THANH HA (Bien soan)

NHA XUAT BAN TU OIEN BACH KHOA

DONG TUT TIENG ANH

THANH HA (Bien soan)

D O N G T IT TIENG ANH

NHA XUAT BAN TIT DIEN BACH KHOA

THANH HA

Mot trong nhCifng kho khan cua ngUdi hoc tieng Anh la lam the nao de nam viing ngut phap, trong do hieu va van dung cac loai tijf trong cau. Xuat phat tii thuc te do chung toi bien soan bo sach “Dong tCf tieng Anh” nay.

Cuon sach la nhCitng kien thtic cd ban ve dong tuf trong tieng Anh, cach sU dung, co kem theo cac vi du thUc te di kem.

De dung cuon sach nay co hieu qua hOn, tot nhat ban nen do xem ky tting phan trU6c khi do sang phan sau.

Trong qua trinh beienoan chac khong tranh khoi thieu sot, rat mong nhan dUOc y kien dong gop cua cac ban.

5

THANH HA

CAC DANG THU’C CUA DONG TlT TIENG ANH

Dong tti dUdc dinh nghia tren cd sd hinh thiic khi co the, va theo cach sU dung cua chung trong cau.

Trong cac vi du dudi day, nhiing ti* dUdc gach chan la dong tti.

- I go to school.Toi di den trit&ng.

- She sings a song.Cd ay hat mot Bai hat.

- He answered very well.Anh ay tra Idi rat tot.

Dong tu! co nam hinh thiic nhu sau:1 . Nguyen m iu (base form) - tti thUdng thay trong

tu! dien.2. Hinh thiic them “e /es” (-s form) ■ thUdng dung d

ngoi thii ba so it.3. Hinh thtic qua kh\i (past tense) - thUdng dung d

qua khii ddn.4. Hinh thuc hien tai phan tu! (-ing participle) -

thUdng dung d thi tiep dien hay trong cac menh de phan tti hien tai.

5. Hinh thuc qua khr( phan tii (past participle) - thu'dng dung d thi hoan thanh hay trong the bi dong, co nhieu dong tijf hinh thuc qua khii va qua khii phan tii giong nhau.

Cac dong tu' co hinh thiic qua khu va qua khii phan tvf tan cung bang "ed" rat pho bien trong tieng Anh, goi la dong tu' co quy tac (regular).

Vi du: watch - watched, look - looked

7

DONG TU TIENG ANH

Nhiing dong tut khac thuoc dang bat quy tac (irregular), co nghia la hinh thiic cua tiing dong tii khong theo mot nguyen tac nao. Tat ca dong tii deu co s-form va ing-form va nhulng hinh thiic nay luon luon co quy tac nen de biet hinh thiic cua moi dong tir tieng Anh, can biet ba hinh thiic cua moi dong tii bat quy tac: nguyen mau (base form) - qua khvf (past tense) • qua khti phan tif (past participle).

* Chu y: cac dong tii khuyet thieu: “can, may, must, might, will, should, could...” khong co hinh thiic d ngoi thii ba so it (-s form), hien tai phan tii (-ing form) hoac cac thi qua khii (past tense).Quy tac sU dung cac dong tii khuyet thieu nay hoan toan khac vdi dong tii.

CAC LOAI DONG TUTTrong tieng Anh co hai loai dong tii chinh la ngoai

dong tii va noi dong tii.1. Ngoai dong tif (transitive verb)Ngoai dong tii: co the theo sau la mot danh tu lam

tan ngU - ten cua ngUdi, vat hay sU vat tiep nhan hanh dong.

Vi du:- She is^leanmg the floor.

Co ay dang lau nha.- We met him at the bank.

Chung toi gap anh ay d ngan hang.- I helped that woman.Toi da giup ngi/di ph u nit ay.2. Noi dong tif (intransitive verb)

Noi dong tii': khong co danh tii theo sau no. Noi cach khac. sau noi dong tii khong cd tan ngii.

8

THANH HA

Vi du:- He draws.

Anh ay ve.- We work.

Chung toi lam viec.- I felt tired.

Toi cam thay met moi.Noi dong tii dUdc chia thanh hai nhom: dong tii noi

(ilinking verb) va dong tit khong noi (not linking verb).Dong tii noi: theo sau la mot danh tit nen de nham

vdi ngoai dong tii, nhUng danh tu! theo sau dong tit noi luon noi ve ngUdi hay vat co vai tro la chu ngut cua dong tii. Dong tii noi thUdng dimg la “be”, “become, turn, get” .

Vi du:- This wallet is Lan’s mother.

Cai vi nay la cua me Lan.- She has become a singer.

Co ay da trd thanh ca si.- He turned out to be my mother’s doctor.

Hod ra ong ay la bac si cua me toi.Theo sau dong tii noi co the la tinh tu: hay trang tii

mo ta hoac dinh vi cho chu ngi3.Vi du:- She is very big.

Co ay rat beo.- The building looks solid,

Tod nha trong rat vihig chac.- The table is over here.

Cai ban d day.Nhieu dong tit co the la ngoai dong tif hoac noi

dong tii tuy theo sU xuat hien cua tan ngfl hay khong.Vi du:- He draws.

9

DONG TUT TIENG ANH

Anh ay ve. (Noi dong tii)- He draws a picture.

Anh ay ve mot biic tranh. (Ngoai dong tit)Cac tii dien deu phan biet “vt” (verb transitive) hoac

“vi” (verb intransitive).

THI CUA DONG TLTThi la thdi gian ma dong tii do de cap tdi: thi hien

tai (present), thi qua khii (past), thi tUdng lai (future),...Trong tieng Anh thi cua dong tii dUdc dien ta bang

nhieu loai cum dong tii, qua do cac trd dong tii se dUdc ket hdp vdi mot trong nhiing hinh thiic cua dong tii. Do do, van de chu yeu cua ngUdi hoc dong tii tieng Anh khong phai chi la hoc thuoc long nhiing hinh thiic cua dong tii. Quan trong la phai nam dUOc sii phiic tap cua cum dong tii tieng Anh, vdi rat nhieu loai khac nhau.

10

THANH HA

THI HIEN TAI

THi HIEN TAI THtf&NG

1. Hinh thtfcTrong cau khang dinh, thi hien tai co hai hinh

thiic: nguyen mau (base form) va ngoi thijt ba so it them “s/es” (S-form ). Hinh thiic nguyen mau diidc sU dung v6i nhQng chu ngO “I I we I you / they'. Hinh thiic “S- form ” diidc dung v6i cac chu tii “he / she / it” hoac bat cif cau true danh tii nao ma nhiing tii tren co the thav the.

I I we I you / they + V (nguyen mau) he / she / it + V- s /es* Quy tac them “s/es” vao sau dong tii nguyen mau,

neu dong tii d ngoi thii ba so it:- Neu V tan cung bang “o”, them “es”Vi du:to go: He goes (Anh ay di) to do: He does (Anh ay lam)

- V tan cung bang “x, ss, sh, ch” thi them “es”Vi du:to fix: He fixes (Anh ay siia) to cross: She crosses (Co ay di qua) to brush: She brushes (Co ay chai) to teach: She teaches (Co ay day h oc)

to watch: My little baby watches TV (difa be cua toi xem TV)

- V tan cung bang “v” (difng sau mot phu am) triio'c khi them “s” phai doi “y ” thanh “ie” .

Vi du:to marry: He marries (Anh ta ci/di) to study: He studies (Anh ta hoc)

11

DONG TUT TIENG ANH

nhUng trUdc y 1 a nguyen am thi giii nguyen y, roi them s

to play: He plays (Anh ta chcfi)* Cac cach phat am khi them “s/es” vao dong tii

nguyen mau: /iz/, Isl, hoac Izl- Am cuoi phat am la Isl khi dong tii nguyen mau

ket thuc bang: I pi, Itl, Ikl, Ifl, / 6/.Vi du:stop stopshit hitscook cooks

- Am cuoi phat am la lizl khi dong tii nguyen mau ketthuc bang: si, Izl, Ifl, /3/, /d3/, /tJ7.

Vi du:miss missesrise riseswash washeswatch watchesjudge judges- Am cuoi phat am la Izl neu am cuoi cua dong tii

nguyen mau khong n&m trong hai nguyen t ic tren.Vi du:lay laysride ridesring ringssmell smells

2 . Cach su1 dunga. D ien ta m ot sti viec, m ot hanh d on g th eo thoi

quen hoac lap di lap laiCac don g tii ch i tan suat di kem : always, often,

usually, sometimes, every, regularly, rarely, ...Vi du:

12

THANH HA

- I usually get up early.Toi thiibng thtic day sdm.

- He goes out with his friend almost every Saturday afternoon.

Anh ta di chcti vdi ban hau het cac chieu this bay.- Tom always works hard.

Tom luon luon lam viec cham chi.

b. Dien ta mot stf that, mot chan ly, khong thay doiVI du:- The sun rises in the East.

Mat trcti moc d dang Dong.- The earth revolves around the sun.

Trai dat quay quanh mat trdi.- Water boils at 100°C.

Niidc soi d 100°C.c. Dien ta mot nhan dinh, tieu de, Idi hiidng dan.

Vi du:- I bet you don’t know her.

Toi citcfc la ban khong biet cd ay.- First you turn right.

Triidc tien ban phai re phai.d. Dien ta lich lam viec, gid tau xe

Vi du:- My school open at 7 o’clock everyday.

Triicfng toi md ciia luc 7 gid hang ngay.- The bus goes every 10 minu es.

Cii 10 phut lai co 1 chuyen xe buyt.e. Dien ta mot svC viec se dien ra trong ttfctng lai

- Cac pho tif thdi gian chi ttfdng lai di kem: “tomorrow” , “next week”,... hoac trong menh de trang nguf chi thdi gian: “when”, “as soon as” , “after” ,

13

DONG TU TIENG ANH

“before” , “till” , “until” ,...Vi du:- My new cataloge appears two week from today.

Ca-ta-lo cua toi se ra mat 2 tuan nila ke tii hornnay.

- The film begins at 8:00.Bo phim se bat dau luc 8:00

- My boy friend comes back from Ho Chi Minh City tomorrow.

Ngay mai ban trai cua toi se trd ve tii thanh pho Ho Chi Minh.

- I’ll come and see him before I leave for Ha Noi.Toi se tdi va gap anh ay triidc khi toi rdi di Ha

Noi.

THI HIEN TAI TIEP DliN

1. Hinh thvfcQuy tac chia cho tat ca cac ngoi cua chu ngii la

S + be + V-ing

I + amwe I you / they + are he I she I it + is

Dong tu’ nguyen mltu dUOc them “m g” theo ouv the.sau:

- Dong tii tan cung b^ng “e” (cam), bo “e” tru6c khi them "ing".

Vi du:to come comingto save saving

14

THANH HA

to take takingto have havingto change changing

nhUng:to be beingto see seeing

- Dong tu: tan cung bang tie’/ trufdc khi them “mg” phai doi “ie” thanh “3/”

VI du:to lie lyingto die dyingto tie tying

- Dong tii tan cung bang mot mot nguyeruam va mot phoaJim, trU6c khi them “m g” phai gap doi phu am cuoi.

Vi du:to cut cuttingto stop stoppingto put putting

nhUng:to book bookingto watch watching

2. Cach suf dunga. D ien ta m ot h a n h d on g dang dien ra ta i thdi

diem noi.Vi du:- We are doing an English test.

Chung toi dang lam Bai kiem tra tieng Anh.- I am learning French.

Toi dang hoc tieng Phap.- The boy is playing football.

Cau he dang chcti da bong.

15

po n g t it h e n b a n h__■------------------------ ---------

- It is heavily raining now.Luc nay trdi dang miia rat to.

- My mother is cooking.Me toi dang nau an.

b. Diin ta nhiing hanh dong ditc/c lap lai hoac co tinh chat tam thdi.Vi du:- Are you playing tennis?Ban van chcti quan v&t chit.- My bike has broken down, so I am walking to school these days.Xe dap cua toi bi hong, vi vay nhitng ngay nay toi phai di bo di hoc.

c. Dien ta mot thdi quen xau (bad habits), thitbng di vdi cac trang tit “constantly”, “continually”, “forever”.Vi du:- My friend is continually saying that he is tired

and bored.Ban toi lien tuc noi rang anh ay met moi va chan

chitting.- My mother is always complaining about my

cooking.Me toi luon phan nan ve chuyen nau nit&ng cua

toi.d. Dien ta mot sit thay doi va phat trien.

Vi du:- It’s getting dark.

Trdi toi dan.- Mrs Brown is getting thinner and thinner.

Ba Brown cang ngay cang gay.e. Dien ta mot si/ viec chac chan xay ra trong

titong lai.

16

THANH HA

Vi du:- I am graduating next week.Tdi se tot nghiep vdo tuan tdi.- We are going to Ho Chi Minh city tomorrow. Chung toi se den thanh pho Ho Chi Minh vdo ngay

mai.- She is opening her fashion shop next Monday.Co ay se khai tritcfng ciCa hang thdi trang vdo thU

hai tuan tdi.

C hu y: Mot so dong tii khong sU dung dUOc 0 dang tiep dien.

- Dong tii chi tinh cam, cam xuc\ want, need, desire, refuse, forgive, wish, love, hate, adore, like, dislike.

- Dong til chi cac hoat dong cua cac giac quan, suy nghi, y niem: see, hear, smell, notice, recognize, remember, forget, know, understand, recall, recollect, believe, feel, think.

- Dong tit chi quyen sd hiCu: own, possess, belong,owe.

- Dong tijf “to be” (thi, la); to have (co).

Ngoai le:* “to see” dung dang -ing v6i nghia: “hen gap,

tham” ...Vi du:- I am seeing the sights of London.Tdi dang di thdm nhiCng cdnh dep cua Ludn don.- He is seeing me tonight.Anh ay se gap toi vdo tdi nay.* “to feel” dung dang -ing v6i nghia: “cam thay”

(khoe, met,...)- I’m feeling tired today,_____________ ___ _

[ DAI HOC THAI NGUYEN ]

DONG TUT TIENG ANH

Horn nay toi cam thay rat met.* “to have” dung dang -ing vdi nghia: "dang lam

viec gi” .VI du:- She is having breakfast.Co ay dang an sang.- I am having a bath.Toi dang tarn.

* “to think” dung dang -ing vdi nghia: “suy nghl, ngam nghl” .

VI du:- What are you thinking about?Ban dang nghl g i vay?- I don’t know what are you thinking.Tdi khong biet ban dang nghl gi.

THI HIEN TAI HOAN THANH

1. Hinh thtic.

I I we I you / have + Pu CVpastthey participle)he / she / it_______ has + P „ (Vpast participle)

Vi du:- You have seen that movie many times.

Ban do. xem bo phim nay mot nhieu Ian.- I think I have met him once before.

Toi nghl la. toi da gap anh ay mot Ian triidc do.- There have been many earthquakes in California.

Da nhieu Ian dong dat a Calfornia.- People have traveled to the Moon.

18

THANH HA

Moi ngittii da du lich ten mat trang.

2. Cach dung.a. Dien ta mot hanh dong, mot suC viec xay ra d

mot thdi diem khong xac dinh 6 qua khil.Vi du:- The army has attacked that city five times.Quan doi da tan cong vdo thanh pho do 5 Ian.

- The rain hasn't stopped.Miia da tanh.

- Tom has gone to London.Tom da di London.

- I have bought a new skirt.Toi da mua mot chiec vay mdi.

- He has missed two exams.Anh ay da thi tri/cft hai Ian.

b. Dien ta mot hanh dong, mot si/ viec bat dau tit qua khu con tiep dien den hien tai va co the keo dai den tan titdng lai.Vi du:- I have studied in this school for many years.

Tdi da hoc d tri/dng nay nhieu nam qua.- You have grown since the last time I saw you.

Ban da triidng thanh hcfn ke tii Ian triidc tdi gapban.

- My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.

Tieng Anh cua tdi diidc nang cao ke tii khi tdi chuyen den Australia.

- The government has become more interested in arts education..Chinh phii trd nen quan tam hdn den nghe thuat giao due.

19

DONG TUT TIENG ANH

- She has listened radio for two hours.Cd ay da nghe dai suot hai tieng qua.

c. Dien ta mot hanh dong vUa mdi xay ra.VI du:- I’ve just had dinner.

Toi vita dung bita toi.- They have gone to Ho Chi Minh City.

Ho vita den thanh pho Ho Chi Minh.- I’ve just met Peter at the bank.

Toi vita gap Peter d nha bang.

* Chu y:- Nhieu ngUdi de nham cach sU dung cua thi hien

tai hoan thanh vdi thi qua khii thUdng. Qua khit thitcfng di kem vdi cac trang t\i chi thdi gian xac dinh d qua khii.' Thdi gian do co the xuat hien trUc tiep trong cai> hoac co the dUdc hieu ngam. Thi hien tai hoan thanh thUdng khong co tii chi thdi gian xac dinh di kem.

- I have bought a new skirt.Toi da mua chiec vay mdi.

- I bought a new skirt yesterday.Horn qua toi da mua chiec vay mdi.

- I bought the skirt after all.Sau cung tdi da mua chiec vay do.

- We haven’t seen that film.Chung tdi chita titng xem bo phim do.

- We didn’t see that film yesterday.Horn qua chung tdi khong xem bo phim do.

- Thi hien tai hoan thanh thUdng hay dUdc dung vdi cac trang t\i: since, for, already, yet, just, recently, lately, ever never, nearly, hardly,...

20

THANH HA

THi HIEN TAI HOAN THANH TIEP DliN

1. Hinh thttc.

I I we I you / they have / been +V-ing he /she /it___________has been +V-ing

Vi du:- You have been waiting here for two hours.

Ban da dai cj day 2 tieng roi.- Recently, I have been feeling really tired.

Gan day, toi hay cam thay met moi.- She has been working at that company for three

years.Co ay da lam viec d cong ty do ditdc 3 nam roi.

- What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes?

Ban da lam g i trong 30 phut trtfdc.- James has been teaching at the university since

June.James dang day d triidng dai hoc tii thang sau.

2. Cach dung.a. Dien ta mot hanh dong bat dau tai mot thdi

diem trong qua khii, keo dai den hien tai va van tiep dien.Vi du:- Why has Nancy not been taking her medicine for

the last three days?Tai sao Nancy khong noi chuyen vdi bac si cua co ay trong ba ngay qua?

- She has been performing for two hours.Co ay bieu dien da hai tieng dong ho.

21

DONG TUT TIENG ANH

- I’ve been reading for an hour.Toi da doc diidc mot tieng dong ho.

b. Diin ta mot hanh dong bat dau tu qua khu, tiep dien den hien tai, da ket thuc tai thdi diem noi.Vi du:- He has been playing football all afternoon.

Anh ay da chdi bong da cd chieu nay.- We have been going out all day.

Chung toi di chcti cd ngay.- I’ve been writing all morning.

Toi da viet cd buoi sang nay.- Lisa has not been practicing her English.

Lisa khong con thiic hanh tieng Anh nda.* Chu y: Nhieu tinh huong co the dUdc dien ta

dong thdi bang thi hien tai hoan thanh va thi hien tai hoan thanh tiep dien. Su khac biet la thi hien tai hoan thanh nhan manh vao stf viec, con thi hien tai hoan thanh tiep dien nhan manh vao hanh dong tiep dien.

- How long have you studied French?Ban da hoc tieng Phap bao lau roi?

- How long have you been studying French?Ban da hoc tieng Phdp diidc bao lau roi?

- I’ve washed four white shirts this morning.Sang nay toi da giat bon chiec do sc/ mi trdng.

- I've been washing four white shirts this morning. Sang nay toi da giat diidc bon chiec do sd mi

trdng.- We have lived here for five months.

Chung toi da song d day ndm thang.- We have been living here for five months.

Chung toi da song d day diidc ndm thang.

22

THANH HA

TH I TlfCfNG LAI

THI TLTCTNG LAI THlflJNG

. Hinh thvfc.I / we + shall + V (nguyen mau)he / she / it /you / they + will + V (nguyen mau)

Vi du:- I shall go to school late.

Toi se den triidng muon.- Shall we go to the cinema this evening?

Chung ta se di xem phim toi nay chu!?- My family will leave Ha Noi next month.

Gia dinh tdi se rtii Ha Noi vdo thang sau.- He will come back soon.

Anh ay se quay lai s&m thdi.- It will be right.

Moi chuyen se on thdi.

2. Cach dung.a. Dien ta mot viec lam, mot hanh dong, mot stf

viec se xay ra trong tiidng lai.Vi' du:- Linda will marry next month.

Linda se ket hdn vdo thang tdi.- I think he will do well.

Tdi nghi anh ay se lam tot.- He will finish new cataloge next week.

Anh ay se hoan thanh ca-ta-lo mdi vdo tuan tdi.- They will never come here again.

Ho se khong bao gid den day niia.

23

DONG TU TIENG ANH

b. D ien ta m ot quyet d inh titc thi (im m ediately action )Vi du:- I’ve forgotten phoning him. I’ll do it immediately.

Toi quen goi dien cho anh ay. Toi se goi ngay laptiCc.

- I’ll have 2 $ now.Toi se co 2 do-la bay gid.

- I think I’ll get a taxi because I am too tired to walk now.

Toi nghl toi se goi tac xi vi toi qua met de di bo I uc nay.

- Boths shirts are beautiful but I’ll take this one. Cd hai chiec do deu dep nhitng toi se lay chiec

nay.- My mother is calling me and I’ll come back now.

Me toi dang goi toi va tdi se ve ngay bay gid.

THI TUTTNG LAI VOI GOING TO

1. H inh thtfc.I amhe / she/ it is + going to + VYou/ w e/they are

Vi du:- He can't see her tomorrow because his friends

are coming to see him.Anh ay khong the gap co ay vdo ngay mai vi ban cua anh ay se den thdm anh ay.

- I am going to buy a new motorbike.Tdi se mua mot chiec xe may mdi.

- I feel tired. I'm going to be ill.Tdi cam thay met. Tdi sap om roi.

24

THANH HA

- She is going to go to school.Co ay se di tdi triidng.

- He is going to be late.Anh ay se bi muon mat.

2. Cach dung thi ttfOng lai vdi “going to”.a. Dien td mot stf viec hay hanh dong chdc chan

se xay ra trong tiidng lai gan.Vi du:- I am going to visit my grandparents tomorrow.

Toi se den thdm ong ba vdo ngay mai.- She is going to have a baby.

Co ay sap sinh con.- It’s going to rain.

Trtii sap mita.- He is going to do this exercise this evening.

Toi nay anh ay se lam Bai tap nay.b. Dien td mot y dinh hay ke hoqch chdc chan se

lam.Vi du:- I am going to marry next week.

Toi se ket hon vdo tuan tdi.- We are going to make a big cake.

Chung ta se lam mot chiec bank Idn.- She knows what I am going to do.

Co ay biet tdi dinh lam gi.

* Chu y: Phan biet cach dung thi tUOng lai thUdng va thi tu'dng lai vdi dang “going to” .

- He is going to be - He’ll sick if he goes to the rain, sick Anh ay se om neu anh ay di miCa

Anh ay sap om- It is going to rain - It will rain

25

DONG TUTTIENG ANH

Trdi sap mi/a Trdi se mi/a- I am going to marry - I’ll marry

Tdi sdp ket hon Tdi se ket hon.

THI TlflJNG LAI TIEP DllN

1. Hinh thtic.I / we shall be +V-ingyou I he / she / they will be +V-ing/ it

Vi du:- We shall be staying at home at 6 o ’clock this

evening.Chung toi se dang d nha vdo luc 6 gid tdi nay.

- She'll be teaching at this time next week.Gid nay tuan sau cd ay se dang day hoc.

- At 8 o’clock tomorrow he will be working.Vdo luc 8 gid ngay mai anh ay se dang lam viec.

2. Cach dung.a. Dien td mot hdnh dong dang xdy ra tai mot

thdi diem trong ti/dng lai.Vi du:- I'll be doing my exercise in the evening.

Tdi se dang lam Bai tap vdo buoi toi.- What will you be doing at this time tomorrow0

Vdo gid nay ngay mai ban se dang lam gi?- 1 11 probably be lying on a beautiful beach at this

time next week.Cd the tdi se dang ndm tren mot bai bien dep vdo gid nay tuan sau.

- At that time tomorrow we shall be working .Vdo gid do ngay mai tdi se dang lam viec.

THANH HA

- When he comes back from work, his family will be having dinner.Khi anh ay di lam ve, gia dinh anh ay se dang an

toi.b. Dien td mot viec da ditdc dii dinh se lam trong

tUdng lai khong xa.Vi du:- My family will leave Ha Noi in a few days.

Gia dinh toi se rdi Ha Noi trong mot vdi ngayniCa.

- Will you be going to Ho Chi Minh City next week?

Ban se di thanh pho Ho Chi Minh tuan tdi chit?- I’ll be doing my exercises in an hour.

Toi se lam Bai tap trong mot gid niia.- She’ll be going to the supper market later.

Co ay dinh mot lat niia se di sieu thi.- Michael will be performing in London next

month.Michael se bieu dien d Ludn don thang tdi.

THI TITOTNG LAI HOAN THANH

1. Hinh thtfc:I / we shall have + Pn (past

participle)he t she / it / you / will have + P u (pastthey participle)

Vi du:- When you arrive. I'll have gone to bed.

Khi ban den, toi se da di ngu roi.- I'll have finished this course next month.

27

DONG TiTTltNG ANH

Tdi se hoan thanh khoa hoc vdo tuan tdi.- He’ll have played football to 8 o’clock.

Anh ay se chcti bong da den 8 gid.

2. Cach dung.a. Dien td mot viec bat dau tii triidc va se hoan

thanh tai mot thdi diem d titctng lai.Vi du:- I’ll have finished the essay in two months.

Toi se hoan thanh Bai tieu luan trong hai thang.- Next week is Tom and Mary’s 24th wedding

anniversary. They will have been maried for 24th years.Tuan tdi se la ki niem ngay ciidi Ian thu: 24 cua Tom va Mary. Luc do ho da lay nhau diidc 24 ndm roi.

- I shall have spent all my money before the end of my holiday.Toi se tieu het so tien cua minh triidc khi ki nghi

ket thuc.- She will have written three songs by the end of

this year.Cd ay se viet xong ba Bai hat vdo cuoi ndm nay.

- By the end of the month, I’ll have been here for two years.

Vao cuoi thang nay, toi se d day diidc hai ndm.b. Dien td mot viec se hoan thanh va co lien

quan tdi mot viec khac d tiictng lai.Vi du:- We shall have arrived by the time you finish

dressing.Chung toi se den vdo luc ma ban mac xong quan

do.

28

THANH HA

- When you arrive, we’ll have had lunch.Khi ban den, chung toi se dung xong biia toi.

- I’ll have met him before he leaves.Tdi se gap anh ay triidc khi anh ay di.

DONG TUT TIENG ANH

THI OLA KHLT

THI QUA KHI/THU0NG

1. Hinh thtfc thi qua khvf thUOng.

S + V-ed

Quy tac them “erf” vao dong tit nguyen mau:- Dong tii tan cung bang “e” cam, chi can them “rf”. Vi du:to live livedto love lovedto change changedto advise advised- Dong tii tan cung bang mot nguyen am va mot

phu am. trudc khi them “ed” phai gap doi phu am cuoi.Vi du:to rub rubbedto stop stoppedto hug huggedNhUng:to book lookedto brush brushed- Dong tii tan cung bang phu am va "y” , trudc khi

them “ed” thi doi “y” thanh “iVi du:to cry criedto fry friedNhUng:to play playedCac cach phat am duoi “erf”“Ed" du'Oc phat am theo ba: Itl, Idl, I id!

30

THANH HA

- Sau Itl, Idl am cuoi “e” dUdc phat am la lidl.Vi du:to divide dividedto heat heatedto add addedto seat seatedto wait waited- Sau “p, k, f, x, ss, ch, sh, ce” , tiic la sau cac am Ikl,

Ipl, Ifl, If I, Itjl am cuoi “ed” dtfdc phat am la Itl.Vi du: ^to finish to hope to laugh to miss to talk to watch to wish to walk

finishedhopedlaughedmissedtalkedwatchedwishedwalked

- Cac trvfdng hop con lai am cuoi “ed" dUOc phat am la Idl

Vi du:to answer answeredto blaze blazedto breathe breathedto travel traveledto live livedto open openedto tie tiedto try tried

* Chu y: Vdi dong tu: bat qui tac, hinh thiic qua khuf thUOng hoan toan khac vdi dong tif nguyen mau. Do do, phai hoc thuoc long cac dong tu: bat qui tac . (Xem phan phu luc).

31

DONG TIT TIENG ANH__■---------------------------------

2. Cach dunga. Dien td mot hdnh dong hay mot tinh huong da

xdy ra trong qua khii.- Pho tu: chi thdi gian qua khii di kem: yesterday,

last week, a month ago,... (Nhieu triidng hdp khong co pho tu: ma hieu qua van canh).

Vi du:- Did you call Debbie?

Ban da goi cho Debbie chiia?- I met her in the supermarket yesterday.

Tdi da gap co ay d sieu thi ngay hdm qua.- We were sorry to hear about the accident.

Chung toi rat buon khi nghe ve vu tai nan.- He made me do it all again.

Anh ay da khien toi phai lam lai no.■ She washed her car.

Cd ay da riia o to.b. Dien td mot hdnh dong theo thdi quen hoac

lap di lap lai trong qua khit.- Cac pho tit chi tan suat di kem (often, usually,

sometime, rarely, when I was a child, when I was younger, ...)

Vi du:- I often stayed up late.

Tdi thi/cfng thiic khuya.■ We always went to school on time.

Chung tdi luon den triidng dung gia.■ He usually came to work by car.

Anh ay thu’dng xuyen di lam bang o to.- Sometimes I woke up early.

Thinh thoang toi thiic day s&m.- She studied French when she was a child.

Cd ay hoc tieng Phap khi con nho.

32

THANH HA

c. Dien td nhiing viec lam ke tiep nhau trong qua khit.Vi du:- I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a

nice place to swim.Tdi ket thuc cong viec, di ra bien, va tim mot ncti

dep de tam.- He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into

the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.Anh ay rtii san bay luc 8 gid, lam thu tuc khach san luc 9 gid, va gap gd moi ngittii luc 10 gid.

- Mrs Young came home, take off her coat and cooked.

Ba Young ve nha, thay do va nau an.

QUA KHUTTIEP DIEN

1. Hinh thufc.

we / you/ they were + V-ingI / he / she / it_____ was + V-ing

Vi du:- She was cooking in the kitchen.

Co ay dang nau an trong bep.- We were watching the film.

Chung tdi dang xem phim.- He was going to work.

Anh ay dang lam viec.- They were meeting in the room.

Ho dang hop d trong phong.- I was playing tennis.

Tdi dang chcti quan vdt.

33

DONG TUT TIENG ANH

2. Cach dung.a. Dien td mot sU viec, hdnh dong dang dien ro

vdo thdi diem nhat dinh trong qua khil.Vi du:- Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.Toi dang an toi luc 6 gid hom qua.

- My family was living in Ho Chi Minh City lastyear.

Gia dinh toi da song d thanh pho Ho Chi Minh ndm ngoai.

- My sister was writing the letter in her room.Chi gai tdi dang viet thii d trong phong

- I was cutting the grass in the garden.Toi dang cat co trong vitdn.

- They were working in the field at that time.Luc do, ho dang lam viec d ngoai dong.

b. Dien td mot hdnh dong dang dien ra trong qua khil thi cd mot hdnh dong khac cat ngang (hanh dong dang dien ra dung qua khu tiep dien. hanh dong kia dung qua khu thUdng).Vi du:- I was watching TV when she called.

Khi co ay goi, toi dang xem TV.- I came back from school, my mother was cooking.

Toi di hoc ve khi me toi dang nau an.- What were you doing when the earthquake

started?Ban dang lam gi khi dong dat xdy ra?

c. Dien td nhiing hdnh dong dong thdi xdy ra trong qua khi/.VI du:- I was studying while he was making dinner.

Tdi dang hoc trong khi anh ay lam cdm toi.

34

THANH HA

- While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television.

Khi Ellen doc, Tim xem ti-ui.- They were eating dinner, discussing their plans,

and having a good time.Ho viia an toi, vita ban ve ke hoqch, va co mot thdi gian rat vui ve.

THI QUA KHUTHOAN THANH

1. Hinh thufc.S + had + P u (V p a s t p a rtic ip le )

VI du:- Had you studied English before you moved to

New York?Ban da hoc tieng Anh triidc khi den New York chiia?

- We were not able to get a hotel room because we had not booked in advance.Chung tdi da khong tim diidc phong nao trong khdch san vi chung toi khong dat triidc.

- When I came, he had gone home.Khi toi den, anh ay da ve nha roi.

- The man was a stranger to me. I had never seen him before.

Ngildi dan ong do la mot ngiidi xa la vdi toi. Toi chiia bao gid gap ong ay triidc kia.

2. Cach dung.Thi qua kh ii hoan thanh diicfc dung de dien td

35

DONG TU TIENG ANH

m ot sii viec xdy ra triidc m ot sU viec khac tron g qua khii.Vi du:- I no longer had my car. He had sold it.Toi khong con xe niia. Toi da ban no roi.■ I had never seen such a beautiful beach before 1

went to Kauai.Tdi chiia bao gib nhin thay bai bien dep nhii vay triidc khi tdi den Kauai.

- I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.

Tdi khong cd tien vi tdi da bi mat vi.- Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had

visited the city several times.Tony biet rat nhieu ve Istanbul vi anh ay da den thdm thanh pho nay nhieu Ian.

- She only understood the movie because she had read the book.Cd ay hieu ro bo phim vi cd ay da doc sach roi.

