domestic wastewater management system in cambodia · siem reap, cambodia domestic wastewater...

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1 KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA NATION NATION-RELIGION RELIGION-KING KING 4 th WEPA International Workshop, 18-19 February 2013 Siem Reap, Cambodia Domestic Wastewater Management Domestic Wastewater Management System in Cambodia System in Cambodia Dr. CHRIN Sokha Deputy Director General, Ministry of Environment 1.0 Introduction 1.0 Introduction Approximately 5/6 Cambodian territory is land and 1/6 is coastal. Phnom Penh is the Capital. 86% of Cambodia’s land is located in the catchment of the Lower Mekong Basin. Mekong River the world’s 12th longest river system. It lengths across Cambodia for 468 km. Tonle Sap Great Lake is expanded from 2,500 km2 in dry season to 13,000 km2 in the wet season.

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Page 1: Domestic Wastewater Management System in Cambodia · Siem Reap, Cambodia Domestic Wastewater Management System in Cambodia Dr. CHRIN Sokha Deputy Director General, Ministry of Environment

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KINGDOM OF CAMBODIAKINGDOM OF CAMBODIANATIONNATION--RELIGIONRELIGION--KINGKING

4th WEPA International Workshop, 18-19 February 2013Siem Reap, Cambodia

Domestic Wastewater Management Domestic Wastewater Management System in CambodiaSystem in Cambodia

Dr. CHRIN Sokha Deputy Director General, Ministry of Environment

1.0 Introduction1.0 Introduction Approximately 5/6

Cambodian territory is land and 1/6 is coastal.

Phnom Penh is the Capital.

86% of Cambodia’s land is located in the catchment of the Lower Mekong Basin.

Mekong River – the world’s 12th longest river system. It lengths across Cambodia for 468 km.

Tonle Sap Great Lake is expanded from 2,500 km2 in dry season to 13,000 km2 in the wet season.

Page 2: Domestic Wastewater Management System in Cambodia · Siem Reap, Cambodia Domestic Wastewater Management System in Cambodia Dr. CHRIN Sokha Deputy Director General, Ministry of Environment

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1.0 Introduction (cont.)1.0 Introduction (cont.)

P l ti G th 1993 2012 Cambodia population is

i d f ft

1998

2008

2012

Year

Population Growth, 1993 - 2012 increased from year after year.

It accounted around 13.4 million in 2008, and was projected to 14.7million in 2012 (NIS)

0 5 10 15

Population (millions)

1993 2012 (NIS). Average growth rate

was varied from 1.54 in 2008 to 1.52 in 2012.

1.0 Introduction (cont.)1.0 Introduction (cont.)

Toilet facilities

Toilet facility connected sewage system in Cambodia increased Toilet facilities

20304050607080

Percent

Phnom Penh

Urban areas

Rural areas

Cambodia increased slightly. - 2004: 8%- 2009: 9.4%

Toilet facility connected septic tank in urban areai d 41 9% i

0100

Connectto sewage

system

Septictank

Open land

increased 41.9% in 2004, and 58.2% in 200

(Ref. to Cambodia statistical Yearbook, 2011- NIS)

Page 3: Domestic Wastewater Management System in Cambodia · Siem Reap, Cambodia Domestic Wastewater Management System in Cambodia Dr. CHRIN Sokha Deputy Director General, Ministry of Environment

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1.0 Introduction (cont.)1.0 Introduction (cont.)

Sewage system plays a common role to collect role to collect together domestic wastewater, rainwater including treated industrial effluents prior to effluents prior to run-off to wetlands and/or receiving sources.

1.0 Introduction (cont.)1.0 Introduction (cont.)

Domestic wastewater and urban sewage are commonly collected by sewerage collected by sewerage system and run off to drainage and retention pond/lake or wetland afterward for self purification (through natural treatment process) and finally runs off process), and finally runs off to the main watercourse.

Page 4: Domestic Wastewater Management System in Cambodia · Siem Reap, Cambodia Domestic Wastewater Management System in Cambodia Dr. CHRIN Sokha Deputy Director General, Ministry of Environment

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1.0 Introduction (cont.)1.0 Introduction (cont.)

The Royal Government of Cambodia openly provides any participation and/or contribution from local authority communities especially from local authority, communities, especially investors to improve the management of small-scale sewage and sanitation. The Phnom Penh Authority particularly, in

developing infrastructures, promotes and applies th 50 50 P i i l b dthe 50-50 Principle based.50% of the total project cost will be paid by the

Phnom Penh Municipal Authority, and the remaining 50% will be contributed by local communities.

2. Policy and Legal Framework2. Policy and Legal Framework

The Goal No. 7 of CMDGs: “Ensure environmental sustainability” sets targets before the end 2015:sustainability sets targets before the end 2015:Mainstreaming of good governance into the

management of the environment and natural resources, 80% of the urban population and 50% of the

l l ti h ld h t f rural population should have access to safe water, and 74% of the urban population and 30% of the

rural population should have access to improved sanitation.

