domestic world war i (over there: famous song) (hun: germans; propaganda poster)
TRANSCRIPT
Domestic World War I(Over There: famous song)
(Hun: Germans; propaganda poster)
Joining the War Effort
Americans were urged to join the war before they were drafted (by the Selective Service Act)
Many recruiting posters were seen in public places
Most famous was James M. Flagg’s “I Want You for U.S. Army” poster
Mass Production of War Materials
U.S. factories cranked out ships and weapons
Huge increase in government involvement in the economy
Economy had to be re-focused on the war effort
Shift from producing consumer goods to war supplies was complicated, so business & the govt. collaborated (consumer goods still produced, but not as many)
In the process, the power of govt. greatly expanded
Congress gave President Wilson direct control over much of the economy, including the power to fix prices and to regulate (even nationalize) certain war-related industries
Numerous govt. war agencies created
War Industries Board (WIB)
Main regulatory body
Headed by Bernard Baruch
Directed production and controlled the economy
Allocated (distributed) raw materials
Allocated war production to existing factories and built new ones
Also regulated production of non-war goods
Encouraged companies to use mass-production techniques to increase efficiency
Industrial production increased by about 20%
War Industries Board Picture: Bernard Baruch, head of the WIB
War Inflation
WIB applied price controls only at the wholesale level; as a result, retail prices soared
In 1918 retail prices were almost double what they had been before the war
Wages and Labor during WWI
Wages in most industries rose during WWI
A household’s income, however, was weakened by rising food prices and housing costs
Stockholders in large corporations made huge profits
Unions boomed / membership increased
Thousands of strikes broke out
National War Labor Board: established by President Wilson to deal with disputes between management & labor; also established policies affecting wages, hours, and working conditions
Women and WWI
The need for wartime workers brought over a million more women into the work force
Fuel Administration Monitored coal supplies and rationed gasoline and
heating oil
“Gasless Sundays” and “lightless nights” adopted by many Americans to conserve fuel
Daylight-Saving Time: another conservation measure started in March 1918 (to save fuel and electricity)
Food Administration
Headed by Herbert Hoover
Saw to it that food production was increased and less food was wasted
Food wasn’t rationed, but Hoover asked people to voluntarily conserve food
Special days of the week: “wheatless,” “meatless,” “sweetless,” “porkless”
Food Administration
Victory Gardens
Food Administration encouraged these
Homeowners planted vegetables in their yards so commercially-grown food could be sent to the soldiers
American food shipments to the Allies tripled
Farmers put millions more acres into production
Farmers’ income increased
WWI Food Conservation and Prohibition (of alcohol)
Support for prohibition grew during the war
Not producing alcohol saved grain for the war effort
Many beer producers were German, and there was prejudice toward anything German
18th Amendment passed shortly after the war
Financing WWI: Taxes & Bonds
U.S. spent about $35 billion
Govt. raised about 1/3 of this through taxes
About 2/3 of the money was raised through public borrowing by selling government bonds
War bonds called “Liberty Loans” & then “Victory Loans”
Propaganda Agency: Committee on Public Information
Headed by journalist George Creel
Purpose: to publicize the American cause and stimulate patriotism
Produced many propaganda posters, etc.
75,000 “Four-Minute Men” spoke at various functions about the draft, voluntary rationing, bond drives, victory gardens, and topics such as “Why We Are Fighting”
Committee on Public Information
Negative Effect of Propaganda: Attacks on Civil Liberties
Conformity became expected after war was declared
Anti-immigrant hysteria (especially against people from Germany or Austria-Hungary)
Some Americans with German names lost their jobs
German music stopped being played and learned
German language stopped being taught in schools
Some German-Americans were physically attacked
German measles became “liberty measles,” sauerkraut became “liberty cabbage,” and dachshunds became “liberty pups”
Anti-German comic, 1917
Espionage and Sedition Acts
Passed in 1917 and 1918
Americans could be fined up to $10,000 and sentenced to 20 years in jail for interfering with the war effort or criticizing the war effort
Criticized by many for violating the First Amendment
Socialists and other left-wingers like radical labor union leaders, along with newspaper editors, targeted & jailed
Socialist Party leader Eugene Debs was jailed in 1919 for violating the acts
WWI’s Impact on Woman’s Suffrage
NAWSA (National American Woman Suffrage Association) pushed hard for the right to vote
Radical Alice Paul formed the National Woman’s Party
Patriotic American women headed committees, knitted socks for soldiers, sold liberty bonds, worked in factories, etc., during WWI and now claimed their overdue reward for supporting the war effort
President Wilson and other politicians now supported the right to vote for women
Congress passed the 19th Amendment in 1919, and it was ratified in 1920
WWI and Woman’s Suffrage Picture: Alice Paul
WWI and Blacks: Great Migration
Black public opinion about the war was divided
W. E. B. DuBois & others said blacks should support it
Other black leaders said that victims of racism should not support a racist government
The greatest effect of WWI on African Americans’ lives was that it accelerated the Great Migration, the large-scale movement of hundreds of thousands of Southern blacks to cities in the North
Factors: blacks sought to escape the Jim Crow South; more job opportunities in the North, esp. due to the war (for example, Henry Ford opened his auto assembly line to black workers in 1914)
WWI and Blacks: Great Migration
Northern manufacturers sent recruiting agents to distribute free railroad passes throughout the South
The publisher of the black-owned newspaper Chicago Defender bombarded Southern blacks with articles contrasting life in the South with life in the North
Blacks migrated to such cities as Chicago, NY, & Philly