THi QUA KHI/HOAN THANH TIEP MEN

1. Hinh thtfc.S + had been + V-________ing

Vi du:- You had been waiting there for more than two

hours when she arrived.Ban da chd d do hem hai gid khi cd ay den.

- They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived.

Ho da. noi chuyen hefn mot gid triidc khi Tony den.

36

THANH HA

- She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of business.Co ay da lam viec d cong ty khoang 3 ndm khi no bi pha san.

- How long had you been waiting to get on thebus?

Ban da chd xe buyt bao lau?

2. Cach dung.Thi qua khil hoan thanh tiep dien thildng ditctc dung de dien td mot sU viec da va dang dien ra triidc mot hdnh dong khac trong qua khil.Vi du:- Mike wanted to sit down because he had been

standing all day at work.Mike muon ngoi xuong vi anh ay da phai ditng lam viec cd ngay.

- James had been teaching at the university for more than a year before he left for Asia.James dang day d tritdng dai hoc hon mot ndm triidc khi anh ay chuyen tdi Asia.

- How long had you been studying Turkish before you moved to Ankara?Ban da hoc d Tho Nhi Ky bao lau triidc khi ban

chuyen den Ankara ?

- I had not been studying Turkish very long.Tdi da hoc d Tho Nhi Ky rat lau.

- Jack was tired because he had been jogging.Jack da qua met vi anh ay da chay bo nhieu.

3 /

DONG TUT TIENG ANH

CACH DUNG DONG Tl/BE, DO VA HAVE

Cac dong tii “be”, “do” va “have” v£ia la nhiing dong tii thUdng, viia co the la trd dong tii.

HiNH THUC CUA DONG T I/' BE"

1. Hinh thufc cua dong tii “be”,a. “Be” la dong tii duy nhat trong tieng Anh co

tarn hinh thufc.- Nguyen mau: be- Hien tai dung vdi ngoi thii nhat so* it “I” : am- Hien tai dung vdi ngoi thii ba so it “he / she / it”: is- Hien tai dung vdi ngoi thii nhat, thu hai, thii ba

so nhieu “you / we / they” : are- Qua khii dung vdi ngoi thii nhat va ngoi thii ba so

it “I / he/she /it”: was- Qua khxi dung vdi ngoi thii nhat, thii hai va thif

ba so nhieu“you / we / they” : were

- Hien tai phan tifing-form ” : being- Qua khii phan tii “past participle” : been

38

THANH HA

b. Cach chia cua dong tfr “be”;\ T h i

D a n g ^ \Hien tai Qua khur Tirong lai

Thuong

amHeShet

wasWe

shall beHeSheIt

s YouHeSheIt

will beWeYouThey

areWeYouThey

were

Tiep di§n

am being 1HeSheIt

was being

Khong dung

HeSheIt

is being

WeYouThey

were being

Hoan thanh

WeYouThey

have been

ItWeYouTheyHeSheIt

had been

1We

shall have been

YouHeSheIt

will have beenHe

SheIt

has been

Hoan thanh tiep di§n Khong dung

c. Ket hop nhufng hinh thufc cua “be” vdi “n’t”.Trong tieng Anh noi, nhiing dong tu1 hoac cum dong

tijf d dang phu dinh thu'dng difdc stf dung tieu tu! hay cach rut gon “n’t" (hinh thvfc viet day du la “not”). Trong nhieu cau true cau ngudi ta co the sti dung “n't" hoac “not" ma khong can thay doi trat tii tii trong cau: trong mot so cau co sU khac biet ve vi tri tu:. Dung “n't" trong

39

DONG TU TIENG ANH

van noi hoac than mat (iinformal); Dung “not” trong v&n viet hoac trang trong (formal).

Is” , “are”, “was” va “were” ket hdp vdi “n't” de hinh thanh thiic rut gon la “isn't” , “aren't”, “wasn't” va “weren't” . Khi phat am doc la: / izntl, la:ntl, r w ............

Hinh thiic “am” khong di vdi “n't” trong tieng Anh chuan. Vi no gay nen kho khan khi sii dung cau hoi phu dinh vdi dong tit “be" va chu tu: “7” . Mot so' ngUdi dung Aren't IT' nhung cau true nay khong phai d dau cung

chap nhan la tieu chuan, nen da so dung “Am I notT hoac khong thi tranh cach dung nay.

Hinh thiic day du “he is not" co the dUdc noi theo hai cach “he's not” hoac “he isn’t” . Tudng tu, ta co “you're not” hoac “you aren’t “we’re not” hoac “we aren’t “they're not” hoac “they aren’t” . Hinh thiic “I am not” chi co mot dang rut gon la ‘Tm not” .

2. “ Be” la dong tii thUdng (ordinary verb).Khi “be” la dong tu: trong cau, no gan nhu luon co

chiic nang la mot tii noi (linking verb) va dUdc theo sau bdi: (1 ) danh tii, (2) tinh tii, (3) trang tii.

Difdi day la cach sii dung “be” trong bon: cau khang dinh, cau phu dinh, cau hoi kh^ng dinh va cau hoi phu dinh.

9

a. Cau khang dinh (Affirmative statement).1 S +be -fcomplement______

Vi du:- My brother is so tall.

Anh cua toi rat cao.- My father is a worker.

Bo cua toi la cong nhan.- My daughter will be a teacher in some years.

40

THANH HA

Con gai toi se la giao vien trong may ndm tdi.- Robert Frost was America's favorite poet.

Robert Frost la nha van My diicfc yeu thick.- They were never on time.

Ho khong bao gid dung gid.b. Cau phu dinh (Negative statement).

S + be + not + complement_________Vi du:- He wasn't widely accepted in this country at first.

Luc dau no khong diidc chap nhan rong rai d datnitdc nay.

- I am not a very good reader.Tdi khong phai la mot doc gid gioi.

- We are not English.Chung tdi khong phai la ngittii Anh

- She is not at home.Co ay khong d nha.

- Mary is not very big.Mary khong beo lam.

c. Cau hoi khang dinh (Positive Question).

Be + S + complement?________Vi du:- Is your brother taller than you?

Anh trai ban cao hcfn ban a?- Is Heitor in class this morning?

Sang nay Heitor co d Idp khong?- Are you happy now?

Hien gid anh co hanh phuc khong?- Are they tired?

Ho co met khong?- Is she Mary?

Co ay cd phai la Mary khong?41

DONG TUT TIENG ANH

d. Cau hoi phu dinh (Negative Question).

Be + S + not + complement?hoac

Be + n’t + S + complement?Vi du:- Is the boy not handsome?

Anh ay khong dep trai sao?- Aren't they happy?

Ho khong hanh phiic a?- Isn’t she beautiful?

Co ay khong dep sao?- Are you not a pupil?

Ban khong phai la hoc sinh a?

3. “ B e” la trd dong tvf (auxiliary verb)a. “Be” ket hop vdi hien tai phan tit cua dong

til “-ing form ” de tao thanh cau tiep dien.Trat tu cau giong nhu khi “6e” la dong tii thiidng,

hinh thiic “V-ing1’ diicJc thay the cho bo ngii {complement).

Vi du:- I’m working now.

Tdi dang lam viec.- The children were playing fooball.

Bon tre dang chcti bong da- My sister is working in the garden.

Chi gai tdi dang lam vitdn- I wasn t having dinner at 6 o’clock yesterday.

Luc 6 gid toi qua tdi khong dang an ccftn.- Isn't Tom writing now0

Hien gib Tom khong dang viet sao?

42

THANH HA

- They will be leaving for London by this time tomorrow.

Ho se tdi London vao gid nay ngay mai.b. Be” trong cau true bi dong.Cau true cau bi dong cung tUdng tu nhu cau true

“be + complement". d day, qua khii phan tti Pn (past participle) cua ngoai dong tut (transitive verbs) ket hdp vdi “6e” se thanh lap cau true bi dong (the passive).

S + be + P „ = pasive voice VI du:- Women were not treated as equals.

Phu nit da khong diiOc doi xii binh dang.- He likes to be called “sir” .

Ong ay thich diidc goi la ngai.- Grass was being eaten by cows on the meadow.

Cd da bi an bdi nhiing con bo d ngoai dong.- Their homework has been finished by Jack.

Bdi tap cua ho da diidc hoan thanh bdi Jack.- Cakes were being made by Mr Smith.

Nhiing chiec banh da diidc lam ra bdi ong Smith.c. Be + to verb.Cau true “be + to verb” dUdc dung de dien ta:- Mot du dinh trong tUdng lai, mot su sap xep,

bo tri trUdcVi du:- We are to be marry next month.

Chung toi se ket hon vdo thang tdi.- I am to finish my work this week

Toi se hoan thanh cong viec cua toi tuan nay.- She is to see Peter tomorrow.

Co ay se gap Peter vdo ngay mai.- My family is to travel round European countries.

Gia dinh tdi se di quanh cac mtdc Chau Au.

43

DONG TU TIENG ANH

- Mot y tildng 6 ti/ctng lai xa xoi, mot khd nang co the xdy ra (thilbng hay dung d trong qua kbit).

Vi du:- Tom received a blow on the head. It didn t worry

him at that time but it was to be very troublesome later.Tom bi mot don vdo dau. Luc ay anh ta khong lo lang gi nhiing ve sau no gay ra lam chuyen phien phiic.

- Mot menh lenh, mot nhiem vu, mot sU bat buoc.

Vi du:- No one is to stand up without the permission of

the teacher.Khong ai diidc phep ditng day neu giao vien khong

cho phep.- She is to finish her work before we arrive.

Co ay phai hoan thanh cong viec triidc khi chung toi den.

- They are to look after their children.Ho phai cham soc lu tre cua ho.

* Chu y: “Be + to verb” vdi cac nghia tren chi duoc dung 0 hai thi:

- Hien tai thudng (am to, is to, are to)- Qua khu thUdng (was to, were to)

HINH THI/D VA CACH DUNG DONG TU "DO"

1. Hinh thvfe d on g tit “ d o ”- Dang nguyen m^u: do- Dang “s_form”: does- Dang “mg_form": doing- Dang qua khu (past tense): did

44

THANH HA

- Dang qua khii phan tti (past participle): done

2. “Do” dung nhif dong tir thtfdng (ordinary verb)

Khi “do” la dong tvf thtfdng, no co nghia la “lam, thuc hien”. “do” dUOc chia 6 tat ca cac thi theo quy tac cua dong tCf thiidng.

Vi du:- I am doing some work.Toi dang lam mot so viec.

- What are we going to do?Chung ta se lam gi?

- We did that.Chung toi da lam chuyen do.

- What does he do for a living?Anh ta lam g i de kiem song?

- What did you do yesterday?Ban da lam gi ngay hom qua?

3. “Do” dung nhvf trd dong tti (auxiliary verb)a. “Do” chia vdi cac dong tie thilbng d cac thi

hien tai thiidng va qua khu trong the phu dinh va nghi van. 9

- Cau khang dinh (affirmative statement), dung de nhan manh___________________________

S + do/ did + V + complement________Vi du:- We did play well.

Chung toi da chcti rat hay.- They do write beautifully.

Ho viet rat dep.- I do like this beer.

Toi thich loai hia nay.

45

DONG TIT TIENG ANH

- Do give me, please!The nao anh cung diia toi nhe!

- Do have dinner with us.The nao cung an toi vdi chung minh nhe.

- May I come in?- Do please!Toi vdo diidc chit? Vang mdi anh!

- Cau phu dinh (Negative statement)S + do + n’t (not) + V + (complement)

Vi du:- I don’t love him.

Toi khong yeu anh ay- He didn’t work.

Anh ay da khong lam viec- She doesn’t study in this university.

Cd ay khong hoc d triidng nay.- We didn’t go to the cinema.

Chung toi da khong di xem phim.- I don’t study French

Tdi khong hoc tieng Phap.- Cau hoi khang dinh (positive question)

Do + S + V + (complement)?________Vi du:- Do you learn English?

Ban hoc tieng Anh a?- Does she cook well?

Cd ay nau an ngon phai khong?- Do you always take the bus to work?

Ban ludn di xe buyt di lam a?- Did she know the way?

Co ay co biet diidng khong?- Did they come?

Ho dd tdi roi a ?

46

THANH HA

- Cau hoi phu dinh (negative question)Don’t + S + V + (complement)?______

hoac;_____________________________________________Do + S + not + V + (complement)?

Vi du:- Didn’t you get bad mark?

Ban khong bi diem kem phai khong?- Doesn’t he do exercises?

Cau ay khong lam Bai tap phai khong?- Did she not call me?

Co ay khong goi cho toi phai khong?- Do they no get up late?

Ho khong day muon phai khong?- Didn’t they sing French songs?

Ho da khong hat tieng Phap phai khong?b. “Do” trong cau true lap.- Trong cau hoi duoi (tag question)Cau hoi duoi la cau hoi ngan dat 0 cuoi cau tUdng

thuat de hoi ve sU dong y hay khong dong y vdi nhung gi da noi d trUdc.

Nguyen tac thanh lap cau hoi duoi trong tieng Anh: + Chu ngijf la cac dai tCf: I, you, we, they, he, she, it

va chu ngif gia (dummy subject): there hoac one.+ Cau hoi lap theo ba cach sau:1 : Cau khang dinh - cau hoi lap phu dinh.2 : Cau phu dinh - cau hoi lap khang dinh.3: Cau khang dinh - cau hoi lap khang dinh.Vi du:- Nobody saw him, did they?

Khong ai thay anh ta phai khong?- She hardly ever work well, does she?

Co dy chang bao gid lam viec tot, phai khong?- You don't like me, do you?

47

DONG TU TIENG ANH__________________________■__________________________________________

Ban khong thich toi phai khong?- We have to go, don’t we?

Chung ta phai di phai khong?- But you don't really love her, do you?

Nhitng ban khong thtfc stf thich co ay phai khong?- The student speak English, don’t they?

Nhitng sinh vien noi tieng Anh day chti?- They never go there, do they?

Ho khong bao gib den do phai khong?- Your brother didn’t come here by taxi, did he?

Anh trai ban khong den day bang ta-xi phaikhong?

* Chu y: Nhiing tii nhU: Nobody, noone, never, seldom, hardly ever,... luon luon dUOc coi la phu dinh.

- Trong cau nhan dinh: dong y hay khongVi du:- “She danced beautifully”- ‘Yes, she did”

Co ay nhay dep - Vang, co ay nhay dep■ “The baby didn’t cry” - “No, he didn’t”

Dita tre khong khoc - Dung la no khong khoc- “She talks a lot” - “Yes, she does”

Co ay noi nhieu ■ Vang dung vay- ‘You drink too much” - “No, I don’t”

Ban uong qua nhieu ■ Khong, toi khong uong nhieu

- ‘You don't know where my wallet is” - "No. I don't

Ban khong biet cai vi cua toi d dau. - Khong, toi khong biet.

- Trong cau tra ldi ngan.Vi du:- "Do you teach English”? -"Yes, I do” .

Ban day tieng Anh a? - Vang.

48

THANH HA

- “Did you read that book?” - “Yes, I did” .Anh dd doc quyen sach day chiia? - Vang toi co

doc roi.- “Did he borrow her some money?” - “No, he

didn’t” .Anh ta vay co ay it tien phai khong? - Khong, anh ay khong vay.

- “Do you like cheese” - ‘Yes, I do” .Anh co thich pho-mat khong? Cd, toi thich.

- “Does she have a baby?” - “No, she doesn’t’.Co ay co con ch iia?. - Chiia.

- y phu hoa.Vi du: '- He likes football and so do we.Anh ay thich bong dd va chung toi cung vay.

- Mr Brown plays chess. His son does, too.Ong Brown chcti cd. Con trai ong ay cung the.

- She washed the dishes. They did, too.Co ay dd riia bat dia. Ho cung vay.

- He doesn’t go to this club and neither do I.Anh ay khong den cau lac bo nay va toi cung vay.

- No one understood just what Linda say and niether did he.

Khong ai hieu Susan noi g i va anh ta cung vay.- Thay cho mot dong tif thifcfng de tranh sit

lap lai.Vi du:- You must do well as you did last week.

Anh phai lam viec tot nhiianh dd lam tuan triidc.- “Who told her that we were reading that story?” -

“Nam did” .Ai noi vdi co ay rang chung toi da doc chuyen do?- Nam noi vdi tdi

49

DONG TU TIENG ANH

- “Who ate the fish?” - “The cat did” .Ai dd an mon cd? Con meo day.

HINH THITC VA CACH DUNG DONG TtJT "HAVE"

1. Hinh thufc dong “have”.a. Dong tif “have” co bon hinh thufc.- Nguyen mau: have- Ngoi th\i ba so it (s-form): has- Hinh thiic V-mg: having- Qua khii va qua khii phan tii: hadb. Cach chia dong tu* “have”. ______

\ ^ T h iD a n q \ .

Hien tai Qua khir Tuong lai

Thifdng

WeYouThey

haveWeYouTheyHeSheIt

had

Weshallhave

YouHeShe«They

will haveHeSheIt

has

Tiep d iin

L am having 1HeSheIt

was having1We

shall be havingHe

Shet

s having YouHeSheItThey

will be havingWe

YouThey

are havingWeYouThey

werehaving

1WeYouThey

have had

1WeYouThey had had

1WeYouHei

shall have had

50

THANH HA

loan thanh HeSheIt

have been having

HeSheIt

SheItThey

will have had

Hoan thanh iep di§n

1WeYouThey

have been having

PWeYouTheyHeSheIt

had been having

1We

shall have been having

YouHeSheItThey

will have been havingHe

SheIt

has been having

2. “Have” dung nhuf dong tvf thifdng (ordinary verb).

a. “have” co nghia la “co, sd hufu” (possess) hoac “diidi quyen kiem soat” (to hold under one’s -control).

Vi du:- I have two intelligent children.

Tdi cd hai diia con thong minh.- My father has an expensive shirt.

Bo toi co chiec do sd-mi dat tien.- They have a new car.

Ho cd chiec o td mdi.- She has an umbrella now, but it’s her sister’s.

Cd ay cd mot cai o, nhiing dd la o cua em gai cday.

“have ’ con dtfOc dung nhu; dong tvf thu'dng trong cau phu dinh va nghi van.

Vi du:- How many brothers do you have?

Ban cd bao nhieu anh trai?- Does she have a car?

Cd ay cd o td khong?

51

DONG Tlf TIENG ANH■________________

- They don’t have any milk.Ho khong co chut su'd nao.

- We did’t have any information about that.Chung toi khong co thong tin nao ve viec do.

Tuy nhien, trong tieng Anh cua ngUdi Anh, “have co the khong sn dung nhu dong tu1 thUdng trong cau hoi va phu dinh.

Vi du:- How many children have you (got)?

Anh co may chau roi?- Has she (got) any brother and sister?

Co ay co anh chi em khong?- Has he (got) a big dog?

Anh ay con cho to khong?- They haven’t (got) any pens.

Ho khong co chiec but nao.- Mary hasn’t any sugar.

Mary khong co chut dieting nao.* Chu y: Ca hai hinh thiic deu dung.Vi du:- Do you have an eraser? - Yes I do / Yes, I have.

Ban co tay khong? - Co, toi co.- Have you an eraser? - Yes, I have / Yes, I do.

Ban co tay khong? - Co, toi co.b. “Have’’ dung trong mot so thanh nguf vdi

nghia la “trai qua, dvfOc, htfcfng, bi, gap phai, sinh, de...”

Vi du:- Did you have any news from home this morning0

Anh co nhan dieoc tin t tic nha sang nay khong?- I don't have much difficulty with maths.

Toi khong gap kho khan gi lam vdi mon toan.- \\ hat do you have for breakfast?

52

THANH HA

Anh dung g i vdo biia diem tam?- We had an interesting trip last month.

Chung toi co chuyen di thu vi vdo thang triidc.- Mr Bill is having an operation next week.

Ong Bill se co mot cuoc phau thuat vdo tuan tdi.- My sister will have a baby next month.

Chi. gai cua toi s e sinh con vdo thang sau.

Cac thanh ngfl di vdi “have- have a headache, toothache, a pain (nhiic dau,

3au rang, bi dau).- have smallpox (bi benh dau mua).- have a party, a reception, a dance (or other social

affair) (to chiic tiec, tiep tan, khieu vu (hoac hoat dong xa hoi khac).

- have a meeting, a conference, a course (or other official funtion) (to chiic cuoc hop, hoi nghi, khoa hoc (hoac hoat dong cong tac khac).

- have fun, a good time (vui choi thoa thich).- have good luck, misfortune, an accident (dtfdc may

man, gap svf bat hanh, bi tai nan).- have success (thanh cong).- have no idea (khong biet)- have a finger in the pie (quan tam den)

3. “Have” dung nhtf trd dong tif (Auxiliary verb).

a. of cac thi hoan thanh (Perfect tense).Vi du:- I have seen three movies this week.

Tdi xem 3 bo phim trong tuan nay.- She has worked at the University since 1994.

Co ay lam viec d trtfdng dai hoc tii ndm 1994.

53

DONG TUT TIENG ANH

- Have you ever been to Germany?Ban dd titng tdi Dtic chiia?

- I had had some unhappy times, and then I roe: your mother.

Toi dd co khoang thcfi gian khong vui ve, sau do toi gap me ban.

- I will not have read the book before the test.Toi se khong doc sach triidc khi thi.

b. Have to = m ust Vi du:- I have to go = I must go.

Tdi phai di.- I'll have to meet Mr Right tomorrow.

Tdi phai gap ong Right vdo ngay mai.- I had to buy a new bike last week.

Tuan triidc tdi phai mua chiec xe dap mdi.* Chu y:- d qua khii thUdng va tUdng lai thUdng, thUcJng

dung “have to” thay “must” .- “Have to” d phu dinh va nghi van co the dung theo

hai cach:+ Dung trd dong tti “do” .Vi du:- Does she have to go to school?

Co ay cd phai den triidng khong?- Do you have to stay up late?

Ban cd phai thiic khuya khong?- I didn t have to go there on Sunday.

Tdi khong phai den dd vdo chu nhat.- Did he have to cut the grass?

Anh ta cd phai cat co khong?+ Khong dung trd dong tu: “do”Vi du:

54

THANH HA

- I have not to go to see her.Tdi khong phai den gap co ta.

- Have you to make a cake?Ban co phai lam banh khong?

- Has he to obey these rules?Anh ay co phai tuan thu nhiing quy tac nay khong?

c. Have + O (tan ngu*) + Pn (qua khvf phan tif).Vi du:- I had my hair cut.

Tdi dd cat toe.- Do you have your house cleaned everyday?

Ban co bao ai lau nha hang ng ay khong?- We had our clothes washed.

Quan do cua chung toi dd co ngiidi khac giat.* Chu y:- Vdi trUdng hop nay, khi d dang phu dinh va nghi

van phai dung vdi trd dong tit “do” .Vi du:- Do you have the car repaired?

Anh dd mang oto di sita chiia ?- I don’t have my house painted. I painted it

myself.Tdi khong nhd ai scfn nha cd. Tdi tii sctn.

- Cung mot dang tren, “have” co nghia la “bi”Vi du:- He had two his teeth knocked out.

Han bi danh gay mat hai cai rang.- The house had the roof ripped off by the storm.

Can nhd bi bao lam toe mdi.d. “Have” trong cau hoi duoi.Vi du:

55

DONG TU TIENG ANH

- Their boys had gone home, hadn’t they? - No, they hadn’t.

Nhiing cau be dd ve roi phai khong?- Khong, chung chiia ve.

- You have been to England, haven’t you? - Yes, I have.

Ban dd tdi Anh roi phai khong? - Vang, toi dd tdiAnh.

- They had visited Tom, and so had we.Ho dd tdi thdm Tom, va chung tdi cung vay.

- We hadn't seen that movie, and they hadn’t either.

Chung tdi chiia xem phim dd, va ho cung chitaxem.

56

THANH HA

DONG Tl/KHUYET THIEU/ TINH THAI

DAC DIEM CHUNG

1. Dinh nghia ve dong tif khuyet thieu.Dong tu; khuyet thieu la trd dong tCf (axiliary verb)

phoi hdp vdi dong tti nguyen mau (base-form) de tao thanh cum dong tii.

2. Dac diem chung cua dong tvf khuyet thieua. Dong tCf khuyet thieu co mot hinh thiic nguyen

mau, ngoi thii ba so it khong them “s / es” va khong co dang “V-ing” . d dang qua khii, “can” —> “could”; “will” —* “would”, “shall” —* “should” , “may” —> “might”

b. Cau phu dinh: S + dong tii khuyet thieu + not (n’t) + V

Cau hoi: dong tii khuyet thieu + S + V?c. Ve nguf nghia, dong tii tinh thai dien ta tinh

huong lien quan den nhiing gi trai vdi thiic chat. Dieu do co nghia la khong thuat lai nhiing sii kien khach quan; thay vao do, chung dUa ra nhiing y kien, nhan dinh, ldi chuc, y dinh, kha nang co the, bon phan va nhiing nghia tUdng tii nhu vay.

CACH SUTDUNG DONG TUf KHUYET THIEU

1. CANa. Dien td khd ndng ve vat chat hoac tinh than d

hien tai hoac titctng lai.Vi'du: '- Can you tell me the way to the post office,

please?

57

DONG TUT TIENG ANH

Ban co the chi cho toi duting tdi bitu dien dittokhong?

- I can cook delicious fish and chicken.Toi co the nau mon cd va mon ga rat ngon.

- He can play chess and he can write computer programs.

Anh ay co the chcti cd va co the viet chitctng trinh may tinh.

- I can’t play the guitar.Tdi khong the chcti guitar.

b. Su co the hay khd ndng co the xdy ra.Vi du:- You can meet her tommorrow.

Ban cd the gap cd ay vdo ngay mai.- It's too noisy. We can’t study well.

on do qua. Chung tdi khong the hoc aiCcjc.- I don't know the answer. Can you tell me?

Tdi khong biet cau trd Idi. Ban cd the noi cho toi biet diicjc khong?

- I can show you where the bank is.Tdi cd the chi cho ban ngan hang d dau.

c. Su cho phep Vi du:- Can I open the window? It’s stuffy here.

Tdi cd the md ciia so diicic khong? d day ngot ngatqua.

- You can use my phone.Ban cd the dung dien thoai cua tdi.

- \ou can leave now if you wish.Ban cd the di neu ban muon.

- Can we email this list?Chung tdi cd the gid mail danh sach nay khong?

- You can’t smoke on the bus.

58

THANH HA

Ban khong the hut thuoc tren xe buyt.

2. COULDa. Khd ndng ve vat chat hoac tinh than trong

qua khuVI du:- I could run ten miles in my twenties.

Toi cd the chay 10 dam khi toi khoang 20 tuoi.- We could see it clearly.

Chung toi co the trdng thay no ro rang.- They could play the piano when they was five.

Ho co the chcti piano khi ho 5 tuoi.- She read the message but she couldn’t

understand it.Cd ay doc tin nhan nhiing khong the hieu diidc.

- Women couldn't vote until just after the First World War.

Phu nii khong the bau cii cho den tan sau chien tranh the gi&i thii nhat.

b. Khd ndng vdi y dieu kien Vi du:- John could be the one who stole the money.

John co the la ngiidi dd lay trom tien.- You could spend your vacation in Hawaii.

Ban co the di nghi d Hawaii.- If I had a car, I couldn’t go to work late.

Neu toi co o to, tdi se khong di lam muon.- If we had more time, we could travel around the

world.Neu chung tdi cd nhieu thdi gian hdn, chung tdi

dd cd the di du lich vong quanh the gi&i.c. Ldi yeu cau, de nghi lich sU.

Vi du:

59

DONG TUT TIENG ANH

- Could you show me the way to the nearest post office, please?Ban co the chi cho toi diidng den biiu dien gan nhat diidc khong a?

- Could you pick me up when I've finished?Ban co the don toi khi toi xong viec khong?

- Could I speak to the manager, please?Tdi co the noi chuyen vdi giam doc diidc khong?

- Could I borrow your pen?Toi co the miidn but cua ban diidc khong?

- Could you lend me 40 Euros til Monday?Ban co the cho toi vay 40 euro den thii hai diidc khong?

* Chu y:j? T- Co the dung “be able to” thay cho “can”.

Vi du:- She is able to speak five languages..

Cd ay co the noi 5 thii tieng.- I have been able to do that test.

Toi co the lam diidc Bai kiem tra do.- They were able to get tickets for the concert.

Ho dd co the mua ve xem hod nhac.- Cd “can” va “could ’ deu co the duac dung

trong cau hoi hoac cau cam thanVi du:- Could anyone be such a fool as to believe that'

Cd the nao co ai ngoc nghech ma lai tin d dieu dd!

- Can it be true?Dieu do co the la dung it?

- How he can argue?Anh ta co the cai nhii the sao?

- Could + have + PIt:

60

THANH HA

+ Mot viec dang ra co the lam dUOc nhung khong lam (trong qua khii).

VI du:- She could have met him.

Le ra co ay co the gap anh ay.- I could have lent you the money, why didn’t you

ask me?Toi co the cho anh vay tien diidc, tai sao anh khong hoi toi ?

+ Mot viec ma ta khong biet chac la co difOc hay khong trong qua khii:

Vi du:- She cried a lot. She could have argued with

someone.Co ay dd khoc rat nhieu. Co le cd ta dd cai nhau vdi ai do.

- The shirt has disappeared! Who could take it? Mary could have taken it, she was here alone at that time.Chiec do dd bien mat! Ai la ngiidi dd lay no di? Co le la Mary day, vi luc do chi co cd ay d day.

- “Can’t” + have + Pl!: chac chan da khong lam viec gi do trong qua khii.

Vi du:- I can’t have understood he question perfectly.

Chdc chan la tdi dd khong hieu cau hoi mot cach tiidng tan.

- I’m sory. I can’t have done it on purpose.Tdi xin loi. Tdi khong chu y lam dieu dd.

3. WILLa. y dinh tron g tiicfng lai

Vi du:

61

DONG TIT TitNG ANH

- I’m very tired. I think I'll stay at home tonight. Tdi rat met. Toi nghl toi se d nhd toi nay.

- They will visit friends when they arive in thecity.

Ho se den thdm ban be cua ho khi ho den thanh pho.

- I won't be in the office until 11; I’ve got a meeting.

Toi se khong d van phong cho den luc 11 gid; toi dang co cuoc hop.

b. Su sdn long a hien tai hoac tUOng laiHinh thiic nghi van cua “will” vdi nghia nay

thUdng diidc dung de dien ta nhiing ldi yeu cau. Hinh thiic phu dinh dien ta sii tif choi.

Vi du:- Will you open the window, please? It's very hot

in here.Hay md ciia so. d day ndng qua.

- Don’t talk to me. I won’t listen to you.Ditng noi chuyen vdi tdi. Tdi se khong nghe anh dau.

- Sign this, will you?Anh se ky vdo cai nay chti?

- You stay there! I'll fetch the drinks.Anh d day nhe! Tdi chay di lay dd uong.

c. Dien td y khang khang nhat dinh hay mot viec nhat dinh xdy ra.VI du:- Damn! My car won't start. I'll have to call the

garage.O td cua tdi khong khdi dong roi. Toi phai tim cai ga-ra thoi.

- You can count on me! I’ll be there at 8 o ’clock

62

THANH HA

sharp.Ban phai tin toi. Toi nhat dinh d do vdo dung 8 gia.

- Don't worry! You'll settle down quickly, I'm sure. Ditng lo! Ban se binh tinh nhanh thdi, tdi chdc chan day.

- Don't bother ringing: they'll have left for their 10 o'clock lecture.

Ditng ngai goi dien: ho se d en giang diidng luc 10 gid.

d. Dien td mot thdi quen hay viec thitdng xdy ra 6 hien tai.Vi du:- She will sing songs after songs.

Cd ay cii hat het Bdi no den Bdi kia.- For the main course, I'll have grilled tuna.

Tdi thitdng an cha cd ngii cho bita an chinh.- I'm not surprised you don't know what to do! You

will keep talking in class.Tdi khong ngac nhien khi anh khong biet lam gi cd. Anh ludn noi chuyen trong Idp.

- He will bite his nails, whatever I say.Tdi noi g i anh ta cung can mong tay.

e. Menh lenh chinh thiic Vi du:- You will do your homework.

Con phai lam Bdi tap ve nhd.- All peoples will return to their quarterrs before 9

o'clock.Tat cd moi ngitdi phai trd ve khu viic cua minh triidc 9 gid.

63

DONG TUTlfeNG ANH

4. WOULDa. Titdng lai trong hinh thiic tubng thuqt

Vi du:- He said the next meeting would be in a month's

time.Anh ay noi rang cuoc hop sap tdi se dien ra trong 1 thang niia.

- She told me that she would visit us some day.Co ay noi vdi toi rang co ay se den thdm chung toi mot ngay nao do.

- I knew that they would be very successful in their career.

Tdi biet rang ho se rat thanh cong trong nghe nghiep.

b. Thdi quen trong qua khitVi du:- When I was small, we would always visit

relatives on Christmas Day.Khi tdi con nho, chung tdi thitdng di thdm ho hang vdo dip le Giang Sinh.

■ I would phone him when I felt bored.Tdi thitdng goi dien cho anh ay khi tdi cam thay buon.

- They would go to school by bus.Ho thitdng tdi tritdng bang xe buyt.

- When they first met, they would always have picnics on the beach.Khi ho mdi gap nhau, ho thitdng di picnic ra bien.

c. Trong cau dieu kien khong cd that d hien taiVi du:- If I ruled the world, every day would be the first

day of Spring.

64

THANH HA

Neu tdi thong tri the gidi, moi ngay se la ngay dau tien cua mua xuan.

- It would have been better if you'd word processed your assignment.Se tot hcfn neu ban danh may Bdi tap cua minh.

- If I were president, I would cut the cost of education.

