.

o PERKexamsarecrucialtoprosecutingtheperpetrator.o During immediate intervention, inform the victim not to shower,gargle, or change clothes. This is important for a PERKexam tobesuccessfullycompleted.

o Itisimportanttorespectthevictim’sdecisionofwhetherornotheorshewillchoosetohaveaPERKexam.


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• Feelingsafe.Rapeisatraumaticviolationofaperson.Especiallyinthebeginning,itisoftendifficultforvictimstobealone.

1. Makesureyourcrisisinterventionwiththevictimisheldinasafeplace

2. Makesurethevictimwillbereturningtoasafeplace.

3. Workwiththevictimtoschedulesafeotherstobewiththevictiminthecominghoursanddays.Itispreferabletohavearound-the-clocksocialsupport.

• Being believed. With date rape especially, victims need to be believed that whatoccurredwas,infact,arape.

• Knowingitwasnottheirfault.

1. A common response for rape victims is guilt and self-blame; feeling that theattackwassomehowtheirfault.

2. Sadly,thisfeelingisoftenreinforcedbyothers,eventhoseclosesttothem.

3. TheCrisisResponderwillneedtoanticipatethis,andgentlyreassurethevictimthattheassaultwasnottheirfault.

• Regaincontroloftheirlife.Whenapersonisraped,theymayfeelcompletelyoutofcontrolofwhatishappeningtothem.Asignificantstepontheroadtorecoveryistoregainasenseofcontrolinlittle,aswellasbigthings.

1. *Oneresearcherwhointerviewed33rapevictimsregardingtheirneedswrites:“While clinicians and researchers are busy trying to determine the mosteffective approaches and techniques, survivors are concerned about support,validation,kindness,andmostofall,empowerment.”(Drauker,1999).

V.AssessingtheVictimandSituation

A. WholisticAssessmentisimportant


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B. AssesstheVictim’sSupportSystems• Individual:

1. AssessforSelf-blameandShame:Sexualassaultasacrimeisuniqueinthatthe

victimoftencarriesmoreshamethanthevictimizer.

2. Emotional debriefing may be helpful: ask questions regarding commonemotionalreactionsoffear,helplessness,anger,guilt,anxiety,depression

• Relationships:

1. Istherea“safe”significantother?

2. Arethereimmediatefriendsandfamilywhocanbetrustedtoprovide“aroundtheclock”care?

• Community:

1. Assessthesafety(emotional,physical)ofthevictim’simmediatecommunity.

2. Willthevictimhaveinteractionwiththevictimizer?

• Societal:

1. Assessthevictim’ssocietymoresandvalues.

2. Howrespectfulofwomenisthevictim’sculture?

3. Willthevictimperceiveorexperiencejudgmentvs.acceptance?

VI.StagesoftheHealingProcess

A. Shock(alsoreferredtoas“Disarray”):• Presentation may vary from “numb and stunned” to mutism to being

hyperverbal/hyperactive; person is generally very distracted (may appear ADHD),unfocused,andmaygooffontangentialthoughts;speechmaynotmakesense


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• Thisstagecanlastanywherefromhourstoweeksormonths

• Typicalreactionsmightincludesaying"Ican'tfeelanything"or"Ican'tthinkclearly."Disorientationandhighlevelsofanxietyarecommon.

B. Denial

• Somedenytheeventaltogether,andothersmaystateitdidn't"bother"him/her

• stages of shock and denial can be long-term, and can take severe mental andemotionaltollsonvictims

C. Blaming

• Mostblamingistypicallydirectedattheself.Victimsmayfocusonthoughtssuchas:

"IfonlyIdidn't...",or"Ishouldhave...",or"Ishouldn'thave..."

• Making matters worse, this self blame is easily exacerbated by supporters likefriends,familyorinvestigators

D. Pain(alsoreferredtoas“Anguish”):• Anguishmaybe focusedon the gut-wrenching loss, particularly if the victimknew

theperpetrator—connectedtomemoryand“whatwas”

• Painusuallycoverstwoissues:

1. Avoiding: acting out or self-medicating with alcohol or other "numbing"medicationsordrugs

2. Feelingpain:sadness,fearfulnessandconfusioncometotheforefront.


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E. Anger• Atsomepoint,paindemandsareaction.Forvictimsofsexualassault,thisreactionis

usuallyanger.

• Theangermightbedirectedat self– seenwhen thevictim is intensely focusedontheir own behaviors (self injury and substance abuse are common), or might befocusedonothers–eithertheattacker,inparticular,ordirectedatanyone/anythingthat can become the focus of the feelings, even innocent bystanders like spouses,familymembersorfriends.