Page 5: Domestic Wastewater Management System in Cambodia · Siem Reap, Cambodia Domestic Wastewater Management System in Cambodia Dr. CHRIN Sokha Deputy Director General, Ministry of Environment

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2. Policy and Legal Framework (cont.)2. Policy and Legal Framework (cont.)

Rectangular Strategy – Phase II, Rectangle II, Side 2 (Water Resources and Irrigation System Management), Priority to the rehabilitation, construction,

maintenance of irrigation system and related infrastructures.Rights of access of people to clean water Rights of access of people to clean water

supply to ensure food safety and better livelihoods in accordance with CMDGs, and preserve the ecosystem of unpolluted water and clean environment.

2. Policy and Legal Framework (cont.)2. Policy and Legal Framework (cont.)

Toward the environment and natural resources management and protection, NSDP Update 2009 –2013 addresses the priority of: Ensuring sustainable use of natural resources, and g ,

ecology system and water environment will not be polluted, through implementing measures of EIA to all existing and proposed development projects, including environmental pollution control.

Developing legislations of environmental quality management EIA chemical substance management management, EIA, chemical substance management, including the review and amendment of Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Management.

To promote the implementation of 3R in order to reduce waste and to recycle for reuse export.

Page 6: Domestic Wastewater Management System in Cambodia · Siem Reap, Cambodia Domestic Wastewater Management System in Cambodia Dr. CHRIN Sokha Deputy Director General, Ministry of Environment

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2. Policy and Legal Framework (cont.)2. Policy and Legal Framework (cont.)

Laws on Water Laws on Env.

Sub-decree on Water Pollution

Sub-decree on S lid W t

Water Environment

Laws on Water Resources

Management

a s oProtection and

Natural Resources Management

Solid Waste Management

Sub-decree on EIA Process

Others Nat’l Policy on

Water Resources

Strategic Plans in

Prakas on the Management of Wastewater Treatment System

ManagementStrategic Plans and plans in

relation to water

resources Mang. & Dev.

Strategic Plans in relation to the Env.

Regional Agreement and Related Guideline

Other Existing Policy and Strategies

(Line Institutions)

2. Policy and Legal Framework (cont.)2. Policy and Legal Framework (cont.)

Several legislations in relation to the environment are being drafted, e.g. Environmental quality are being drafted, e.g. Environmental quality management law; EIA law; Chemical management law.

Existing policies and legal frameworks – all are matched to the Rio+20’s outcomes in relation to water sector, these include:

Access to water and sanitation- Access to water and sanitation- IWRM- Water cooperation- Water in the green economy

Page 7: Domestic Wastewater Management System in Cambodia · Siem Reap, Cambodia Domestic Wastewater Management System in Cambodia Dr. CHRIN Sokha Deputy Director General, Ministry of Environment

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3. Domestic Wastewater Management 3. Domestic Wastewater Management in Cambodia in Cambodia

Cities and provinces of Cambodia, commonly, have neither had a central wastewater treatment plant, nor enough treatment system.

Except three main provinces, namely, Battambang, Siem Reap and Sihanoukville, have the central domestic wastewater treatment plant and these are being operatedplant, and these are being operated.

A central domestic wastewater treatment plant, however, is being taken into consideration in some provinces and cities (being studied and/or constructed).

3. Domestic Wastewater Management 3. Domestic Wastewater Management in Cambodia (cont.)in Cambodia (cont.)

Purposes of constructing and operating sewerage system aim to: sewerage system aim to: - Improvement of public health/sanitation- Improvement of living environment- Conservation of water environment- Efficient use of treated wastewater, sludge, etc.

Construction of desirable water recycling - Construction of desirable water recycling environment

- Flooding measures

Page 8: Domestic Wastewater Management System in Cambodia · Siem Reap, Cambodia Domestic Wastewater Management System in Cambodia Dr. CHRIN Sokha Deputy Director General, Ministry of Environment

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3. Domestic Wastewater Management in 3. Domestic Wastewater Management in Cambodia (cont.)Cambodia (cont.)

Wastewater treatment process is based t bili ti d t bistabilization pond system: anaerobic

pond, facultative pond and maturation pond.

It is designed for:

- BOD removal rate – 95%- BOD removal rate – 95%

- Coliform removal rate – 99%

- Temperature – 24◦C

Page 9: Domestic Wastewater Management System in Cambodia · Siem Reap, Cambodia Domestic Wastewater Management System in Cambodia Dr. CHRIN Sokha Deputy Director General, Ministry of Environment

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Siem Reap Waste Stabilization Pond System

Sihanoukville Waste Stabilization Pond System

Page 10: Domestic Wastewater Management System in Cambodia · Siem Reap, Cambodia Domestic Wastewater Management System in Cambodia Dr. CHRIN Sokha Deputy Director General, Ministry of Environment

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3. Domestic Wastewater Management 3. Domestic Wastewater Management in Cambodia (cont.)in Cambodia (cont.)