Neu tdi la tong thong, toi se giam chi phi giao due.

d. Dung de nhan manh“Would” thufdng di sau cac tinh tii “doubtful'’,

“unlikely" de nhan manh mot hanh dong khong diit khoat (tentative action).

Vi du:- It’s unlikely that Jack would do something like

that.Khong chdc Jack lam dieu gi do titdng tit nhit vay.

- It’s doubtful whether Tom would know the answer.

Khong biet la Tom co biet cau trd Idi khong.e. “W ould' dung sau “wish”, “if only1' de dien td y

cau mong.Vi du:- I wish you wouldn't keep interrupting me.

Tdi mong ban ditng ngat Idi tdi.- If only I would live in large, modern house.

Gid ma tdi song trong mot can nhd rong rai, hien dai.

- She wishes it would snow.Cd ay itdc la tuyet se rcfi.

- If only it would stop raining.Gid ma trdi tanh mita.

65

BONG TUT TIENG ANH

f. “Would ’ + have + PII* Dien ta su viec trong qua khii nhiing khong that

sii xay ra.Vi du:- She would have burnt herself.

Co ay suyt lam bong minh.- They would have come early.

Ho dd co the den sdm.- I would have agreed with you.

Tdi dd cd the dong y vdi anh.* Gia dinh d qua khii.Vi du:- I put an umbrella on the chair, but someone

would have taken it away.Tdi dat cai o d tren ghe nhitng ai dd da cam no di.I came and saw Tom but he didn’t stay at home. Maybe he would have worked.Tdi den gap Tom nhitng anh ay khong cd nhd. Co le anh ay di lam.

g. “Would like” + to + V: dien td mong muon, xin phep diidc lam gi (le phep, lich stf).Vi du:- I would like the menu please.

Lam cm cho tdi mitdn thiic dcfn.- Would you like to drink?

Ban cd muon uong gi khong?- Would you give me a ring after lunch?

Sau bita trita anh goi dien cho tdi nhe.

5. SHALLa. Gcfi y hay de nghi (suggestion).

Vi du:

66

THANH HA

- Shall we go to the cinema?Chung ta di xem phim nhe?

- Shall we move into the living room?Chung ta vdo phong khach nhe.

- Shall I wait for you?Toi se dai anh nhe?

■ Shall I open the door?Toi md ciia nhe?

b. Menh lenh hay cam doan, nhat la trong nhiing van ban phap luat.VI du:- No player shall knowingly pick up or move the

ball of another player.Khong cau thu nao diidc phep tranh bong \ay di chuyen bong cua cau thu khac.

- All legislative powers granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. (Form the United States Constitution).

Tat cd quyen lap phap ditdc cong nhan se diidc trao cho Quo'c Hoi nitdc Ml, gom co Thitdng vien va Ha Nghi vien. (Theo Hien Phap Hoa Ky).

c. “ShaW co the diidc sit dung vdi tat cd cac ngoi so de nhan manh dieu md ngitdi noi cam thay chdc chan se xdy ra hoac mong muon xdy ra.Vi du:- We shall come.

Nhat dinh chung toi se den.- He shall become our next king.

Ong ay chac chan se trd thanh vi vua mdi cua chung ta.

67

DONG TUT TIENG ANH

- Man shall explore the distant regions of theuniverse.

Chdc chan con ngitcfi se kham pha ra nhiing viing ddt xa xoi trong vu tru.

6. SHOULDa. Bon phan, nghia vu bat buoc d hien tai hoac

tUOng laiVi du:- The university should provide more sports

facilities.Trii'dng dai hoc phai cung cap them cac phitdng

tien the thao.- The equipment should be inspected regularly.

Trang thiet bi nen diidc kiem tra thii'dng xuyen.- You should work hard.

Ban nen lam viec cham chi hdn.b. D ieu m ong m uon

Vi du:- The letter should get to you tomorrow - I posted

it first class.Thu se tdi tay ban vdo ngay mai. Toi dd giiti chuyen phat nhanh.

- This play should be really good.Vd kich nay chdc la rat hay.

- By now, they should already be in Dubai.Den bay gid, chdc ho se d Dubai.

c. Ldi khuyen, gcfi y:Vi du:- People with high cholesterol should eat low-fat

foods.Nhiing ngiidi co cholesterol cao nen an thiic an it beo.

68

THANH HA

- Sarah shouldn't have smoked so much. That's what caused her health problems.Sarah khong nen hut thuoc qua nhieu. Diiu do gay en c ac van de ve site khoe cua co ay.

d. “That...should' dung trong cau true vdi mot so dong tie:- Suggest, propose, insist.Vi du:- They proposed that the trip should be postponed.

Ho de nghi nen hoan chuyen di lai.- My father suggested that I should go in for

sports.Bo toi gcti y rang toi nen tham gia cac mon the

thao.- She insited that nothing should start till he

arrived.Co ay khang khang rang khong ditOc khtii sit gi tritdc khi anh ta tdi.

- Order, command Vi du:- The manage commanded that all the gates

should be shut.Giam doc ra lenh phai dong tat cd cac cong lai.

- He ordered that everybody should be arrive at 8:00 a.m

Ong ay ra lenh tat cd moi ngitdi phai den luc 8 gid.

- She ordered that all of should be present at the meeting.

Co ay ra lenh la tat cd moi ngitdi co mat tai buoi hop.

- R ecom m ned , adviseVi du:

69

dong TurnlNG a n h

- She recommended that I should watch this film. Co ay khuyen toi nen xem bo phim nay.

- The doctor advised that You shouldn't be drinking if you're on antibiotics.Bac si khuyen Ban khong nen uong riicJu neu ban dang dung khang sinh.

- I think you should go for the Alfa rather than the Audi.

Toi nghl ban nen di vi Alfa hem vi Audi.e. “should ’ dung sau “be” va cac tinh til saw

- Old, strange, funny: dien ta stf trung hefp.- It’s funny that we should be studying at the same

class.That la la chung ta se hoc cung mot Idp.

- It’s strange that you should be staying in the same hotel.

That la la cac ban d cung mot khach san.- It’s odd that they should meet Mr Right.

That la la ho cung gap ong Right.Necessary, advisable, essential, vital,

important, ... : dien ta y ai do nen hoac phai lam gi-

Vi du:- It is necessary that we should learn foreign

languages.Viec chung ta hoc ngoai ngii la dieu rat can

thiet.• It is advisable that everyone should have a map.

NgiCdi ta khuyen rang moi ngitdi nen co mot cai ban do.

f. “Should ’ dung sau “in case” (phdng khi, trong trubng hop).Vi du:

70

THANH HA

- I’ll leave a message in case he should arrive.Toi se de lai Icfi nhan phbng khi anh ta den.

- I’m talking an umbrella in case it should rain.Toi se mang theo o phbng khi trdi mita.

g. “Should' dung sau “lest?’ (e rang, keo).Vi du:- We must be hurry lest we should be late.

Chung ta phai nhanh len keo muon mat.- I shall add your phone number lest I should

forget it.Toi se ghi lai so dien thoai cua ban keo lai quen mat.

- I shall meet him lest he sad.Toi se gap anh ay keo anh ay lai buon.

h. “Should’ + have + PII: dien td mot viec dang le nen lam nhitng khong thiic hien ditcfc.Vi du:- The flight should have arrived by now.

Chuyen bay le ra bay gid phai den roi.- I should have renewed my TV licence last month,

but I forgot.Le ra toi phai dang ky lai kenh TV thang tritdc, nhitng toi quen mat.

- You shouldn't have spent so much time on that first question.Le ra anh khong nen danh qua nhieu thcfi gian

cho cau hoi dau tien.

7. MAYa. SvC ditcfc phep co the lam viec gi.

Vi du: ’- Johnny, you may leave the table when you have

finished your dinner.

71

DONG TIT TIENG ANH

Johnny, con co the rdi ban neu con an toi xong.- He may stay here for a while.

Anh ta co the d day mot luc.- We may use the book for reference.

Chung ta co the sit dung quyen sach nay de tham khao.

- Students may not borrow equipment without written permission.Sinh vien khong ditOc sit dung trang thiet bi neu khong co giay phep.

- Su xin phep d hinh thiic trang trong (formalstyle).

Vi du:- May I help you?

Toi co the giiip anh dittic khong?- May I borrow your pen, please?

Toi co the miidn ban cai but diCtfc khong?- May I sit here?

Toi co the ngoi day ditcfc khong a ?- May I smoke?

Toi co the hut thuo'c chu!?b. Khd ndng co the xdy ra 6 hien tai hoac tUOng

lai.Vi du:- Each nurse may be responsible for up to twenty

patients.Moi y td co the phai chiu trach nhiem vdi 20

benh nhan.- If the monitors are used in poorly lit places, some

users may experience headaches.Neu chiec may diidc su! dung d nhitng ncfi anh sang yeu, mot so ngitdi dung co the bi dau dau.

- I may go shopping tonight, I haven't decided yet.

72

THANH HA

Toi co the di mua sam toi nay, nhiing toi van chiia quyet dinh.

- He may be at school.Anh ta co the dang d triicfng.

* Chu y: Trong cach noi than mat cua ngUdi My (informal American English), “may” thufdng diidc thay the bang “can” khi dien ta sU xin phep, va bang “might” khi dien ta kha nang co the xay ra.

- Khi muon dien ta y phu dinh de chi kha nang co the xay ra, ngUdi ta hay dung “can not” chii khong dung “may not” .

Vi du:- She may be at school.

Cd the cd ta d triicfng.- The news can’t be true.

Tin do khong the dung diidc.- “May not” dien ta sU cam doan.Vi du:- The student may not talk in class.

Hoc sinh khong diidc noi chuyen trong Idp.- You may not smoke here.

Ban khong diidc hut thuoc d day.- You may not break the rules.

Ban khong diidc pha luat.c. “May” + have + PII : dien td sU hoai nghi,

khong chdc chan d hien tai ve stf viec co the xdy ra d qua khi/.Vi du:- She is late, she may have stucked.

Co ay den muon, co the cd ay bi tac diicfng.- Jack may have been upset. I couldn't really tell if

he was annoyed or tired.

73

DONG Tlj TIENG ANH

Cd le Jack dd rat buon. Toi khong the thitc si1 noi neu anh ta khd chiu hay met moi.

- The experiment may have been a success, but there is still a lot of work to be done.Thi nghiem co the thanh cong, nhitng van con nhieu viec phai lam.

8. MIGHTa. Stf xin phep hoac khd ndng co the xay ra

trong qua khit.Vi du:- Might I turn the TV on?

Toi co the bat ti vi ditcjc khong?- Might you turn back?

Anh co the quay lai ditdc khong?- My mother agreed that I might go out.

Me tdi dong y rang toi co the di chcti.b. Khd ndng co the xdy ra d hien tai hoac ti/ctng

lai.Vi du:- I am studying late tonight so that I might go out

tomorrow.Toi hoc Bdi muon dem nay la de ngay mai toi di chcti.

- England might win the World Cup, you never know.

Ban khong bao gid biet rang, England cd the doat World Cup.

- Don’t climb on that tree; you might fall.Ditng treo len cai cay dd, ban cd the bi nga day.

- She might come this evening Cd ay cd the den vdo toi nay.

74

THANH HA

* Chu y: Trong cach svf dung nay, “might” d iin ta ha nang co the xay ra hdi xa hdn la “may” , nhung rong nhieu trUdng hdp hai dong tii nay co the thay the ho nhau.

“M ight' + have + PII dien td mot viec dang le dd xdy ra nhitng thiic te khong xdy ra.Vi du:- I'm surprised he failed. I suppose he might have

been ill on the day of the exam.Tdi ngac nhien khi anh ay tritdt. Toi cho rang, vdo ngay thi co the anh ay dd bi om.

- You saw me standing at the bus stop! You mighthave stopped and given me a lift!Ban dd thay toi ditng d ben xe buyt, le ra ban dd co the ditng lai va cho toi di nhd.

- Jack might have gone to France.Cd le, Jack dd den Phap.

). MUSTi. Sii bat buoc, menh lenh, can thiet

Vi du:- I really must get some exercise.

Tdi that s it phai lam mot vdi Bdi the due.- People must try to be more tolerant of each

:other.Moi ngitdi phai khoan dung hdn vdi ngitdi khac.

- We must keep silent in class.Chung tdi phai giit trat tit trong Idp.

* Chu y: Phu dinh “must not” hoac “mustn't” : cam doan, bat buoc khong dUdc lam viec gi, khong dUdc phep (prohibition).

Vi du:- You musn’t smoke here.

75

DONG TUTTllNG ANH

Ban khong diidc hut thuoc d day.- Everybody mustn’t walk on the grass.

Moi ngiidi khong diidc giam len bdi cd.- Cars mustn’t be parked in this street.

Khong diidc dd o td d pho nay.b. Gid sU diia tren chi/ng cvt x a c da ng

S + must + V: dieu gia suf d hien tai S + must + have + P„: dieu gia suf d qua khvT

Vi du:- She has worked hard. She must have done well

on the test.Cd ay dd lam viec cham chi. Chdc la cd ay dd lam Bdi thi tot.

- Where is David? He must be at school. Classes begin at 8.

David dau roi? Chdc la no d triicfng. Gid hoc bat dau luc 8 gid.

- I'm absolutley sure! They must have arrived yesterday, I saw their ticket.Tdi hoan toan chdc chan. Ho chdc hdn dd den day, horn qua. Tdi dd nhin thay ve cua ho.

- The concert must have been wonderful last night.Fiore is a great conductor.Buoi hod nhac tdi qua chdc hdn rat tuyet vdi. Fiore la ngitdi dieu khien gioi.

* Chu y:- Ngudi ta thUdng dung “have to” thay cho “must” d

cac thi tUdng lai va qua khii thUdng.Vi du:- I shall have to earn money for help my family.

Tdi se phai kiem tien de giup gia dinh tdi.- We have to do the test tomorrow.

Chung tdi phai lam Bdi kiem tra vdo ngay mai.

76

THANH HA

- They have to come here on time.Ho phai den day dung gid.

- “Must” dien ta y bat buoc, menh lenh cau ngUdi noi; “have to” thUdng dien ta y bat buoc do ngoai canh.

Vi du:- I have to go to school on time.

Tdi phai den tritting dung gid.- She has to clean the room.

Cd ay phai lau can phbng.- You must come and see me next time you're in

town.Anh phai den gap toi Ian sau khi anh v i thanh

pho.- He must work harder.

Anh ay phai lam viec cham chi hctn.

10. DARENguf phap cua “dare” khong nhat quan- La dong tit khuyet thieu, tUdng tu nhu “can” . “Dare” co hai dang chinh la: hien tai “dare” va qua

khii “dared” .Vi du:- He dared not lie you.

Anh ay khong dam noi doi anh dau.- They daren’t criticize him.

Ho khong dam phe binh ong ta.- How dare you speak to me like that?

Sao anh dam noi vdi toi nhit the?- I daren't tell her.

Toi khong dam ke vdi co ay.* Chu y:- NgUdi ta co the sU dung “dare” nhu mot dong tu:

thUdng. Vi du:

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DONG Tir TIENG ANH

- He doesn’t dare to answer my call.Anh ay khong dam trd Icfi dien thoai cua toi.

- Did you dare to go out at night?Cau cd dam ra ngoai vdo ban dem khong?

- We dared to climb on that mountain.Chung toi dam treo len ngon nui do.

- He didn't dare complain about the quality of the food.

Anh ta khong dam phan nan ve chat liicJng thitc an.

- He never dares to criticise her for wasting money and she doesn't dare to interrupt him when he's working.Anh ay khong bao gid dam phe binh co ta vi viec lang phi tien va co ta khong bao gid dam xen vdo khi anh ay dang lam viec.

- “7 dare say” la thanh ngut chi sU dung vdi “7” vdi nghia “7 suppose” (toi cho r&ng) hoac “It is my opinion that” (theo y toi). Neu no theo sau bdi mot menh de danh tii, “that” dUdc bo di.

Vi du:- I dare say you're pretty hungry after all that

cycling.Toi chdc rang anh rat doi sau chuyen dap xe do.

- Bob looks very strong, I dare say he’s an excellent athlete.

Bob trong rat khoe, toi nghl rang anh ay la van dong vien xuat sac.

11. NEEDa. “Need” cung giong “dare” la nguf phap khong

nhat quan, tuy nhien difofc dung pho bien hdn nhat la trong cau phu dinh va cau nghi van.

78

THANH HA

Vi du:- Need they really do it?

Ho co thiic sit can lam dieu do khong?- She needn't come tomorrow - it isn't necessary.

Co ay khong can den vdo ngay mai. Dieu do khong can thiet.

- This is the only thing we need do.Day la dieu duy nhat chung ta can lam.

- Need I lock the door when I leave? ~ No, you needn't. Sarah will be home soon.Tdi cd can khoa cita khi di khong? ~ Khong, khong can. Sarah se trd ve nhd ngay.

b. “need” b cau khang dinh vdi nhufng tvf ngu y nghi ngd hoac sau mot dong tvf d dang phu dinh.Vi du:- I don’t think I need meet him.Tdi khong nghl la tdi can gap anh ay.

- I doubt that she needn't visit my aunt and uncle. Tdi nghi ngd la cd ay khong can den thdm cd chu

cua tdi.c. Needn’t + have + Pn: dien ta hanh dong dang

le khong can lamVi du:- You needn’t have gone to the supermarket.

There’s plenty of food in the fridge.Dang le chi khong phai di sieu thi. Con rat nhieu thiic an trong tu lanh.

- We needn’t have looked for that book. He had taken it.

Chung ta khong can phai tim kiem cuon sach do. Anh ta dd cam di roi

79

DONG TjjfTIENSANH__■_________________

- He needn't have gone in to work today, as the boss decided to close the office.Anh ta khong can di lam ngay horn nay, bdi ong chu dd quyet dinh dong cita van phbng.

* Chu y:- “N eed ’ co the dtfOc dung nhii dong tti thiidng, dtfpc

chia theo ngoi so hay cac thi nhil nhOng dong til thtfdng khac. d the nghi van va phu dinh di vdi trd dong tii “do”. Dong tii sau “need ’ la dong tii nguyen the co "to" (infinitive verb with “to”).

Vi du:- I need some new winter shoes.

Toi can vdi doi giay mua dong.- Children need a good balanced diet.

Lu tre can mot che do an can bang.- Do we need anything from the shops?

Chung ta co can cai g i d cita hang khong?- I didn’t need to meet him.

Tdi khong can gap anh ay.- Will I be needed in the office tomorrow?

Tdi cd can cd mat d van phbng vdo ngay mai khong?

- You don't need to work on weekends.Ban khong can phai lam viec vdo ngay nghi.

- “Need” + V-ingdien ta viec gi do can diidc thiic hien.

Vi du:- Your clothes needs washing.

Quan do cua ban can ditdc giat.- This bike needs repairing.

Chiec xe dap nay can ditdc sita.- The house need cleaning.

Can nhd can ditdc lau chiii.

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THANH HA

12. OUGHT TO•a. Dien ta mot bon phan, mot trach nhiem, mot

viec nen lam.Vi du:- You ought to wear a raincoat.

Ban nen mac do miia.- She ought to finish by next week.

Co ay nen ket thuc vdo tuan tdi.- We ought to respect our parents

Chung ta nen ton trong cha m e.- You ought to love your country, ought ngt you?

Ban nen yeu dat niidc, phai khong1?b. Stf suy doan dtfa tren cd scf thtfc te.

Vi du:- If he started an hour ago, he ought to be here

soon.Neu anh ay khdi hdnh triidc day 1 gid thi hdn la bay gid anh ay se den day bay gid.

- They oughn’t to leave their parents alone.Ho khong nen de bo me ho song mot minh diicfc.

c. Ought to + have + Pn dien ta viec dang ra nen difcfc lam trong qua khuf nhifng lai khong lam. Vi du:- You ought to have been more careful while

driving car.Ban nen can than hem khi dieu khien o to.

- You ought to have invited her to your party.Le ra ban nen mdi co ay den dii tiec.

- I ought to have written to my parents, but I forgot.

Le ra tdi phai viet thii cho bo me, nhiing toi lai quen.

DONG TUT TIENG ANH

d. Ought not to + have + Pn: dien ta mot viec le ra khong nen lam nhiing da dtfcfc thtfc hien trong qua khuf.VI du:- You oughtn’t to have thrown away yesterday's

newspaper.Le ra ban khong nen vitt td bao ngay hom qua di.

- We ought not to have wasted so much time overit.

Le ra chung ta khong nen lang phi thdi gian vdo viec do.

- You oughtn’t to have met him yesterday.Le ra hom qua ban khong nen gap anh ay.

- She has done things that she ought not to have done.

Co ta dd lam nhitng viec md le ra khong nen lam.

* Chu y:- Co the thay “ought to” bang “should ’ .Vi du:- You ought to do this work.

Ban phai lam viec nay.- You should do this work.

Ban phai lam viec nay.- You oughtn’t to believe him.

Ban khong nen tin anh ta.- You shouldn’t believe him.

Ban khong nen tin anh ta.- d dang nghi van, dat “ought “ d dau cau.Vi du:- Ought you to do this work tomorrow?

Ban phai lam viec nay vdo ngay mai chit?- Ought you to wash your clothes?

^2

THANH HA

Ban phai giat quan do a ?- Ought I to close the door?

Tdi co phai dong cita khong?- Ought we to help them?

Chung ta co phai giup ho khong?

13. USED TOa. “U sed to ” d ien ta th o i quen , m ot v ie c thtfdng

lam tron g qu a khtf.Vi du:- I used to cry when I was a child.

Hoi nhd toi thitdng hay khoc.- He used to swim on the river.

Triidc day anh ay thitdng bdi ngoai song.- She used to go to school late.

Triidc day cd ay rat hay di hoc muon.- My father used to watch TV in the early

morning.Tritdc day bo tdi thitdng xem ti vi vdo sang sdm.

- My mother used to go to work by bus.Tritdc day me tdi thitdng di lam bang xe buyt.

b. D ien ta stf that h a y tin h huo'ng tron g qua khuf Vi du:- People used to think the world was square.

Moi ngitdi thitdng nghl la the gidi nay hinh vudng.

- He used to be a film director.Anh ay titng la dq,o dien phim.

* Chu y:- “Used to” chi dung d qua khii Vi du:-We used to work together. C orrect- We u se to work together. In correct

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DONG Tl/TIENG A N H

c. Co the thay “used to ” ba n g w ou ld .- “u sed to ” cung diin td thdi quen trong qua

khii nhiing hien tai khong con thiXc hien niia.Vi du:- He used to get up at 5.30. but now he gets up at

8.00.Triidc kia ong ay co thdi quen day luc 5.30,nhiing bay gid ong ay day luc 8 gid.

- He used to be handsome when he was younger.Khi con tre, ong ay rat dep trai.

- “w o u ld ” dung de dien td mot thdi quen, mot viec thitdng lam do tii nguyen, xuat phat tii y muon, khong dung de chi trang thdi.

. - I would often play soccer when I was young.Tdi thitdng chcti bong dd khi con tre.

- My grandfather would always give us candy.Bo toi thitdng cho chung toi keo.

- "He would be handsome when he was younger." In c o r r e c t

- "He was handsome when he was younger." C o rre c t

* C hu y:- “Used to” cung dung d phu dinh va nghi van nhif

nhiing dong tii khac.Vi du:- She didn’t use to cry when she was a child.

Co ay thitdng khong hay khoc khi co ay con nhd.- You use to stay up late, didn’t you?

Tritdc day ban thitdng ngu day muon phaikhong?

- Did you use to work here?Ban thitdng lam viec dday a?

84

THANH HA

- “used to” khac v6i “to use” co nghia la “dung” .S + used to + V S + use + N (noun)

VI du:- I use the same pen that I have used for 15 years.

Toi van dung cai but md toi dd dung mitdi lam ndm nay.

- How to use this mobile?Cai dien thoai nay dung nhit the nao?

- “used to” khac vdi “to be / get used to” co nghia la “quen vdi viec hay thii gi do d hien tai” . Sau “to be! get used to” co the la danh tii hay dong danh tii.

S + be / get used to + N ______________________ + V-ing

Vi du:- My mother is used to getting up early.

Me toi thitdng day s&m.- I am used to living abroad. - I have previous

experience living abroad, so it's not difficult forme.Tdi quen song d nitdc ngoai. Tritdc day tdi co kinh nghiem song d nitdc ngoai, vi vay dieu do khong khd khan doi vdi tdi.

- 1 didn’t like bananas, but I got used to them.Tdi khong thich chuoi, nhitng tdi dd quen vdi chung.

14. WOULD RATHERDong tii khuyet thieu “would rather” dien ta mot sU

lUa chon Ua thich (a preference). Luon dUdc sU dung dUdi hinh thiic rut gon la: Md rather” .

85

DONG TU TIENG ANH

Hinh thiic day du: “had rather” , “would r a t h e r cahai deu giong nhau.

Dang phu dinh: “would rather not” , “wouldn'trather” .

Vi du:- I'd rather be poor and happy than rich and sad.

Toi thich ngheo va hanh phuc hcfn la giau co va bat hanh.

- "Let's go shopping this evening". "Oh, I'd rather go tomorrow."Toi nay di mua sam di. - Oh, tdi thich di vdo ngay mai.

- What would you rather do: go to the cinema or stay at home for the evening?Ban muon lam gi hcfn vdo toi nay: den rap chieu phim hay d nhd ?

Mot so" cau true co nghia tUdng tu nhu “would rather” : “would / had sooner”, “would / had just soon , sti dung trong loi than mat hoac dam thoai.

Vi du:- The French would rather have seen the whole

place go down rather than help us!Ngitdi Phap thd thay tat cd cho nay sup do hcfn la giup chung ta!

- I'd sooner she answered the letter herself Toi thich cd ay tit trd Icfi thit.

- The couple would just as soon drive through the U.S. in their camper as fly to Florida to see their relatives.Hai vcf chong muon lai xe qua My trong vai ngitdi cam trai hcfn la bay tdi Florida thdm ho h ang.

86

THANH HA

5. HAD BETTER“Had better” thUdng diidc sxi dung theo loi noi rut

‘on la “ ld better” , dien ta sii de nghi gdi y hoac nhac ihd. Phu dinh la “had better not” .

Vi du:- You’d better zip up your jacket.

Ban nen keo khod do khoac len- You’d better watch the way you talk to me in the

:uture!Ban nen d e y cach ban noi vdi tdi sau nay day!

- They had better not forget Tom's birthday gift.Ho khong nen mon qua sinh nhat Tom

- Had they better be here before we start dinner?Ho nen co mat d day triidc khi chung ta bat daubiia toi phai khong?

- That bus had better get here soon!Xe buyt do nen den day sdm mdi phai!

87

DONG TUT TIENG ANH

THE b ; DO ING

Trong tieng Anh, cau co the dUdc the hien d the chu dong hoac the bi dong. Trong cau chu dong, chu ngi) thuc hien hanh dong, diem tap trung nh^m vao tac nhan. Trong cau bi dong, chu ngtf chiu stf tac dong cua hanh dong, diem tap trung nh&m vao hanh dong.

Vi du:Cau chu don g Cau bi d on g

- People speak English all over the world.Ngi/cti ta noi tieng Anh khap ncti tren the gi&i.

- English is spoken all over the world.Tieng Anh di/Oc noi khAp

ncti tren the gi&i.- They make Fords in Cologne.Ho che tao ra xe Fords &

Cologne.

Fords are made in Cologne.Xe Ford diictc che tao tai Cologne.

Susan is cooking dinner.Susan dang nau bi/a toi.

- Dinner is being cooked by Susan.Bi/a toi dang di/ctc nau bdi

Susan.James Joyce wrote

"Dubliners"James Joyce dd viet

cuon “Dubliners”.

- "Dubliners" was written by James Joyces.Cuon “Dubiners” di/ctc viet

bcti James Joyces.- They were painting the house when I arrived.Ho dd sctn ngoi nhd khi toi den.

- The house was being painted when I arrived. Ngoi nhd dd di/ctc sctn khi

chung toi den.

88

THANH HA

CACH 001 CAU CHU D0NG SANG Bj DONG

1. Cong thflc chung cua cau bi dong.| S + be + PIT (+ b y ......)

2. Cach doi cau chu dong sang cau bi dong:- Dat tan nguf cua cau chu dong cl dau cau bi dong.- Dat dong til “be” sau chu ngQ mdi cua cau bi

dong. Dong tvf “be” phai cung thi v6i dong tii chinh cua cau chu dong va hoa hop vdi chu nguf mdi ve so". Tuy nhien neu co dong tu! tinh thai trong cau chu dong, dat no ngay sau chu ngQ mdi cua cau bi dong, sau do dat dong tii “be” 0 hinh thiic nguyen the sau dong tii tinh thai.

- Dat dong tii chinh cua cau chu dong sau dong tii “6e” , dong tii nay phai d hinh thiic qua khil phan tii.

- Cuoi cung dat “by” + chu ngii cua cau chu dong sau dong tii chinh trong cau bi dong. (Budc nay co the bo qua neu khong muon de cap den chu nguf cua cau bi dong).

Vi du:Cau chu dong Cau bi dong

- I will finish it tomorrow. Toi se hoan thanh no vdo

ngay mai.

It will be finished tomorrow.No se ditcJc hoan thanh vdo ngay mai.

- They are going to build a new factory in Portland.Ho se xdy mot nhd may

mdi d Portland.

- A new factory is going to be built in Portland.Mot nhd may mdi se dtfcfc

xdy d Portland.- They have produced over 20 new models.Ho dd san xuat hcfn 20 mau mdi.

- Over 20 new models have been produced.Hcfn 20 mau mdi dd di/cfc ho san xuat ra.

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DONG TIT TIENG ANH

- Tom built a house. Tom dd xdy ngoi nhd.

- A house was built byTom.Ngoi nhd dd ditdc xdy bdi Tom.

- Peter writes a letter. Peter viet mot bite thit.

- A letter is written by Peter.Bite thit ditdc viet bdi

Peter.

3. Quy tac ch ia d on g tif d cau bi don g.

Thi D ang d on g tif b i d on g

V i du

Hien tai thUdng am/is/are + Pn

This lesson is explained by the teacher today.Bdi nay dd ditdc giang bdi qiao vien ngay hom nay.

Hien tai tiep dien am/is/are +

being + PIT

New bridge is being built. Cay cau mdi dang ditdc xdy ditng.

Qua khii thUdng was/were/ +

P,i

A house was built by them.Ngoi nhd dd ditdc xdy bdi ho.

Qua khii tiep dien was/were/ +

being + P„

I arrived when dinner was being cooked.Toi den khi bita toi dang ditdc nau.

TUdng lai thifdng will/shall + be

+ Pn

A new restaurant will bej opened next week.Nhd hang mdi se ditdc md vdo tuan tdi.

Tiidng lai hoan thanh will + have +

The project will have been completed before the

90

THANH HA

been + Pn deadline.De an nay se ditdc hoan thanh tritdc thdi han.

Hien tai hoan thanh have/has +

been + Pn

The car has been cleaned by us.Cai o to ditdc rita bdi chung toi.

Qua khii hoan thanh

had + been + Pn

Many cars had been repaired by Tom before he received his mechanic's license.Rat nhieu o td dd ditcfc sit a bdi Tom tritdc khi anh ay ditdc cap phep lam thd may.

Dong tii khuyet thieu

can/could/should/may/migh

tlwould/must...

+ be + Pn

The blue box can't be opened by anyone.Cai hop mau xanh khong the ditdc md bdi mot ai do.

NHUNG CAU TRUC KHAC CUA CAU Bj DONG

1 . D anh d o n g t ft d dan g bi dipng.B ein g + P „

Vi du:Cau ch u d on g Cau b i d on g

- I hate people keeping me waiting.Tdi ghet ngitdi khac bat

toi phai chd ddi.

- I hate being kept waiting. Tdi ghet phai chd ddi ngitdi

khac.

- I am so tired that my boss is lecturing me.

- I am so tired of beinglectured to bv mv boss.

91

DONG TIJ TIENG ANH

Toi met moi vi ong chu cu thuyet giao.

Tdi met moi vi bi ong chu thuyet giao.

- She thinks that her boyfriend will take her to the theatre.Co ay nghl la ban trai cua co ay se dan co ay den rap hat.

- She thinks that will being taken to the theatre by her boyfriend.Cd ay nghl la se ditdc ban

trai cua cd ay dita dan den rap hat.

- They objected to people making her work overtime.Co ay phan doi nhitng ngitdi buoc co ay lam viec them gid.

- She objected to being made to work overtime.Cd ay phan doi viec bi buoc

phai lam them gid.

- I don’t like people telling me what to do.Toi khong thich ngitdi ta bao toi phai lam gi.

- I don’t like being told what to do.Tdi khong thich bi sai bad

phai lam gi.- She wore dark glasse to avoid people avoid people recognizing her.Co ay deo kinh ram de tranh moi ngitdi nhan ra.

- She wore dark glasses to avoid being recognized.Cd ay deo kinh ram de

tranh bi moi ngitdi nhan ra.

2. Have / G et + smt (something) + P n. yeu cau ngiidi nao do lam mot viec gi.Vi du:- I’ve just had your house painted.

Toi vila cho ngitdi sdn ngoi nhd cua anh.- He had the TV repaired.

Anh ay cho ngitdi sita ti vi.- She got her hair cut this morning.

Co ay dd di cat toe sang nay.92

THANH HA

- She always gets thing helped.Cd ay luon ludn co ngitdi giup dd.

* Chu y: Cau true tren co the diidc dung khi noi chuyen gi do khong hay xay ra vdi ai.

Vi du:- Peter had his arm broken when climb the

mountain.Peter dd bi gay tay khi leo nui.

- I have had my wallet stolen.Toi vita bi mat vi.

