финансы и инвестицииДокумент Всемирного банкаИнформационный центр в России
РОССИЙСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЦИЯ
Банковские учрежденияв развивающихся странах
Том 1: Укрепление руководстваи повышение чувствительностик переменам
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Banking Institutions in Developing MarketsVolume 1. Building Strong Management and Responding to Change
Diana McNaughton
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Banking institutions in developing markets.p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.Contents: v. 1. Building strong management and responding to change / Diana McNaughton ... [et al.] - v.
2. Interpreting financial statements / Chris J. Barltrop, Diana McNaughton.ISBN 0-8213-2217-6 (v. 1.) - ISBN 0-8213-2218-4 (v. 2.)1. Banks and banking - Developing countries. 2. Bank management - Developing countries. 3. Financial
statements - Developing countries. 1. McNaughton, Diana, 1942- . II. Barltrop, Christopher, 1940-HG3550.b36 1992332.1'09172'4 - dc2O
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aMeHa -Me- mc m cffenoc4xO.grem o6opY4onaHHs ........................................ 3099AeMeiTmI 7w,4epHoJi4oHyMcITadLJ ......................................... 309CTONMOCTb YCTaUHOBJH o6opy4OBaNI N BpeM, onepememw .................................................................... 311
o6yoveme H paBBHTCe YeAoBevecKKx pecypcoBC ....................................................................... 311HexoTophre saMevaHs" no peazaAa_ ....................................................................... 312
OCHOBHOE CinOAb3oBAHME MT ....................................... 314OcAIoBHNe 7poye,4ypbI H 6aHKH 4aHHbX ....................................................................... 314Oueha IOAb9OBaTrW ................................................................. 314
OnpeweJimHe 7pe6owBai'Ho ba.oaa7r .......................................................... 315KoHcTpyHpoBaHe JeCrCTeMbI/ILWeepHau pa3pa6oa ........................................ 31.5
nPOrPAMMHOE OBECnE'EH4E ................................................................. 316RaKemi npoIpaMM HmN mHRaHByaAbHav paspa6o7a nporpaMM ....................................................... 316BoSMOvwocTb mHoA&hBaHH qOH4om Ha6qpa npojpammiiO o6ecnervew,
,A" Bcex THZOB KOM7brO7rJpOB ........................................................................................................ 317CTOHMOCTb 6aHXoBcXoIP npojpammw om o6ecueve ..wg,...........................................................................317
ApXNHXTypa OMlbIO7pHOM o6opy'IOBaH M...........................................................................................317
I7epe4aYa a,aHMNX MeaYfy geHTpaMN o6pa6O7x ,4UaHb. .318
PeCePBHHbe JHTMeH o6pa6OTW HaMHDlX .................................................................................. 318
06qpy4oBaHHe xaMI7bIoT7pHofH s Aa ..................................... 318
AHTEPATYPA ..................................... 321
viii
BCTYnIAEHHE
B 1980-x rr. MHp cTaA cBHAeTeAeM 3HaqHTeAbHbix maKpoBKoHoMH'eCKHX s3MeHeMHH B
paBmmaiowxcn cTpaHax A(ppUU, A3mi H AaTUcicxoi AMepHmK. AH6epaAHuaLWu HmnopTa, peq"opma
AeH, yKperAeHHe (PHCKaAbHOH AHCUHnAHM,. coKpa1iJeHHe o6bema BMemIaTeAbCTBa rocyAapcTsa B
&KOHOMHKy m npHBaTHaaUHR npOBOAHUCb nOBCeMeCTHO. IHsImeHeHHS B cTpaTerHH 3aTpoHyAH TaKme H
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MorAH 6bilS noAAepP2KaHbb TOAbKO 6AaroAapR corAacoBaHHbIM ycHAHMm no yxpenAemno
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pbHiKax. 06e KHuHF peKoMeHAYIOTTC flh 6aAm po HUH noAwTHKoB, KoTropb1e cBA3Hb1 c ynpaBAeHHem H
pa6oTofi B pHH8HcoB0M ceKTope H ero 6aiKOBCKMH CTpyKTypaMH. B HHX A =AOTCR oTmeml Ha
cAeAyowWHe BonpoCbi: KaK npaBHAbHO BeCTH 6aHKoBcKoe AeAo B AH6epaAH3oBaHHoM q)HHaHCoBoM
pbwKe? LITO n0Ka3bBaTOT pHHaHCoBble oTqeTbI 6aHKOB H KaK HX Ay'uIe a8aAH3HpoBaTb?
MaTepmauAh A4m wTHX AEyx TOMOB 6blAU HaBHCaHbI 6aHKHpaMH, HMeTo1UHMH OnbT pa6oTbi B
UHMYCrpHaAbHbZX H paBmuBm10WHXcS CTpaHaX. OHH npeACTTaBAH HaM Ay4lUHe npHMepbI MeCKAyHapoAHoH
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CTaHOBsRTS CTaHAapraMH B0 BCeX CTpaHaX.
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MHpomiaM BaHKoM AAA 6aHKHpoB H HaAsopHb1x opraHoB. Y'e6HbTe H neAarorH'eCKHe 3aBeAeHHR B
'-exocAoBaKHH, rIoAbme H PoccHH qacTH'Ho HAH nOAHoCThiO nepewBAm BCe 9TH MmaTepHaAb Ha CBOH
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ix
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AeAa.
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AH6epaAH3aMHJR B CTpaHaX A3HH, AaTHHCKOHi AMepHKH H A(PpHKH - BCe BTO Tpe6yeT
sHa,HTeAbHOrO yKpenAeHHH 6aHKOBCKHX CTpyKTyp.