F. Integration/Acceptance

• Learning to recognize and adapt to a life that is forever changed, a life that can

changeinmanydifferentways

• The time, effort, and method of reaching this stage differ with each individual.There'sno"schedule"forwhenaperson"shouldrecover”

• Theunfortunatefactisthatmanyvictimsdon'treachthisstage-andcertainlythosewhodon'tseekassistancehaveevensmallerchancesforleadinghealthy,fruitfullivesaftersexualassault

• PosttraumaticGrowth:

1. Recent research points to a mixture of both positive and negative outcomesfollowinginterpersonaltrauma.ThusgivingREDEMPTIVEHOPEforthevictim.(seeBorja,et.al.,2006;ChopkaandSchwartz,2009)

2. ResearchindicatesthatPosttraumaticGrowthmayinvolvethefollowing:o improvedrelationshipso positivechangeso agreaterappreciationforlifeo agreatersenseofspiritualdevelopment

(TedeschiandCalhoun,2004)


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• Some are able to findways to redeem the evil by helping otherswho go throughsimilarsituations.

1. Case Example: One survivor I know that now counsels other survivors oftenquotes:“Don’twastethepain”

VII.PlanningforOngoingRecovery

A. Assessthevictim’sexperienceofsocialsupport,asthishasbeenpointedtoasthemost

helpfulresourcefordecreasinglastingpsychologicaldistress(Borja,et.al.,1996).B. Prepare the victim to look for bodily symptoms associated with trauma and grief:

fatigue, sleep problems, pain, stomach problems, heart palpitations, chest pressure,backaches,panicattacks.

C. Sexualtrauma“re-wires”thebrain’snaturalarousalpatterncircuitry:bestdealtwithinregularon-goingoutpatienttherapy.

D. PreparethevictimtoassessforsymptomsofPTSDinthecomingmonths.

• Commonsymptomsthatmayoccurinthefutureforadults:

1. Intrusivethoughts

2. Distress

3. Detachmentfromothers

4. Anhedonia

5. SleepDisturbance

6. Irritability


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7. Shame

8. IncreaseStartleResponse

• ForChildren…

1. Generalizedfears

2. Avoidance

3. Sleepdisturbance

4. Preoccupationwithcertainsymbols

5. Posttraumaticplay

6. LossofadevelopmentalskillVIII.ConclusionCrisisrespondersarecalledtobethehealingbridgefromunspeakablepaintohope.Thevictimofsexualtraumahasbeenforcedtolookevilintheeye,andtheCrisisResponderwillrepresentthefirstglimpsebacktosanityinhumanform.Besensitivetolisten,hearthepain,andpointoutthewaytohopeforthefuture.TorepresentChrist,wemustchooseandbepreparedtobeasanctuaryforthehurting.

SoulCare:Isaiah53:4-6Psalm91:1,4Mark4:35-41Mark13:2-11John16:33IJohn5:19-20Isaiah45:2-3


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ReadingList:Allender,Dan(1995).TheWoundedHeart:HopeforAdultVictimsofChildhoodSexualAbuse.ColoradoSprings,CO:NavPress.Drauker,C.B.(1999).ThePsychotherapeuticNeedsofWomenWhoHaveBeenSexuallyAssaulted.PerspectivesinPsychiatricCare,35:1,18-28.Langberg,Diane(2003).CounselingSurvivorsofSexualAbuse.Longwood,FL:XulonPress.Langberg,Diane(1999).OntheThresholdofHope.CarolStream,IL:TyndaleHousePublishers.Rape,AbuseandIncestNationalNetwork.(2009).GetInfo.RetrievedJanuary20,2011,fromhttp://www.rainn.org/get-informationReferences:AACC’sStressandTraumaCaretrainingprogram.(2009).Forest,VA:AmericanAssociationofChristianCounselors.Allender,Dan(1995).TheWoundedHeart:HopeforAdultVictimsofChildhoodSexualAbuse.ColoradoSprings,CO:NavPress.Borja,S.E.,Callahan,J.L.,Long,P.J.(2006).Positiveandnegativeadjustmentandsocialsupportforsexualassaultsurvivors.JournalofTraumaticStress,19:6,905-914.Chopko,B.A.andSchwartz,R.C.(2009).Therelationbetweenmindfulnessandposttraumaticgrowth:Astudyoffirstresponderstotrauma-inducingincidents.JournalofMentalHealthCounseling,31:4,363-376.Drauker,C.B.(1999).ThePsychotherapeuticNeedsofWomenWhoHaveBeenSexuallyAssaulted.PerspectivesinPsychiatricCare,35:1,18-28.Foa,E.B.,Keane,T.M.andFriedman(2000).EffectiveTreatmentsforPTSD:PracticeGuidelinesfromtheInternationalSocietyforTraumaticStressStudies.NewYork,NY:GuilfordPress.HelpingVictimsofSexualAssault.RetrievedJanuary20,2011,fromhttp://www.aardvarc.org/rape/about/howhelp.shtmlHensley(2002).Treatmentforrapetrauma.JournalofMentalHealthCounseling,331-344.Koss,MaryP.(1993).Rape:Scope,Impact,Interventions,andPublicPolicyResponses.AmericanPsychologist,48:1062–1069.