3. Cau b i d on g vdi d o n g tif ttfdng thuatNhutng dong til thUdng gap la: think, consider,

know, believe, claim, say, suppose, acknowledge, understand,.......

a. M enh de hai d h ien tai thvfdng.Khi menh de hai d thi hien tai thUdng, cau bi dong

dUdc theo sau bdi dong tu: nguyen the d hien tai.Vi du:

Cau ch u d on g Cau b i d on g- Everybody knows that she work hard.Moi ngitdi biet la cd ay lam viec rat cham chi.

- She is known to work hard.Cd ay ditcfc biet la lam viec

rat cham chi.- People think that he is true.Moi ngitdi nghi la anh ay

noi that.

- He is thought to true.Anh ay ditcfc nghi la noi that.

- They report that the match is in the end.Ho thong bao rang tran

dau dd ket thuc.

- The match is reported to be in the end.Tran dau ditdc thong bao

la dd ket thuc.

93

DONG TUT TIENG ANH

- They suppose that the new product will come out soon.

The new product is supposed to come out soon.

- They believe that she will win a gold medal.

- She is believed to win a gold medal.

b. D on g tif m enh de hai d thi qua khtf thtfdng.Khi dong tti d menh de hai d qua khil thtfdng

chuyen sang mot cau bi dong se dtfdc doi thanh dong til nguyen the d thi hien tai hoan thanh.

Vi du:Cau chu d on g Cau bi d on g

They think that he arrived here last Sunday. Tdi nghl la anh ay dd den

day chu nhat tritdc.

- He is thought to have arrived here last Sunday. Anh ay ditdc nghl la dd den day chu nhat tritdc.

- People have reported that the thieves got away in a stolen motorbike.Moi ngitdi thong bao la nhiing ten trom tron chay tren chiec xe may bi danh cap.

- The thieves have been reported to have got away in a stolen motorbike.Bon trom bi thong bao la dd tron chay tren chiec xe may bi danh cap.

- Everybody thinks that the explorers died of hunger. Moi ngitdi nghl rang nhitng nhd thdm hiem dd chet vi doi.

- The explorers are thought to have died of hunger. Nhitng ngitdi thdm hiem bi nghl la dd chet vi doi.

* Chu y: Neu dong tit tUdng thuat va dong til 0 menh de hai cung d qua khil, cau bi dong dUdc theo sau bdi dong ti* nguyen the d hien tai.

Vi du:

94

THANH HA

Cau chu d on g Cau b i d on g- They believed that the Titanic was unsinkable.Ho nghl rang tau Titanic khong the chim.

- The Titanic was believed to be unsinkable.Tau Titanic ditcfc nghl la

khong the chim.- People thought that the earth was flat.Moi ngitdi titng nghl rang trdi dat bang phang.

- The earth was thought to be flat.Trdi dat titng ditdc nghl la

\ 9

bang phang.- They found that the mission was impossible.

- The mission was found to be impossible.

c. D on g tif m enh de ha i d dan g tiep dien .Dong tii menh de hai 6 hien tai tiep dien, khi

chuyen sang bi dong se la “to be + V-ing” ; neu 0 qua khil tiep dien khi chuyen sang bi dong se la “to have been + V-ing” .

Vi du:

Cau chu d on g Cau b i d on g- I think Tom is doin^ exercises.Tdi nghl la Tom dang lam

Bdi tap.

- Tom is thought to be doing exercises.Tom ditdc nghl la dang

lam Bdi tap.- I know that my mother was cooking dinner.Tdi biet la me tdi dang nau

biia toi.

- My mother is known to have been cooking dinner. Me tdi ditdc biet la dang nau biia toi.

* Chu y: Vdi nhiing cau chu dong co chiia dong tif tiicfng thuat d muc nay, chung ta co the chuyen sang cau bi dong bang hai cach.

Vi du:

95

DONG TUf TIENG ANH

Cau chu don g Cau bi d on g- People say that she is a doctor.Moi ngitdi noi rang cd ta la mot bac si gioi.

- She is said to be a good] doctor.- It is said that she is a good doctor.Co ta ditdc noi la mot bac

si gioi.- People know that the ice at the North and South Poles is melting little by little.Moi ngitdi biet rang bang d Bac Cite va Nam Cite dang dan dan tan chay.

- The ice at the North and South Poles is known to be melting little by little.- It is known that the ice at the North and South Poles is melting little by little. Bang d Bac Cite va Nam Cite ditdc biet la dang dan dan tan chay.

- They say that women live longer than men.Ho noi rang phu nit song lau hdn dan ong.

- It is said that women live longer than men.- Women are said to live longer than men.Phu nit ditdc cho rang song lau hdn nam gidi

4. D on g tif kem gidi tif.a. Ket thuc cau bang m ot gid i tif.Co the ket thuc cau bang mot gidi tut khi xuat hien

mot dong gidi tu; (a prepositional verb) trong cau do. VI du:

Cau chu d on g Cau bi d on g- I must reply to him.Toi phai trd Itii thit cua

anh ay.

- He must be replied to. Anh ay dd ditdc trd Itii thit.

- Someone throw away mv - My newspaper was thrown96

THANH HA

newspaper.Ai do dd vitt td bao cua tdi di.

away.Td bao cua tdi bi vitt di.

- People speak well of her. Moi ngitdi noi tot ve cd ta.

- She is spoken well of. Cd ta ditdc noi tot.

b. By va with- “With" thiidng dUdc dung sau cac phan tii “filled

“p a c k e d “c r o w e d “cram m ed'.Vi du:- The glass is filled with water.

Chiec co'c day nitdc.- The bus-stop was crowed with people.

Ben xe buyt ditng chat cd ngitdi.- The letter was packed with the parcel.

La thit ditdc giti kem vdi bitu kien.- “With" hoac “By” diidc dung sau cac dong tii

“cover", “surround" , “decorate".Vi du:- The city is surrounded by fog.

Thanh pho ditdc bao phu bdi Idp sitcfng mu.- The house was decorated with a lot of flowers.

Ngoi nhd ditdc trang hoang vdi rat nhieu hoa.- The cake is covered with chocolate.

Chiec banh ditdc bao phu bdi socola.

5. Cau ch u d on g co hai tan ngii.Mot so" dong til co hai tan ngii: offer, ask, tell, give,

send, show, teach, pay.Cau chu dong co hai tan ngii khi chuyen sang bi

dong co the viet thanh hai cau.

97

DONG Tllr TIENG ANH

Cau ch u d on g Cau bi d on g- My teacher gave us an hour to finish our test.Giao vien cho chung toi

mot gib dong ho de hoan thanh Bdi kiem tra.

- We were given an hour to finish our test.Chung tdi ditdc danh mot

gid dong ho de hoan thanh Bdi kiem tra.- An hour was given to us to finish our test.Mot gid dong ho diidc danh cho chung tdi de hoan thanh Bdi kiem tra.

- The teacher didn’t offer us that exercise.Giao vien dd khong giao cho chung tdi Bdi tap dd.

- We weren’t offered that exercise.Chung tdi dd khong diiOc, giao Bdi tap dd.

That exercise wasn't offered to us.Bdi tap dd dd khong dild giao cho chung tdi.

Rita wrote a letter to me. Rita viet thit cho tdi

- A letter was written to me by Rita.La thit diidc viet cho toi bdi Rita.- I was written a letter by Rita.Tdi diidc viet la thit dd bdi Rita

98

THANH HA

SI/NHAIN MANH, MENH LENH, CHU TLfGIA• • r i • r

SU NHAN MANH

1. T hay d o i trat ttf cua tif.a. Svf d ao nguf.Thay doi vi tri thong thitdng trong cau de nhan

manh cum gidi tit tritdc dong tit. Trong tritdng hop nay, dong tit dat tritdc chu ngit.

Vi du:- Suddenly down came the rain!

Trdi do mita dot ngot.- Quickly the hat on put the man.

Rat nhanh ngitdi dan ong doi chiec mu len dau.b. Cau nhan m anh: It is / it w a s .......that / w ho

/ w h a t.....Vi du:- It was Tom who borrowed my book.

Do chinh la Tom ngitdi dd mittfn quyen sach cuatoi.

- It was yesterday that Tom borrowed my book. Chinh hom qua Tom aa mitcfn quyen sach cua toi.

- It was my book that Tom borrowed.Chinh quyen sach cua toi Tom dd mittfn.

- What I hate is sunny weather.Dieu tdi ghet la trdi ndng.

c. T hem tvf.Cac tii thUOng dtfdc them de nhan manh cau la:

“own”, “very”, “indeed” hoac nhiing tii nhan manh phu dinh nhii: not at all, the least bit, none left at all, no leftwhat so e v e r , .......

Vi du:- There were none left at all in the fridge.

99

DONG TUTTIENG ANH

Khong con lai gi cd trong tu lanh.- I wasn’t the least bit bored.

Toi hen buon mot chut.- It was very hot indeed.

Trdi luc do rat ndng.- At the same moment, he arrived.

Ngay luc do anh ay den.- It was my own house.

Do la ngoi nhd cua rieng toi.d. Cum dong tvf nhan m anh.Sii nhan manh dac biet vao dong tii khong phai la

“be” trong cau tieng Anh diidc dien ta bang cach nhan manh vao trd dong tu!. Neu cau d dang hien tai va khong co trd dong tii, chung ta them hinh thiic phu hdp cua “do". Neu dong tii la “be” thi dang cua “be” diidc nhan manh. Trong loi viet ngiidi ta thay kho the hien ngoai trii cach dung loai dac biet, nhiing trong loi dam thoai thi sii nhan manh diidc sii dung kha thtfdng xuyen.

Vi du:- He does know the answer. I’m sure of that.

Anh ay biet cau trd Idi md. Toi dam chdc la co.- She did have money with her. I’m positive she

did.Co ta co mang theo tien md. Tdi chdc la cd.

■ He can speak French. He just doesn’t like to. Anh ay biet noi tieng Phap day chit. Chi tai anhay khong thich thdi.

MENH LENH

1. Cach ch ia dong tif.Vi du: stand up

100

THANH HA

Ngoi So it So' nhieuNgoi thii 1 Ngoi thii 2 Ngoi thii 3

Stand upLet me stand upLet her stand up

Stand upLet us stand upLet them stand up

2. N han xet ca ch ch ia .a. The kh an g d inh .- Ngoi thil hai so' it va so nhieu giong nhau, chia

nhu dang nguyen the khong co “to” va khong co chu ngQ.

Vi du:- Do the dishes now! And vacuum the floor!

Hay riCa bat! Va hut bui san nhd.- Be careful!

Hay can than!- Please sit down and open your books.

Hay ngoi xuong va md sach ra.- Ngoi thii nhat va ngoi thii ba dung “Let + me I us I

him / her / them...+ V infinitive”Vi du:- Let him go to the cinema.

De cau ay di xem phim.- Let me leave here.

De toi rcti khoi day.- Let her help you.

De co ay giup ban.- Let them play.

De chung chcti.- Let’s speak English.

Chung ta hay noi tieng Anh.Them “do” de nhan manh.Vi du:- Do let me alone.

101

DONG TtfTlCNG ANH

Hay de tdi mot minh.- Do let her leave here.

Hay de co ay rdi khoi day.- Do let them arise and dance.

Hay de ho ditng day va nhay.b. T he phu dinh- Dung “do not” (don't) dat triidc.Vi du:- Don’t be silly.

Ditng ngu ngoc the.- Don't ask her - she doesn't know.

Ditng hoi co ay - cd ay khong biet dau.- Don't wear that dress with those shoes.

Ditng mac chiec vay do vdi giay nay.- Don’t let them watch that film

Ditng de ho xem bo phim do.- Don’t let this happen.

Ditng de dieu nay xdy ra.■ b ngoi thii nhat va thii ba, co the them “not" sau

“let's” , “let him” ... vao triidc dong tii nguyen the.Vi du:- Let them not believe that.

Ditng de ho tin vdo dieu do.- Let her not cry.

Ditng de co ay khoc.- Let’s not have fish for dinner.

Ditng dung cd cho bita toi.- Let’s not hurry.

Ditng voi.- Trong loi noi dam thoai dang “let’s don't" va "don't

let’s” + V infinitive cung diidc sii dung.Vi du:- Let’s don’t arrive there.

102

THANH HA

Chung ta ditng den do.- Don’t let’s go to the park, it’s too cold.

Chung ta ditng di cong vien, trdi lanh lam.- Don’t let’s pretend.

Chung ta ditng gid vd.* Chu y: Trong cau menh lenh khong dung chu

ngii trif nhiing trutdng hdp sau:- Trong the khang dinh, dat chu ngu! triidc dong tii

nhan manh hoac phan biet.V idu :- Billy, you put that down at once!

Billy, dat cai do xuong ngay!- You take that one, I'll have this.

Ban cam cai do di, toi se lay cai nay.- Everyone, be quiet! Fred, (you) say that again.

Tat cd, hay im I ang! Fred, hay noi lai di!- William, stop crying, now!

William, nin ngay!- Trong the phu dinh, dat chu ngQ sau “don’t'1' de

nhan manh.Vi du:- Don’t you tell anybody.

Ditng co noi vdi ai day.- Don’t I just sit down and relax for a bit.

Tdi khong the ngoi vd nghi mot chut sao!- Don’t we move.

Chung ta khong ditdc cit dong.

CHU NGUTGIA

1. H inh thufc “th ere”.ChO “there” doc nhe co the diing d vi tri chu ngii.

Chu ngii thiic luc do theo sau dong tii. Neu cau true co

103

DONG TUT TIENG ANH

bo ngii (complement) thi no diing sau chu ngul.“There is” thiidng diidc rut gon “there's

There + V + S + C (com p lem en t)Vi du:- There are some tables in the room.

Cd vdi cai ban trong phbng.- There were some books in the bag.

Cd vdi quyen sach trong cap.- There was a cup of coffee on the table.

Cd mot tach cd phe d tren ban.- There is a pencil in the box.

Cd mot cai but chi d trong hop.- There’s the glove I’ve been looking for.

Do la cai gang tay md toi dang tim kiem.- In each of us there’s a dreamer and a realist

Trong moi ch ung ta, co mot con ngitdi met mong vd mot ngitdi thiic te.

- Cum dong tii cung co the diidc sii dung vdi “there". Vi du:- There has been no danger when he came.

Khong co mot nguy hiem nao khi anh ta den.- There have been many storms this year.

Ndm nay dd cd nhieu tran bao.- There may have been a storm at sea.

Ngoai bien cd the cd mot tran bao.- There can’t be anybody in the company at this

time.Chdc chan khong cd ai d cong ty vdo thdi gian nay dau.

- Mot so dong tii khac cung diidc dung vdi “there ".Vi du:- Suddenly there appeared strange man in the

building.

104

THANH HA

Bong nhien co mot ngUcfi dan ong la xuat hien trong tod nhd.

- There seems to be a blueberry pie cooking in the kitchen.

Hinh nhii co chiec banh nho dang dUdc lam trong bep.

- There need be no refuse.Khong can phai tie choi.

* Chu y: Can phan biet cau true nay c6i cau true“there” khi diidc nhan manh.______________________

T h ere / here / + V + nou n su b ject T h ere / here / + p ro n o u n su b ject + V

Vi du:- There goes the car. There it goes.

O to chay roi. No chay roi.- There’s Tom. There he is.

Tom day nay. Anh ay day nay.- Here arrives Mary. Here she arrives.

Mary den roi. Co ay den roi.- Here are your color pencils. Here they are.

Nhiing chiec but chi mau cua con day. Chung day nay.

2. H inh th iic “it” .a. Khi chu ngii hop logic cua dong tie (thubng

la noi dong tie hoac dong tie noi) la cum dong tie gom co: “to + verb”, mot menh de danh tie vd mot so cau true khac, chu tie gid “it” thudng diing trudc dong tie, vdi chu ngie thuc theo sau bo ngU.

It + V + C + lo g ica l su b ject

Vi du:- It’s very intesting walking in the rain.

105

__________________ DONGTlimgNB ANH____________________________________________________________________________ ■------------------------------------------------------------------------------ —----------------- —

That thu vi khi di bo dit&i mita.- It’s important to find him.

Dieu quan trong la phai tim ditdc anh ay.- It’s a pity that you aren’t here.

Dieu dang tiec la ban khong co d day.- It’s a long way to Schenectady.

Ditdng den Schenectady rat ddi.b. Nhitng dong tit co the titcfng ttf theo sau bdi

hai tan ngii danh tie dong vi, hoac mot danh tit hay mot tinh tii thdm dinh.

Trong triidng hdp nhtf vay neu no la mot cau true phiic hdp giong nhtf nhiing cau d tren thi dtfdc thay the bdi “it” va sau do dat phan cuoi cung d dang mot cum tti.

Vi du:- He finds cooking difficult.

Anh ay thay nau an la khd.- He finds it difficult to cook.

Anh ay thay nau an la khd.- He thought my answer ridiculous.

Anh ta cho rang cau trd Idi cua tdi la dang buoncittii.

- He thought it ridiculous that I couldn’t answer the question.

Anh ta cho rang qua la dang buon citdi khi tdikhong trd Icfi ditdc cau hoi.

- Khi’ “it” lam tan ngiJ:- Why don't we do it in the road?

Sao chung ta khong lam viec do tren ditdng di?- English speakers are still getting used to calling it

"Sri Lanka" instead of "Ceylon".Nhiing ngitdi noi tieng Anh van quen goi no la"Sri Lanka' thay vi "Ceylon".

106

THANH HA

c. “It' cung diiOc dung lam chu ngii cua dong tit trong nhiing cau dien td thdi gian trong ngay, mua trong ndm, ngay vd thdi tiet.

Vi du:- It is 8 o’clock now.

Luc nay la 8 gid.- It was getting cold.

Trdi cang ngay cang trd nen lanh.- It’s raining.

Trdi dang miia.- It was a hot summer night.

Do la mot dem miia he ndng niic.- It’s red.

No mau do.- It sometimes rains after snowing.

Trdi thinh thoang miia sau khi tuyet rcti.- Was it nice (out) yesterday?

Horn qua trdi dep phai khong?

107

DONG TUT TIENG ANH

CAU DIEU KIEN

Cau dieu kien la cau trong do hanh dong hay tinh huong diin ta trong menh de chinh cua cau co the bi han che bdi mot hay nhieu dieu kien. Nhiing dieu kien dUdc dien ta bdi nhiing menh de md dau bang “if / unless / whether" hay mot so' cau true khac. Menh de dieu kien co the diing triidc hoac sau menh de chinh.

BA LOAI CAU DIEU KIEN CUBAN

1 . Cau dieu kien loai 0 - zero con d ition a l

IF + S + V, S + VDung de noi ve nhiing quy luat thong thiidng, luon

co that. Trong triidng hdp nay, “i f ’ co nghia nhii “whenhav “every time”

' Vi du:- If we heat water enough, it begins to boil.

Neu chung ta dun nildc du nhiet do, no hat dausoi.

- When it is very cold, we switch on the heating. Trai rat lanh, chung ta bat lo sitdi len.

2 . Cau d ieu k ien loa i I .___________I f + ‘S + V, S + wilI + \T

Cau dieu kien loai I chi nhiing dieu kien co that se xay ra d hien tai hoac tUdng lai (real conditions in present or future).

Vi du:- If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.

Neu toi tim thay dia chi cua cd ay toi se giti cho co ay thiep mcfi.

108

THANH HA

- If John has money, he will buy a Ferrari.Neu John co tien, anh ay se mua chiec Ferrari.

- If I don’t see him this afternoon, I will phone him in the evening.Neu toi khong gap anh ay chieu nay, toi se goi cho anh ay vdo buoi toi.

- If Caroline and Sue prepare the salad, Phil will decorate the house.Neu Caroline vd Sue chuan bi sa-lat, Phil se trang hoang nhd cita.

- If Sue cuts the onions for the salad, Caroline will peel the mushrooms.Neu Sue thdi hdnh cho mon sa-lat, Caroline se tach ndm.

3. Cau dieu kien loai II.

If + S + V-ed, S+ would / should + V______Cau dieu kien loai II chi dieu kien khong co that d

hien tai hoac tUdng lai (unreal condition in present or future).

“be” trong menh de dieu kien luon la “were” cho tat ca cac ngoi so.

Theo quy t ic chung “should” dung cho ngoi thti nhat, “w ould ’ dung cho ngoi th\i hai va thti ba nhung trong van noi co xu hu'dng dung “would” cho tat ca cac ngoi.

Vi du:- If I found her address, I would send her an

invitation.Neu toi tim thay dia chi cua cd ay tdi se gid cho cd ay thiep mdi.

- If I had a lot of money, I wouldn’t stay here.

109

DONG TUT TIENG ANH

Neu tdi cd tien toi se khong d day.- If I were you, I would not do this.

Neu toi la ban toi se khong lam viec nay.- If I played the lottery, I would have a chance to

hit the jackpot.Neu tdi chcti xo so', toi se co cd hoi trung gidi.

- If I hit the jackpot, I would be rich.Neu toi trung gidi xo so, toi se giau co.

4. Cau dieu kien loai III.

If + S + Pn, S+ would + PIT________Cau dieu kien loai III chi dieu kien khong co that d

qua khii, gia dinh mot dieu trai ngiidc vdi thiic te xay ra (unreal condition in the past).

Vi du:- If I had found her address, I would have sent her

an invitation.Neu toi tim thay dia chi cua cd ay, tdi dd giti thiep mdi cho cd ay.

- If I hadn’t studied, I wouldn’t have passed my exams.

Neu tdi khong hoc, tdi se khong vitdt qua diidc ki thi.

- If our team had won the match, they would have moved up in the league.Neu ddi cua chung tdi chien thang, ho se chuyen thanh lien doan.

- If John had had the money, he would have bought a car.

Neu John cd tien, anh ay dd mua o td.- Their motivation would have improved if they had

kicked a goal during the first half.

110

THANH HA

Hitng thu cua ho se tang len, neu ho dd vdo gon trong hiep mot.

CAC DANG KHAC CUA CAU DIEU KIEN

1. Trong cau dieu kien loai I, tuy theo tinh huong, co the sfr dung cac thi khac nhau.

Vi du:- If you came late, we cannot go out.

Neu anh den muon, chung ta se khong the di chcti ditdc.

- If you’ve finished, then we’ll start Neu ban dd xong, chung ta se bat dau.

- If their lights are on, the Wilsons are home from their vacation.Neu den sang, gia dinh nhd Wilson dd di nghi ve.

- If she wins, she's been practicing in secret.Neu co ay chien thang, co ay dd bi mat tap luyen.

- If what I said offended you, I apologize.Neu nhitng g i tdi noi 1dm ton thitctng anh, tdi xin

loi.- If you leave before I see you again, have a good

time.Neu ban di tritdc khi tdi gap lai ban, thi chuc ban cd thdi gian vui ve nhe.

Trong cau dieu kien loai I, nhin chung khong sii dung “should / would / shall / will” trong menh de dieu kien, du y muon diin dat ve tifdng lai.

Vi du:- I shall go to the cinema if he comes.

Tdi se di xem phim neu anh ay den.- You’ll like him if you see him.

Ban se thich anh ay neu ban gap anh ay.

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DONG TllT TIENG ANH

- I’ll visit my grandparents if I have t*metomorrow.

Tdi se di thdm ong ba tdi neu tdi cd thdi gian vdo ngay mai.

Tuy nhien co the sii dung nhiing tii nay khi muon dien dat y nghia rieng nao do:

- “Should do” trong menh de dieu kien cho thay ngUdi noi khong chac chan lam ve kha nang co the trd thanh hien thuc cua dieu kien. Dong tii trong menh de chinh d hinh thiic nguyen mau neu nhu thi hien tai dcJn dUdc dung trong menh de dieu kien.

Vi du:- If he should call me this evening, I can go out

with him.Neu anh ay goi tdi toi nay, tdi cd the di chcfi vdi anh ay.

- If you shoud see him, please give him my message.

Neu ban gap anh ta, lam ctn cho tdi gid Icfi nhdn.- If you should refuse to help me, I’ll have to do

everything myself.Neu ban tit choi giup dd tdi, tdi se tii lam moi viec.

“Will do” trong menh de dieu kien dien ta sU san long chu khong phai tUdng lai.

Vi du:- If you’ll wait a minute, I’ll come there with you.

Neu ban chd mot chut, toii se den dd cung ban.■ If you 11 keep secret, I’ll tell you some

information.Neu ban giit bi mat, tdi se noi cho ban mot vdi thong tin.

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THANH HA

- If you don’t patient, then I can’t know anything. Neu ban khong kien nhan, ban se khong biet gi het.

- If she'll open it, they had escaped.Neu co ay md ra, chung se tron thoat.

- “Would do” trong menh de dieu kien cung dien ta sii san long. Dieu kien la gia dinh.

Vi du:- If you would do this work, you’ll find it difficult.

Neu ban lam viec nay, ban se thay no khd.- If you would work very hard, I’ll let you do here.

Neu ban lam viec cham chi, tdi se nhan ban lam d day.

- If you would come French, you’ll like it.Neu ban tdi Phap, ban se thich nitdc Phap.

- If you would speak to my father about that, I might get permission to go.Neu ban noi vdi bo toi ve chuyen do, toi co the ditdc phep di.

2. Trong cau dieu kien loai II, co the dung “were to + V” of menh de dieu kien de bieu thi y tifcfng tvfofng lai va “could”, “might” thay cho “should ”, “would” de bieu thi kha nang it hdn.

VI du:- If you were to order him to stand up, he could be

angry.Neu ban yeu cau anh ay ditng day, anh ay co the titc gian.

- If you were to come next week, I might have time to see you.Neu ban den day vdo tuan tdi, tdi cd the cd thdi gian gap ban.

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DONG TIT TIENG ANH

- If he were to lie you, what would you do?Neu anh ay noi doi ban, ban se lam gi?

- If she were to be rich, she would be horriblyobnoxious.

Neu co ay giau, co ay se trd nen dang ghet kinh khung?

- If I were to have no friends, who would I spend my time with?Neu toi khong co ban, toi se danh thdi gian vdiai?

3. “If it were not for / If it hadn’t been for” difofc dung de dien ta dieu nay phu thuoc vao dieu kia. Dieu kien la gia dinh.

Vi du:- If it were not for director, this factory would be

in a mess.Neu khong co giam docd, nhd may nay la dong Ion xon.

- If it hadn’t been for their parents, they would have unsuccessful.Neu khong co bo me cua ho, ho dd khong co thanh cong.

- If it hadn’t been for his hard working, he would have failed.

Neu khong vi anh ta hoc hdnh cham chi, anh ta dd trtfot.

CACH KHAC DllN TA CAU DIEU KIEN

1. Unless.“Unless” tUdng duong vdi “i f not” (neu khong. tril

khi). Cau true nay dUdc dung khi dong tir trong menh

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THANH HA

de chinh d dang phu dinh, va it khi ngUdc lai. Tuy nhien, khong phai tat ca cac cau “i f ’ cl dang phu dinh deu co the chuyen sang cau “unless” .

Vi du:- I won’t go out unless you do.= I won’t go out if you don’t.

Toi se khong di trii khi anh di.= Toi se khong di neu anh khong di.- She would be late unless she weren’t ill.= She wouldn’t be late if he weren’t ill.

Co ay khong den muon trii khi co ay bi om.= Cd ay khong den muon neu co ay khong bi om.• If he doesn't get here soon, we will have to start

the meeting without him.= Unless he gets here soon, we will have te start

the meeting without him.Neu anh ta khong den day sdm, chung ta se bat dau cuoc hop md khong co anh ta.

> Chung ta thUdng dung not + unless, vdi nghia only ... if, khi chung ta muon nhan manh dieu kien:- They will only sign the contract if we give them

an additional discount.Ho chi ky hap dong neu chung ta dita them sit giam gid.

= They won't sign the contract unless we give them an additional discount.Ho se khong ky hap dong neu chung ta khong dita them sit giam gid.

> Chung ta thudng dung in case de noi ve sU phong xa trUdc khi hanh dong xay ra. i f de noi ve viec se lam khi hanh dong xay ra.- We are going to insure the shipment in case the

goods get damaged in transit. (We will take our

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DONG TUfTllNGANH

insurance first; the problem may or may not happen afterward.)Chung ta se bao hiem hang gid neu hang hod gap de doa trong viec van chuy en.

- If the goods get damaged in transit, we'll make a claim.(The damage may happen, and we will make a claim afterward.)Neu hang hod gap sit co khi van chuyen, chung ta se doi bao hiem.

2. Whether (or not)> “Whether (or not)” tUdng dUdng v6i “i f ’ va “if not”

ket hdp lai, cho biet hanh dong hoac tinh huong trong menh de chinh la dung hay se xay ra cho du dieu kien the nao chang niia.Vi du:- If she comes back home, I’ll go out.

Neu cd ay ve nhd, toi se di.- If she doesn’t come back home, I’ll go out.

Neu co ay khong ve nhd, toi se di.- Whether she comes back home or not, I will go

out.Du cd ay co ve nhd hay khong toi van di.

- He buys a car for me if he can afford it.Anh ay mua cho tdi chiec o to neu anh ay co khd

ndng.■ He buys a car for me if he can’t afford it.- He buys a car for me whether he can afford it or

not.Anh ay mua cho tdi chiec o td du cd khd ndng du tien de mua hay khong.

> "or not” co the diing sau “whether", hay co the dilng

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THANH HA

cuoi menh de.Vi du:- I will remain your friend, whether or not you offer

to let me borrow your money tomorrow.Toi van se la ban cua anh du ngay mai anh co cho toi mitOn tien hay khong.

3. Supposing, suppose.“Supposing” va “suppose” ttfdng diidng v6i “if” , chu

yeu trdng ngon ngu! hang ngay. Trong mot so' trUdng hdp menh de dieu kien va menh de chinh diidc tach rdi rieng biet thanh hai cau.

Vi du:- Suppose your team lost this match, what would

you do?Gid sti neu dpi cua ban thua trong tran dau nay, ban se lam gi?

- Supposing you could change one thing in your lifewhat would you change?' another reporter asked.

Neu ban co the thay doi mot thti trong cuoc ddi, ban se thay doi cai gi?-nha bao khac hoi.

4. But for, otherwise> “But for” co the thay the “i f not” , sii dung trong

ngon ngti trang trong va thiidng difdc theo sau bdimot danh tii.Vi du:- If they hadn’t helped him, he wouldn’t have done

anything.Neu ho khong giup dd anh ay, anh ay dd chang lam duac viec gi.

- But for thier help, he wouldn’t have done anything.

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DpNG TUTlfeNS ANH

Neu khong co sit giup dd cua ho, anh ay dd chdng lam ditcfc viec gi.

- If it hadn’t rained, the trees would have died. Neu trdi khong mita, cay coi dd chet.

- But for the rain, the trees would have died.Neu khong co mita, cay coi dd chet.

> “Otherwise” co nghia nhu “or i f not" (neu khong thi), co the diing dau hay cuoi cau.Vi du:- They were so tired. Otherwise they would have

come here.Ho qua met. Neu khong ho dd tdi day.

- He was so lazy. He would have passed the exam otherwise.

Anh ta qua litdi. Neu khong anh ta dd vitcJt qua ki thi.

- She had a headache; otherwise she would have gone with us.

Cd ay bi dau dau; neu khong co ay dd di vdi chung ta.

- I wanted everyone to know about it. Otherwise, I would have asked you to keep it to yourself.Toi muon moi ngitdi biet dieu do. Neu khong, tdi dd yeu cau anh giit bi mat.

5. Nhufng cach khac.Vi du:- Pretend that you’ve just had a lot of money.

What will you do?Gid sit ban vita co rat nhieu tien, ban se lam gi?

- There is a possibility that he will not come. If so.I will go there with you.

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THANH HA

Co khd ndng la anh ay khong den. Neu vay, tdi se di tdi do vdi ban.

- I’ll do what you say provided the police are not informed.

Tdi se lam nhitng g i anh yeu cau mien la anh khong bao vdi cdnh sat.

- I will agree to these conditions provided that they increase my salary. (I will only agree i f they give me more money.)Tdi se dong y nhitng dieu kien nay neu ho tang litcfng cho tdi.

- The strike will be successful as long as we all stay together. (It will only succeed i f we all stay together.)Cuoc dinh cong se thanh cong neu chung ta d lai lau hcfn.

Bang tom tat:UNLESS You won't finish the race

unless you control your effort."WHETHER...OR NOT" Whether you pay or not, you

won't get in without an invitation.

"ON CONDITION THAT""PROVIDED THAT" "PROVIDING THAT" "SO LONG AS""AS LONG AS "ASSUMING THAT" "SUPPOSING THAT" "SUPPOSE THAT"

"I will only tell my age on condition that you tell yours."

"What would you do supposing that you were given the chance to see the future ?"

"Assuming that it's fine tomorrow, we'll go for a picnic.

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DONG TIT TIENG ANH

THUC CIA DINH

CAU TAO THlfc GIADjNH

Thi Ngoi to be tohave

tospeak

Hien tai I/you/we/they/he/she be have speak

Qua khii I/you/we/they/he/she were had spoke

Qua khii hoan thanh

I/you/we/they/he/she

hadbeen

hadhad spoken

- Dong tti d thiic gia dinh giong nhau d tat ca cac ngoi.

+ Thi hien tai gia dinh giong nhu dong tif nguyen the, khong co “to” .

+ Thi qua khii va qua khii hoan thanh gia dinh giong Thi qua khii va qua khii hoan thanh.

+ Doi vdi “to be” la “were” d tat ca cac ngoi nhung trong Idi noi hang ngay, co xu hu6ng dung “was” cho so it nhu qua khii thudng trii nhiing cau nhu “I f I were you, i f I were a fish” .

+ “Should” dung d tat ca cac ngoi dUdc coi la mot dang tUdng dudng v6i thiic gia dinh (suhjuntive equivalent) co the dung thay cho thi hien tai hay qua khii cua thiic gia dinh trong mot so" trUdng hdp.