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HSOAHpOBaHHo; o6cTaHoBKa BAHReT Ha a8cIxeKTHBHocTb 6aHKa. TaKHM o6pasoM, B nepaof rAaBe
paCCMaTpHBaiOTCa BOnpOCb1 o 6aHKoBcKoA co6CTBeHHOCTH, aBTOHOMHH, ynpaBAeHHH H pOAH
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nOK8abIBaeT aTH paSAHqHR, B HaCTHOCTH, B 6aHKoBcKHx CHCTeMaX, HaXoARiIHxcH noA BAHRHHeM
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xii
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npeAnpHHHMaeT marH B HanpaBAeHHH co3AaHHR B BKOHOMHKe aTMocepbi OTKpbITOCTH,
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YCAOBHHX AeperyAHpOBaHHH, ApyrOH inpHqHHOH 6blAa HeCnOCo6 HOCTb qeepaAbHbIX HaA3opHblX
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ynpaBAemie 6aHKH B Aio6oH 'aCTH cBeTa moryr 6bITb (HAH, no KpaHiHeHi mepe, BbirAaAeTb)
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ynpaBAeHHe He nppOXOAMT. BaHKH B 8THX CTpaHax nOABep2KeHbl ycHAeHHOMy HaA30py H 6oAee
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Ha ocHoBe aHaAH3a pHcKa. B cTpaHax, rAe lIpaBHTeAbCTBO aKTHBHO BMeC1HBaeTCR B
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06birH0 6yAyT cAa6o pa3BHTbi npo4eAypbi ynpaBAeHHH pHCKaMH H TeKylgHMH AeAaMH. BoMHorHx CTpaHax KpeAHTHblI nOpTqpeAb 6aHXOB HMeeT OqeHb HH3Koe Ka'ieCTBO - qaCTH'iHO H3-3a
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Co6CTBeHHOCTbMO.
1 MOpPHC 1990, CTp. 36.2BpaiaN 1988.
2
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HBAReTC5l AH OH rOCyAaPCTBeHHbIM (MTO maCTO npeBpauaeT ero B HHCTpymMHT AOCTH2KeHHR
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yCHAHH (CM. BcTaBKY 1.1, Ha KOTOpOH npeAcTaBAeHa npocTaH opraHH3aMHHHaH CTPYKTypa
6aHra).
7
BCTaBICa 1.1 OpraHHS3aHOHHam CTpyKIypa 6aHiKa
COBeT
AHpeKTOPOB
BHYTPeHHHHi AyAHT
lpe.3HAeHT H CTapIUHH KpeAHTHaS I1OAHTHKa H
HCnOAHHTeAbHblH HaA30p
COTPYAHHK
Me2IAyHapoAHOoe Pa6oTa c Pa6oTa c AAHHaHCb| AMHHHCTpagHH | KoMnbIoTepHbIH|Co l6aHKoBcKoe AeAO HHAHBHAYaAbHbIMH KOMnaHH$lMH geHTp
KAHeHTaMH| OTAeA KOHTpOAf.
i CnegHaAHCTbi no I OTAeA KaApOB OnepauHHCI)HAHaAbl B KommepnecKHm | Ka3HaqeficTBO I
perFoHe B KpeAHTIaM OTAeA o6WHx KOopAHHaghi I
Iy1 OTeA CAyr HHKOpMa4H0HHba X KpeAHTHaa H O)iAHaAbl B UAaHH0iBaHHSi H I|HTpOBpeFH~OHe 2 ccYA4HaR 6JoAmWeTa BHIYTPCHRna
aAMHHHCTPa4Hl I IOPKOHCYAbTaIgHf|
OTAeA y'eTa H | I
aHaAH3a C CHcTeMbI H
I npogeAypb I
K cowepmemoai 6amoawcKoIr cwcTCMe
C8cTCMb JKOHTpOAH
AIAR Toro, 'iTo6bI 6bITb yBcpeHHb1MH B TOM, 9To 6aHK pa6oTaeT yCTOHt IHBO H HaAemHo,
AHpeKTopa COBMeCTHO C ynpaBARIOJMHMH H CnegHaAHCTaMH AOA2fHbl o6ecneqHTb BHeAPCHHe
cHcTeM KOHTpOAb, KoTopbIe 6bl noKa3biBaAH, B KaKoH cTeneHH cAy2KaIHe BbinOAHIIOT CBOH
o6H3aHHoCTH B COOTBCTCTBHH C nOAHTHKOH H npogeAypaMH 6aHKa, a TaxK2e HaCKOAbKO HX
Ae4CTBHH COOTBeTCTBY3T 3aKOHoAaTeAbCTBy. CHcTeMbI KOHTPOAH MOryT BKAIO'aTb B ce6R
CHCTeMbl ayAHTa, BHyTpeHHero KOHTpOAH, aHaAHsa KaxiecTBa aKTHBOB, CO3AaHHe H OgeHKY
ynpaBAeHHH (JHHaHCOBbIM pHCKOM.
fHrn7ppMa0g8oHam TeXHOAOFNf
AeHbrH KOrAa-TO Ha3bIBaAH HH(OpMagHeH B AeHCTBHH, H HHq3OpMagHOHHaH TeXHOAOrHH
cTaAa 'aCTbIO o6cAy2HBaHHIR. OHa TaK2xe EBAHeTCJ1 CylueCTBeHHbIM noAcnopbeM AAR
6aHKoBcKoro ynpaBAeHHH. BiaHKH AOA2KHbI OqeHb TlgaTeAbHO npOH3BOAHTb OT6op
nporpamMHOrO H TeXHH'iecKoro o6ecnegeHHH, onpeAeARTb nocAeAoBaTeAbHOCTb nporpaMM H HX
cnoco6HocTb yCBaHBaTb TexHOAorHIO. B paSBHBa1oujHxcH CTpaHax AOMHHHpyCT ToqKa SpeHHS,
corAacHo KOTOpOH aBTOMaTH3HagS MoAePHH3HpyeT 6aHKoBcKoe ynpaBAeHHe. Ha caMoM 2Ke
AeAe, TOAbXO 6aHIH C HaAe2KHOH cHcTeMoH ynpaBAeHHH cnoco6Hbl onpeAeAHuTb
TexHOAorH t ecKHe nOTpe6HOCTH. TexHoAorHH - aTO HHCTpyMeHT, XOTfl H O9CHb Ba2KHbIH. aTo
c)aKTOp, 3aAep2KHBMaoJHH HHCTHTYUHOHaAbHOe pa3BHTHe.
