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20 -, objets trouvs Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968)
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2 . , .., .32.
3 L.Tolstoy , , . , The Forged Banknote, The False Coupon, The Counterfeit .. R.Bresson 1983 (LArgent).
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collages Pablo Picasso (1881-1973), - . , - . - . 1950 , - 4, : , , , , , , -, , , , - . combines Robert Rauschenberg (1925-2008), cut-ups William S.Burroughs (1914-1997), - , Andy Warhol (1928-1987), modules Sol LeWitt (1928-2007), Roland Barthes (1915-1980), - Fake Art.
, . . - = / = . , , , , , - . , - .5 , .. - , ,6 - . 2010 , Victoria and Albert Museum National Gallery.7
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7 Victoria and Albert Museum, The Metropolitan Police Services Investigation of Fakes and Forgeries, 2010 National Gallery, Close Examination: Fakes, Mistakes and Discoveries,
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67 - , 18 . Benjamin West, . . Claire Barliand, He who laughs last, . Modern Painters, 2008- 2009, .74-77. Benjamin West and the Venetian Secret Yale Center of British Art, ... 2009.
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. , . . , . - (346-250 ..), - (.494-434..) .71 - , , - .
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72 , , . . (230-340..) (Evangelicae praeparationes, 464a-468b).
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. - (. 195-159..). , , ( ) -: . - , - .75
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76 .. . . Michel Schneider, Voleurs de mots: essai sur le plagiat, la psychoanalyse et la pense, 1985.
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79 Thomas Mallon, Stolen Words: Forays into the Origins and Ravages of Plagiarism, 1989.
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. , , -, , - (scanning) , , , . , , -, , ab ovo . - , - , 19 - , .80
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84 Terry Eagleton, Maybe he made it up, . London Review of Books, . 11, 2002, . 3-4.
85 Nick Groom, The Forgers Shadow. How Forgery changed the Course of Literature, 2002. . 18-19 . James Macpherson, o Thomas Chaterton William Henry Ireland.
86 . Schwartz, .., . 314. 1980-1990 , , . . Karen Eliot, Plagiarism as Negation in Culture, Plagiarism: Art as Commodity and Strategies for its Negation, S. Home, 1987.
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, - . , - , - . - . - , -. , , . . - - . , - ;
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into present day language and serves the same purpose as translations and
modernizations in literature.91 --, , -, . , , .. . . , . - - . , , , -, . , . (26 ) - .
( 216c), (.642D) (No.777D). . , - , - : , -.92 - : , , .
91 Otto Kurz, Fakes, 1967, . 320. . .
92 , , 779-780: .
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, ; 1961 - .94 , . , - Henri Matisse (1869-1954),95 . E - .
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96 .. , . , . , 2002.
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art-deco. . - 98 - .
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. , - Utrillo,99 -. , -, . -. - -. , , .
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99 Maurice Utrillo (1883-1955) . . Utrillo . .. . , , , , . 8, . 77-78.
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1932 1943 Vermeer,101 - , 17 , Terboch, Pieter de Hooch, Baburen Frans Hals. - , , - - Vermeer. - - Hermann Gring,102 . Meegeren 1945 - , - . , . Vermeer Gring , . - .
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101 Jan Vermeer (1632-1675). 17 . .. Vermeer, Kindlers Malerei Lexikon (. dtv), 1976, .12, .162-170.
102 Hermann Gring ( ) (1893-1946). 1921 . . , . .
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. - . - , . , , . - , - . , , , Meegeren. Vermeer, . 103 Vermeer - , . Meegeren - - . - , . Meegeren - - .
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103 . Hope B. Werness, .., . 24..
104 . Hope B. Werness, .., . 50.
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, -, . - . - . - , , , . . - , - 20 , .105 , , , - , . - . - , - , .
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, Meegeren - , -. Meegeren . - , - , - . , -.
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118 (artifacts), , . . Hillel Schwartz, .., . 143.. (sinua) . E. R. Curtius, Euro-
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121 . H. B. Werness, .., . 45.
122 1947 Irving Wallace . . H. B. Werness, .., . 42.
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,127 !128 .. . - , . . Meegeren .129 , David Stein, - , : David - -, . .130 , , -, , , - .131
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1888 , -
290 . , (1875), (1871) . (1860).
291 1879, Siegel .. 1902-1904 . . . , .., . 121.. .A.., 1879 (1880), . 22.., (1881) . 17..
292 . . . , .., .120 , 1884 (1885), . 3.
293 , , . , . , , , .., ..
-
114
. , - . , . 5 .. , 1859. 294 1885 . , : , - , - 40000 , - , . , .. , , , . . -. , . , - .. - , . - . , - : , , . - , -, . - .295 , - .296
294 , 1888, . 119.
295 . -, . .... .
296 . 1859 . O.H.Cordier, 1859 . . 17 1859 . 23 1859 ( ).
.
-
115
, - 30 1888 . -:
!
, , ., - . , , . , - , [] , . () ., . . (Panzer) . 297
, - , . - . , .
,298 . :
. : -... , , , -;! , -, . ,
297 . , ( ), 2002, .194.
298 . , 3 1888, . 4.
-
116
- . . - , . - , , ! - ... -, . , . -!! , , ! , -, , , , . - - , , , 26 .
, - - , - -, . , , , , , , - . : , , - - .
, , , . 1881 , 15/27 , - , - , , , . , -
.
-
117
, , .
: (1834-1919), 299 , - -. , , 1880, 1879. , - , a la Biche .
-, , . - 300. , , , . - , , . .
, - , . , . - . , 1888, - , , . - - .301 -
299 . , .., . 148..
300 . . , .., . 113..
301 . 29 1880 . : / / / , , /
-
118
, .