Vi du:

- If I should die, he will be sad.Neu tdi chet, anh ay se rat buon.

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THANH HA

- If you should fail in this, your hope is broken.Neu ban that bai trong viec nay, hy vong cua ban

se tan vd.- If it is our wish that he should do as he pleased. Nguyen vong cua chung ta la de anh ta lam theo y

thich cua anh ay.

CACH DUNG THlfc GIADjNH

1. It’s tim e / It’s h igh tim e.Cau true nay co nghia la “da den luc ai do phai lam

gi”, theo sau bdi dong tii d qua khii thudng hay qua khii tiep dien mac du thdi gian dUdc nhac tdi la khong co that.

’ V idu :- It’s time you paid that bill.Da. den luc ban phai thanh toan hod defn do.- It’s time he was reading books.Dd den luc anh ta doc sach.- It’s time we finished the work.Dd den luc chung ta phai hoan thanh cong viec.- It’s hight time I was going to the cinema.Dd den luc toi di xem phim.

* Chu y: Cau true “It's time for sb to do st” co the dUdc sii dung tUdng dufdng nhii cau true tren.

’ Vi du:- It’s time you went to school.= It’s time for you to go to school.Dd den luc ban phai den triidng.- It’s time he self-worked.= It’s time for him to self-work.Dd den luc anh ay phai ttf lam viec.

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DONG TU TIENG ANH

- It’s time for us to work on grammar.Dd den luc chung ta phai lam Bdi tap ngii phap.

2. Would rather / sooner.Cau true “would rather / sooner” (‘d rather / sooner)

thUdng diidc theo sau bdi cac dong tir d thi qua khii, dien ta ai mong muon lam cai nay hdn lam cai khac.

Vi du:- I'd rather we ate at home, if you don't mind.Tdi muon chung ta an d nhd, neu anh khong phien.- I’d sooner he didn’t lie.Tdi mong anh ta khong noi doi.- I’d soon she lived happily.Tdi mong cd ay song hanh phuc.“Would rather / sooner” co the dUdc dung v6i

nhiing thi thong thudng khac vdi nghia so sanh. Khi do, lien tir so sanh la “than”.

Vi du:- He’d rather be a doctor than a teacher.Anh ta muon la mot bac si hcfn la mot giao vien.- I’d rather have lived in England than Franch.Tdi thich song d Anh hcfn la d Phap.- My mother would rather we caught the bus,

rather than walk home after the partyMe tdi muon chung tdi di xe buyt chiC khong di bo ve

nhd sau biia tiec.

3. Would prefer.“Would prefer” co the sU dung nhu la mot phin cua

cau dieu kien loai II, “prefer■” trong loai cau nay co bo ngii “it” .

Vi du:- I’d prefer it if you didn’t phone.

122

THANH HA

Tdi muon anh khong goi dien.- I’d prefer it if he didn’t go.

Toi muon anh ay khong den.- They prefer it if we were more friend.

Ho muon chung ta than thien hdn.“Would prefer” thudng khong diidc theo sau bdi thi

gia dinh.Vi du:- I’d prefer you close the window.

Toi muon anh dong ciia so lai.- I’d prefer English to French.

Tdi thich tieng Anh hcfn tieng Phap.- I’d prefer you not to come there.Tdi mong anh khong den do.- I don't like cities. I prefer to live in the country.

or I prefer living in the country.Tdi khong thich thanh pho. Tdi thich song d mien

que hcfn.- I prefer this coat to the coat you were wearing

yesterday.Tdi thich chiec do nay hcfn chiec md anh mac hom

qua.

4. Had better.“Had better” thUdng diidc theo sau bdi dong tii

nguyen the khong “to” , dien ta y “tot hdn het ai nen lam (khong nen lam) dieu gi” .

Vi du:- You’d better not come there.Tot hcfn la anh khong nen den day.- You’d better not tell about her.

Ban khong nen ke ve cd ay.- You’d better wait for him some more minutes.

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DONG TIT TIENG ANH

Ban nen ddi anh ay them may phut.- We'd better not be late for the Ambasador's

party. It would be unforgivable to arrive late.Anh khong nen den btia tiec chieu ddi cua Ngai dai

sti muon. Se khong the tha thd ditdc neu den muon.- You'd better phone him and tell him that you're

not going.Anh nen goi dien cho anh ay noi rang anh khong

den.- They'd better buy me a Christmas present or I

shall never forgive them.Ho nen mua cho toi mon qua Giang sinh neu khong

toi se khong tha thti cho ho.

5. Wish.a. ifdc dieu khong co that of hien tai.

+ wish + S2 + Ved

Dong tii sau “wish” trong trUdng hdp nay thudng la d qua khut ddn.

Vi du:- I wish I had a new house.

Toi tide toi co mot ngoi nhd mdi.- I wish my husband weren’t leaving.

Toi tide chong toi se khong di.- I wish I knew her address.Toi tide toi biet dia chi cua co ay.- I wish I was lying on a beach now (I'm sitting in

the office)Tdi tide toi dang ndm tren bdi bien.- I wish it wasn't raining (It is raining)

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THANH HA

Tdi it itdc trdi d a khong mita.

b. tfdc dieu gi do se xay ra d tUOng lai.

S! + wish + S2+ would/could + V ______________________ were + V-ing________

> Neu dong tii trong cau la mot dong tii sU kien, de dien ta sii kien trong tUdng lai. Chung ta sii dung “would” hay “cou ld ’ sau “wishVi du:- I wish my husbuand would forgive me.

Toi itdc chong toi se tha thit cho toi.- I wish you would stop smoking.Tdi itdc anh se khong hut thuoc niia.- Haakon wishes his friend were coming to Seattle

during the quarter break.Haakon itdc ban minh se den Seattle khi nghi gidi

lao.- I wish you weren't leaving tomorrow Tdi itdc ngay mai ban se khong di

> “Would” dUdc sii dung trong triidng hdp nay co the dien ta Udc muon mong cho hien tai dang dien ra khac di.Vi du:- I wish the boy wouldn’t shout loudly.

Tdi itdc cau be ditng la het dm i.- I wish it wouldn't blow so hard.

Tdi itdc gid se khong thoi manh nhit vay.- I wish she’d be quiet.Tdi itdc cd ay se yen lang.

> Co the dung wish + V hoac wish + O + V vdi nghia "want” trong tru'Ong hdp trang trong:

\Vo

DONG TUrniNG ANH

Vi du:- I wish to leave now. Tdi itdc se di bay gib- I wish to speak to your supervisor please. Tdi itdc

s e noi chuyen vdi ngitcfi phu trach cua anh- I do not wish my name to appear on the list. Tdi

khong mong ten minh cd trong danh sach.

> Co the dung I / we wish you trong cac tnidng hdp kh ac:- I wish you a happy birthday.- We wish you good luck in your new job.

c. Uofc dieu gi do da k h on g xay ra tron g qua khuf.

- Nhiing Idi Udc nay lien quan tdi mot sii kien trong qua khii ma khong the thay doi diidc nOa. Thi qua khii hoan thanh diidc sii dung sau dong tii “wish” .

Sx + wish + S2 + had + Pn

Vi du:- I wish I had met him.Tdi itdc gi tdi dd gap ditdc anh ay.- He wishes he hadn’t drunk so much.Anh ay itdc anh ay khong uong qua nhieu.- I wish she had bought that house.Tdi itdc cd ay dd mua ngoi nhd dd.- They wish they had studied harder at school.Ho itdc gi ho hoc tap cham chi hdn.* Chu y: Cum tii “i f only” co the diidc sii dung

tUdng tii nhu “wish” .Vi du:- If onlv I hadn't come there.

126

THANH HA

Gid md tdi khong den do.- If only he hadn’t told.Gid md anh ay ditng noi.- Dong tut “hope” diidc dung dien ta nhiing ii6c

muon ve nhiing sii kien trong tiidng lai thiidng.Vi du:- I hope it sunny tomorrow.Toi hy vong ngay mai trcfi ndng.- I hope he’ll finish his work.Tdi hy vong anh ay se hoan thanh cong viec.- I hope she passes her exam next week.- She hopes the plane doesn't crash tomorrow.

6. Suppose va Imagine.a. Gia dinh d hien tai va qua khtf.Vi du:- Imagine I loved her. Everything would change. Gid sit tdi yeu cd ay. Moi chuyen se khac.- Suppose we sung a song for a change.Gid sii chung ta hat mot Bdi de thay ddi khong khi.b. Nhufng dieu kien dtfcfc hieu ngam.- Menh de dieu kien trong cau thudng dUdc hieu

ngam, chijf khong diidc noi ra.Vi du:- Imagine we won the pools!= Imagine what we would do if we won the pools? Gid sit chung ta thang cd do, chung ta se lam gi?- Suppose someone told you that I was a spy!= Suppose someone told you that I was a spy! What

would you say?

Gid sit ai dd noi vdi anh rang tdi la gian diep! Anh se noi gi?

127

DONG TUT TIENG ANH

Vdi nhiing cau dieu kien dUdc de cap tdi la kha nang co that hdn la sii tUdng tUdng hay gia dinh, ngitoi ta thudng sii dung thi hien tai ddn.

Vi du:- Imagine he comes, we’ll go to the cinema.Gid sii anh ta tdi, chung tdi se di xem phim.- Suppose it starts rainning, what’ll he do?Gid sit trdi bat dau miia, anh se lam gi?

7. As if va As though.Thi dong tii trong cau phu thuoc vao sU so sanh la

thuc hay la gia dinh. Neu sU so sanh do la thtfc, cac thi hien tai dUdc sU dung. Neu sii so sanh do la khong co thiic, “as if' va “as though" dUdc sii dung tUdng tii nhii“wish".

Vi du:- You looks as though you had just seen a ghost! Nhin cau cii nhii la viia trong thay ma vay!- He looks as if/though he hasn't slept all night. Ong ay co ve khong ngu d em qua.- She behaves as if/though she were the Queen.Cd ta cii xii nhii cd ta la Nii Hoang vay.- They talk as if/though the world were coming to

an end.- Ho noi nhii the the gidi dang den ngay tan the.- He walks as if/though he were an old man.- Anh ta biidc di nhii mot ong gid.- It feels as if/though summer's on the way.- Cd cam giac nhii mua he dang den.

> Trong trUdng hdp trang trdng, ta dung like thay cho as if/though'.- He looks like he hasn't slept all night.

128

THANH HA

Anh ta trong co ve nhii khong ngii dem qua.- It feels like summer's on the way. Co cam giacnhii mua he dang den.- It sounds like they've arrived. Co ve nhii ho dangden.

8. Thtfc gia dinh trang trong.a. De nghi, yeu cau.Dung sau nhiing dong tijf nhii “demand, propose,

suggest, insist, require" va nhiing nhom tii nhii “it is necessary / important / esential / vital...that". Dong tii trong Idi de nghi, yeu cau chi co mot dang duy nhat la nguyen the, khong co dang d ngoi thti ba so” it hay dang qua khii. Dong tii “to be" d dang “be" cho tat ca cac ngoi

Vi du:- He demanded that you come here at once.Ong dy yeu cau anh den day ngay lap tiic.■ It’s necessary that he take an operation.Ong dy can phau thuat.- The doctor suggested that the patient stop

drinking.Bac si de nghi benh nhan ngitng uong riiciu.- The manager proposed that the meeting be

adjourned.Giam doc de nghi tam ngitng cuoc hop.- It’s import that we pass the exam.Viec chung toi viitft qua ki thi la rat quan trong.

b. Nhiing trufdng hofp it trang trong.Trong nhiing trUdng hdp it trang trong, “should”

thudng dUdc sii dung, khong phai thay doi thi cua dong tU. Co the sii dung cau true nguyen the.

129

DONG Tl/TIENG ANH

Vi du:- It’s essential for him to meet the director.Viec anh dy gap giam doc la dieu thiet yeu.- The doctor proposed that she should take care

herself.Bac si de nghi co dy tti cham soc ban than.- They demand that everybody should arrive

before eight.Ho yeu cau moi ngitdi den triidc luc 8 gid.

9. Thvfc gia d inh con g thtic.Thiic gia dinh cong thiic la nhiing cach dien dat co

dinh sii dung thiic gia dinh.Vi du:- God bless you.Chua che chd cho ban.- Long live the Queen!Cau chuc NH hoang van tho!- May you be happy all your life.Cau chuc ban song vui ve suot ddi.

130

THANH HA

DONG Tl/THEO SAU Bdi DONG DANH Tlf HAY DONG TU* NGUYEN THE

DdNG TUT THEO SAU B0I DONG DANH TUT

Nhufng d o n g danh ttt thtfcfng dvtdc th eo saubort d o n g danh titf.admit thu nhan resent bite tileappreciate danh gid cao practise thitc hdnhavoid tranh guess doanconfess thu nhan recall gefi nhdconsider xem xet regret hd'i tieccontemplate suy ngam report thong baodelay tri hoan, hoan risk lieu llnhdeny tii cho'i, bac bo save ciiu songdetest ghet suggest de nghidislike khong thich stop ngitngdread de doa tolerate mien citdngunderstand hieu endure chiu ditngrecommend gai y, gidi thieu enjoy thich'escape tron thoat resist khang citexcuse xin loi keep lien tucface ddi mat discuss thao luanfancy thich carry on tiep tucfinish hoan thanh can’t help khong the khongcan’t standing khong the chiu ditng imagine titdng tittfnginvolve xen vdo, dinh vdo give up tit bojustify thanh minh go on tiep tucmention de cap tdi, noi tdi put off tri hoanmind quan ngai feel like cam thay thich

miss nhd postpone tri hoanit’s no good/use vd ich lam gispend/waste time ton thdi gian

Vi du:- I suggested taking the children to school.Tdi de nghi dita bon tre den tritdng.- George would never admit being wrong.George se khong bao gid nhan la minh sai cd.- She imagine walking into the office and telling

everyone that she thought of them.Cd ta titdng tUdng minh di vdo van phbng vd noi

cho moi ngitdi biet minh nghl gi ve# ho.- He admitted stealing the mobile phone.Anh ta thu nhan dd lay trom chiec di dong.- It's not worth being at risk.

Viec nay khong dang lieu nhit vay.- Can you recommend me buying a good English

dictionary?Anh cd the gdi y cho tdi mua mot quyen tit dien

tieng Anh tot ditdc khong?- They couldn’t help laughing when they saw him.

Ho dd khong the nhin ditdc citdi khi ho nhin thayanh dy.

- They discussed selling the house Ho ban nhau ban ngoi nhd.- The manager postponed giving the meeting.

Giam doc dd hoan cuoc hop.

DONG TIT TIENG ANH---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------■---------------------------r------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

132

THANH HA

2. Hanh dong da hoan thanh.Khi muon noi ve cac hanh dong da hoan thanh,

ban co the dung “having + Pn” . Tuy nhien co the sii dung dang “V-ing” cho cac hanh dong da hoan thanh.

3. Dong tif theo sau bofi “that + menh de”.Trong so" cac dong tu: 0 danh sach phan 1, mot so'

dong tii co the sii dung cau true “that + menh de” : appreciate, deny, fancy, mention, resent, suggest, admit, regret.

Vi du:- They deny that something is true.

Ho khong thiia nhan dieu g i co that.- His doctor mentions that he shouldn’t smoke.

Bac si cua ong dy nhac ong dy khong nen hut thuoc.- I suggest that you were aware of what was

happening.Toi de nghi ong hay thiia nhan la ong biet chuyen

xdy ra.- I regret that I cannot help you.

Toi lay lam tiec la khong giup diidc anh.He admited that he had told lies.

Anh ta thiia nhan la anh ta da noi doi.

* Chu y:- Dong tii “appreciate” thudng dUdc theo sau bdi

tinh tii sd hiiu +V-ing.Vi du:- I greatly appreciate your trying.Chung toi rat cam kich sii cd gang cua anh.- They do not appreciate my singing.

133

_______________ BONG Tim lNG ANH________________■------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------

- Ho khong danh gid giong hat cua toi.- Dong tti “involve” co chu ngii gia.Vi du:- Being a good singer involves regular training.

- La mot ca si gioi can thitdng xuyen tap luyen.

DONG TUT THEO SAU B0I DONG TUTNGUYtN THE Cd TO.

agree dong y beg nai ni, nan niaim nham can’t wait khong the chdddiappear hinh nhii arrange sap xep, thu xepcause gay ra ask yeu cau, ddi hoichoose chon Ilia promise hit aclaim cong bo offer de nghidare dare omit bo, bo bcrtdecide quyet dinh plan co ke hoqchdemand yeu cau pledge hita, cam ketdeserve xitng dang pretend gid vdfail that bai refuse tii choi, bac boforget quen resolve quyet tamgrow phat trien seek tim kiemguarantee bao hdnh seem ditdng nhiihasten thuc day struggle dau tranhhappen xdy ra swear the thothope hy vong tend cd y dinhhurry vdi vd threaten de doalearn hoc train dao taolong mong muon try co gang

134

THANH HA

manage xoay set turn out hod ra laneed can undertake trdi quawould like muon want muonwould hate ghet vow theattempt co y dinh wish mong muoncan’t afford khong du khd ndng tdi chinhneglect khong chu y, sao nhdngexpect mong muon, ky vong

Vi du:- Children should endeavour to learn assiduously. Tre con can co gang hoc hdnh cham chi.- All their efforts tend to reach the same object.Tat cd nhitng co gang cua chung deu cung nham tdi

mot muc dich.- The children pretended to eat the mud pies.Lu tre gid vd an nhitng cai bank nitdng lam bang

dat bun.- She decided to choose the green coat.Cd ta quyet dinh chon cai do choang mau luc.- They offer to make a plan.Ho de nghi dita ra mot kehoach.- She failed to reach the semi-finals Cd ta khong lot ditdc vdo vong ban ket.- I long to receive your letter.Toi mong thit cua anh.- The goverment planed to attack.Chinh phu dd dat kehoach tan cong.- He turned out to be a liar.Hod ra no la mot thang noi ddi.

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DONG TIT TIENG ANH__■------------------- --------

2. Dong tif theo sao bofi “that + menh deTrong so cac dong tii ke tren, co mot so dong tii co

the diidc theo sau bdi “that + menh d e ’ . Nhiing dong til do la: agree, appear, arrange, dicide, demand, expect, happen, hope, learn, plan, pledge, pretend, promise, resolve, seem, swear, threaten, vow, wish.

Cac dong tii “appear” , “happen ’ , “seem” chi dUdc s\i dung chu ngii gia “it” vdi “that +menh d e ’.

Vi du:- It appears that there has been a mistake.Hinh nhii dd co su! nham Ian.- It happened that she was out when he called.Tinh cd co ta vang nhd khi anh ta goi dien den.- It seems that he does not understand.Ditdng nhit no khong hien.- I decided that I would wait her at home.Toi quyet dinh se chd co dy d nhd.- There is not much hope that they are still alive.Chang co may hy vong la ho con song.- They learned that everything had changed.Ho nhan ra moi chuyen dd thay ddi.- He demanded that we had to get out.Ong dy yeu cau chung toi ra ngoai.

3. Dong tif theo sau bofi tuf de hoi va dong tii nguyen the co “to”.

Sau nhiing dong tii sau day, ban co the dung mot tiide hoi nhu “what / where / how / why,.....” + V-infinitive co “to” : ask, decide, know, remember, forget, explain, understand.

Vi du:136

THANH HA

- I had to ask the teacher what to do next.Tdi phai hoi thay giao xem tiep theo phai lam gi.- Have you decided what to do on Sunday?Ban dd quyet dinh lam gi vdo chu nhat chiia?- Mary explained how to do the homework.Mary dd gidi thich cho toi cach lam Bdi tap ve nhd.- I know how to play chess.Tdi biet danh cd.- I forgot what to write.Toi quen minh phai viet gi.

DONG TIT THEO SAU DOI DONG TUT NGUYEN THE KHONG CO TO.

Nhin chung rat it dong tii dUdc theo sau bdi dong tii nguyen the khong ce “to” .

1. Help.Thong thUdng sau “help” sU dung dong tii nguyen

the khong “to” . Tuy nhien neu co sU dung thi van dUdc chap nhan.

Vi du:- I helped him find his things.Toi giup anh ay tim do dac.- She helped me clean the floor.Co ay giup tdi lau nhd.- They help us to pain the house.Ho giup chung tdi sctn ngoi nhd

2. MakeVi du:- They make him repeat it.

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DONG TUT TIENG ANH

Ho bat anh ta nhac di nhac lai.- I make her smile.Tdi khien co ay ciidi.- We shall have to make do.Chung ta se phai lam viec do.- Don’t make anybody hurt.DiCng lam gi cho ai do bi ton thiidng.- She doesn't speak English very well but she can

make herself understood in most situations.- She didn't want to do it, but he made her do it. Tuy nhien, trong the bi dong “make” dUdc theo sau

bdi dong tii nguyen the co “to” .- We were made td practice by the teacher.Co giao bat chung toi phai luyen tap.- He was made to leave here.Anh ay buoc phai ra di.- He had done so badly that he was made to repeat

the school year. No hoc kem tdi miCc phai hoc lai.- He had borrowed over five hundred pounds and

was made to pay it back in monthly installments. Hdn dd miidn hdn 500 bang vd bi bat phai trd irong vong 1 thang.

3. Let.Vi du:- I let him try once more.

Tdi de cho no thiC mot Ian niia.- Let us go to the cinema.

Chung ta hay cung di xem phim.- If I let you know, you are not allowed to tell

somebody else.138

THANH HA

Neu tdi noi cho anh biet, anh ditdc phep ke cho ngitdi khac.

- Let me carry that box of papers for you. It's very heavy. Hay de anh khieng chiec hop ditng giay do cho em. No nang lam.

- Why don't you let him walk home by himself from school now? He's eleven years old after all. Tai sao anh de no di hoc ve mot minh. No mdi 11 tuoi.

DdNG TUT THEO SAU BOD DONG DANH TUT HOAC DONG TUf NGUYEN th£ cd TO

1. Attempt, begin, can’t stand, continue, hate, hesitate, intend, plan, like, love, prefer, propose, start, end.

NhGng dong tit ke tren co the diidc theo sau bdi dong danh tii hay dong tii nguyen the co “to” song nghia cua cau khong thay doi.

Vi du:- I don’t like cleaning the floor.= I don’t like to clean the floor.

Toi khong thich lau san nhd.- I continued thinking the same.= I continued to think the same.

Tdi van cii nghi nhii vay.- We started working.= We started to work.

Chung tdi bat dau lam viec.- She can’t stand being alone.= She can’t stand to be alone.

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DONG TIT TIENG ANH

Cd ta khong chiu noi cdnh song mot minh.

2. R em em ber, forget.a. “R em eber, fo rg e t” theo sau bdi dong tii

n gu yen the co “to ” de cap den hanh don g can th iet.

Vi du:- You remember to repair the bicycle.

Ban nhd sita xe dap nhe.- Will you remember to collect your suit from the

dry-cleaners or shall I do it?Anh se lay bo com-l e d tiem giat la hay toi lay?

- I had to meet him but I forgot to do it.Toi phai gap anh ay nhitng toi lai quen mat.

- Remember to close all the windows and lock all the doors before you leave the house.

Hay nhd dong cita so va khoa cita ra vdo khi anh ra ngoai.

- I forgot to warn him about the dangerous dog and he was bitten.

Tdi quen cdnh bao anh ta ve con chd dit vd utih ta dd bi can.

b. “R em em ber, fo rg et” theo sau bdi d on g danh tif de cap den ki Cfc tron g qua khu’, ttfc la ban da lam d ieu gi roi va bay gid nhd lai hanh d on g do.

Vi du:- I forgot sending the message.

Tdi dd quen giti tin nhan.- She forgot turning off the TV.

Cd ay dd quen tat ti vi.140

THANH HA

- He could remember living here just before his family left to Hue.

Anh ay co the nhd la anh ay dd song d day tritdc khi gia dinh anh ay chuyen tdi Hue.

- I don't remember talking to you about Terry's divorce. I don't even remember you asking me about that.

Toi khong nhd dd noi vdi anh ve viec li di cua Terry.Tdi tham chi khong nhd la anh da hoi toi ve dieu

do.- I shall always remember flying to America on

Concorde.Tdi se luon nhd chuyen bay tdi My tren chiec Concorde.

- I shall never forget sharing a bottle of iced water with you beside the Pyramids in Egypt.

3. Stop.a. “Stop” theo sau bdi dong tu" nguyen the co

“to” de chi muc dien : stop + to + VVi du:- Let’s stop to meet him.

Chung ta hay ditng lai de gap anh dy.- He stoped to drink water.

Anh dy ditng lai de uong nitdc.- The horse stoped to eat grass.

Con ngita ditng lai de an co.b. “Stop” theo sau bdi dong danh tu1 de cap

den viec ket thuc hay tif bo mot hanh dong: stop + V-ing

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DONG TUTntNG ANH

Vi du:- You should stop complaining.

Anh diing nen phan nan niia.- It’s time we stopped working.

Dd den luc chung ta nghi lam.- It has stopped snowing.

Tuyet ngitng rcfi.

4. Mean.a. “Mean” theo sau bdi dong tvf nguyen the co

“to” mang nghia la “dtf dinh, dinh”: mean + to + VVi du:- I mean to go early tomorrow.

Tdi dinh mai se den sdm.- Does he really mean to do it?

Cd that no co y dinh lam cai g i do khong?- They mean to sell this house.

Ho co y dinh ban ngoi nhd.b. “Mean” theo sau bdi dong danh tvf dien dat

den ket qua hoac nhufng gi lien quan den sij viec do: mean + V-ing

Vi du:- Becoming a athlete means training more.

La mot van dong vien cd nghia la phai luyen tap nhieu hcfn.

- Getting this job means having to work hard. Nhan cong viec nay cd nghia la phai lam viec cham chi.

- Being a pilot means spending most your time at the air.

142

THANH HA

La mot phi cong co nghia la ddnh phan Idn thdi gian tren bdu trdi.

5. N eeda. “N eed ” th eo sau bdi d on g tif nguyen the co

“to ” de ca p tdi hanh d o n g cu the co chu nguf: n eed + to + V

Vi du:- I feel a need to talk to you about it.

Tdi cam thay can noi chuyen vdi anh ve viec dd.- I need to consult a dictionary.

Tdi can phai tra til dien.- She needs to have access to our files.

Cd ay can phai diidc sii dung tdi lieu cua chung tdi.

b. “N eed” th eo sau bdi danh tii m ang n gh ia bi don g: n eed + V -in g

Vi du:- This house needs repairing.

Ngoi nhd can ditdc sita chiCa.- This car needs cleaning.

Cai o td can diidc rila.- This question needs replying.

Cau hoi can diidc trd Idi.

6. R egret.a. “R eg re t” th eo sau bdi d on g tvf n guyen the co

“to ” de ca p den m ot hanh d on g h ien tai, da c b iet la kh i b a o tin xau : R egret + to + V

Vi du:- I regret to say the job has been filled.

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DONG TUT TIENG ANH

Toi rat tiee khi phai noi rang cong viec da co ngitdi lam.

- I regret to tell you that your invitation hasn't been accept.

Toi rat tiee la toi khong the nhan Icfi mdi cua ong.- We regret to infor that you’ve been late for the

ship.Chung toi lay lam tiee thong bao vdi anh rang anh dd muon chuyen tau.

b. “R egret” theo sau bdi d on g danh tif mang y ngh ia “hoi tiee, tiee n u o i” ve d ieu gi do tron g qua khuf: R egret + V -ing

Vi du:- She regrets losing those opportunities.

Co dy rat tiee dd bo Id ccf hoi.- I regret not taking my umbrella.

Toi tiee vi dd khong mang theo do mita.- I regret wasting so much time when I was a

young.Tdi hoi tiee vi dd phi pham thdi gian khi toi con tre.

7. Try.a. "T ry” th eo sau bdi d on g tvf nguyen the co

“to ” m ang ngh ia co gang lam d ieu gi do : try + to +V

Vi du:- I tried to laugh.

Toi co gang de citdi.- You haven't even tried to lift it.

144

THANH HA•>

Ngay cd viec co nang no len anh cung chdng lam diidc.

- Don't try to swim across the river.Ditng co co md bdi qua song.

b. “T ry ” the sau bdi d on g danh tvf m ang ngh ia thuf lam d ieu gi do: try + V -ing

Vi du:- Would you like to try eating some raw fish?

Ban co muon dung thit mon cd song khong?- He had three tries mending the lock and gave up.

Anh ay dd ba Ian thit sita o khoa roi ddnh bo.- Have you ever tried playing windsurfing?

Ban dd bao gid thit chdi lii&t song chiia?

DONG TUT THEO SAU BOI MOT TAN NGUVA DONG TUTtJGUYEN THE Cd "TO"

1. D anh sach d on g tif th eo sau bdi m ot tannguf va d o n g tvf ngu yen the co “to” .advise khuyen nhu invite mdiassist ho trd lead dan tdibeg nai ni order yeu caubribe hoi 16 persuade thuyet phuccommand de nghi select chon liiadare dam send giiiemploy thue, mii&n teach dayenable tao dieu kien tell baoinstruct hitdng dan urge thuc giucremaind nhac warn khuyen cao

145

DONG Tir TIENG ANH

Vi du:- Taxi-drivers enable us to see all our relatives in

this city.Nhitng ngitdi lai tac xi tao dieu kien cho chung toi di thdm ngitdi than trong thanh pho nay.

- Remind me to answer that letter.Hay nhac toi trd Icfi bite thit do.

- So you lost all your money? That'll teach you to gamble

Anh thua het tien roi phai khong? dieu do se day cho anh ditng co ddnh bac.

- Doctor encouraged her to lose weight.Bac si khuyen khich ba ay giam can.

- They invited us to come a party.Ho mcfi chung toi den dit tiee.

- She warned me to drive carefully.Ba ay dan toi lai xe can than.

2. Dong tif theo sau bdi “that + menh de”.Trong so cac dong tii tren, co mot so dong tii co the

dUdc theo sau bdi “that + menh de” . Nhiing dong tii do la” advise, order, persuade, teach, tell, warn.

Vi du:- The judge ordered that the prisoner should be

remanded.Quan tod ra lenh tii nhan phai ditdc trd lai trai giam de dieu tra them.

- He told that he had lost his key.Anh ta noi rang anh ta dd lam mat chia khoa.

- We advised that they should start early.Chung toi khuyen ho nen bat dau satm.

146

THANH HA

3. Dare.“Dare” co the theo sau bdi dong tijf nguyen the

khong co “to” khi cau khong co chu ngii. Hay xem xet nhiing vi du sau:

Vi du:- How dare you say that I am a good-for-nothing?

Sao may dam noi tao la thang vd tich sti?- I wonder whether he dare to tell the whole truth.

Tdi chdng biet no cd dam noi sii that khong.- He dared me to swim.

Anh ta thach tdi bdi.

DONG TUT THEO SAU BO) DONG DANH TUT HOAC B01 TAN NGUTVA DONG TUT NGUYEN THE CO TO

1. Allow, forbid, permit.a. Vdi tan ngii va dong tif nguyen the co “to”.Vi du:- It is forbidden anyone to smoke in this room.

Khong ai ditdc hut thuoc trong phong nay.- My boss doesn't allow me to use the telephone.

Ong chu tdi khong cho phep tdi diing dien thoai.- You permit me to explain about that.

Anh cho phep tdi gidi thich ve chuyen dd.b. Vdi dong danh tif.Vi du:- They don't allow smoking in our house.

Ho khong diidc hut thuoc la trong nhd chung tdi.- It is strictly forbidden smoking.

Tuyet doi cam hut thuoc la.- The situation does not permit delaying.

Tinh huong khong cho phep sii tri hoan.

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DONG TIT TIENG ANH

2. Consider.a. Vdi tan nguf va dong tif nguyen the co to

de cap tdi mot quan diem, y kien.Vi du:- He is considered to be the best player of his

team.Anh ay ditdc coi la cau thu gioi nhat trong doi.

- I considered Mary to be my best friend.Tdi coi Mary la ngitdi ban tot nhat.

* Chu y: Khi “consider ’ theo sau bdi “that” + menh de cung de cap tdi quan diem y kien.

Vi du:- We consider that you are not to blame.

Chung toi cho rang anh khong phai la ke dang trach.

- I consider that he had lied me.Tdi cho la anh ay dd noi doi toi.

b. Vdi dong danh tif cd nghia “suy nghl, xem xet tdi”. '

Vi du:- He stood considering the painting for some

minutes.No ditng ngam bite hoa cd may phut.

- We are considering going to Canada Chung toi dang can nhac viec di Canada.

- I considered living here.Tdi dd nghl tdi viec song d day.

3. Recommend.a. Vdi tan nguf va dong tif nguyen the cd "to".Vi du:- I recommend you to do what he says.

Toi khuyen anh nen lam nhitng dieu anh dy noi.

148

THANH HA

- I wouldn't recommend you to go there aloneLe ra toi khong nen khuyen ban den do mot minh.

- They recommended me to go to bed early.Ho khuyen tdi nen di ngu sdm.

b. Vdi dong danh tif.VI du:- What would you recommend removing ink

stains?Anh bao phai lam g i de tay sach cac vet mile?

- I recommend turning the TV on.Toi de nghi bat ti vi len.

- They recommended painting the building.Ho de nghi sctn lai tod nhd.

4. Require.a. Vdi tan ngif va dong tif nguyen the cd “to”.Vi du:- They required us to be on time.

Ho yeu cau chung toi den dung gid.- The situation requires me to be there.

Tinh hinh ddi hoi tdi d dd.- He required me to send this package.

Ong ay yeu cau tdi gid gdi hang.b. Vdi dong danh tif mang nghia bi dong.Vi du:- Hamlet is required reading for the course.

Doc Hamlet la yeu cau bat buoc trong khoa hoc.- All cars require servicing regularly

Moi o td deu can du’dc bao tri thtictng xuyen.- We require helping.