SAKAIO'JEHHE
Ct)HHaHCOBbie yCAyrH npHo6peAH Me2AyHapOAHbliH pa3Max. 3 ToMy cnoco6CTBOBaAH
reorpa(pHmecKaR KrcnaHCHH KpynHblX 6aHKoB, KpeAHTOBaHHe HCB3Hpa5H Ha rpaHHUbI H
HHBeCTHUHH B HHCTPYMCHTbi pbIHKa KanrHTaAOB. 3TOMy TaK2Ke cnoco6CTBOBaAo npHHRTHe
OCHOBHbIMH (pHHaHCOBb1MH geHTpaMH OnpeAeAeHHbIX o6UiHX HOpM 6aHKOBCKOro peryAHpOBaHHH
Ha OCHOBe Ba3eAbcKoro corAaiueHHn no yHHq)HKaUHH MeC2AyHapOAHbIX CTaHAapTOB H3MepeHHH
KanrraAa H ero AOCTaTOLHOcTH, Me2KAyHaPOAHoro 6aHKoBcKoro y4eTHoro cTaHAapTa HoMep 30no 6aHKoBcKHm CTaHAapTaM y'eTa H o6HapoAbIBaHHH q)HHaHCOBOH HHcPOpMaUHH; H "AYAHY
KoMMepiecKHx 6aHKOB, BbinyHeHHOMY KoMHTeToM no Me2KAyHapOAHoHi ayAHTopcKoH npaKTHKe
B cpeBpaAe 1990. rAo6aAbHaa nepeAaqa 6aHKOBCKHX TeXHOAorHH 3aTparHBaeT 6aHKH
AaTHHCKOH AMepHKH, BOCTOMHOH EBponbl H 6blBnxero CCCP. Bce 6OAblue H 6oAbuie BTHM
6auxam npHXOAHTCq 60pOTbCH He TOAbKO 3a mH3Hecnoco6HOcTb, HO H 3a COBepI11eHCTBO H
KOHxypeHTocnoco6HOcTb, eCAH OHH XOTfT Bbl2KHTb H npogBeTaTb.
4 TO TaKoe 6aHKoBcKoe COBepiueHCTBO? Onpoc He3aBHCHMbIX cnegHaAHCTOB BbIRBHA 10OCHOBHbIX xapaKTepHcTHK:6
* OTKpblTaR KyAbTypa H aKCTeHCHBHoe BePTHKaAbHoe H ropH3oHTaAbHoe o6geHHe;
* HaAHqHe o6WHX UeHHOCTeH;
* HaCeAeHHOCTb Ha npH6blAb;
* AKqeHT Ha yAoBAeTBopeHHe nOTpe6HOcTeH KAHeHTOB;
6 AeliBnC 1985.
9
Y,penuenwe pJMOBO.gCa = N 1OweEe 'YJC7rBBw.AbHOCIN i epeMeoaa
* 2teAaHHe BKAaAblBaTb CpeACTBa B HOBble npOAyKTb!;
* CHAbHOe H nIOCAeAOBaTeAbHOe PYKOBOACTBO H xopomee -yBCTBO HanpaBAeHHSI;
* CTpeMAeHHe K. Ha6opy HaHAyqlllHX COTPyAHHKOB;
* BAomeHHe B noAroTOBKy nepCOHaAa;
* CHCTeMa HHqOpMaUHH o npoyOKTaX HAH KAHeHTax, nO3BOA.lIOl4aR OCYWUeCTBARTh
oUeHKy HX npH6blAbHocTH;
* Xopomee ynpaBAeHHe KpeAHTHb1M PHCKOM.
B AaHHoH pa6oTe npeAAaralo'rcR HeKoTopb!e KOH4enCHH H HHcTpyMeHTbi, KoTopbie 6yAyT
cnoco6cTBoBaTb npoABHmeHHlo 6aHKoB pa3BHBaIOUjHxcR CTpaH K cOBepuieHCTBY. O HH
OCHOBbiBalOTCH Ha OnbiTe MHOrHX CTpaH. XoTH MHOrHe npHMepbi B39fTbi H3 npaCKTHKH CWI1A,
HHTePHaaHOHaAH&aIHR q)HHaHCOBblX YCAYr nPHBeAa K pacnpoCTPaHeHH TOH TonpaKTHKH no
BCeMy MHpy.
