Doors And Windows

Content

Doors Dimensions

Materials of Door Construction

Types of door movement

Technical terms

Types of doors

Windows

Locks and Latches

Materials of Door Construction

• Timber

Widely used for the construction of doors

Most of the people prefer timber because of its appearance.

Doors can be constructed with solid planks or timber pieces.

To increase the lifetime of doors

o various preservatives are added

o Timber is seasoned

• Plywood

Plywood is very useful, for flush doors.

It takes good polish and provides smooth and plain appearance.

• Glass

Glass pieces are fixed in door panels to admit light inside the room.

Large openings in doors fitted with thick glass panels impart a beautiful appearance.

The glass may be of various types o frosted glass

o beaded glass

o ribbed glass

• Metals

Steel and aluminum framed doors are widely used due to the pleasing appearance

If properly maintained, their life is very long.

Hollow metal doors fabricated of a metal frame, covered with metal sheet are selected for greater strength, life and fire-resistance.

• Concrete

Reinforced cement concrete frames are used in areas where doors are exposed to vermin, fungus, white ants etc.

Type of door movements

1. Swinging Doors This type of doors is very popular in residential buildings.

There are two types.

o single swinging

o double swinging

Single swinging Double swinging

2. Revolving Doors

This type of door hangs on a central pivot and can rotate.

It is useful at places where frequent opening and closing of a door is to be avoided

Also there are Single and double shutter revolving doors.

The door revolves about one side of the shutter and is closed automatically whenever pushed and left.

03. Sliding Doors

In case of such doors, the shutters can slide either sideways, or upwards or downwards.

It provides more clear space for movement.

It is more suitable for shops, garages workshops, go down, etc.

4. Rolling shutter doors. They do not require more space. This type of door is useful for shops,

railway stations, ware houses etc

5. Folding doors

These doors are fabricated from steel or timber

Orientation of Doors

Dimensions of doors

Should have sufficient space to take required large objects to the room

Minimum widths recommended for public building, external o 1.20 m

o 1.00 m

o 0.90 m

The width of door leading to bath rooms should be around

0.7 m

Height of the door should be o Height = Width + 0.9 to 1.1 meter

The doors of garage should be o 2.5*2.2 meters

Factors to consider

Strength and stability

Durability

Cost

Weather resistance

Fire resistance

Easy for the maintenance

Sound proof ability

Thermal comfort

Excellent Appearance

Environmental friendly materials

Technical Terms

1. Frame - It is a combination of several wooden members to support the door

2. Style - Style is an external vertical member of the shutter.

3. Top rail - It is the topmost horizontal member of the shutter

4. Lock rail - It is the central horizontal member of the shutter where locking attachments are fixed.

5. Bottom rail - It is the lowest horizontal member of the shutter.

6. Shutter - The complete assembly of the styles panels and rails is known as a shutter.

7. Panel - It is the enclosed area between the rails.

8. Sash - It is a frame made of light sections and is used iron fixing the glass in the panels.

9. Mullion - It is a vertical member running through a shutter or frame.

10. Louver - Louver is a timber piece which is attached in inclined position within a frame.

11.Horn - It is a horizontal projection of head or sill beyond the face of the door or window frame. Generally horn is 15 cm long.

12.Hold-fasts - These are provided on vertical sides of the vertical door frames to keep the frame in required position. They are made of mild steel flat bars about 3 cm wide, 6 cm thick and 20 to 25 cm long.