http://www.rainn.org/get-information

http://www.aardvarc.org/rape/about/howhelp.shtml


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Langberg,Diane(2003).CounselingSurvivorsofSexualAbuse.Longwood,FL:XulonPress.Langberg,Diane(1999).OntheThresholdofHope.CarolStream,IL:TyndaleHousePublishers.Rape,AbuseandIncestNationalNetwork.(2009).GetInfo.RetrievedJanuary20,2011,fromhttp://www.rainn.org/get-informationTedeschi,R.G.,Calhoun,L.G.(2004).Posttraumaticgrowth:Conceptualfoundationsandempiricalevidence.PsychologicalInquiry,15,1-18.VirginiaSexualandDomesticViolenceActionAlliance.(2005).ActionAllianceNewsletters.Retrievedfromhttp://www.vsdvalliance.org/secPublications/newsletters.html

http://www.rainn.org/get-information

http://www.vsdvalliance.org/secPublications/newsletters.html


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1. Definepowerlessnessanditseffectsonrapevictims.

2. Discusstheimportantdifferencebetweentheterms“survivor”and“victim”.

3. Whatroledosupportsystemsplayaftersomeoneisraped?

4. Whydoyouthinkrapevictimsoftengosolongwithoutreportingtheincident?

5. Whatisthesignificanceofthephrase“don’twastethepain”?


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CRDC112:

TraumaandSpirituality

ScottFloyd,Ph.D.


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CourseDescriptionThiscoursejuxtaposestraumawithspirituality,offeringbiblicalinsighttocounselorswhomayhelpthosesufferingfromatraumaticevent. Adefinitionfortrauma,aswellasvarioustypesand examples, are given; biblical examples and advice follow in the second portion of thelesson.Thecounselorisgivenpracticaladviceforguidingavictimthroughthehealingprocesswithspiritualaid.LearningObjectives:Bytheendofthislesson:

1. ParticipantswillunderstandtraumaandtraumainBiblicalcontexts.

2. Participantswillunderstandthesymptomsthataccompanytraumainvariousways3. ParticipantswillbeabletociteBiblicalpassagesthatofferexamplesoftraumaandthe

hopethatcomesfromthem


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I.Introduction

A. IntroductoryComments

B. OverviewofSessions• Definitions

• Symptomsoftrauma

• Biblicalexamplesoftrauma

• Spiritualinterventionsfortraumasurvivors

II.Definitions

A. Trauma• Basicmeaningis“wound”

• Definition-Traumaisaneventoutsideofwhatisnormallyexpectedinthelifeofanindividual which breaks past normal coping and defense mechanisms and causesstrongemotionalpain

• Fourkeyelements

1. Anactualevent

2. Notapartofnormalhumanexperiences

3. Overwhelmsnormalcopingmechanisms

4. Producesspecificsymptoms


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B. TypesofTrauma(LenoreTerr)• TypeI-Singleevent/singleblowtrauma

• TypeII-multipleevent/multipleblowtrauma

1. Repeatedsimilarevents2. Recurringseparatetraumaevents

C. Post-TraumaticStressDisorder(DSMdefinition)• Post-traumaticstressdisorder—DSMcriteria

• AcuteStressDisorder—DSMcriteria

D. Whatimpactswhetherornotapersonistraumatized?• Severityofthetraumaevent(extentandduration)

• Proximityofthepersontotheevent

• Person’sfunctioningpriortotheevent

• Priorunresolvedexposuretotrauma

• Levelofsupportbefore,during,andfollowingevent

• Leveloftrainingfortraumaticevents


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III.Symptoms

A. CognitiveSymptoms• Difficultyconcentrating

• Flashbacks• Overgeneralizationofstimuli

• Guilt(survivorguilt)

• Futurelessness(foreshortenedfuture)

• Alteredworldvieworbeliefsystem(i.e.,“theworldisnotsafe”)

B. EmotionalSymptoms• Numbness

• Anger

• Sadness

• Fear

• Hyper-vigilance


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C. BehavioralSymptoms• Sleepdisturbance

• Eatingdisturbance

• Difficultycompletingroutinetasks

• Beingovercautiousortakingrisks

• Self-harmbehaviors

D. SpiritualSymptoms• QuestionsaboutGod’sexistence:“TheremustnotbeaGodbecausehowcouldGod

___________?”

• QuestionsaboutGod’scharacter

• AngeratGod

• Difficultywithreligiouspracticesorexpressions

1. Churchattendanceorworship

2. Prayer

3. BiblereadingorBiblestudy

E. RelationalSymptoms• Relationalwithdrawal


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• Difficultybeingalone

• Relationshipstrain

• Beliefthatnoonewillunderstand

• Unhealthyrelationalattachments

F. ConcludingCommentsonSymptoms• All individualsexperiencesymptomsbutthespecificnatureofsymptomsvary from

persontoperson.