10
2. nAAHHPOBAHHE
IBaHKOBcKaSI HHAyCTpHR nO3HaKoMHAaCb C nAaHHPOBaHHeM coBCeM HeAaBHO. HAaHHpOBaHHe
llpHUIIAO B 6aHK B 6 0-e rOAbI, nepHoA, xapaKTepHwOBaBUIHHcH MHOrO'IHCAeHHbIMH nepeMeHaMH,
KoTopbCe npHHeCAH 3HaMHTeAbHbIe OCAOmHeHHR B pa6oTy 6aHKoB H YCHAHAH KOHKypeHIHIO B
6aHKoBcKoM AeAe. B BTO BpeMH 6aHKH, BO-nepBblx, Ha'aAH BbIXOA4Tb Ha Me2mAYHaPOAHYJO
apeHy Co CBOHMH onepaUHRMH, T.e. nOAHHAH KOHKypeHUH10 Ha MCAyHapOAHblH ypoBeHb. Bo-BTOpblX, HOBbie qfHHaHCOBbie PbIHKH CHAbHO HSMeHHAH xapaxTep qpHHaHCHPOBaHHH 6aHKoB H
KopnopagHH. B-TpeTbHX, TaM, rAe BTO AOfyCKaAOCb peryAHpoBaHHeM, 6aHKH HaqaAH
AHBePCH(PHUHPOBaTb CBOIO npOAYKUH1O H BHAbI ycAyr. B-'eTBepTblx, (pHHaHCOBbie yCAyrH
HaqaAH npeAAaraTb noMHMo 6aHKoB H He6aHKOBCKHe y'pe2KAeHHH, yCHAHBaH KOHKypeHgH10. B-nrTbIX, B 6aHKH HaqaAa npOHHKaTb KOMnbJoTepHaH TCxHHKa.7
TeHAeHUHH, nOATOAKHYBUIHe 6aHKH K nAaHHpoBaHHIo, ceHiac qBAHiOTCSI BeAyUgHMH
xapaKTepHCTHKaMH MHoraHX HHaHCOBbIX pbIHKOB H, BepofTHo, cTaHyT eige 6oAee
HiTeHCHBHbJMH no Mepe (pHHaHCOBOH AH6epaAH3aUHH, KOTOpSa BBOAHTCH BCe 6OAblUHM
KOAH'eCTBOM CTpaH. B3aHKH Ha TaKHX pbIHKaX AOA2KHbi 6yAyT pa3BHBaTb eCTeCTBeHHbIe
KOHKypeHTHbie CTPaTerHH H nAaHbl AAR peaAH3aHHH BTHX CTpaTerHH, eCAH OHH XOTHT OCTaBHTb
3a co6ofi POAb aqXpeKTHBHOrO rOCpeAHHKa H COXpaHHTb HAH AOCTH'b qHHaHCOBoH
2KH3Hecnoco6HOCTH. UCeAbJO AaHHOH rAaBbl qBAHeTCH nO3HaKoMHTb 6aHKu CO CpeACTBaMH
rIAaHHPOBaHHS. B rAaBe PaCCMaTpHBalOTCH KaK coAep2maHHe, TaK H rPOC4eAypbI npogecca
nAaHHPOBaHHH B 6aHKoBcKbX y'pemAeHHIx. HIpH BTOM MbI npHAepmHBaAHCb cKopee
npaKTHt ecKoro, q1eM TeopeTH'IecKOro noAxOAa.
OIPEA4EAEHHIE nUAHHPOBAHHH
OnIepaTHBHbIH rLAaH - 3TO AOKyMeHT, KOTOPbIH MomeT 6blTb HcnOA.b3oBaH Ha Bcex ypOBHHX
ylnpaBAeHHR H Ha ecex ypoBHHx nepcoHaAa B 6aHKe. OH HaUeAeH Ha o6ecne'eHHe o6ulero
nOHHMaHHH 34aAa y'pe2KAeHHH, CTpaTerHH H TaKTHKH AAR BbInOAHeHHR BTHX 3aAax, a TaKmoe
KOAH'IeCTBa, KaMeCTBa H pacripeAeAeHHM peCypcOB, BblAeAReMbIX HAH HMeIOUHXCH B
pacnopCmeHHH AAR BbInIOAHeHHH BTHX SaAaq. 8lpoUecc q3OpMHpOBaHHi H paspa6oTKH nAaHa
He MeHee Ba2meH, vieM caM nAaH. HlpoMecc L&AaHHPOBaHHH npeAcTaBAxeT co6ofi onpeAeAeHHe
rpaHHII AAR paspa6oTKH KOAH'eCTBeHHbIX H Ka'ieCTBeHHbIX 3aAaq, CTORjIHX nepeA 6aHKOM B
MeAOM, H nepeA Ka2KAbiM ero nOApa3AeAeHHeM. rosopR ynpo1geHHO, nAaH cO3AaeT BHAeHHe
6aHKa. IloaTomy nAaH oco6eHHo Bam2eH B yCAOBHSX, KorAa 6aHK CTOHT nepeA HeO6xOAHMOCTbIO
cepbe3Hblx nepemeH B o6AacTH 3aKoHoAaTeAbCTBa HAH B CBHSH C BbIXOAOM B HOByIO, 6oAee
KOHKypeHTHY1O cpeAy, UAH KorAa, npeTepneB nepecTpoHKy, 6aHKH BbIXOART Ha HOBbiH Kypc
7 rIoApo6noe o6cymAeHHe npH'HH, KOTOpbie BbIHYMAalOT 6aHxH 3aHHMaTbCR CTpaTeFHqeCKHMnaaHHpoDaHIeM, npHBOAHTCR y 4 MHHoHa (1986).
8 B TepMHHOAOrHH nAaHHpOBaHHI, OnlepaTHBHbiH lAAaH -9TO ITOApO6HOe paSBepHyToe HBAo2KeHHecTpaTerHH, TaKTHKH H 61ft eTa. B STOM SHa4eHHH TepMHH 'KaCTO HCIIOAbSyeTCR KaK paBHOSHa3HbxA TepMHHyAeAoBOr nAaH, HAH 6HsHec-nAaH".