13. Sill - It is the bottom most horizontal member forming the frame.

14. Jamb - It is the vertical face of a door or windows opening which supports the frame.

15. Transom - It is a horizontal member which divides the door or window frame into several panels.

16. Rebate - It is a depression cut in the frame to accommodate door.

Types of doors

• Ledged door

• Ledged and braced door

• Ledged and framed door

• Ledged, Braced and Framed door

• Frame and paneled door

• Glazed or sash door

• Louvered door

• Flush door

• Revolving door

• Collapsible door

• Sliding door

• Rolling steel door

• Automated door

Ledged Door

• Made up of timber boards known as battens

• Battens are placed vertically and fixed by horizontal ledges

• Two or Three ledges are provided in a door

15 cm wide and 25mm thick 10-20 cm wide and 30mm thick

T hinge

(To Fix the shutter In the frame)

Ledges

Battens

Ledged and Braced Door

• Diagonal timber members are used – Braces

• These types of doors are more rigid

• Can be used as wide openings

10-15 cm wide and 30mm thick

Ledged Door Ledged and Braced Door

Ledged and Framed Door

• Framework for the shutter is provided

• Strong and has a good appearance

10 cm wide and 4cm thick

(style)

Ledged Braced and Framed Door

• Similar to ledged and framed door

• Braces are provided in between the two ledges

• This type of door is more strong and durable

Frame

Braces

Ledge

Frame and paneled Door

• The number of panels depends upon The size of the door

Appearance

• Minimum width of Style – 10 cm

Lock rail/ Bottom rail – 15 cm

Frame and paneled Door

Glazed and Sash Door

• Used when more light is required besides that coming from the windows

• Generally glazed portion to paneled portion is 1:1 or 2:1

Glazed and Sash Door

Louvered Door

• Allows sufficient amount of ventilation

• Maintains privacy as well

• Louvers are arranged such that

upper back edge of any louver is

above or lower front edge of the next higher louver

The shutter is provided with a fixed louver or a movable louver

Louvered Door

Flush Door

• Very strong and it is sound proof to a great extent

• Has a smooth and clean surface

• Both the faces of the framework are covered by 0.6 cm plywood

Revolving Door

• Used to regulate the entry of persons in

big hotels, banks, theaters,

hospitals Central supporting shaft

Radiating shutters

Rubber pads

Collapsible Door • Made of thin mild steel sections

• Used in shops, go downs, schools, workshops, public buildings

16-20 mm width Spacing 10-12 cm 16-20 mm wide bracing

Rails

Sliding Door

• The shutter slides with the aid of runners and guide

• Commonly used in shops, show rooms, go downs etc

Rolling steel Door

• Commonly used for show windows, shops, store, offices etc.

• The door shutter moves up and down in steel guides

• The weight of the door is counter balanced by helical spring provided in the drum

• A steel cover is provided to protect the drum from weathering actions

Rolling Steel Door

Automated Doors

• Use sensors to identify people from some distance and doors are automated to open accordingly

Windows

Windows

A window is a transparent or a translucent opening in a wall or door that allows the passage of light and, if not closed or sealed, air and sound.

Windows are held in place by frames, which prevent them from collapsing in.

Purpose

• Admits light

• Provides fresh air and ventilation

• Adds detail, balance, interest

• Visually enlarges interior space

Main factors to consider when selecting windows and it’s dimensions.

Strength – To take maximum space for windows strength of the walls should be considered

Ventilation - Selected window sizes should be large enough to satisfy the required ventilation conditions

Anatomy of a Window

1. Tracks 2. Screen 3. Mounting Flange 4. Exterior casing 5. Head jamb 6. Weatherstripping 7. Sash 8. Glazing 9. Muntins 10. Removable storm panel 11. Sill

Types of Windows

• Casement window • Sash or glazed window • Double-hung window • Louvered window • Pivoted window • Sliding window • Circular window • French window • Corner window • Bay window • Dormer window • Sky light • Metal window

Casement window Hinged at the side and swing outward at the turn of a

crank

This type is recommended for maximum ventilation

Sash or glazed window

In this type of windows panels are fully glazed

The frame consist of stiles, top rail and a bottom rail.

The space between top and bottom rail is divided into number of panels with small timber members called, sash bars or glazing bars.

Glass panels are fixed to sash bars by timber beads

Double-hung window Double-hung windows are the most common type.

They consist of two sashes that are guided by a metal or wooden track.

These are easy to clean

Louvered window Louvered windows are used to provide more ventilation. The

windows provide light and ventilation even if closed.