Chung tdi can di/dc giup dd.

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DONGTUf TIENG ANH

C l6 l T IT V A D O N G D A N H T lT

GIOI TUT THEO SAU B0I DONG DANH Ttf

Khi mot dong tif dting sau mot gidi tvr thi dong tii do phai tan cung bang “-ing” .

1. By“By” + V-ing cho biet sU viec xay ra bang cach nao.

Vi du:- They were persuaded by listening his words.

Ho ditdc thuyet phuc bdi Icfi noi cua anh ay.- They sent the package by flying airmail.

Ho gid kien hang bang ditdng hang khong.- They can understand what he says by using sign

language.Ho co the hieu nhau bang ngon ngii cii chi.

- He passed the exams by studying hard.Anh ay vitdt qua ky thi bang cach hoc hanh cham

chi.- You can swim well by training.

Ban co the bcfi gioi bang cach tap luyen.

2. Without“Without” + V-ing co nghia la “khong, ma khong”

VI du:- She entered the room without knocking.

Co ay vdo md khong go cita.- Try and do it without making any mistake.

Hay co gang lam viec do md khong mac mot loinao.

- The party was organized without her knowing anything about it.

150

THANH HA

Bda tiee do ditdc to chdc md co ta khong he hay biet g i ca.

- He walked past me without speaking.Anh ta di ngang qua toi md chdng noi ndng gi.

- I've often cheated in exams without being caught.

Toi van thitdng quay cop trong cac ky thi md chdng bi bat Ian nao.

3. On“On” + V-ing co nghia: “ngay sau khi lam gi” .

Vi du:- On finishing the course, she passed the exams.

Ngay khi hoan thanh khoa hoc, co dy dd thi do.- Maty ran away on seeing Tom.

Maty bo chay ngay khi nhin thay Tom.- On getting home, I cooked the dinner,

Ngay khi ve nhd, tdi nau biia toi.

4. In addition to“In addition to” + V-ing co nghia: “them vao v6i

viec lam gi” .Vi du:- In addition to working in hospital, she also

writes articles.Ngoai viec lam d benh vien, co dy con viet bao.

- He stays with his parents in addition to owning aflat.

Anh dy d vdi bo me vd con co mot can ho rieng.- She workes to this organization in addition to

contributing to other organizations.Co dy lam viec cho to chdc nay them vdo do co dy con cong tac vdi nhieu to chdc khac.

151

DONG Ttf TIENG ANH

5. Before, after“Be/ore” + V-ing co nghia: “lam viec gi triidc .“After'' + V-ing co nghia: “lam viec gi sau .

Vi du:- Before going to bed, I turned off the lights.= Before I went to bed, I turned off the lights.

Triidc khi di ngii, toi dd tat den.- Before meetting Peter, she had a cup of tea.= Before she met Peter, she had a cup of tea.

Tritdc khi gap Peter, co dy dd uong mot coc trd.- I visited to my friends after I leaving the

company.= I visited tio my friends after I left.

Tdi den thdm ban cua toi sau khi toi rdi cong ty.- What did you do after coming back from work?= What did you do after you came back from work?

Ban lam gi sau khi di lam ve?

TINH TUT THEO SAU BOI GIOI TUfVA DONG DANH TUT

1. Good, bad, excellent, hopesless, slow, fast.Nhiing tinh tii tren dUdc theo sau bdi gidi tii “at” +

V-ing de cap tdi kha nang hanh dong cua ai do.Vi du:’- Tom is good at learning mathematics.

Tom gioi hoc toan.- She is so bad at playing piano.

Co dy chcti piano that dd.- He's hopeless at teaching maths.

Anh dy khong co khd ndng day mon toan.- She is fast at running.

Co dy co khd ndng chay nhanh.- She is slow at typing.

Co dy ddnh may cham.152

THANH HA

2. Affraid, frightened, terrified, horrified.Nhiing tinh tii tren diidc sii dung vdi tii “o/” vdi

nghia: “sd hai dieu gi”.VI du:- He's afraid of going out alone at night.

Anh dy sd di dem mot minh.- The children was terrified of seeing an accident.

Bon tre sd hai khi nhin thay vu tai nan.- She was horrified of watching a horror film.

Co dy sd hai khi xem phim kinh di.- I was frightened of hearing a sudden scream.

Toi sd hai khi nghe tieng thet bat ngd.

3. Interested in, keen on, fond of + N: thich lam viec gi

VI du:- She is interested in reading books at night.

Co dy thich doe sach vdo ban dem.- He is interested in going for walk and listening

to music.Anh dy thich di bo vd nghe nhac.

- My sister is keen on playing with toys.Em gdi toi thich chdi do chdi.

- Are you keen on swimming?Ban co thich bdi khong?

- She is fond of cooking.Co dy thich nau an.

- I’m fond of drawing.Tdi thich ve.

4. Pround, ashamed.“Proud o f ’ + V-ing: tu hao ve viec gi dd.“Ashamesed of' + V-ing: xau ho ve viec gi.

153

DONG Tif TIENG ANH

Vi du:- He is proud of being a good professor.

Ong dy tit hdo la mot giao sit gioi.- We are proud of winning.

Chung ta tit hdo vi chien thang.- He felt ashamed of having offended his teacher

No xau ho vi dd xuc pham den thay no.- He is ashamed of losing the match.

Anh dy xau ho vi thua trong tran dau.

5. Bored with, fed up with + N: chan lam viec gi. Vi du:- I am bored with listenning this song.

Toi chan nghe Bdi hat nay.- He bored with watching this programme.

Anh dy chan xem chitctng trinh nay.- Are you fed up with going to school?

Anh co chan di hoc khong?- She is fed up with talking to him.

Cd dy chan noi chuyen vdi anh ta.

6. Surprised at, amazed at: ngac nhien.Vi du:- We were surprised at hearing that news.

Chung tdi ngac nhien khi nghe tin do.- He is surprised at seeing her there.

Anh dy ngac nhien trong thay co dy d do.- Are you amazed at receiving his letter?

Ban co ngac nhien khi nhan ditdc thit cua anh dy khong?

- Is she amazed at coming Pais?Cd dy co ngac nhien khi den Paris khong?

154

THANH HA

7. Pleased with: hai long vdi viec lam gi Vf du:- They were all very pleased with helping you.

Ho rat vui mitng khi giup ban.- The Governor General is pleased with accepting

the invitation.Quan toan quyen san long nhan Idi mdi.

- I’m pleased with staying with my husband.Toi hai long khi song vdi chdng cua toi.

8. Excited about: phan chan, ho hdi lam viec gi

VI du:- The children are excited about going to school.

Bon tre phan chan vdi viec den triidng.- She is excited about listening his call.

Co dy hoi hop khi nghe dien thoai cua anh ta.- Are you excited about receiving presents?

Ban co hoi hop khi di/cfc nhan qua khong?

9. Sorry for: tiee ve cai gi.VI du:- I’m sorry for coming there.

Tdi tiee khi khong den dd.- She is sorry for driving in this sort of weather.

Cd dy thay tiee khi phai lai xe trong thdi tiet nay.- I’m sorry for working this condition.

Tdi tiee khi phai lam viec trong dieu kien nay.

155

DONG Ttf TIENG ANH

DONG TUf THEO SAU BOI GIOI TUT VA D0NG DANH TUf

1. Approve of, disapprove of.Vi du:- The teacher disapprove of talking in class.

Giao vien khong tan thanh viec noi chuyen trong Idp.

- Do you approve of playing game in the working hours?

Ban co tan thanh viec chdi dien tit trong gid lam viec khong?

- I disapprove of drinking.Toi khong tan thanh viec uong rittfu.

- She approve of studying hard.Co ay tan thanh viec hoc hdnh cham chi.

2. Apologize for.Vi du:- I apologized for coming late.

Toi xin loi vi dd den muon.- They apologized for not being able to attend our

wedding party.Ho xin loi vi khong the den di/ dec ciidi cua chung tdi.

- He apologize for keeping me waiting.Anh ay xin loi vi bat tdi phai chd dai.

3. Feel like.Vi du:- I feel like laughing.

Tdi muon ci/di that to.- She doesn't feel like listening his phone.

Co ay khong muon nghe dien thoai cua anh ta.

156

THANH HA

- He felt like chatting to someone.Anh ay muon tan gau vdi ai do.

- I don’t feel like talking with him.Toi khong thich noi chuyen vdi anh ay.

4. Insist on.Vi du:- She insisted on getting up early and playing her

radio loud.Co ay cii khang khang day sdm vd md ddi oang oang.

- He insisted on paying bill.Anh ay cii khang khang doi thanh toan hod ddn.

- I insited on going with them.Toi nan ni di cung ho.

5. Decide on, decide against.“Decide on": quyet dinh lam gi“Decide against” : quyet dinh chong lai, khong lam

giVi du:- We decided on driving car.

Chung toi quyet dinh lai o to.- We decided on building a new house.

Chung toi quyet dinh xdy mot ngoi nhd mdi.- They decided against hunting on wild animals.

Ho quyet dinh chong lai viec san ban dong vat hoang dd.

- Have you decided againsted putting an advertisment on TV?

Anh quyet dinh chong lai viec quang cao tren T.V khong?

157

DONG TU TIENG ANH

6. Think of / about.Vi du:- Are you thinking of buying a new car?

Anh co dii dinh mua mot chiec xe mdi khong?- I’m thinking of changing my job.

Toi dang nghl ve viec thay doi cong viec.- They are thinkink about building a big

university here.Ho dang dii dinh xay mot triicfng dai hoc Idn tai day.

7. Complain about.Vi du:- My mother complains about having to watch

football.Me toi phan nan ve viec phai xem bong dd.

- They are complaining about being treated badly. Ho phan nan vi bi doi xii te bac.

- Customers complain about not being served properly.

Khach hang phan nan vi dd khong diicfc phuc vu chu dao.

8. Succeed in.Vi du:- The doctors succeeded in operating on the

patient.Cac bac si dd thanh cong trong ca phau thuat cho benh nhan.

- He succeeded in doing the business.Anh ta dd thanh cong trong cong viec kinh doanh.

- They succeeded in defeating their rivals.

158

THANH HA

Ho dd thanh cong trong viec ddnh bai cac doi thucua ho.

9. Dream of.Vi du:- I dreamed of living happily.

Toi md diidc song uui ve.- She dreamed of being a singer.

Co ay dd titng md tide la ca si.- Tom dreamed of leading other people.

Tom md diidc lanh dao ngiidi khac.

10. Rely on.Vi du:- Can you rely on offered a job by your company?

Lieu tdi cd the trdng cay vdo quy cong ty ddnh cho mot viec lam khong?

- They can’t rely on using the dictionary in exam. Ho khong the trdng cay vdo viec sii dung tii dien khi di thi.

11. Carry (go) on.Vi du:- The phone rang but she just carried on listening

the music.Dien thoai reo nhiing cd ay van tiep tuc nghe nhac.

- She went on reading althought it was very noisy. Cd ay van tiep tuc doe mac du rat dm I.

- I felt very tired but they carried on running.Tdi cam thay rat met nhiing ho van tiep tuc chay.

159

DONG TUT TIENG ANH

DONG TUf THEO SAU BOI TAN NGU, GIOI TI/VA D0NG DANH TU

1. Blame...forVi du:- My mother blames me for not studying hard.

Me toi khien trdch toi vi dd khong hoc hdnh chamchi.

- They blamed their son gor being lazy.Ho khien trdch con trai ho vi litdi bieng.

- He blamed her not talking properly care of the children.

Anh ta trdch co ay khong cham soc bon tre chudao.

2. Accuse...ofVi du:- They accused him of cheating.

Ho buoc toi anh ta liia dao.- We accused him of being dishonest.

Chung toi buoc toi anh ta thieu trung thiic.- People accuse industrial waste of polluting the

environment.Ho buoc toi chat thdi cong nghiep gay o nhiem

mdi triidng.

3. Suspect...ofVi du:- What made you suspect her of having taken

money?Dieu gi khien anh nghi ngd co ay lay tien ?

- He was suspected of using false money.Ong dy bi nghi ngd la sii dung tien gia.

- I suspected him of stealing the shirst.

160

THANH HA

Toi nghi ngd anh ay lay cap chiec do.

4. Thank...forVi du:- I thanked him for helping me.

Tdi cam chi anh ta vi dd giup tdi.- Thank you for making me a favour.

Cam cfn vi da tao dieu kien cho tdi.- He thanked me for showing him to the post

office.Anh ay cam cfn tdi vi dd chi diibng cho anh ay tdi

bitu dien.

5. Stop (prevent)...fromVi du:- I try to stop him from fighting.

Tdi co gang ngan can anh ta ddnh nhau.- The noise from outside stoped us from

concentrating.Tieng on ben ngoai khien chung tdi mat tap

trung.- The snow prevented us from driving fast.

Tuyet khong cho chung tdi lai xe nhanh.

6. Keep...fromVi du:- I am keeping the boy from falling.

Tdi ngan khong cho cau be ngd.- He tries to keep his hat from being blown off.

Anh ta co giti chiec mu khong bi bay.- It’s difficult to keep prices from going up.

That khd de g id cho gid cd khong tang.

161

DONG Ttf TIENG ANH

7. Protect...fromVi du:- You need warm clothes to protect yourself from

being cold.Anh phai mac quan do am de khoi bi lanh.

- They must protect their children from being danger.

Ho phai bao ve con cai cua hg khoi nguy hiem.- We must protect the environment from being

polluted.Chung ta phai bao ve mdi triicfng khoi sii o

nhiem.

8. Punish...forVi du:- The teacher punished pupils for talking in class.

Giao vien phat hgc sinh vi noi chuyen trong Idp.- You’ll be punished for coming home late.

Ban se bi phat vi ve nhd muon.- The director punished her for playing game in

the office.Giam doe phat cd dy vi toi chcti dien tii trong van

phbng.

9. Warn... againstVi du:- They warned me against coming there.

Hg khuyen cao tdi khong nen den do.- She warned us against buying that house.

Co dy khuyen cao chung tdi khong nen mua ngoi nhd dd.

- The passengers are warned against leaning out of the window.

162

THANH HA

Cac hdnh khach ditdc khuyen cao khong nen dita vdo cita so.

10. Forgive...forVi du:- Please forgive me for not calling to you.

Xin hay tha thit cho toi vi dd khong goi cho ban.- She refuse to forgive him for coming late.

Co ay tit chdi tha thit cho anh ta vi dd den muon.- I can’t forgive you for telling lies.

Toi khong the tha thit cho anh vi anh dd noi doi.

11. Discourage...fromVi du:- The bad weather discourged us from going out.

Thdi tiet xau khien chung tdi khong muon rangoai.

- Difficulties discourged him from working.Nhitng khd khan khien anh ta khong muon lam

viec.- The first failure discouraged him from

continuing the match.That bai dau tien khien anh ta khong muon tiep

tuc tran dau.

12. Congratulate...onVi du:- They congratulate me on finishing mission.

Ho chuc mitng tdi vi tdi dd hoan thanh nhiem vu.- She congratulated them on passing the exam.

Co dy chuc mitng ho ve viec ho thi dd.- I congratulated him on coming here safely.

Tdi chuc mitng anh dy dd den day an toan.

163

DONG TU TIENG ANH

CAC THANH NGUTSLTDUNG DONG DANH TUf

1. Have difficulty (trouble).Vi du:- Most of us have difficulty spelling some Russian

words.Hau het chung ta deu gap khd khan trong viec ddnh van mot so tit tieng Nga.

- He had no difficulty using this software .Anh ta khong gap kho khan gi trong viec sit dung phan mem nay.

- They have a lot of trouble reading his hand writing.

Ho gap nhieu kho khan trong viec doc chit viet cua anh dy.

* Chu y: “Difficulty ’ hoac “trouble' deu d dang danh tif so it, chu khong d dang danh tu" so nhieu.

Vi du:- I have no difficulty reading English.

Tdi khong gap kho khan gi trong viec doc tieng Anh.

- He had trouble self- studying.Anh ay gap kho khan trong viec tit hoc.

Ban cung co the dung “difficulty in + V-ing".- We have difficulty in getting to London.

Chung toi gap kho khan trong viec di t&i Ludn Don.

2 . There s no poit in.Vi du:- There's no point in helping him.

That vd ich khi giup anh ta.

164

THANH HA

- There’s no point in hurrying.Vdi va cung chdng ich chi.

3. It’s no good (use)Vi du:- It’s no good smoking.

Hut thuoc khong co Icfi.- It’s no good trying to persuade me.

Ditng cd gang thuyet phuc tdi.- It’s no use drinking wine much.

Uong riCOu nhieu chdng cd ich lai gi.

4. It’s a waste of time (money).Vi du:- It’s a waste time of time explaining for you.

That phi thdi gian gidi thich cho anh.- It’s a waste of money watching that match.

That phi tien xem tran dau dd.

5. It’s worth.Vi du:- Is this film worth watching?

Bo phim nay cd dang xem khong?- It’s not worth getting angry.

Chuyen nay khong dang phai cau gian.- It’s not worth taking a taxi.

Chdng dang phai di tac xi dau.

165

dong tuthEng a n h

OQNC TINH TIT

CAU TAO DONG TINH TlS

1. Hai loai dong tinh tif.Tif mot so dong tif trong tieng Anh, chung ta co the

cau tao difdc hai loai dong tinh tii la dong tinh tif hien tai (V-ing) va dong tinh tif qua khii. (V-ed).

Dong tinh tii hien tai mang tinh chu dong, dien ta ban chat that cua ngifdi hay sii vat, sii viec.

Dong tinh tii qua khii mang tinh bi dong, dien ta cam xuc hay suy nghi cua ai dd ve sii vat, sii viec.

Vi du:- He was surpried that she passed the exam.

Anh ta ngac nhien la co dy dd vitot qua ky thi.- It was surprising that she passed the exam.

That ngac nhien la cd ay dd vitcit qua ky thi.- I’m interested in that interesting match.

Tdi thich tran dau thu vi dd.

2. Nhufng cap dong tinh tif.Nhii da noi d tren, mot so" dong tii cd the cau tao

thanh dong tinh tif hien tai hoac dong tinh tif qua khii. Difdi day la danh sach nhiing cap dong tinh tif nhif vay.sastisfying: lam hai long confusing: gay bdi roi fascinating: lam me hon horrifying: gay kinh hoang exhausting: lam kiet site exciting: hdp dan annoying: lam kho chiu amuzing: hay, thich thu terrifying: kinh khiep embarrassing: gay roi 166

satisfied: hai long confused: thay boi roi fascinated: bi me hoac horrified: kinh hoang exhausted: thay kiet si/c excited: bi kich dong annoyed: thay kho chiu amuzed: thay thich thu terrified: khiep stf embarrassed: boi roi

THANH HA

worrying: lam lo lang depressing: lam mat tinh than disgusting: lam ghe tdm frightening: lam sd hai astonishing: gay kinh ngac shocking: gay xuc dong tiring: lam cho met interesting: hdp dan boring: nham chan, buon te disappointing: lam that vong

worried: lo lang depressed: nhut chi disgusted: kho chiu frightened: sQ hai astonished: kinh ngac shocked: xuc dong tired: thay met interested: thich thu bored: thay buon chan disappointed: that vong

Vi du:- She is always tired when she gets home from

work.Cd dy luc nao cung met khi di lam ve den nhd.

- He has a very tiring job.Anh ta co mot cong viec khien anh ta met moi.

- She’s satisfied with the result.Cd dy that hai long vdi ket qua do.

- The result is satisfying.Ket qua do lam toi hai long.

CACH DUNG DONG TINH TUT

1. Dung trong cac thi tiep dien (vdi dong tif hien tai).

Vi du:- I am worrying about my husband.

Toi dang lo lang ve chong cua toi.- She is listening music.

Co dy dang nghe nhac.- Tom has been studying French for 3 years.

Tom dd hoc tieng Phap di/dc 3 ndm roi.- They were having lunch at 12 o’clock yesterday.

167

DONG Tif TIENG ANH

Ho dang dung biia triia vdo 12 gid ngay hom qua.

2. Dung nhif mot tinh tif.a. Lam tinh nguf.Vi du:- It’s a terrifying story.

Do la mot cau chuyen khiing khiep.- She is taking a burning candle.

Co dy dang cam mot cay nen dang chay.

b. Lam bo nguf.Vi du:- She looked rather worried.

Co dy trong co ve lo lang.- The smell is so annoying.

Min that kho chiu.- The story is shocking.

Cau chuyen that xuc dong.- It was an embarrassing situation.

Do la. tinh huong gay bdi roi.

3. Dung ttfdng during vdi menh de tinh nguf.Trong trUdng hdp nay menh de tinh ngul dUdc viet d

dang nit gon la dong tinh tii hien tai hoac dong tinh tirqua khii.

Vi du:- The boy walking with Tom is my son.= The boy who is walking with Tom is my son.

Cau be dang di vdi Tom la con trai toi.- The man driving the motor didn't see the old

woman.= The man who was driving the motor didn’t see

the old woman.

168

THANH HA

Ngudi dan ong dang lai xe khong trdng thay bagid.

- The computer repaired by that man was bad damage.

= The computer which was repaired by that man was in bad damage.

Chiec may tinh dUcfc sUa bdi ngudi dan ong kia bi hong nang.

4. Dung tifdng dvfofng vdi menh de trang ngd".Tiidng tu nhu! triidng hdp cua menh de tinh ngii,

menh de trang ngii trong trUOng hdp nay cung dUdc rut gon d dang dong tinh tii hien tai hoac dong tinh tii d qua khii.

VI du: , .- When asked that question, she was unable to

answer.= When she was asked that question, she was

unable to answer.Khi du$c hoi cau hoi do, co dy dd khong the trd

Idi dtidc.- Hearing a noise, the teacher stopped explaining.= As the teacher hear a noise, she stopped

explaining.Khi nghe thay tieng on, giao vien ngiing giang.

- Not having received his answer, I called again.= Because I hadn’t received his answer, I called

again.Bcti vi tdi khon g nhan dUdc cau trd Idi cua anh ta, tdi goi lai m ot Ian nUa.

* Chu y:- Dong tinh tii co the sii dung vdi dang so sanh

“ m ore ” va “ m ost ” .

169

DONG TiT TIENG ANH

Vi du:- That is the most interesting thing.

Do la dieu thu vi nhat.- She is more working hard than his sister.

Co ta cham chi hcfn em gai cua minh.- Co the hop vdi danh tif, tinh tif hoac pho tif thanh

tinh tif ghep.Vi du:- He is a good-looking young man.

Anh ay la mot thanh nien dep trai.- It’s a hand-made bag.

Do la chiec tui diidc lam bang tay.- He is clean-shaven.

R&u ong ay nhan nhui.- They are under-developed countries.

Do la nhitng quoc gia kem phat trien.- Co the ket hop mao tif “the” v6i dong tinh tif qua

khii de dien ta mot danh tif tap hop.Vi du:- The injured died no longer after the terrible

accident.Nhitng ngitdi bi, thitdng dd chet khong lau sau vu tai nan khung khiep.

- The wounded were sent to nearby hospital. Nhiing ngitdi bi thitdng dd diidc chuyen den benh vien gan do.

- A disabled man who is unable to work is lising in our street

Ngitdi dan ong tat nguyen, khong the lam viec, song trong pho chung ta.

170

THANH HA

NHUNG CACH SUDUNG DAC BIET CUA DdNG TINH TUf

1. Lam bo ngvf cua tan ngufDong tinh tif trong trifdng hdp nay khong chi bo

nghia cho danh tit, ma ket hdp vdi danh tvf hay dai tvf tao thanh mot nhom tvf chat che goi la tan ngii phiic hdp (complex object) bo nghia cho nhiing dong tvf di trvfdc, chi dung vdi mot so" dong tif: “have, see, hear, fee, find, make, want, get, l ik e ,.......”

Vi du:- I could see it snowing.

Toi co the thay tuyet dang rcti.- I feel pain from the injury.

Toi thay dau d cho bi thitdng.- He is finding it difficult to pay attention.

Anh ta thay rat kho de tap trung.- ‘Your hair wants cutting,’ said the Hatter

Toe cua ban muon ditdc cat roi day. - Hatter noi.

2. Cau tr ue dong tinh tvf doc lapTrong trifdng hdp tvfdng dvfdng vdi mot trang ngii,

quy tac chung la dong tinh tif co quan he ve nghia vdi chu nguf trong cau.

Vi du:- With the master being absent, a thief entered the

window.= As the master was absent, a thief entered the

window.Khi chu nhd di vang, ten trom di vdo bang loi citaso.

Tuv nhien khong the viet:“With the master being absent, the window was

entered

171

DONG TU TIENG ANH

Trong cau nay, “being absent” khong co qua he gi vdi “window

Co hai triidng hdp dong tinh tif khong quan he vdi chu ngii trong cau, nen goi la cau true doc lap.

Vi du khac:- With anger having been kindled, wisdom sleeps.

Gian qua mat khon- Carrying a heavy pile of books, his foot caught on

a step.Mang mot chong sach nang, anh ta dd vap ngd.

- Having been a gymnast, Lynn knew the importance of exercise.

Ld mot huan luyen vien the due, Lynn biet tam quan trong cua viec tap luyen.

- Arriving at the store, I found that it was closed. Den cita hang, toi mdi thay rang no dong cita.

- Getting up at five, we got an early start.Thiic day luc 5 gid, chung toi khdi hdnh sdm.

a. Dong tinh tif co chu ngif rieng.Vi du:- Weather permiting, we will go to the sea.= If the weather permiting, we will go to the sea.

Neu thdi tiet cho phep, chung tdi se di bien.- New year being a holiday, the shops were all

closed.= As new year was a holiday, the shops were all

closed.Bdi vi ndm mdi la ki nghi, tat cd cac cita hang deu dong cita.

b. Trong mot so thanh nguf thong dung.Vi du:- Frankly speaking, I love him.

Noi thang ra la toi yeu anh ay.

172

THANH HA

- There were four or five of us, counting me.Cd bon hoac ndm ngitdi trong chung ta, ke cd toi.

- One girl was standing on the stage, excluding Master of Ceremonies.Mot co gdi ditng tren san khau, chiia ke ngitdi dan chitdng trinh.

173

DONG TUT TIENG ANH

D O N G T IT T H E O SAU BCH GICH T lT

DONG TUT THEO SAU BOI GIOI TU FORaccount for something: chiem allow for something: xem xet apologize for something: xin loi ui dieu gi apologize for somebody: xin loi ho ai apply for something: xin viecblame someone for something: trdch cii ai ve dieu gi care for someone (something): cham soc, quan tam cater for someone (something): phuc vu, cung cap charge someone for something: ket toi ai vi cai gi count for something: cd Idi tii viec gi look for someone (something): tim kiem pay for someone (something): thanh toan search for someone (something): luc soat, tim ai, cai

g iwait for someone (something): chd ddi ai, cai gi Vi du:- Don't wait dinner for me.

Cii an triidc dung ddi toi.- They were searching for a missing aircraft.

Ho dang tim kiem chiec may bay mat tich.- I must apologize for my late arrival.

Toi phai xin loi vi den muon.- She is a nurse. She likes to care for her patients.

Cd ay la y td. Co dy thich cham soc benh nhancua minh.

- I count for nothing in this work.Tdi khong cd Idi gi trong viec nay cd.

- I will earmark this money for your research.Toi danh so tien nay cho viec nghien citu cua anh.

- He was charged for making mistakes.174

THANH HA

Anh ay bi ket toi dd gay ra loi.- He blamed me for his joblessness.

Ong ay do loi cho toi ve viec ong ay that nghiep.- I need apply for a part-time job.

Toi can xin mot cong viec ban thdi gian.- Her parents paid for her to go abroad.

Bo me co ta trd tien cho chuyen di ntidc ngoai cua co ta.

DONG TUT THEO SAU BOI Gift TUT TOanswer to something: trd Idi, dap lai dieu gi appeal to someone: nai ni ai It appeals to me: toi thich y kien nay apply oneself to something: chuyen tam apply to something: ting dung vdo cai gi attend to something said (heard): theo dieu dtitic

noi (nghe thay)attribute something to someone: cung cap g i cho ai commit oneself to something: cam ket confess to something: thu nhan devote oneself to something: cong hien be used to doing something: quen lam viec gi prefer one thing to another thing: thich cai nay hcfn

cai khacreact to something: phan ting lai refer to something: de cap tdi, dm chi refer someone to someone: dtia den, gtii den be resigned to something: bi tii chtic vi dieu gi resort to something: phai sti dung den, viec den see to something: dam bao chdc chan belong to someone: thuoc ve aisubject someone to something: lam cho ai phai chiu

dting cai g i

175

DONG TUT TIENG ANH

succeed to the throne: ke vi ngai vang Vi du:- The power belongs to the people.

Chinh quyen thuoc ve tay nhan dan.- He used to smoking a pipe.

Bo toi quen hut tau.- The matter must be referred to a tribunal.

Van de diidc chuyen den mot tod an de xet xii.- I referred my baby to a teacher.

Toi giii con cua toi cho mot co giao.- When the king died, his oldest son succeeded to

the throne.Khi nhd vua bang ha, thdi tii ke vi ngoi bau.

- You will only pass your exams if you really apply to your work.

Anh chi co the thi do neu thiic sii chuyen tam vdo viec hoc tap cua minh.

- He devoted himself to the revolutionary cause. Ong ay cong hien cd cuoc ddi cho sii nghiep cach mang.

- I was surprised as he reacted to the news.Toi thay ngac nhien khi anh ta phan ting lai vdi thong tin do.

- I prefer beer to wine.Toi thich bia hdn rtidu.

- The prisoner refused to confess his crime.Ngiidi tii khong chiu thu nhan toi loi cita anh ta.

- You should answer to his question.Anh nen trd Icfi cau hoi cua anh dy.

DONG TIJTTHEO SAU BOI GIOI TO OFaccuse someone of something: buoc toi, ket toi take care of someone (something): trong nom I soc )

176

THANH HA

die of an illness: chet vi benhhear of someone (something): nghe biet den ai (cai

g i ) think of someone (something): nhd den, nghl den ai (cai gi)

remind someone of something: nhac ai nhd den cai

g i suspect someone of somthing: nghi ngd ai ve chuyengi

Vi du:- They accused Tom of cheating.

Ho buoc toi Tom lita dao.- You should take care of your parents.

Ban nen cham soc bo me ban.- Why didn’t you think of me?

Tai sao anh khong nhd den tdi ?- This song reminds me of France.

Bdi hat nay nhac tdi nhd ve nitdc Phap- What made you suspect her of having taken

money?Dieu g i khien anh nghi cd dy lay tien.

- Have you ever heard of that hotel?Co bao gid anh nghe noi den khach san do chiia?

- His father died of liver cancer.Bo co dy chet vi benh ung thitgan.

DONG TUT THEO SAU BOI GIOI TUT ONbase something on something: dita vdo, can cii vdo , blame something on something: do Idi, do trdch

nhiem ve cai g i cho aicentre something on something: tap trung vdo concentrate on something: tap trung vdo viec gi

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DONG TUT TIENG ANH

congratulate someone on something: chuc mitng aivi cai gi

decide on something: quyet dinh viec gidepend on someone (something): phu thuoc vdo ai

(cai gi)elaborate on something: thoa thuan chi tiet mot viec

giimpose on someone: Idi dung ai insist on something / someone doing something:

khang khang doi ai lam viec gi.pride oneself on something: tit hdo, hdnh dien ve

dieu gispend money on something: tieu xai, bo phi vdo viec

giVf du:- I base my hopes on the good news we had

yesterday.Hy vong cua tdi dita vdo cai tin tot lanh chung toi nhan ngay hom qua.

- The young wife blames her sterility on her old husband.

Cd vd tre do loi cho ong chong gid ve tinh trang vo sinh cua co.

- She decided on the black car.Cd ta quyet dinh chon chiec xe mau den.

- Children depend on their parents for food and clothing.

Bon tre nhd vdo bo me md co cai an cai mac.- They elaborated on a problem.

Ho thao luan them ve mot van de.- I hope it's not imposing on you.

Tdi mong day khong phai la Idi dung anh.- I have to spend a lot of money on travelling.

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THANH HA

Toi phai chi tieu nhieu tien cho viec di lai.- She prides herself on her cooking.

Co dy tii hdo ve tdi nau nitdng cua minh.

DONG TUT THEO SAU BOI Gift TUT ABOUTagree about something: tranh luan ve dieu gi be concerned (worried) about something: lo lang ve

dieu giboast about something: khoac lac, huyenh hoang ve

cai g idream about someone (something): md ve, md thay

ai (cai gi)think about someone (something): xem xet, can nhac

ve ai (cai gi)protest about something: chong lai cai gi do something about something: lam chuyen g i de

cai thien tinh hinhremind someone about something: nhac ai ditng

quen dieu g iwarn someone about someone (something): cdnh

cao, noi cho ai biet tritdc ve ngitdi nao do (dieu g i do)Vi du:- The police have warned shopkeepers about

shoplifters.Cdnh sat dd cdnh bao cac chu tiem de phbng bon trom gid lam khach hang.

- I remined her about the meeting.Toi dd nhac co dy ve cuoc hop.

- The company ought to do something about the poor service

Cong ty phai lam viec gi do nham khac phuc viec phuc vu kem coi.

- What are you thinking about?

179

DONG TU TIENG ANH

Ban dang nghl ve chuyen gi vay?- I dreamt about you last night.

Dem qua tdi da met ve anh.- The leaders protested about the nuclear

weapons.Cac nha lanh dao dd phan doi cac loai vu khi hat nhan.

- He is boasting about his company.Anh ta huyenh hoang ve cong ty cua anh ta.