11
YjWpejl.eHwe pfJyoBownrca m Joa memn v1ycrTBNAbHocTir iAepemeHaA
AeHCTBHH. IAaH onpeAe.AAeT napameTpbi xOpouio CFOKYCHPOBaHHbIX pa3MbliAeHHA O KOHRy-
peHgHH, pbIHKaX, npoAyKTax H npH6blAbHOCTH, o6ecneIHBaeT rioAAep2rKy noTpe6HOcTefi H ROH-
TpOAA, paspa6aTblBaeT HOBbliH nOAXOA K qeAOBe'eCKHM H TeXHHqecKHM pecypcaM. FlAaH ycTa-
HaBAHBaeT paMKH AAA pa3pa6oTiH CHCTeMbI OnAaTbi TpyAa H MaTepHaAbHOrO H HHOro CTHMy-
AHpOBaHHH TpyAa.
rAaH He TOAbKO xapaKTepH3yeT yqpemKAeHHe - T.e. H3AaraeT ero UeAH, KOHKpeTHble 3aAaH
H OnHcbIBaeT, %ITO co6oi B AaHHbIH MoMeHT ipeAcTaBAAeT opraHH3aMHR, HO H TOMHO H MeTRO
H.AaraeT, K a K OpraHH3a1HH pelCHT nocTaBAeHHbie 3aAaqIH H KTO HeCeT 3a BTO OTBeTCTBeH-
HOCTb. HanpHMep, nAaH onpeAeAAeT PbIHKH 6aHKa H OnHCblBaeT, KaK 6aHK MO2eT BbiHTH Ha
BTH pbIHKH. B HeM OTMe'iaeTCA, Kax 6aHK MomeT yKpenHTb A!060H ynpaBAeHqecCKrH npogecc,
o6ecneqHTb cBoH TeXHH'eCKHH ypOBelb H pemUITb Bonpoc nepcOHaAa. HAaH onpeAeAAeT pRA
q)HHaHCOBbiX noKa3aTeAeH Ka'ieCTBeHHoro flAaHHpOBaHHH, KoTopbie peaAH3yIOTCR B
npeABapHTeAbHOM 6aAaHcoBoM oTqeTe, a TaK2Ke B oTviTe o npH6blA3ix H y6bITKax.
Fo onpeAeAeHHIo, onepaTHBHbIH nAaH npeACTaBAfeT co6o0 AOBOAbHO noApo6Hblf H
BCeOXBaTbiBaiou.HH AOKyMeHT. IO MCHbiueiH mepe B HeM AOA2KHbx 6blTb OTpa2eHbl CAeAy1ojHe
4 3aAa'H opraHH3aUHH:
* OnpeAeAHTb 6yAyuJHA npOqPHAb;
* onpeAeAHTb CeAeBbie pbiHKH;
* OipeAcAHTb Tpe6oBaHHR noAAep2KKH - IIeAOBeqeCKHe peCypCbl, BHAbl yCAyr, npOAyXgiOo
H TexHoAorHIo;
* pa3pa6oTaTb ripoeccbi KOHTpOAA.
AAR Toro, MTo6bI Bb1nOAHHTb aTy MHOrOCeAe"BYO 3aAaqy nAaH AOA2eH OXBaTbiBaTb Bce
acneKTbl 6aHKoBcKHx onepaUHii H 6aHKOBcKoro ynpaiBAeHHH. B npoUecce nAaHHpoBaHHHi, mUecTb
acneKToB ynpaBAeHHH, KoTophbe nepeCHCAeHbl HHme, noABeprarcOTCS cAoKHoMy alHaAH3y C
no3HUHH CerOAHSIUHefH H 6yAyJAeA cpopMbl opraHH3a1UHH:
* YnpaBAeHHe pHCKOBblMH aKTHBaMH - KpeAHTbi, HHBeCTHUHOHHbIH nOpT(PrAb,
3a6aAaHcoBbie pHCKH;
* Ynpa&ieHNe o6JhSaa7AbcT7BaKH - AHKBHAHOCTb, npHEAe'ieHHe Aeno3HToB, o6CAy2HHBaHue
KAHeHTOB, PHHaHCHpOBaHHe;
* YnpaBAeHHe KOMHCCHOHHbIMH onepagHHMH - onepaUHoHHoe o6cAy2HHBaHHe,
TexHHiqecKHe H KOHCYAbTal1HOHHbie yCAyrH;
* FIpOfSBO4M7CAbJfOCTb - OnepagHOHHaR B(P"KTHBHOCTb, HHq)OpMagHOHHaA TexHOAorHm,
npOHBOAHTeAbHOCTb COTPYAHHKOB, a Tam2Ke qIHHaHcoBbIe pe3yAbTaTbl;
* KoI'TpoAbHmme tyHKgHJ - BHyTpeHHHH ayAHT, CHCTCMra ynpaBAeHHB HHqlOpMaUKHeC, a
TalKe ynpaBAeHHe KpeAHTaMH;
* YnpaameHave KA4paMH - nOArOTOBKa KaApOB, Ha6op H yAepmaHHe, nooigpeHHe,
pOTagHR, Pa3BHTHe KapbepbI H opraHH3aMHOHHaR CTpyKTypa.