• Symptomsmayemergeimmediatelyorbedelayedinonset.IV.BiblicalExamples

A. TraumainScripture• Thewordτραΰμαappears threetimes in theNewTestamentandmultiple times in

the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Old Testament. It tends to mean“wound”andisusedasbothanounandaverb.

1. Luke10-StoryoftheGoodSamaritan-Luke10:33-44

2. Luke20-Parableofthevineyard—Luke20:1

3. Acts19-SonsofSceva—Acts19:15-16

4. Isaiah53-SufferingServant—Isaiah53:5


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B. Biblestories• PharaohandtheEgyptians(Exodus11-12)

• Job

• TheDisciplesaftertheCrucifixion

V.CounselingInterventions

A. Normalization – normalization helps trauma victims realize what they areexperiencingisnotunusual• Peoplesurvivingatraumaticeventoftenbelievethatsomethingiswrongwiththem.

• Christiansmayfeelespeciallybadthattheycan’t“justgetover”certainthings.

• Godmadetheirmindsandbodiestorespondincertainwaystoextremeevents.

• Methodsofnormalizing.

• Iwillcommonlytellpeoplethat if theyhadexperiencedatraumaticeventandtoldmethatnothingwasbotheringthem,thenIwouldbeworried.

B. Dealing with questions—Commonly, following a tragic event, a person will havequestions• Avoidtemptationtoprovidesimplisticsolutions.

• Questionscanbeverytough.


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• Encouragequestions—Iencourageclientstovoiceorwritedowntheirquestions

• LookatquestionsinScripture

1. Psalm77:7-9

2. Job7:20-21

3. Habakkuk1;1-2

• Allowingquestionstobepartofthegrievingprocess

C. UseofPsalms• EncouragingclientstoreadPsalms.

• Talkaboutpsalmsoflament.

• Ask:WhyaretheseintheBible?Isthisanaccident?Whatistheirpurpose?

• Have them identify psalms or parts that come close to expressingwhat they haveexperienced.

• Havethemcomposetheirownpsalm.

D. UseofStories• Job

1. JohnOrtberg–anactontwostages;Jobonlyknowsaboutonestage.Isthere

anotherstage?

2. Job’ssymptoms

3. God’sresponse


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• Disciples-manydifferentresponsetoatraumaticsituation

• Joseph

1. Genesis50

2. Intentionalmourning

• Jesus

1. Jesuswaswoundedforoursins;Heunderstandswhatitfeltliketogothroughwhatyouexperienced

2. Hebrews4:14-16

VI.Conclusion–WhatistheCounselortryingtoaccomplishfromaspiritualstandpoint?

A. Helping the person wrestle with the trauma event against the back drop of anaccurateunderstandingofGod

B. Beingasafeplaceforindividualstodealwithsomeoflife’s’mostdifficultevents

C. Lendinghope

D. ServingaspartofthebodyofChrist


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TraumaandSpiritualitySuggestedReadingList

ScottFloyd,Ph.D.

Cisney,JenniferandEllers,Kevin. TheFirst48Hours:SpiritualCaregiversasFirstResponders.Nashville,TN:AbingdonPress,2009.

Floyd, Scott. Crisis Counseling: AGuide for Pastors and Professionals. Minneapolis: Kregal

Publications,2008.Lyles,Michael.“TraumaandPTSD:AClinicalOverview”inChristianCounselingToday,11,no.

2.(2003):48-53.Wright, H. Norman. The New Guide to Crisis and Trauma Counseling. Ventura, CA: Regal

Books,2003.


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1. Define“trauma”.

2. Whatarethefourkeyelementsofatrauma?

3. Whatarethetwotypesoftrauma?

4. Whatfactorsdeterminewhetherapersonistraumatized?

5. GivesomeBiblicalexamplesoftrauma.


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Copyright2011AACCAllRightsReserved.

Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedinanyformwithouttheexpressedwritten

permissionoftheAmericanAssociationofChristianCounselors.

AACCPOBox739

Forest,VA24551

MemberServices:1-800-526-8673

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