DONG TUT THEO SAU BOI GIOI TUf WITHacquaint someone with something: lam cho ai quen

vdi cai giassociate something with someone: gan, ket hap,

lien titdngcharge someone with something: buoc toi ai ve cai

gichutter with something: day, bi/a bon coincide with somthing: xay ra dong thdi, trung vdi collide with something: dam manh vdo comply with something: tuan theo confront someone with something: lam cho ai do

phai di/ctng dau vdi dieu gi do.confuse someone (something) with someone

(something): nham Ian ai (cai gi) vdi ai (cai) khac cram with something: tong day vdi cai gi deal with someone (something): ddi mat vdi ai (cdi

g i1discuss something with somebody: thao ludn dieu

gi vdi a iface with something: ddi mat vdi dieu gi ingratiate oneself with someone: lay long ai meet with something: gap phai. vap phai

180

THANH HA

pack with something: bao boc plead with someone: hai long vdi ai provide someone with something: cung cap cho ai

cai gitamper with something: can thiep vdo chuyen gi trust someone with something: tin titdng ai ve

chuyen gi Vi du:- Someone tampered with the documents on my

desk.Ai do dd can thiep vdo vdo tdi lieu cua toi d tren ban.

-. Should not be confused this construction with the regular passive.

Khong nen nham Ian cau true cau nay vdi the bi dong thong thitdng.

- They confronted the prisoner with his accusers. Ho cho ten tu ddi chat vdi nhitng ngitdi td cao hdn.

- An editorial crammed with quotations.Bdi xa luan day nghet nhitng cau trich dan.

- She tried to ingratiate herself with the director, in the hope of getting promotion.Co ta co la y long ong giam doc de ditdc de bat.

- Her arrival coincided with our departure.Viec co dy den trung vdi sit ra di cua chung toi.

- He acquainted you with this poet.Anh ta lam cho ban quen vdi Bdi thd nay.

- A ship collied with a boat in the fog.Chiec tau dd va phai chiec thuyen trong sitctng mil.

- He met with an accident on the way to school. Cau ta dd gap tai nan tren ditdng tdi tri/dng.

181

DONG TifTliN G ANH

- The firm has provided me with a car.Cong ty dd cap cho toi mot chiec o to.

DONG TUT THEO SAU BOI 61 ft TUT INabsorbed in something: me mdi, say meconfide in someone: tin titdng aibelieve in something: tin vdi dieu gi do, tin co cai gi

doimplicate someone in something: cho thay ai lien quan

den cai giinvolve someone in something: loi keo ai vdo viec gi result in something: gay ra cai gi specialise in something: la chuyen gia ve cai gi succeed in something: thanh cong ve cai gi Vi du:- He absorbed in the study of Marxism-Leninism.

Ong ay mdi me nghien citu chu nghia Mac- Lenin.

- You should confide in yourself.Ban nen tin titdng vdo ban than minh.

- I believe in his honesty.Toi tin d sit chan that cua anh ta.

- They implicated him in the murder.Chung dd tim cach lam cho ong ay dinh liu vdo vu giet ngitdi.

- He involved Peter in football poons.Anh ta dd loi keo Peter vdo tro cd do bong dd.

- His recklessness resulted in failure.Sit lieu linh khinh suat cua hdn dd dan den that bai.

- This shop specializes in chocolates.Cita hang nay chuyen ban so co la.

- He succeed in convincing the strikers.

182

THANH HA

Anh ta dd thanh cong trong viec thuyet phuc nhitng ngitdi dinh cong.

DdNG TlX THEO SAU BOI GIOI TUT FROMbar someone from a place: ngan khong cho ai vdo benefit from something something: cd Ich tit viec gi derive something from something: nhan ditdc, rut

ra ditdc tit cai g iborrow something from someone: mitdn cai g i cua

ai, mitdn ai cai gideter someone from something: ngan ai khoi cai g i differ from something: khac cai gi distract someone from something: lam dang tri,

lam roi tridistinguish one thing from another thing: phan biet

cai nay vdi cai khacprotect someone from something: bao ve ai khoi cai

giexempt someone from something: mien khoi cai gi refrain from something: kim lai, co nin, co nhin resign from something: tit chitc result from something: gay ra bdi cai gi stem from something: xuat phat, nay sinh tit suffer from something: chiu ditng cai gi translate from one language into another language:

dich tit ngon ngit nay sang ngon ngit khac.Vi du:- The security guard barred him from the

company.Nhan vien bao ve ngan khong cho anh ta vdo cong ty.

- Everybody can benefit from this work.Moi ngitcfi deu co the co len tit cong viec nay.

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DONG TUT TIENG ANH

- He derived pleasure from driving.Anh ay tim thay niem vui trong viec dua xe.

- They borrowed a sum of money from my mother. Ho dd vay mot it tien cua me toi.

- We deterred Peter from fighting.Chung tdi ngan khong cho Peter ddnh nhau.

- In this respect, English differs from French.Ve mat nay, tieng Anh khac tieng Phap.

- The male is distinguished from the female by its red beak.

Con diic phan biet diidc vdi con cai nhd cai mo do.- They distracted him attention from more

important matters.Chung lam anh dy roi tri khong chu y den nhiing van de quan trong hcfn.

- You need warm clothes to protect yourself from the cold.

Anh phai mac quan do dm de khoi bi lanh.- The Goverment exempted him from taxes.

Chinh phu dd mien thue cho ong ta.- He was expelled from school.

Anh ta dd bi duoii khoi triicfng hoc.- He tried to refrain from smoking

Anh dy cd gang nhin thuoc.- He was forced to resign from the chairman.

Ong dy bi buoc thdi chiic chu tich.- Poverty resulting from the arms race.

Sii ngheo ddi la do chay dua vu trang gay ra.- His poems have been translated from Russian

into Vietnamese.Nhiing Bdi thd cua ong dy diidc dich tii tieng Nga sang tieng Viet.

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THANH HA

OdNG TUT THEO SAU BOI G ift Tif ATglance at something: liec qua cai g i guess at something: doan cai gi laugh (smile) at someone (something): ciicfi (mim

ciicfi) vdi ai (cai gi)hint at something: noi bong gid, gcfi y dieu gi marvel at something: kham phuc dieu gi look at someone: nhin ai ( cai gi) shout at someone: quat thao aipoint (aim) something at someone (something):

nham, chia cai g i vdo ai (cai gi)throw something at someone (something): nem vat

gi vdo ai (vat khac)Vi du:- She glanced at me, then went out.

Co ta liec toi roi di ra.- I can guest at the end of film.

Tdi co the doan ditcfc ket thuc bo phim.Everyone laughed at me when I said I believed in

ghosts.Ai cung ciicfi toi khi tdi tin la cd ma.

- She hinted at the possibility of his coming.Cd dy noi bong gid cd the anh ta se den.

- I marvelled at her boldness.Tdi than phuc triidc sii tao bao cua cd ay.

- Don't shout at me.Ditng quat tdi.

- He pointed a gun at me.Hdn chia sung vdo toi.

- Someone threw a book at him while he was writing.

Ai do dd nem quyen sach vdo anh dy khi anh dy dang viet.

185

DONG TIT TIENG ANH

DONG TUT THEO SAU BOI NHUNG Gift TUT KHACdevide (cut, split) something into two or more

parts: chia nho thanh nhieu phaninsure something against something: bao ve cai gi

khoi cai khacregard someone (something) as something: coi ai

(chuyen gi) nhii...phase something out: huy bo titng budc Vi du:- This novel is divided into chapters.

Cuon tieu thuyet nay dtidc chia thanh nhieu chUcmg.He was cutting the paper into two parts when she came into the room.Anh ta dang cat td giay thanh 2 phan khi co ay btidc vao phbng.

- Care insures one against error.Su can than dam bao cho ngtidi ta khoi bi lam Ian.

- I regard your suggestion as worthy.Tdi cho rang y kien cua anh ta that quy gid.

- The old currency will have been phased out by 2010.

Tien cu se bi huy titng budc tit ndm 2010.

186

THANH HA

CUM DONG TIT• •

NHUNG NET CHUNG CUA CUM DONG TUT

Trong tieng Anh, dong tii thudng di kem vdi cac tieu tiif (particle), vi du: “go away”, “turn the lightoff', .......Dong tii cung thudng ket hop vdi gidi tii (xemchi tiet Bai 15). Nhiing sii ket hop nay cua dong tii that de hieu bdi chung ta co the biet nghia cua chung tii rieng dong tii va tieu tii hay gidi tii. Vi du “turn the light o ff ' co nghia “tat den di” .

Tuy nhien, doi khi sii ket hdp nay khong de dang co the hieu dUdc. Hay xem sii ket hop cua “check in" (verb + particle) trong cau sau:

- When you arrive at the convention, be sure to check in at the registration desk.

“check” khong co nghia la “kiem tra” va “in” khong co nghia la “ben trong, phia trong”. Sii ket hop cua hai tii nay chi co the hieu dUOc khi coi chung la mot don vi tii, nghia la “dang ky”. Khi mot dong tii ket hdp vdi mot tieu tii hay mot gidi tii co nghia dUdc goi la cum dong tii.

Vi du:- The house I live in gose back to the 15th century.

Ngoi nha toi dang song co til the ky 15.- Let’s call on Paul and Jan tonight.

Chung ta hay ghe thdm Paul vd Jan vdo toi nay.- Does John take after his mother or his father?

John co giong me hoac bo'cua anh ta khong?

Tan nguf cua cum dong tif.Trong van viet hoac van noi, ban se gap nhiing cum

dong tii co kem theo tan ngii. Tan ngO cd the cd hai vi

187

DONG TU TIENG ANH

tri: diing sau cum dong tii hoac dOfng gitia dong tii va tieu tii.

Vi du:- The teacher told the children off for not doing

their homework.= The teacher told off the children for not doing their homeworks.

Giao vien phe binh bon tre vi chung khong lam Bdi tap ve nhd.

- I turn the TV on.= I turn on the TV.

Toi bat ti vi.- A farmer took the travelers in during the snow

storm.- = A farmer took in the travelers during the snow

storm.Ngitdi ndng dan cho nhitng ngitdi du lich tru trong suo't tran bao tuyet.

Khi tan ngii cua cum dong tii la mot dai tii, nhitng dai tii nay thUdng diing trUdc tieu tii, gidi tii.

Vi du:- What do you take me for? I’m a married girl!

Anh cho rang toi la ai? Tdi la ngitdi phu nit dd cochdng!

- You need throw it away.X ■>

Ban can quang no di.- She put up with him for years.

Ba ta dd chiu ditng ong ay trong nhieu ndm.- Here are the things you need to do. Please check

each one off when you've finished it.Day la nhitng thit anh can lam. Hay kiem tra titng thit khi anh lam xong.

188

THANH HA

- Suzie's brother was depressed about not getting a promotion, so she sent him a funny card to cheer him up.

Anh trai Suzie that vong vi khong diidc thang chiic, vi vay co ay dd giii mot tam thiep vui de lam anh ay vui len.

- Tom's father was really angry when Tom didn't come home until 3:00 AM. He chewed Tom out and then said Tom had to stay at home for two weeks."

Bo Tom rat biic vi mdi 3 gid sang anh ta mdi ve nhd. Ong ay mang Tom vd bat anh ta phai d nhd trong 2 tuan.

Cum dong tii va gidi tvfTrong tieng Anh, mot so cum dong tvf cung ket hdp

vdi mot so gidi tif nhat dinh. Trong trUdng hdp nay, tan ngvf luon di sau gi6i tvf.

Vi du:- I've lost my extra car keys. If you come across

them while your're cleaning the room, please put them in a safe place.Toi lam mat chiec chia khoa dii phbng. Neu chi thay chung khi don phbng thi hay de chung vdo mot chd cho toi.

- George won't be at the office today. He came down with the flu over the weekend."

Horn nay George khong den van phbng. Anh ta bi cum tii ky nghi cuoi tuan.

- I'm counting on you to wake me up tomorrow. I know I won't hear the alarm.Toi nhd anh danh thiic tdi vdo ngay mai. Tdi biet tdi se khong nghe thay tieng chuong.

189

DONG TIT TIENG ANH

NHUNG CUM DdNG TljT THUDNG GAP

Dudi day la nhiing cum dong tii thudng gap nhat va dUOc sii dung pho bien nhat. Mot so cum dong tii co the nhieu hdn mot nghia.

1. Nhufng dong tvf bat dau bang “A”.abound in: nhieu, dayaccount for: gidi thichact for: dai dienadd on: th em vaoadd up: cd nghiaadd up to: titdng ditdngallow for: cong vdo, bao gomask after: hoi thdm site khoeanswer back: noi nang IdiVi du:- Coal abounds in our country.Than dd co nhieu d nitdc ta.- The director has been acting for chairman in all

affairrs.Giam doc dd thay chu tich gidi auyet moi viec.

- We added up the bill to check it was correct. Chung toi cong hod ddn vd kiem tra xem no co dung khong.

- She explained why the work wasn't ready, but her story doesn't add up.

Co ay gidi thich vi sao cong viec khong xong, nhitng cau chuyen cua cd ay khong co nghia gi cd.

- They allowed for the delays caused by bad weather.

Ho dd tinh den sit cham tre do thdi tiet xau gay ra.

190

THANH HA

- He always asks after you in his letters.Trong thit luc nao ong ay cung hoi thdm anh.

2 . Nhtfng cum dong tvf bat dau bang “B”.back down: nhitdng bo, nhiin nhitdng, rut luibag out: chi trich, binh ludnbargain for: san sang, chap nhanbe fed up: buon chanbear down: ddnh baibear out: thita nhanbeat up: tan congblack out: mat dienblash off: phong ten litabreak down: mat binh tinh, oa khoc, ngitng hoat

dongbreak off: ngitng noi, cat ditt quan he

break up: vd ra nhieu manh, ket thuc bring about: gay ra, dan tdi bring off: hoan thanh, lam xong bring on: khuyen khich phat trien bring round: gay anh hiidng bring up: de cap tdi buy off: mua chuoc

Vf du:- She refused to back down and was fired.- Co ta tit chdi rut lui vd d a bi ban.- We didn’t exactly bargain for him returning like

that.Chung tdi chiia hoan toan san sang cho sit trd lai cua anh ta nhii vay.

- This expectation wasn’t borne out.Sit gid dinh nay khong ditdc thiia nhan.

- She broke down in tears.

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DONG TUT TIENG ANH

Cd ta oa khoc.- She broke off their engagement when she found

out that he’d been unfaithful.Co ta bo dinh hon khi phat hien ra rang anh ta khong chung thuy.

- The plate broke up when he dropped it on the floor.

Chiec dia vd tan khi anh ta lam no rcri xuong san nhd.

- This bill, together with that concerning private pensions, will bring about the reform of the pension system in Romania.

Hod dcfn nay, cung vdi khoan Idctng htiu lien quan cua mdi cd nhan, se tao ra su: cai cach he thong litcfng d Romania.

- When you bring something off, you succeed in something.

- My parents brought me on my studying.Bo me toi khuyen khich toi hoc tap.

- She brought the meeting round to my point of view.

Co dy buoc cuoc h op phai chap nhan quan diem cua toi.

- I don’t like to bring up that private question.Toi khong muon de cap tdi cau hoi rieng tit do.

- If you’re truing to buy me off, I’m afraid you’ve come to wrong person.

Neu anh co gang mua chuoc toi, tdi e rang anh da. den nham ngitdi.

3. NhCfng cum dong tvf bat dau bang chuf cai“C” .

call off: td bo

192

THANH HA

call round: thdm, tat qua call up: goi diencalm down: thit gian, giit binh tinhcarry off: chien thang, thanh congcarry on: tiep tuccarry out: thitc hiencash in: cd lai, hitdng laicatch up in: tham gia, dinh liucome across : tinh cd gapcome about: xdy racome by: dat ditdc, gianh ditdccome down: dita ra ket luancome down to: co nghia lacome in for: nhan (thitdng la nhitng Idi chi trich) come in on: tham gia come off: bien mat come on: tiep tuccome under: bi kiem soat, dieu khiencome up: xdy ra, xuat hiencome up against: gap kho khancome up to: titdng ditongcome up with: suy nghlcount on: tin titdngcrop up: xdy ra ngoai y muoncut down: giam, lam doVi du:- Let’s call round them.

Chung ta hay ghe thdm ho.- Call me up when you get there.

Hay goi cho tdi ngay khi anh den do- Carry on working!

Tiep tuc lam viec di- It's going to be difficult to carry out that plan.

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DONG TU TIENG ANH

Se rat kho dethitc hien ke hoach do.- The idea eventually caught on and became all

the rage by the 1980s.y titdng trd nen pho bien vd trd thanh thinh hdnh trong nhitng ndm 80.

- Max is hoping that being short, fat, and bald will catch on.

Max hy vong than hinh liin, beo, vd dau hoi se trd thanh pho bien.

- How did that come about?Viec do dd xdy ra nhit the nao?

- I’m not sure how I came by this hat.Toi khong chdc se gianh ditdc chiec mu bang cach nao.

- Not long ago, I came across an old fnend from the gang. I won't say his name for privacy reasons.Cach day khong lau, toi tinh cd gap ban cu trong dam ban. Toi khong goi anh ta vi mot vdi ly do rieng.

- How's dinner coming on? I'm starving.Bita toi van tiep tuc day chit? Toi doi qua.

- If you want to come in on the plan, you'll have to decide quickly.

Neu anh muon tham gia ke hoach nay, anh phai quyet dinh nhanh.

- I don’t think these ink-marks will come out of your shirst.

Toi khong nghi la nhitng vet mite do se bien mat khoi do cua anh.

- The children come under thier parents.Bon tre thuoc sit quan ly cua bo me chung.

194

THANH HA

- You'd better make sure you know these verbs because they always come up in the exam.

Ban nen chdc chan rang ban thuoc nhiing dong tii nay vi chung luon xuat hien trong Bdi thi.

- He came up against problems in his studying. Anh dy gap mot vdi kho khan trong viec hoc tap.

- Ask Mary. You can always count on her to know the latest information.

Hay hoi Mary. Ban co the luon tin tiidng vdo cd dy de biet tin tiic mdi nhat.

- People with diabetes are usually advised to cut down on sugar and sugary foods.

Nhiing ngitdi bi tieu diidng lupn diidc khuyen giam diidng vd cac san pham co diidng.

4. Nhvfng cum dong tvf bat dau bang “D”.dawn on: trd nen ro rang, he nddeliver over: dau hangdispose of: gidi quyetdo away with: xoa bo, tii bodo in: gietdo up: trang tridress up: mac quan do depdraw up: di den hoi ket thucdrop in: ghe thdmdrop off: ngiiduck out of: tranhdwell on: nhac di nhac laiVi du:- A smile dawning on her lips.

Nu ciidi he nd tren mdi cd dy.- They were forced to deliver over the opposite.

Ho buoc phai dau hang ddi phiidng.

195

DONG TiT TIENG ANH

- The president ruthlessly disposed of his rivals Tong thong dd gidi quyet cac ddi thu cua minh mot cach tan nhan.

- She thinks it's time we do away with the monarchy

Co dy nghl dd den luc xoa bo nen quan chu.- This man did in his wife.

Ngitdi dan ong nay dd giet vd cua anh ta.- We are doing our house up.

Chung toi dang trang tri ngoi nhd.- A convoy of buses drew up at the airport and

they all climbed on board.Doan xe buyt ho tong ditng d san bay, vd ho len may bay.

- I thought I'd dropped in and say hello.Toi nghl toi nen ghe vdo vd chao.

- The girl was so tired that she dropped off to sleep at once.

Co gdi met qua nen ngii ngay lap titc.- It's his turn to wash up but he'll try and duck out

of it.Den liidt no phai giat quan do nhitng no lai tim cach tranh ne.

- She dwelled on his mistake.Ba dy cii nhac di nhac lai mdi mot loi cua anh dy.

5. Nhvifng cum dong tvf bat dau bang "E”.eat away: pha huy, phan huyeat out: an tiemempty into: chay vdo (song)end up: ditng laiendow with: ban cho, phu choenrol in: dang ki

196

THANH HA

exercise over: dp dat, gay anh hudng exult in: tie hdo Vi du:- The metal was eaten away by the acid.- I'm too tired to cook; why don't we eat out

tonight?- She emptied the milk into the pan.

Cd dy do het sita vdo trong chao.- You'll end up in prison if you go on like that.

Anh se ket thuc d trong tii neu anh tiep tuc lam nhii the..

- She's endowed with intelligence as well as beauty

Cd ta duac trdi phu cho cd thong minh Ian sac dep.

- He enrolled in in-service classe.Anh ta dang ki vdo Idp hoc tai chUc.

- She seemed to exult in his ability to overcome difficulties.

Dtidng nhu co dy tti hdo ve khd ndng vtiOt kho cua minh.

6. Nhufng cum tif bat dau bang “F”. face up to: gidi quyet, cd trdch nhiem vdi viec gi fall about: thay thich thu, vui stidng fall back: rut luifall back on: sit dung nhu bien phap cuoi cung, dtia

vdofall for: ngUdng m o, yeu fall off: nga fall out with: cai nhau fall through: that bai fall to: bat dau

197

DONG TUT TIENG ANH

feel for: sd bang tayfeel up to: thay co khd ndng lam viec gifigure out: hieu rafit in: quen v6i, hdp vdifit up: lap datfollow up: cdi thienVi du:- We faced up to dificulties to go there.

Chung toi dd vitctt qua rat nhieu kho khdn de den do.

- That's the way you feel about it.Do la cach md ban thich.

- It's great to have a friend to fall back on.That tuyet khi co ngitdi ban de dita vdo.

- We could fall back on your plan.Chung ta se sit dung ke hoqch cua cau nhit bien phap cuoi cung.

- She fell for him in a big way.Cd yeu anh dy vi cung chi hitting Idn.

- I don't like Bill - I fell out with him when he sold me a car that didn't work.

Tdi khong thich Bill - Tdi dd cdi nhau vdi no khi nd ban cho tdi chiec oto hong.

- Everything has fallen through.Moi chuen dd that bai.

- She feel to singing loudly again.Cd dy lai bat dau hat dm i len.

- In the darkness, I had to feel for the key.Trong bong tdi, tdi phai sd tim chiec chi khoa.

- Have you figured out what the problem is0 Ban dd hieu ra van de gi chita?

- It's difficult for them to fit in with the way of life here.

198

THANH HA

That kho d eh o quen vdi cach song d day.- I’ll follow the information about that paper.

Toi se xem xet lai ve thong tin Bdi bao do.

7. Nhiing cum dong tif bat dau bang “G”.gang up against: lien ket chdng laiget across: hieuget along: thanh congget away: rtii di, tron thoat, di nghiget on with: hod thuan, hdp vdiget at: dm chiget down: lam cho ai thay buonget down to: gidi quyet van de mot cach nghiem tucget in on: cd dinh liu, lien quanget off with: tranh tritng phatget on for: khoang (thcfi gian)get on to: giii lien lacget over: ngac nhienget over with: ket thuc (viec khong thich thu)get round to: chon thdi gian de lamget up to: lam dieu g i do.give up: tii bogive up to: de ddnhgo down to: ddnh baigo down with: bi benhgripe at: keu ca, phan nanVi du:- They got away in a stolen car.- The boy tried to catch to the butterfly but it got

away.- Do you get on with your neighbours?- You really get me down.

Ban thi/c sii lam toi thay buon.

199

DONG TIT TIENG ANH

- Now that we’ve finished lunch, I am ready to get down to business.Chung ta da dung xong biia triia, toi da. san sang gidi quyet cong viec.

- I don’t want to get in on this plan.Toi khong muon lien quan den ke hoqch nay.

- He was lucky to get off with such terible accident.

Anh dy may man tranh diidc tai nan khung khiep do.

- She is getting on for forty.Ba dy khoang bon mitdi tuoi.

- I will get on to you.Toi se gilt lien lac vdi ban.

- I coudn’t help getting over how well she looked. Toi khong the khong ngac nhien khi thay cd ay trong dep the nao.

- We’d better get over with talking.Tot hdn het la chung ta nen ket thuc cuoc noi chuyen d day.

- I haven’t got round to repaire this bike.Tdi van chiia cd thdi gian de sita cdi xe dap nay.

- They are getting up to something in the street. Chung lai sap nghich ngdm gi tren pho roi day.

- Max gave up smoking ten years ago.Max dd bo hut thuoc mitdi ndm ve tritdc.

- This cake is given up to you.Chiec banh nay la de phan cho ban.

- He went down to a younger man.Anh dy bi ddnh bai bdi mot ngitdi tre tuoi hdn.

- She went down with cancer.Ba dy da bi ung thit.

200

THANH HA

- The young wife gripes at all day long about her old husband.

Ba va tre suot ngay phan nan ve ong chong gid cua minh.

8. Nhvfng cum dong tvf bat dau bang “H”.hang on: chd dai, tam ngitng hang onto: giit, cam (khong ban) hang upon: lang nghe mot cach cham chu have it in for: co tinh gay rac roi cho ai have it out with: trinh bay quan diem have on the go: viec g i do dang ditOc tien hdnh have somebody on: lita gat hit back: dap trd hit it off: hod thuan hit on (upon): tinh cd phat hien hold out: cung cap hold over: tri hoan hold with: dong y hunt down: truy duoi

Vi du:- Hang on a minute.I'll come back.

Chd mot phut. Tdi se tra lai.- We should hang onto the house until next year.

Chung ta nen giit ngoi nhd lai den ndm sau.- The children hang upon thier teacher’s words.

Bon tre cham chu lang nghe Idi cua giao vien chung.

- He has had it in for me.Anh dy dd cd tinh gay rac roi cho tdi.

- You’d better have it out with us to find a solution.

201

DONG Tif TIENG ANH

Anh nen bay to quan diem vdi chung toi de tim ra phitcfng phap.

- She has the song on the go.Co dy dang hat Bdi hat do.

- He is having you on.Anh ta dang lita gat ban.

- He hit his rivalss back with criticisms.Ong dy dap trd cac ddi thu cua minh bang nhitng Icfi chi trich.

- Mary and her sister hit it off.Mary vd em gdi cd dy hod thuan vdi nhau.

- I hit upon the answer.Toi tinh cd phat hien ra cau trd Idi.

- I don’t hold out much hope that he’ll arrive.Toi khong qua hy vong anh ta se tdi.

- The director held over our meeting.Giam doc dd hoan cuoc hop cua chung ta.

- They hold with my idea.Ho dong y vdi y kien cua tdi.

- The police were hunting down a criminal.Cdnh sat dang truy lung mot ke toi phqm.

9. Nhifng cum dong tif bat dau bang T ’.impress on: nhan manh incite to: kich dong inform against: phan boi intend for: cd y dinh interest in: thich, quan tam invest in: dau tit isolate from: cd lap

Vi du:- She impressed on the question.

Co dy nhan manh vdo cau hoi.

202

THANH HA

- They incited the workers to strike.Ho da kich dong cong nhan dinh cong.

- You informed against me.Anh dd phan boi toi.

- I think the letter-bomb was intended for me.Tdi nghi bom thit do co y dinh nham vdo toi.

- More and more American companies are eager to invest in Vietnam.

Ngay cang nhieu cong ty My muon dau tit vdo Viet nam.

- When a person has an infectious disease, he is isolated from other people.

Khi mot ngitdi mac benh truyen nhiem, anh ta se, bi cach ly khoi nhitng ngitdi khac.

10. Nhiing cum dong tvf bat dau bang “L”. lay down: dat ra (luat le) lay off: ngitng lam gi lead off: bat dau leave to: giao trdch nhiem cho ai let down: khong giit Idi hita let in on: tie't lo let off: phong thich, thd let through: bo qua live down: mat danh dit live up to: nh it mong ddi long for: mong muon look into: dieu tra look on: xem nhit, coi la look out: than trong look up to: ton trong

Vi du:- He laid down a very intricate question.

203

DONG TUT TIENG ANH

Ong dy dd dat ra mot cau hoi rat phitc tap.- The child laid off crying.

Dita be dd ngitng khoc.- You leave it to me.

Anh hay de chuyen do cho toi.- He let me down.

Anh dy dd that hita vdi toi.- Lock the door and don't let anyone in.

Hay khoa cita vd ditng de ai vdo.- I'll let you off this time if you promise not to do it

again.Me tha cho con Ian nay neu con hita Ian sau khong lam the niia.

- She lived up to my reputation.Ba dy dd song xitng dang vdi thanh danh cua minh.

- I long for your letter.Toi mong thit cua anh.

- We looked into this question.Chung toi dd nghien citu (dieu tra) van de nay.

- I look on London as my real home.Toi coi Ludn don nhit que hitctng minh.

- Look out! there is a step.Can than nhe! co mot bac cau thang day.

- Every Vietnamese looks up to President Ho Chi Minh.

Moi ngitdi Viet Nam deu ton kinh chu tich Ho Chi Minh.

11. Nhiing cum dong tvf bat dau bang “M”.make away with: giet make for: gay ra, tao nen make off with: chay tron

204

THANH HA

make out: gid vdmake somebody out: hieu cach xit sit cua ai make up: tao ra, bia ra make up for: den bit, boi thitdng make up to: tang meet with: trdi qua, nhan ditcfc mind out: can than, than trong miss out (out of): khong nhac tdi, de cap tdi mistake for: nham lan mull over: ngam nghi

Vi du:- He made away with his wife.

Hdn dd giet v<J cua minh.- He made for the toilet as soon as we got home.

Anh dy dd lam xong chiec toa-let khi chung toi ve tdi nhd

- The rob made off with a car .Ten citdp dd bo tron vdi chiec xe ddnh cap.

- He made out he was an expert in the field but it was clear he didn't know what he was talking about.

Anh ta gid vd la chuyen gia trong linh vitc nay, nhitng sit that la anh ta khong biet g i de noi.

- I couldn't quite make out the writing on the package.

Tdi khong the nhin ro chit viet tren chiec hop.- What are the qualities that make up her

character?Nhitng pham chat g i tao nen tinh cach cua cd dy?

- Hard work can make up for a lack of intelligence. Sit can cii bu vdo viec kem thong minh.

- The story she told you wasn't true. She just made it up.

205

DONG TUf TIENG ANH

Cau chuyen md co dy ke khong co that. Co dy chi bia thdi.

- You should mind out for daredevil drivers when you cross the road!

Ban nen can than vdi nhitng tdi xe bat mang khi di qua ditdng.

- We'll miss out the last two verses.Chung ta se khong de cap tdi hai cau thd sau cung.

- She is often mistaken for her twin sister.Ngitdi ta thitdng nham cd dy vdi em gdi sinh ddi cua cd dy.

12. Nhufng cum dong tvf bat dau bang “P ”.pack in: cham diet mot hoat dongpass away: chetpass for: coi nhit, xem nhitpay back: trd thupick up: trao tien tan taypick up with: lam quen, ket banpin dow ^: cu the hoaplay up: citdng dieupoint out: chi rapull out: nhd len, loi rapush on: dayput across: bay toput down to: gidi thich nguyen nhanput forward: de xuat, dita raput in for: nop ddn xin viecput off: lam nan chi, lam cho buon phienput up: cho d nhdput up to: kich dong (lam dieu trdi phap luat) put up with: chiu di/ng

206

THANH HA

Vi du:- At the age of 29 he packed in his job as an

industrial caterer and moved to France.d tuoi 29, anh ta dd nghi viec vd chuyen den Phap.

- He passed for a scholar.Ong dy ditdc coi la mot hoc gid.

- She passed away at Royal Lodge, Windsor, on Saturday, and the news was announced by Buckingham Palace about two and a half hours later.

- I'll take you to court unless you pay up immediately.

Toi se dita anh ra tod neu anh khong trd tien tan tay cho toi.

- The work seems to be picking up.Cong viec co ve tot hcfn.

- He brought home an odd character that he had picked up with in a pub.

Anh ta dita ve nhd mot ngitdi la lung md anh quen d quan ritdu.

- This is the part I can’t pin down in words.Day la phan toi khong the cu the hoa bang Idi.

- She played up the importance of his contribution. Co dy dd citting dieu tam quan trong cua sit dong gop cua anh ta.

- I’ll point him out to you.Tdi se chi anh ta ra chd ban.

- The drawer won't pull out.Ngan keo khong ditdc keo ra.

- Let’s push on and try to reach the coast by tonight.

207

DONG TUT TIENG ANH

Chung ta hay cheo thuyen va co gang den ditdc be) vdo tdi nay.

- I can’t put my idea across.Tdi khong the bay to quan diem cua minh.

- I put it down to his pride.Dieu dd khien tdi biet nguyen nhan tinh kieu cang cua hdn.

- He will not put forward any solution.Anh ta se khong dita ra bat cit gidi phap nao dau.

- I have put in for a job.Tdi da nop ddn xin viec.

- The crowd put the player off, and he fell.Dam dong lam cho ngitdi chcti nan chi, vd anh ta dd ngd.

- I can put him up for a few days.Tdi cd the cho anh dy d nhd vdi ngay.

- Somebody put him up to it.Ai dd dd kich dong anh ta lam viec nay.

- I can’t put up with an annoying person.Tdi khong the chiu ditng ditdc mot anh chdng quay ray.

13. Nhvifng cum dong tvf bat dau bang “R”. reason out of: khuyen ai khong nen Ian gi receive back into: nhan ai trd lai rejoice at: hai long ve... return to: xem xet, can nhac lai rid of: thd tit do, bo run down: chi trich, phe binh run into: gap run to: cd du tien run over: kiem tra run up: hoan trd nd

208

THANH HA

run up against: gidi quyet (van de) run up to: chuan bi

Vi du:- I tried to reason the boy out of his fears.

Toi co gang khuyen cau be ditng sd.- My teacher received Sam back into class.

Giao vien cua tdi dd nhan Sam trd lai Idp.- My parents rejoices at my maturity.

Bo me toi hai long vi sit tritdng thanh cua tdi.- I shall return to this demand .

Tdi se xem xet lai yeu cau nay.- We need rid the world of famine.