12
fJAauEpoBaRe
OCObEHHOCTH rLAAHHPOBAHHR B BAHKAX B YCAOBHRXPA3BHBAIOIIJHIXCH 0HHAHCOBbIX Pb[HKOB
PeBoAJoUHoHHbie npeO6pa3oBaHHU 6aHKOBCKOA HHAYCTpHH B pa3BHTblX CTpaHaX HaYHHalOToKa3biBaTb BAHRHHe Ha 6aHKoBcKHe cHcTeMbI pa3BHBaaiouHxca cTpaH, cTpaH BOCTOqHOiiEBponbl H CCCP. OTpaCAb, KOTOpaA A0 CaMOrO nOCAeAHerO BpeMeHH Ae4CTBOBaAa KaKOTHOCHTeAbHO OAHOpOAHbIH KapTeAb OKa3aAaCb BbJHymAeHHOH H3-3a CHHTHH peryAHpoBaHHH H6AaroAapR TeXHOAorH'iecKoMy nporpeccy AeHCTBOBaTb B yCAOBHqx cpeAbi C BbICOKOHKoHKypeHUHeH. B TaKHX yCAOBHRX nAaHHpoBaHHe CTaHOBHTCR Heo6xoAHMOCTblO.
BoAee Toro, 6aHKpoTcTBo npHBeAO K (HHaHCOH nepecTpoflKe Bce 6oAbmuero qHcAa4HHaHCOBbIX HHCTHTYTOB no Bcemy MHpy. FlepecTpoeHHble qHHaHCOBbIC yspemAeHHH BPasBHBaIOWHXCH CTpaHaX H CTpaHaX BocToqHoii EBponbm HMelOT oco6yio noTpe6HocTb BOUepaTHBHOM rLAaHHpOBaHHH, eCAH OHH XOTHT OlPCeAeAHTb AAR ce6g pOAb, KOTOpaR onpeAeAHTHX (pHHaHcoByio 2KH3Hecnoco6HOcTb H 3aU HTHT HX OT yXyALueHHH B 6yAy eM. OrnepaTHBHbIenAaHbl O3BOARIOT npOBeCTH Bceo6ibemAeiJyIO H HHTerpHPOBaHHyJo o&eHKy 6aHKa, BIAioqaHCHAbHbie H cAa6bie CTOpOHbI opraHH3agHH, ()HHaHCOByIO CTpyKTYPY H (JHHaHCOBbie pe3yAbTaTbiAefTeAbHOCTH. OHH nepeBoART OgeHKY COCTORHHH AeA B KoppeKTHpyioIHe MepOnpHHTHR HcMeqjalOT aKgeHT nepcoHaAa 6aHKa c AeHTeAbHOCTH Ha pe3yAbTaTbi BTOH AeRTeAbHOCTH.
Io CpaBHeHHIO C KoMMepeCCKHMH 6aHKaMH B CTpaHax C BbICOKHM ypoBHeM AoxoAa, 6aHKHB 6oAbIUHHCTBe CTpaH C HHSKHM H cpeAHHM YPOBHeM AoxoAa B CeAoM qaCTO HMeCOT 6oAeemIHpOKHH Kpyr OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH H HeCyT 6oAbMHe 3aTpaTbl no OTHOLUeHHIO K CBOHM AOBOAbHOOrpaHHqeHHbIM pecypcaM, HMelOT 6oAee orpaHHqeHHbIH AOCTyn K MeCTHOMY H HHOCTPaHHOMYKanHTaAy H AOA2KHbl, B COOTBeTCTBHH C Tpe6oBaHHHMH K HHM, HMeTb 6oAbmyIO CTeneHbAHBepCH(PHKaUHH. 0 Tpex KoHKpeTHbIX orpaHHCeHHHX CTOHT YfOMIHyTb oco6o c caMoroHa'aAa, rIOTOMy 'ITO OHH OnpeAeASioT cnoco 6
HOCTb 6aHKoB riAaHHPOBaTb CBOio AeHTeAbHOCTb.
HecMoTpa Ha TO, -ITO n1paBHTeAbCTBa CHHMalOT 'IHCAO nporpaMM H36paHHoroxpeAHToBaHHU, (HHaHCOBbie yqpe?KAeHHH B HeKOTOPbIX pa3BHBalOjHXCR (3HHaHCOBbIX PbIHKaXocTaioTcH KaHaAaMH, KOTOpbie o6ecne'HBaloT nepeAasy KpeAHTOB B onpeAeACHHble ceKTopbIsKOHOMHKH. OHH TaK2Ke MoryT HcnOAbsOBaTbcH KaK areHTCTBa npeAOcTaBAeHHRHeKoMMepqecKoH noMOli.H, TaKOH KaK o6yleHHe HAH TeXHHqeCKHe yCAyrH, npeAoCTaBAeHHRKBa3H-pHcKoBoro KaniHTaAa H nepeCTpOHKH npeAnpHsTHH. qacTo 6aHKH 'lacTO HCAOcTaTo'HonoAroToBAeHbl AAR cBOeH pOAH opraHH.3agHOHHO H TeXHH'eCKH, qTO B UeAOM MOfLmeT HeCOOTBeTCTBOBaTb cTaHAapTaM 3AopoBOH HopMaAbHOH 6aHKoBcKoil npaKTHKM. B rnaHe AOAmHblHaiHTH oTpameHHe sOHbl peaAbHbIX HAH nOTCHUHaAbHbIX npo6AeM, riAaH AoA2KeH CAy2KHTbOCHOBOH B3aHMoAe4CTBHH C (HHaHCOBblMH H peryAHpyMlqHMH opraHaMH.