Flow and treated domestic wastewater lit l l d t bidquality are regularly measured to abide

by the national water quality standard in public water areas for bio-diversity conservation, prior to discharge into receiving sources.

The analysis parameters are: BOD, COD, SS, DO, pH, TN, TP and temperature.

3. Domestic Wastewater Management in 3. Domestic Wastewater Management in Cambodia (cont.)Cambodia (cont.)

In Cambodia, the management of domestic wastewater commonly so-called the cross sectoral issue (MLMUPC, MPWT, MoE, MoWRAM). MLMUPC is engaged a technical permission

towards construction including septic tank and sewage pipe.

MPWT has a mandate to construct, operate and maintenance the sewerage and drainage system.

To abide by the existing environmentalTo abide by the existing environmental legislations, MoE officers conduct routine monitoring water quality (monthly) at public water areas and do a self-analysis – those are being received treated wastewater (e.g. by natural treatment process) in order to avoiding any serious impacts to water environment.

Page 11: Domestic Wastewater Management System in Cambodia · Siem Reap, Cambodia Domestic Wastewater Management System in Cambodia Dr. CHRIN Sokha Deputy Director General, Ministry of Environment

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3. Domestic Wastewater Management in 3. Domestic Wastewater Management in Cambodia (cont.)Cambodia (cont.)

Officers of MoWRAM, based on the Law on Water Resources Management andon Water Resources Management, and the Water Quality Monitoring Network (MRC Program) conduct watercourse monitoring (in terms of quantity and quality) in Cambodia.Water samplings are taken monthly atWater samplings are taken monthly at

primary and secondary stations and analyzed at MoWRM’s LAB.

4. Gaps and Opportunities in 4. Gaps and Opportunities in Domestic Wastewater Management Domestic Wastewater Management

Gaps Strength and Opportunities

Most sewerage and drainage system were

Environmental law and related Sub-decrees can g y

constructed in French colonial (wreckage, block, disconnected, etc.).Some urban areas do not have enough sewerage system.

be used (e.g. Sub-decree on Water Pollution Control; Sub-decree on EIA Process). Several legislations in relation to water environmentsewerage system.

There is not a sewerage and drainage sector master plan for the towns or country, including a particular legal tools (policy/strategy)

environment management including the Prakas on the management of wastewater treatment system

Page 12: Domestic Wastewater Management System in Cambodia · Siem Reap, Cambodia Domestic Wastewater Management System in Cambodia Dr. CHRIN Sokha Deputy Director General, Ministry of Environment

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4. Gaps and Opportunities in Domestic 4. Gaps and Opportunities in Domestic Wastewater Management (cont.)Wastewater Management (cont.)

Gaps OpportunitiesInadequacy of human D ti t tInadequacy of human

and financial resources for O&M and management of sewerage system.- Collecting fee (wastewater

Domestic wastewater treatment is recognized to be necessary and supported by relevant government institutions including(wastewater

treatment service) is imbalance to the expenditure of O&M and management the treatment plant.

institutions, including local authorities (Government priority)

4. Gaps and Opportunities in Domestic 4. Gaps and Opportunities in Domestic Wastewater Management (cont.)Wastewater Management (cont.)

Gaps Opportunitiesp ppLimit participation from stakeholders, especially communities (less interest) in the sound management of domestic wastewater

A proper domestic wastewater management is one of indicator for the clean city contest (2012 –2015)domestic wastewater

due to some reasons. 2015).

Page 13: Domestic Wastewater Management System in Cambodia · Siem Reap, Cambodia Domestic Wastewater Management System in Cambodia Dr. CHRIN Sokha Deputy Director General, Ministry of Environment

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5. Conclusion5. Conclusion

Developing master plan and constructing sewerage and drainage system for urban area and towns throughout the country is prioritized responding to the Goal No 7 ofprioritized responding to the Goal No. 7 of CMDG and Rectangular Strategy - Phase II.

Encouraging and promoting the Public Private Partnership, meanwhile the national budget is limited.

Financial mechanism/mobilization for a c a ec a s / ob a o ooperating, maintaining and managing domestic wastewater treatment system, including capacity building and institutional strengthening – these should be high priority.

5. Conclusion (cont.)5. Conclusion (cont.)

Developing a particular legislation including policy and strategy forincluding policy and strategy for domestic and industrial wastewater management and its implementation –it’s a priority plan.

Technical cooperation, experience exchange and networking with otherexchange and networking with other countries in the region/globe should be improved.

Thank you so much…