, 1873.302 , - . 19 , - .303 - - 15.000 .
, - . - .304 25 1888 305 - :
- , ! , - . , , . , , , , - , -, . ! !! , - , -!
, .
/ / .
302 . . . , , , 1990, .190..
303 . , 29 1888, . 2.
304 . . , 21 1888, 200 .., . . . , .., . 592.
305 . , 25 1888, . 4.
.
-
119
- , -. 19 , . - -, . - , - - , - .
, 1885 - , -. . , , , , - , . , , , , , - , - . 15 1888306 . , , . :
- ! , ... . - - , , - !.. , - . - , , , -
306 . , 15 1888, . 3-4.
-
120
, , . ! - , ! , - , - ! , ! ... , -, .
- . . - , , . - , - . , , -, , , , . , .
, . , - , - , - . , - , .
, - 19 , , - . . , -.
.
-
121
12.
, crpe de chine
,
.Oscar Wilde, , 1887
, , - 19 .307 1870 . -, , . , , , , -, , . , , , , -, . . , - - , - .
, , - 19 . - ,
307 R.A.Higgins, Tanagra and the Figurines, 1986. , , Tanagra, Mythe et archologie, , , , 15 2003-05 2004. . Juliette Becq-Violaine Jeammet, Les Tanagras dvoiles, . Beaux Arts Magazine, . 232, 2003, . 94-101.
-
122
, - , .308 - , , -, , , , . - , , - , , - .
Theodore Reinach - 1899 .309 - , - - .
Jean Lon Grme (1824-1904)310 . - 311 , - : -. , , - , -. 1890 .312 , -. 313 Grme, -
308 1880-90 . (. 6, 1882, . 64): ( ) , - ,... .
309 R.A.Higgins, .., .175-176.
310 .M.Ackerman, The Life and Work of Jean-Lon Grme, 1986.
311 , , -. . . Edward Said, Orientalism, 1987 (1978) ., 19 , 1993 ( , ), .
312 Ackerman, .., .314.
313 Ackerman, .., . 316.
.
-
123
. . .314 - Grme - , . - .315 1890 . - - - , . -. Grme 1892.316 - -, , . Grme . , - . 1893 - , - . . - : Sculpturae vitam insufflat pictura ( ) , .317 - . - . , - , . Grme, , , , - , , .
, Grme, .
314 Ackerman, .., . 274.
315 Ackerman, .., .268, , . Metropolitan Museum of Art , Die schnsten Franzosen kommen aus New York (2007) Neue Nationalgalerie . . . Art, . 6, 2007, . 89.
316 Ackerman, .., . 318.
317 Ackerman, .., . 272.
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124
, . , - , , - , . . Edgar Degas (1834-1917), o Eduard Vuillard (1868-1940), o James Abbot McNeil Whistler (1834-1903), - - . Frantisek Kupka (1871-1957) , - , .318 , - . Oscar Wilde (1854-1900), R. M. Rilke (1857-1926) M. Proust (1871-1922) F.Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940) Colette (1873-1954)319 , . , , , , .
, - .320 1878, - . 1877 .321 - - , . - . . , biscuit, , - , . , , - . - .
318 . . Tanagra, Mythe et archologie, .., . 36..
319 , . Tanagra, Mythe et archologie, .., . 316..
320 low high culture, , 19 .
321 . Tanagra, Mythe et archologie, .., . 37, . 4.
.
-
125
Tanagra, Mythe et archologie 2004, - , - . , - , , , . 1882 - 322 - . - , , - Grme, -323 . . . , , -. , Henry Greville324, 2004 femme aux formes lgantes... elle souriait avec une grce mle de modestie.
, - - - - . . . . - , -
322 , . 6, 1882, . 63-72. .187... ...
323 , . . , .., .63-64: , , , . . , , . , , . , . .
324 Henry Greville, Alice Fleury (1842-1902), . Tanagra, Mythe et archologie, .., . 36.
-
126
, - 20 . . -. , - .
325 19 .
. -, 1870-80, - . - . 300 .. - 200 .. -. - , - .
. - , , - -. , , () . - . -. . - , , . - , . , , 4 .. , .
325 . Tanagra, Mythe et archologie, .., . 31.
.
-
127
. , - , - . , -: , , , - . . 200 .. , - , - , , , , . .
, , 1870 . , -, . 1873 , - . , , - -, , - ....326 - , . , 1888 327 : -, , . . - 328 , - .
1872-73 - . . - Olivier Rayet -
326 ..., 1873-74, 1874, . 31.
327 . , 17 1888.
328 ..., 1874-75, 1876, . 31.
-
128
C. L. W. Melin, -. O P. A. Sabouroff, , 1884 - , 1876 H. Schliemann .
-. 1874, - : , , - 2-3 , , , - , -.329 . 1877 - 2000 ( 1888 ) - . J. Martha, - . , - , , .. , , - , .330 1880.331
, - , , , . 1870-80 , , .332 -
329 ..., 1874-75, 1876, . 31..
330 . , . 6, 30 1877, . 478.
331 J. Martha, Catalogue des figurines des fere cuite du Muse dAthnes, 1880.
332 , Tana-gra, Mythe et archologie, .. . , -, - . (Borrus 1877., Lecomte 1877, 1884, 1889) (Hamburger 1880, Marcuard-Kraus 1890, 1893) ( 1882) 1887 (Dosseur 1892) 1899 ( 1892) 1892,93 1893 -
.
-
129
, , -. - (1823-1898), .333 1874 1875 , Sabouroff Rayet , . 10 1874 , - - . 6 1875 . - 107.000 , - , , 1889 - .334
- 20 . - , - . , , - , , -. 1888 335 , - , -