Koppe"mpooaxa #OJWH COBOJ JoAwNT
KoppeKTHpOBKa Ha1tHoHaAbHOH qHHaHCOBOH nOAHTHKH H TaKHX ee COCTaBAsHOIuHX, KaxTpe6oBaHHe AorioAHHTeAbHbIX pesepBOB, H3MeHeHHH BaAloTHorO Kypca H npogeHTHOH cTaBKH,KOHTpOAb HaA BbIAa'eii KpeAHToB MOryT HrpaTb OAHO3HaqHo OTpHUaTeAbHYIo pOAb BqNHaHcoBoM 6AaronoAy'HH KOMMepqecKOro 6aHKa. MHorHe cTpaHbl HaKAaAbiBaloT THmeAyio
13
YxpeuAeHHe pyJoBq,ocTBa H mOBMIzeIHNH qyBHcOrr7WAhHocTH K iroepeMe.m
HOIlY nllpMbIX H KOCBeHHbiX HaAOrOB Ha (PHHaHcoBoe nocpeAHHHeCTBO.9 BO MHOrHX CAy-iaRX,
npHHMTHe TaKHX mep H HX BcpeKT BbIXOAHT sa rpaHHUbi KOHTpOAH 6aHKa. OnepaTHBHbiu nlAaH
AOA2KeH OpHeHTHpOBaTb 6aHK Ha TeXHHqeCKHe Tpe6oBaHHH H UnOHHMaHHe 3HalqeHHH 3aTpaT Ha
nocpeAHH'ecKylo AerreAbHOcTb, 3aAo2KeHyio B MaKpOsKOHOMHmCeKOH nIOAHTHKe H nIOAHTHKe
CeKTOpOB 8KOHOMHKH.
HHCTwN7IJNOmaAbHaII pOAb
POAb 6aHKa Ha qFHHaHCOBbIX pbIHKaX onpeAeAReT ero (PHHaHCOBY1O 2KH3Hecnoco6HocTb H
HHCTHTYUHOHaAbHYIO 3XPCeKTHBHOCTb. Bo MHOrHX cTpaHax rocyAapCTBeHHble y4pe2KAeHHR
BbInOAHSIOT ABOHYIO pOAb: OHH RBARIOTCH H y'pe2KAeHHRMH pa3BHTHR H KoMMepqeCKHMH
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2rH3Hecnoco6 HOCTH, MOMeHTaAbHbIHi nepexoA K cyry6o KoMMepqecKoMy noAxoAy HeBo3Mo2KeH B
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14
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15
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16
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17
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MorAH 6bl noAyqHTb 6OAbUlyIO nIOAb3y OT pa3pa6oTKH CTpaTerHH H CHCTeMbl UIHpOKHX H
BCeOXBaTbIBaiolgHX OnepaTHBHbIX nAaHOB. AaHHblH pa3AeA rAaBbi nOCBHigeH HCKAMoIHTeAbHO
cTpaTerHH. H4aCTb rAaBbl OTBeAeHa o6cymAeHHIo BOnPOCOB TaKTHKH H nOArOTOBKH 61oAmeTOB B
paMKaX IluHpOKOrO onepaTHBHoro nAaHHpOBaHHH.
KOHKypeHSHH CHHTaeTCR OTnpaBHbIM MOMeHTOM B pa3pa6OTKe qOpMyAHpOBOK CTpaTerHH
6aHKa. KaK OTMeqaA H3BeCTHbIH (pHHaHCHCT B o6AacTH CTpaTerHMecKoro nAaHHpOBaHHR MafixA
HlopTep, "CMbICA cpOPMYAHPOBKH CTpaTerHH .3aKAio'aeTcH B TOM, -To6bi CnpaBHTbCR C
KOHKypeHuHeH t1 OCHOBOH pa3pa6oTKH CTpaTerHH, TaKHM o6pa.3oM, cAy2HT nOHHMaHHe CHA
KOHKypeHMHH, HX rAy6HHHbIX npH'IHH, a TaKme OCHOBHbIX CHAbHbIX H cAa6bix CTOpOH 6aHKa no
OTHOiIIeHHIO K aTMm rAy6HHHblM npH4HHaM.
B HeKOTOpbIX pa3BHBaiOujHXCM pbiHKaX 6aHKH HMeiOT nIpHBHAerHH, OHH TaK2Ke nOAb3yIOTC
npHeMaMH, KOTOpbIe AalOT HM KOHKypeHTHOe npeHMylJeCTBO: AbrOTHOe (pHHaHCHpOBaHHe,
noAy'IaeMoe HMH H3 rOCyAaPCTBeHHbIX HCTO'IHHKOB, orpaHHXieHHH AAR HX HHOCTPaHHbIX
KoHKypeHTOB B OTHOiIIeHHH BX02tAeHMA Ha pbIHOK H OTKpbITHH HOBbIX OTAeAeHHH, a TaKme
3aKOHoAaTeAbHbie Tpe6oBaHHH K rocyAapCTBeHHbIM KoMnaHHRM BecbTH AenO3HTHbie H
KpeAHTHbie onepaUHH c onpeAeAeHHbIMH, o6brqHO rOCyAapCTBeHHbIMH 6aHKaMH. 3TH q)aKTopbi
CXOART Ha HeT, no Mepe Toro KaK yBeAHqHBaeTCH CTeneHb (PHHaHCOBOH AH6epaAHWaUHH. Ho
t llopTep 1979.
18
flhamrpoBamHe
Mepe Toro, KaK aTH KOHKypeHTHble npeHmyWeCTBa Hc'e3aloT, 6aHKH AOA2KHbI pa3pa6aTblBaTbHOBble.