Chung ta can gidi thoat the giitoi khoi nan ddi.- You paid 60$? She rally ripped you off.

Anh dd trd 60 dola? Cd dy dd lita anh that roi.- She’s always running down her children.

Cd ta ludn chi trich nhitng dita con cd dy.- I ran into Tom at the bank.

Tdi dd gap Tom d nhd bang.- I can run to a holiday abroad this month.

Tdi cd the cd du tien cho ki nghi nitdc ngoai vdo thang tdi.

- We run over the plan once more.Chung ta hay kiem tra kehoach lai mot Ian nita.

- They ran up the bill.Ho hoan thanh toan hod ddn.

- It’s time I ran against this problem.Dd den luc chung tdi gidi quyet van de nay.

- They are running up to the election.Ho dang chuan bi cho cuoc bau cit.

14. Nhifng cum dong tif bat dau bang “S”. save up: de ddnh, tie't kiem

209

DONG TIT TIENG ANH

see as: coi nhii lasee of: diia tiensee out off: diia ra khoisee through: hieu, chdc chan thanh congsee it to: chdc chansee eye to eye: cam thongsell off: giam gidsell out: phan boi, ban hetsend up: bat chitdc (de gay ciidi)send down: duoi hocsend up: pha huyserve as: phu hdpserve on: la thanh vienset about: bat dau lam viecset forth: rcfi nhdset in: tich tuset out: diia ra chi tiet, cu the set up: thiet lap, gay diing set upon: tan cong settle for: chap nhansettle up with: thanh toan tien (khach sanjshake off: tong khiC, tii boshut up: ngam mieng, dong laisink in: ddn nhan rasit down: ngoi xuongslow down: di cham laislip up: mac loisort out: tim ra gidi phapstand by: ung hostand for: la chii viet tat cua...stand in for: thay the cho cua...stand out: noi batstand up to: chiu diing

210

THANH HA

step down: tit chitcstep up: tangstick up for: bao veswitch off: tat di, khong chu yVi du:- I am saving up to buy a new car.

Toi dang tie't kiem de mua mot chiec 6 to.- They reject what they see as the bad habit.

Ho phan ddi nhiing thd md ho coi la thdi quen xau.

- He went to the airport to see me off.Anh dy ra san bay tien toi.

- He's going to London tomorrow. I'm going to the airport to see him off.

- I can see myself out of.Tdi co the tit ra ngoai ditcfc.

- I don’t see through your intentions.Tdi khong hieu y cua anh.

- This is right. We have to do this. We must see it through.

- They saw it to that Tom never come again.Ho chdc chan Tom khong bao gid den niia.

- She never saw eye to eye with her parents.Co dy chiia bao gid thong cam vdi bo me cd dy.

- The company have already undertaken to sell offcar.

Cong ty dd thitc hien viec giam gid o td.- He was accused of selling out them.

Anh dy bi buoc toi phan boi ho.- The shows are sold out. There are no tickets left.- The boy is always sending up his father.

Cau be ludn ludn bat chiidc bo cau ta.- He was sent down for making trouble.

211

DONG TUT TIENG ANH

Cau ta bi duoi khoi tritdng vi dd gay roi.- The building was sent up in flames.

Tod nhd dd bi phat no.- Nothing would serve as him.

Chdng co gi phu hdp vdi anh ta cd.- Peter serves on the football team.

Peter la thanh vien cua doi bong dd.- We must set about re-organizing the office.

Chung ta phai bat dau tdi to chitc van phbng.- He set forth to go to the Western.

Anh dy rdi nhd di ve phia tay.- This rain has set in for these days.

Cctn miia nay dd ditOc tich tu trong nhitng ngay nay.

- This document sets out all the union demands. Tdi lieu nay dd dita ra nhieu yeu cau chi tiet cua cong doan.

- His father will set him up as an engineer.Cha anh ta se gay ditng cho anh ta an hoc thanh ky sit.

- A commission has been set up to investigate the incident.

- I was set upon by a strange man .Toi bi tan cong bai mot ngitdi ddn ong la.

- Don’t settle for the thing you don’t like.Ditng nhan thit md ban khong thich.

- I settled up with the waiter before leaving the hotel.

Toi dd thanh toan vdi ngitdi phuc vu tritdc khi rdi khach san.

- He began to sink in that he had lost everything. Anh dy bat dau nhan ra la co dy dd mat tat ca.

- You sliped up and your test was wrong.

212

THANH HA

Ban dd nham Ian, vd Bdi kiem tra cua ban dd sai.

- I’m sure that they will sort out your problem.Toi chdc chan la ho se tim ra gidi phap cho van de cua ban.

- A party that stands by racial tolerance.Mot dang ung ho cho si/ dung nap sac toe.

- What does ' T. G' stand for in 1 T. G. Smith'?T.G la chit viet tat cua cdi gi trong T.G Smith vay?

- She has agreed to stand in for Sam at the meeting.

Co ay dd dong y thay Sam trong cuoc hop.- I can’t stand up to this behaviour.

Tdi khong the chiu ditng ditdc cach cit xit nay.- My directorr has stepped down.

Giam doc cua tdi dd tit chitc.- Production at the factory has been stepped up.

Viec san xuat d nhd may dd ditdc day nhanh.

15. Nhufng cum dong tvf bat dau bang “T”. take after: giong take in: lita gattake off: bat chitdc, thanh cong, cat cdnh, vitt ditake on: thay dditake over: kiem soattake to: thichtake up: chiem (thdi gian)take up with: trao doitalk of: thay ddi quan diem, y kientalk out of: khuyen khong nen lamthink over: ngam nghlthink up: tao ra, nghl ra

213

DONG TIT TIENG ANH

tell of: mangtie in with: hod haptrack down: tim ra, phat hien thaytry out: thit nghiemturn down: tit chditurn up: dilQc phat hien mot cach tinh cd.Vi du:- I take after my father but my brother is more

like my mother.Toi giong bo toi nhitng anh toi lai giong me hon.

- Don’t be taken in by her apparent shyness.Ditng bi ve n h it nhat cua co ta lita phinh.

- He's quite good at taking off famous people.Anh ta rat gioi trong viec bat chitdc nhitng ngitdi noi tieng.

- They have taken on a lot after years.Ho dd thay doi rat nhieu sau nhieu ndm.

- We take over Hanoi in 1954.Chung ta dd kiem soat diiOc Ha Noi ndm 1954.

- The baby takes to her murse at once.Diia be thich ngay ngitdi vi, nuoi.

- The travel took up eight hours.Chuyen di mat tam, tieng dong ho.

- I shall have to take this homework up with my friends.It’s too difficult.Toi se phai trao doi Bdi tap nay vdi ban cua toi. No qua kho.

- He has talked of little execept this matter.Anh dy luon thay doi quan diem mot ch it ngoai trii van de nay.

- They talked me out of selling that house.Ho khuyen toi khong nen ban ngoi nha do.

- He had thought that plan.

214

THANH HA

Hdn ta dd nghl ve ke hoach do.- I would have to think up some models.

Tdi se phai nghl ra nhieu mau md niia.- I think this dress doesn’t tie in with you.

Tdi nghl cdi vay nay khong hdp vdi ban.- The police tracked down the killer and arrested

him.Cdnh sdt dd phdt hien ra ke sdt nhdn vd dd bdt hdn ta.

- The drug has not been tried out on humans yet Thuoc nay chiia diidc thii nghiem cho ngitdi.

- That company oferred me a job but I turned them down.

Cong ty dd dd mdi tdi lam viec nhiing tdi dd tii chdi.

- He was always expecting something to turn up. Anh ta ludn ludn mong ddi cd mot viec gi dd tinh cd xdy ra.

16. N hiing cu m d o n g tvf bat dau ban g “W”. wake up: nhan thiic diidcwalk away with: chien thang (cuoc thi) mot cach de

dangwash one’s hands of: khong cd trdch nhiem, khong

lien quanwatch over: chiu trdch nhiem wear off: mat tac dung (thuoc) weigh up: danh gid, can nhac whistle for: vd vong work out: tinh toanwork to: lam theo sii chi dao, hiidng ddnwork up: phdt then, md rongwrite off: pha huy, lam hit hong, gach ten

215

DONG TIT TIENG ANH

Vi du:- In the 1980s, the world woke up to the threat of

the ozone hole.Trong nhitng ndm 80, the gidi dd nhan thiic ditdc sit de doa cua lo thiing tang o-zon.

- He walked away with his competitor.Anh dy dd chien thang dich thu mot cach di dang.

- I wash my hands of the whole matter.Toi khong co lien quan gi den toan bo van de nay.

- He has been appointed to watch over the mam point.

Anh ta dd ditdc chi dinh de chiu trdch nhiem ve van de van d i chinh.

- The dishwasher has worn the glaze off the china. May rita bdt lam mat ddn nitdc bong cua do sit.

- They always weigh up the consequences of an action.

Ho luon luon can nhac hau qua cua mot hdnh dong.

- You can whistle for it.Thdi khong mong g i ditdc dau.

- It is impossible to tell how the situation will work out.

Khd md noi tinh hinh se ra sao.- You should work to the schedules.

Ban phai lam theo lich trinh.- It took me some years to work up a market for

my producs.Tdi mat may ndm de md rong thi triicfng cho cac san pham cua minh.

- Two battalions were written off.Hai tieu doan dd bi gach ten.

216

THANH HA

MOT SO CAU TRUC DONG TlTO AC BIET

Trong tieng Anh co mot so" dong tu! thudng bi sii dung nham lln . Phan nay se de cap tdi nhiing dong tii do va gidi thieu them cach sn dung cua chung trong thanh ngii.

1. Lie: namLay: dat, de* “Lie” (hien tai phan tif “lying", qua khii “lay', qua

khii phan tif “lain”) la noi dong tif; khong bao gid theo sau bdi mot tan ngii triic tiep.

Vi du:- The ship is lying at the port.

Con tau thd neo ndm tren ben cang.- The valley lies at our feet.

Thung lung ndm dii&i chan chung tdi.- He lay down on the bed and cried.

Anh ta ndm xuong giii&ng vd khoc.- The jungle had lain undisturbed for thousands of

years.Ritng nhiet ddi dd ndm yen tinh hang ngan ndm.

* “Lay" (hien tai phan tif “laying', qua khii va qua khif phan tif “laid') la ngoai dong tif; co tan ngii triic tiep hoac diidc dung d dang thu dong.

Vi du:- She laid a child to sleep.

Cd dy dat diia be ndm ngu.- They've been laying bricks for two weeks and the

first floor is already finished.Ho lat gach trong 2 tuan vd tang mot dd xong.

- When you finish your paper, please lay it on the desk.

217

DONG TIT TIENG ANH

Khi ban doc xong bao, xin hay de tren ban viet.- The goverment have already laid the foundation

of socialism.Chinh phu dat nen mong cho chu nghia xa. hoi.

Khi noi ve cac loai chim, “lay” co nghia dac biet la “deposit eggs” (de triing). Luc nay, “lay” viia la ngoai vvfa la noi dong tu:.

V idu :- The hens have laid nine eggs.

Nhitng con ga mdi de ditdc chin qua tritng.- That hen is not laying now.

Con ga mdi do hien gid khong de tritng.

2 . Say: noi, ke Tell: noi, ke

Hai dong tif co nghia giong nhau nhiing: “say” khong bao gid theo sau bdi mot tan ngii gian tiep; "tell” thi hau nhu luon luon theo sau bdi tan ngii gian tiep.

Vi du:- Tell me where you live.

Hay noi cho toi biet anh song d dau.- A book which will tell you all you need to know

about personal taxation.Mot cuon sach se noi cho ban biet tat cd nhitng gi anh can biet ve viec dong thuecua cd nhdn.

- He says something.Anh ta noi mot vdi Idi.

- Say that we will send the books tomorrow.Hay noi rang chung ta se gid sach vdo ngay mai.

De de cap den ngUdi diidc noi tdi: say to somebody. Vi du:- I said to him I would never do anything like that.

218

THANH HA

Tdi noi vdi ong ay toi chdng bao giiio lam nhiing viec nhii the cd.

- They said to me they would visit me.Ho noi vdi toi ho se se den thdm tdi.

* “Tell” cung co nghia la “order, command” (bao ra lenh):

S + tell + O + (to + V)Vi du:- When I was young, my father told me stories

about the war.Khi toi con nho, bo thitdng ke chuyen chien ttranh cho tdi nghe.

- Tell me your name and address.Hay noi cho tdi biet ten vd dia chi cua anh.

- Anne told me she was tired.Anne bao tdi la cd ay rat met.

* Cac thanh ngii thudng dung v6i “say” :- before you can say something: triidc khi anh cd the

noi dieu gi- I dare say: tdi dam noi- say goodbye: noi Icfi tam biet- never say die: khong bao gid noi Idi chet- you can say that again: ban cd the noi lai dieu dd* Cac thanh ngii thiidng dung v6i “tell":

- tell the truth noi sii that- tell a lie noi doi- tell a secret: tiet lo bi mat- tell someone the answer to a question- tell someones fortune doan van mang cua ai

3. S peak : noi T alk : noi

* Khi hai dong tu nay la noi dong tii, co the dung thay the cho nhau duOc. “Speak" trinh trong hdn “talk".

219

DONG TUT TIENG ANH

VI du:- We talked for almost an hour.

Chung toi noi chuyen vdi nhau gan mot tieng dong ho.

- Baby is beginning to talk.Dita tre bdt dau biet noi.

- I will speak to him about it.Toi se noi chuyen vcfi anh ta ve van de do.

- Actions speak louder than words.Viec lam noi len nhieu dieu hdn hdn noi.

* Khi theo sau bdi ten cua ngon ngii, “talk” thiidng co nghia la thiic hien cuoc noi chuyen va “speak" de cap den kien thiic tong quat hoac kha nang ngUdi do co.

Vi du:- He can speak English.

Cau ay co the noi tieng Anh.- Can you speak French?

Ban co noi diidc tieng Phap khong?- Mr Brown was to talk in the Dutch, an

interpreter was to translate.Ong Brown noi tieng Ha Lan, mot ngitdi thong dich phai dich lai.

* Cac thanh ngii thiidng dung v6i Speak:- speak one's mind, speak one's piece (noi thang y

nghi cua minh);- speak for yourself (noi y kien cua minh);- speak ill o f someone (noi xau ve ai);- speak volumes for someone (something) (noi mot

cach hung hon),....Vi du:- These facts speak volumes for her honesty.

Cac vu kien noi len mot cach hung hon sii trung thiic cua cd ay.

220

THANH HA

- Never speak ill of the dead.Ditng bao gid noi xau ngitdi dd chet.

* Cac thanh ngii thudng dung v6i Talk:- talk it up: thong bao- talk someone’s head off : noi lai nhai- talk to the hand: noi khong ai nghe- talk turkey: noi toac mong heo Vi du:- If we want to build an arena, we have to talk it

up with the people.Neu chung toi muon xdy ditng dau trtidng, chung toi phai thong bao v di m oi ngtidi.

- You can talk your head off, but I won't change my opinion.

Anh co the noi het ra, nhitng toi khong thay doi y kien.

- If the owner really wants to sell, he'll talk turkey.

Neu ong chu thitc sit muon ban, ong ta se noi toac mong heo ra.

- "But he hit me first!" "Talk to the hand."Nhitng anh ta ddnh toi trUdc. Noi khong ai nghe gi cd.

4. Rise: tang len, moc len Raise: difa len, tang

* “Rise” (hien tai phan tii “rising”, qua khii “rose”, qua khii phan tii “risen ’) la noi dong tif, co nghia la moc len, vUdn len.

Vi du:- The sun rises in the east.

Mat trdi mgc dang dong.- Fishes rise to the bait.

221

DONG TUT TIENG ANH

Cd noi len ddp moi.- Smoke rises up.

Khoi bo'c len.“Rise" cung dUdc dung khi noi ai do day. ra khoi

givfdng hoac diing len sau khi ngoi, qui hoac nam.Vi du:- When we arrive, he attempted to rise but

couldn’t quite make it.Khi chung tdi den, anh ay co gang ditng len, nhitng khong the ditdc.

* “Raise” (hien tai phan tif “raising”, qua khii va qua khii phan tii “raised”) la mot ngoai dong tii co nghia la “lift” (nang len) hoac “care for young until mature” (nuoi nang cho tdi trUdng thanh).

Vi du:- We raised the fence and fixed it in position.

Chung toi ditng hang rao len vd dong vdo vi tri.- I was raised by my aunt on a farm.

Toi ditdc co toi nuoi Idn trong mot trang trai.* Mot so thanh ngii thudng dung vdi “rise”:- rise from the dead (song lai sau khi chet);- rise to the bail (can cau);- rise to the occasion (co kha nang doi pho vdi mot

tinh huong).- rise and shine: ngii day titdi tinh- rise to the occasion: gap cd hoi Vi du:- As soon as I mentioned money he rose to the bail.

Ngay khi tdi de cap den tien anh ta dd can cau ngay.

- They believe that Jesus rose from the dead on Easter Sunday.

222

THANH HA

Ho tin rang Chua Jesus dd song lai vdo ngay chu nhat phuc sinh.

- "Rise and shine," he called to us each morning - at 6 a.m.!

“Hay day vd chieu sang nao", ong ay goi chung toi vdo 6 gid moi sang.

- When we need a speaker, Ed rises to the occasion. He speaks well.

Khi chung toi. can mot ngitdi thuyet minh, Ed dd ddp ting. Anh ta noi rat hay.

* Mot so" thanh ngi3 thudng dung vdi “raise- raise your hand against lam ton thiidng ai- raise one's eyebrows (to ra khinh thi hoac ngac

nhien); raise someone's spirits (phan chan); raise one's voice against someone (something) (len tieng chong tra ai (cai gi) mot cach qua quyet va dung cam);.......

Vi du:- My team win raised my spirits a little.

Doi cua toi thang lam toi phan chan hcfn mot chut.

- If you ever raise your hand against her, I'll call the police.

Neu anh lai lam ton thtidng co ay, toi se goi cdnh sdt.

- If you want to raise your spirits, just have a visit with Kari.

Neu anh phan chan, hay di chdi vdi Kari.- When Chuck and Di separated, it caused some

raised eyebrows.Khi Chuck vd Di li than, moi ngtidi rat ngac nhien.

223

DONG Tii TIENG ANH

5. Sit: ngoiSet: dat, deSeat: ngoi, dat ngoi

* “Sit” (hien tai phan tti “s i t t i n g qua khii va qua khii phan tii “sat”) la mot noi dong tii co nghia la “ngoi”.

Vi du:- Never stand when you can sit.

Ditng bao gib ditng neu co the ngoi ditdc.- She sat down on the chair and took her shoes off

Ba ta ngoi xuong ghe va thao giay ra.- We must sit down together and settle our

differencesChung tdi phai ngoi lai vdi nhau de gidi quyetnhitng moi bat hod.

- Yesterday Suki sat in her office all afternoon completing the annual report.

* “Set” (hien tai phan tii “setting” , qua khii va qua hii phan tvf “set”) la mot ngoai dong tii co nghia tUdng tvf nhii “put” (dat, de)

Vi du:- I set pen to paper.

Toi dat but len giay.- The mother set a child to bed.

Ba me dat diia tre vdo giitdng cho dita be ngii.- She set the book on the table and went out.

Co ta dat cuon sach tren ban roi di ra.- When she finished, she sat the report on her

boss's desk.* “Set” co the difdc sii dung nhii mot noi dong tii vdi

hai trifdng hop sau day:+ Ve cac loai chim, nhat la cac loai gia cam. "Set"

cd nghia la “sit on eggs until they hatch” (ap triing cho tdi khi nd).

224

THANH HA

+ Ve mat trdi, mat trang va nhUng thien the khac, “set” co nghia la lan.

Vi du:- Sun sets at 6:00p.m

Mat trdi lan luc 6:00 chieu.- Song birds usually set in the spring.

Cac loai chim hot hay ap tritng vdo miia xuan.* “Seat” (hien tai phan tv* “seating” , qua khii va qua

khii phan tii “seated”) ; la mot ngoai dong tii co nghia la “to show someone to a seat or chair, as an usher does” (chi cho cho ai, nhu ngUdi dan cho lam). No cung co the dUdc dung vdi nghia phan than la “to sit down” (ngoi xuong).

Vi du:- She seated herself at the piano.

Co ay ngoi xuong cho ddn piano.- As each board member arrived, Herb seated him

or her in one of the plush chairs around the conference table.

* Cac thanh nguf thiidng dung vdi “sit” :- sit at somebody's feet (la mon de cua ai);- sit on the fence (lUdng hi, phan van);- sit tight (ngoi li);- sit up and take notice (lam giat minh va chu y

tdi);- sit pretty (gap may).- sit with you: lien he vdi Vi du:- People don't like politicians who try to sit the

fence.- I'll go and buy the hotdogs. You sit tight until I

get back.

225

DONG Tir TIENG ANH

- If we build a fence on your land, how would that sit with you?

- Rich in oil and timber resources, Alberta was sitting pretty.

* Cac thanh nguf thudng dung vdi “Set- set the table" (dat ban an), co nghia la chuan bi

ban cho biia an bang cach “laying a cloth, plates, silver, etc" (trai khan, dat dla, muong,.......)

- set off: khdi hanh- set out: de ra- set out for: rdi di- set out to: dat ke hoach, hy vong V i d u :- Who set off the fire alarm? Who pushed the

button?- Tomorrow we go to the lake, so set out your swim

suit and towel.- Then we set out for Pluto, where it's much colder

than the arctic.- "What did you set out to do?" "I wanted to change

the world."- If you will set the table, I won't ask you to wash

the dishes.

6. Arrive: den Reach: den

* “.Arrive” (hien tai phan tii “arriving” , qua khu va qua khii phan tii ‘"arrived") la mot noi dong tii cd nghia la di den mot ndi dac biet nao dd, thudng la trong hoac cuoi mot chuyen di.

+ nhac den ndi dang di den chi dung “arrive".+ nhac den mot dia diem, dung “arive in (at)".Vi du:

226

THANH HA

- What time did you arrive?Anh den luc may gid?

- We arrived at the station five minutes late Chung toi den nhd ga cham ndm phut.

- They will arrive in New York at noon Ho se den New York vdo giiia trtia.

* “Reach” (hien tai phan tit “reaching1’, qua khii va qua khii phan tit “reached”) la ngoai dong tu va thudng dUdc theo sau bdi mot danh tii hay dai tii chi ndi chon.

Vi du:- Your letter reached me yesterday.

ThU cua anh dd den tay toi ngay hom qua.- You'll know better when you reach my age

Den tuoi toi anh se hieu ro hctn.- We will reach Hanoi in the morning.

Chung tdi se den Ha Noi vdo buoi sang.* Cac thanh ngii thudng dung v6i “reach” :- reach for the stars (nhieu tham vong);- reach me: lien lac vdi toi, goi dien cho toi- reach out: quan t am den- something reaches to ones ears (ai phat hien ra

dieu gi); reach the headlines (trd thanh nhiing tin tiic quan tron g ).......

Vi du:- She is the kind of men who reach for the stars.- Co ay thuoc mau ngifdi co nhieu tham vong.- You can reach me by leaving a message at my

brother's place.- Magdalena reaches out to the children in violent

families.

7. P roceed : tiep tuc P reced e : di triidc

227

DONG TU TIENG ANH

“Proceed” (hien tai phan tii "proceeding'. qua khii va qua khu phan tii “proceeded”) la mot noi dong tu co nghia la: tiep tuc mot hanh dong, mot tien trinh hay ke hoach.

Vi du:- He was allowed to proceed to an MA.

Anh ta ditdc phep hoc tiep de len trinh do thac si ngit van.

- Let's proceed to the next subjectChung ta hay chuyen sang van de tiep theo.

- The story proceeds as follows.Cau chuyen tiep dien nhit sau.

“Precede” (hien tai phan tii “preceding” , qua khii va qua khii phan tii “preceded”) la ngoai dong tif, noi ve dieu gi den hoac xay ra triidc viec khac; ai den ndi nao trUdc.

Vi du:- Such duties precede all others.

Nhitng nhiem vu nhit vay di tritdc tat cd cac nhiem vu khac.

- The Mayor entered, preceded by members of the council.

Ong thi trifdng bitdc vdo, di tritdc la cac thanh vien trong hoi dong.

- This point has been dealt with in the preceding paragraph

Diem nay dd ditdc ban den trong doan tritdc.

8 . M ake: lamDo: lam

- “make" cd nghia la “build" (xav diing) hoac “create" (tao nen),

228

THANH HA

- “do” co nghia la “perform ” (thuc hien) hoac “accomplish” (hoan thanh).

VI du:“Make” thudng dUdc sti dung vdi cac nhom danh tii:- make a bed (don givfdng);- make a cake (lam banh);- make a mess (lam biia bon);- make a report (viet bao cao);- make a blunder (pham sai lam ng6 ngan);- make a decision (quyet dinh);- make a demand (dua ra mot yeu cau);- make an error (pham mot loi);- make a mistake (pham mot sai lam);- make a request (diia ra mot yeu cau);- make a speech (doc mot Bai dien van).- make a good impression: tao an tUdng tot- make a living: kiem song- make a mistake: mac loi Vi du:- He had made a terrible mistake.

Anh ta dd phqm phai mot sai lam khung khiep.- I haven’t made my decision yet.

Toi van chUa quyet dinh.- Don’t make a mess in my room.

Ditng lam Ion xon phbng toi.- I have to make my bed.

Tdi phai don giUcfng cua toi.- Penny made a good impression on my parents.

She is so polite!- You can make a living at farming, but you won't

be rich!* Make breakfast (nau an sang); make dinner (nau

an toi); make tea (pha tra) ban co the dung dong tii

229

OdNG TIJTTIENG ANH

“cook”, “/ix” hoac “prepare” trong tinh huong nay.VI du:- She made a cup of tea.

Co ay dd pha mot tach trd.- I often make breakfast beore going to work.

Tdi thitdng nau bita sang tritdc khi di lam.* Make music (soan nhac); make noise (gay on);

make trouble (gay trd ngai); make peace (tao ra hoa binh); make war (gay nen chien tranh): make fuss (gay ra sii am 1).

Vi du:- He is making music.

Anh ta dang soan nhac.- He made trouble for me by rasing hard

questions.Anh ta gay khd chiu cho tdi bang cach dat ra nhitng cau hoi khd.

* Make a fool o f (che gieu); make fun o f (lam cho vui); make love to (lam tinh).

Vi du:- Don’t make a fool of him.

Ditng che gieu cau ta.- I tried to make fun of him, but he didn’t smile.

Tdi co gang lam anh ta vui nhitng anh ta van khong cittii.

Do” dung trong cac thanh ngii:- do an assignment (lam Bai diidc giao);- do bookbinding (dong sach);- do a job (lam mot cong viec);- do a favor: giup dd- do away with: viit di- do photography (lam ve nhiep anh);- do watch-repairing (siia dong ho);

230

THANH HA

- do work o f all sorts (lam du cac loai viec);- do business (kinh doanh);- do one's duty (lam bon phan);- do the dishes (riia bat, dia);- do hairs (lam dau);- do the laundry (giat la);- do this (lam cai nay);- do something (lam dieu gi do);- do anything (lam bat cii viec gi).Vi du:- What can I do for you?

Toi co the lam dieu g i cho ong?- She had done her hair for the wedding.

Co ay lam toe de di dii dam ctidi.- I did work of all sorts to live.

Toi dd lam du moi viec de song.- Ben offered to do me a favor if I ever need help.

Ben de nghi giup dd toi neu toi can.- We want to do away with nuclear weapons - to

dispose of them.Chung toi muon tong khii chien tranh hat nhdn.

Nhieu thanh ngii ngiidi hoc co the nghi rang se dung “make” hoac “do" nhiing tieng Anh lai sii dung mot dong tii khac: one commits a crime (ngiidi ta pham mot ac); write a book (poem, play, letter, symphony, piece o f music) (viet mot cuon sach, Bai thd, vd kich, la thii, ban giao hUdng, khuc nhac); paint a picture with oil (ve biic tranh dau); take a picture photograph (chup anh); build a house (xay nha); give or deliver a lecture (giang mot bia giang); give music lessons (day nhac); deliver an address (doc Bai dien van); give a perforrmance (trinh dien); play a game or musical

231

DONG TIT TIENG ANH

instrument (chdi mot nhac cu); give order (ra lenh); ask a question (hoi mot cau hoi).

Vi du:- She can play the piano very well.

Co ay co the chcti piano rat hay.- Can I ask you a question?

Toi co the hoi ban mot cau hoi ditdc khong?- She is writing a novel.

Co ay dang viet tieu thuyet.

232

M U C L U C

CAC DANG THlfc CUA DONG TUTTIENG ANH.........................................7CAC LOAI D0NG TL/................................................................................... 8THiCUADONG TL/......................................................................................10

THi HIEN T A I............................................................................................... 11THiHlEN TAI TH U O N G ............................................................................ 11THi HI$N TAI Tl£'P D l£N ........................................................................... 14THi HI$N TAI HOAN T H A N H ................................................................... 18THi h i£ n t a i h o An THANH TI^P D l£ N ............................................... 21

THI TlATNG L A I........................................................................................... 23THi TUONG LAI THLfONG........................................................................23THi TL/ONG LAI VOI GOING T O ............................................................. 24THi TL/ONG LAI TI^P D l£ N ..................................................................... 26THI TL/ONG LAI HOAN THANH................................................................27

THI QUA KHIJT........................................................... ..................................30THi QUA KHL/THUONG............................................................................ 30QUA KHL/TIEP D l£N.................................................................................. 33THiQUAKHUHOAN THANH................................................................... 35THi QUA KHL/ HOAN THANH TI^P D l£N ..............................................36

CACH DUNG DONG TUf BE, DO VA HAVE..............................................38HiNH THL/C CUA DONG TL/ "BE"........................................................... 38HINH THL/C VA CACH DUNG D0NG TLT’D O "....................................44HINH THL/C VA CACH DUNG DONG TIT "HAVE"................................ 50

DONG Tijr KHUYET THIEU/ TINH THAI....................................................57DAC D |£m CHUNG..................................................................................... 57CACH SLT DUNG DONG TL/ KHUYET THIEU....................................... 57

233

THE Bf DONG................................................................................... 88CACH 001 CAU CHU DONG SANG BI D 0 N G ..................................... 89NHCTNG CAU TRUC KHAC CUA CAU BI D 0 N G ..................................91

SU NHAN MANH, MENH LENH, CHU Tir GIA.................................99S i) NHAN M A N H ........................................................................................ 99M$NH L $ N H ..............................................................................................100CHO NGLTGIA.......................................................................................... 103

CAU DIEU KIEN............................................................................ 108BA LOAI CAU DIEU Kl£N CO BAN....................................................... 108CAC DANG KHAC CUA CAU DIEU K I$N ............................................111CACH KHAC DI§N TA CAU DI^U Kl£N ............................................. 114

THlfc GIA D|NH............................................................................ 120CAU TAO THL/C GIA DINH.....................................................................120CACH DUNG THL/C GIA D INH..............................................................121

DONG TUTHEO SAU BOI DONG DANH TLT HAY DONG Tif NGUYEN THE 131DONG TLT THEO SAU BOI DONG DANH TLT.................................... 131O0NG TL/THEO SAU BOI

D0NG TLT NGUYEN THE CO T O ......................................................134DONG TL/THEO SAU BOI

D0NG TLT NGUYEN THE KHONG CO T O ...................................... 137D0NG TLT THEO SAU BOI DONG DANH TLT HOAC

D0NG TLT NGUYEN THE CO T O ......................................................139DONG TL/THEO SAU BOI MOT TAN NGCT

VA DONG TL/ NGUYEN THE: CO "TO ".............................................145DONG TLT THEO SAU BOI DONG DANH TL/ HOAC

BOI TAN NGLTVA D0NG TLT NGUYliN THE CO TO ...................147

234

GIOI TUT VA DONG DANH T l/ .........................................................150GIOI TL/THEO SAU BOI DONG DANH T U ........................................ 150TINH TUTHEO SAU BOI GIOI TU VA DONG DANH T U .................152DONG TUTHEO SAU BOI GIOI TU V A D0NG DANH TU ................156DONG TUTHEO SAU BOI TAN NGU, GIOI TU

VA DONG DANH T U .............................................................................160CAC THANH NGU SLT DUNG DONG DANH T U .................................164

DONG TINH TUf.............................................................................. 166CAU TAO DONG TINH T U ......................................................................166CACH DUNG O0NG TINH TU ................................................................ 167NHUNG CACH SU DUNG DAC BI$T CUA DONG TINH TU ............ 171

DONG TUT THEO SAU BOI GIOI TUf................................................ 174DONG TUTHEO SAU BOI GIOI TU FO R .............................................174DONG TUTHEO SAU BOI GIOI T U T O ...............................................175DONG TUTHEO SAU BOI GIOI T U O F ...............................................176DONG TUTHEO SAU BOI GIOI T U O N ...............................................177DONG TUTHEO SAU BOI GIOI TU ABOUT....................................... 179DONG TUTHEO SAU BOI GIOI TU W ITH ...........................................180DONG TUTHEO SAU BOI GIOI TU IN................................................. 182DONG TUTHEO SAU BOI GIOI TUFRO M ......................................... 183DONG TUTHEO SAU BOI GIOI T U A T ................................................ 185DONG TUTHEO SAU BOI NHUNG GIOI T U K H A C ..........................186

CUM DONG TUT...............................................................................187NHUNG NET CHUNG CUA CUM D0NG T U ....................................... 187NHUNG CUM DONG TU THUONG GAP..............................................190

MOT SO CAU TRUC DONG TUf DAC BIET......................................217

235

NHA XUAT BAN Tir DIEN BACH K H O A109 Quan Thanh, Ba Dinh, Ha Noi

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DONG TUT TIENG ANH

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