Privacy is also well maintained

Such windows are recommended for bath, WC, workshops etc., where privacy is more important.

The louvers are usually fixed at 45ᶲ inclination sloping downward to the outside to run-off the rain water.

Louvered Window

Pivoted window In this type of windows shutters swing round pivots.

It may be horizontally pivoted or vertically pivoted.

Easier to clean.

Allow more light to come inside the room

Pivoted windows

Sliding window • The shutters are sided on roller bearings , either vertically or

horizontally.

• Cavities are provided in walls to accommodate the window shutters when it is opened

• Used in railway trains and buses

Circular window • It is a pivoted window of circular shape.

• It is commonly used in workshops and factories

French Window

• Commonly used in modern houses

• Allow more light to enter

• Add an aesthetic value to the building

Corner window

• It is constructed in the corner of a

building and admits lights and air from

two directions

Bay window

• It is a window in the building which is projected beyond the walls of the room.

• It is provided to improve the architectural appearance of the building.

• Additional space is obtained to allow light and air in room

Dormer window

• Such types of windows are provided on the inclined roofs of the buildings.

• They provide air and light to the room constructed within the space of the roof slopes

Sky light • This type of window is fixed on the sloping surface of an

inclined roof.

• It is meant to admit light into the room and generally fixed glass pans to cover it.

• Reinforced or ribbed glass is preferred.

• A curb frame is provided with the common rafter to support the windows

Metal window • More popular in modern age.

• They are fabricated from light rolled steel sections which forms window frame.

• The glass pans are fixed in to the frame. The glazed shutter may be hinged at top, bottom, and side or pivoted to rotate in any direction.

• Double hung type window may also be fabricated with the metal frames. The frame is attached to the masonry wall in grooves with cement grout.

• Sometimes the timber frame and sill are used to fix up the steel shutter. It looks elegant.

Hinges

Hinges are devices used to attach doors, windows and gates to a frame

Materials used for hinges o Steel

o Brass

o Cast iron

o Aluminum

o Nylon with metal pins

Hinges are classified based on o Their function

o Length of flap

o Material used

o Method of manufacture

Types of hinges

Steel butt hinge o Most common type in general use

Steel double flap butt hinge o similar to the steel butt hinge but is made from two steel strips to

give extra strength.

Rising butt hinge o used to make the door level rise as it is opened to clear carpets and

similar floor coverings.

Parliament hinge: o a form of butt hinge with a projecting knuckle and pin enabling the

door to swing through 1800 to clear architraves and narrow reveals.

Tee hinge o These hinges are used mainly for hanging match boarded doors

where the weight is distributed over a large area.

Locks and latches

Knob Locks installed in residential situations on exterior doors

Sometimes used as the primary source of security for doors.

Lever handle locks used for inner doors in commercial settings.

They are easier to open than knob locks as they have a large push down style handle

Rim / Mortise Locks

found on commercial doors, entry glass doors, and some apartment doors.

Have a long metal piece extending out the rear of the lock that runs through the door into a locking mechanism on the opposite side of the door.

Rim Latch Locks

A rim latch lock has a standard or custom rim cylinder on one side and a surface mount latch lock on the other.

Rim latch locks can auto lock the door behind you and are popular in some apartment complexes.

Doors Locks with Modern Technology

Doors with modern technology Electronic Locks

Advantages

• Standalone electronic door lock

• No hard wiring necessary - battery operated

• Easy programming with audible feedback

• Easy installation

• This feature provides a quick lockout feature in case of a security concern.

Master Lock Electronic Deadbolt Lock

• Single cylinder thumb turn on the inside

• Mechanical key overridden option

• Available in Polished Brass, Antique Brass and Satin Nickel

Biometrics

• As bio - metrics become more and more prominent as a recognized means of positive identification, their use in security systems increases.

• Some new electronic locks take advantage of technologies such as

o fingerprint scanning,

o retinal scanning

o iris scanning

o voice print identification