HCTOKH KOHKypeHTHbIX rpeHMyUeCTB KOMMepqeCKHX 6aHKOB C OAHOH CTOpOHbI OAHHaKOBbIBO BCeM MHpe, a C ApyroH - MOryT 6blTb KOHKpeTHO-Cr1egHq)HqHblMH AAH KamAoro pbIHKa.HHmKe npHBOAHTCB Bam2Hbie HCTOqHHKH KOHKypeHTHOH CHAbl KpynHeHlUHX MemAYHapOAHbIX6aHKoB, KoTopbie no cipaBeAAHBOCTH MoryT 6bITb OTHCeHbI H K 6aHKaM pa3BHBaioIJHXCHCTpaH. 1 2
BaHKOBCKam CTpaTeruHH BKAiOYaeT npHHSTHe pellleHHH B OTHOIUeHHH geAeBoro pbIHKa 6aHKa.AHaAH3 pblHOqHbIH CTpyKTypbI, pa3AHqHbIX aAbTepHaTHBHbIX peUIeHHH nomoraeT 6aHKyOnpeAeAHTb cTpaTerHlO, KOTOpaA H AOCTH2KHMa H nOTeHUHaAbHO npH6blAbHa. KpHTepHHKOHKypeHTHOcnoco6HoHi pbIHOHHOH CTpyKTypbl, pa3pa6oTaHHble M. IlopTepoM, MoryT npHMe-HHTbCH K paBAH4HblM 6aHKOBCKHM pbiHKaM (BCTaBKa 2.2) AAH OnpeACAeHHS gOnOAHHTeAbHbIXXapaKTepHCTHK npH pa3pa6OTKe 6aHKOBCKOfi CTpaTerHH. 1 3
B3 aHKH, npeTeprieBWHe HeAaBHIO1O nepeCTpOHKy, HMeIOT TeH4eHgHIO HaUeAHBaTbCH HanepBoKAaccHbie KOpnopaUHH H 6oraTblX MaCTHbIX KAHeHTOB.14 aTOT peHOMeH M Homm yBHAeTb BTaKHX pa3AHqHbJX cTpaHax KaK FaHa H BeHrpHH. Ho CyljeCTBYIOU4He H nOTeHUHaAbHbIe
pa3Mepbl pbIHKa aToro cermeHTa 6aHKoBcKofi KAHeHTYPbI KaK npaBHAO He cMoryT o6ecneiHTbBCIo 6aHKoBCKyIo HHAYCTPHIO. K TOMY me B HeKOTOpbIX CAy"aqx oTAeAbHble y'pe2KAeHHH ymKeAOMHHHPYIOT Ha pblHKe. CTpaTerHH, pa3pa6oTaHHble 6e3 TIgaTeAbHOrO aHaAH3a 4paKTOpOBKoHKypeHgHH, He MOrYT CAy2KHTb OCHOBOH ycneliHoro, PHHaHCOBO 2KH3HCCnoco6Horo 6aHKa.IlOHHMaHHe CTpYKTypbI PbIHKa 6aHKOBCKHX YCAyr H KOHKypeHUHH Ha BTHX pbIHKax cos3aeTOCHOBY yCrIelUHOH CTpaTerHH.
B pa3BHBalOlgHXCH CTpaHax PbIHOK 6aHKOBCKHX yCAyr maCTO He HHTerpHpOBaH H
KoHKypeHUHR, KaK npaBHAO, pa36 HTa Me2KAy OTAeAbHb1MH CerMeHTaMH TaKoro pbIHKa.HanpHMep, B HeKOTOPbIX CAY'qa5X OAHO HAH HeCKOAbKo 6aHKoBcKHx y'pe2KAeHHH nO'TH
HcKAjoSHTeAbHO o6cAymHBaloT pblHOK HHAHBHAyaAbHbJX KAHeHToB, ApyrHe - pblHOK
rOCYAaPCTBeHHbIX npeAnPHHTHH HAH 'aCTHbIX KoMnaHHH, TPCTbH COCpeAOTO'HAH yCHAHH Ha
pbIHKe HHOCTpaHHbIX npeanpHHTHH, COBMeCTHbIX npeAnPHHTHH HAH TpaHCHagHoHaAbHblX
KOMnaHHH. Flo mepe AH6epaAH3agHH, pa3BHTHH H yrAy6AeHHH aTHX pbIHKOB no BCeH
BHAHMOCTH YCHAHTCH H KOHKYPeHUHR Me2KAy OTAeAbHbIMH CerMeHTaMH. HCXOAHbIM BOnPOCOM
CTpaTerHH AAA 6aHKOBCKHX y4pe2KAeHHH Ha TaKHX pbIHKaX lBAHeTCA CTeneHb cnegHaAm3agHH,
KOTOPYIO OHH AOA2KHbl coxpaHHTb H noAAep2KHBaTb.
12 MaTepHaA aAa&iTHPOBaH y BaAbTep 1988.13 j
1OpTep 1979.
14 Pa6oTy c 6oraTbIMH AIOAbMH HHOrAa HHoCxa3aTeAbHo Haa3b1BalOT 'iacTHoe RAH HHAHBHAyaAbHOe6aHKOBCxOe Ae4Ao
19
YxpenAemae pJ=OO4o,cBa N IIoBmIIremif qyCTrBeAbHOCTm Kr mepememam
BcTasKa 2.1
H4 CTOqHHKH KOHKypeHTHOa CHAbI mexcAyHaPOAHbIX 6aeKoB
4ocraToYmmocm KaJHTafa - Fo mepe Bo3paCTaHHR Tpe6oBaHHH K xanKHTaAy Ha cpHHaHCOBbiX
pbIHKaX H CO CTOpOHbl peryAHpyioiiHx opraHoB, HeAOCTaTOqHblH KanHTaA HBHTCH cepbC3HbIM
TOPM030M Ha rlyTH 6aHKoB K ycneUwHoH AeHTeAbHOCTH, B nepByio oqepeAb KaCaRCb TaKHX ee
pOpM, KaK pa3meugeHHe geHHbiX 6yMar no noAnHcKe, CAHRHHR H UnoKynKa 6aHKoB.
RaYecTBo aKTHBoB - BaHKH C aKTHBaMH HeBbICOKoro KaqeCTBa He MoryT paccmHTbIBaTb Ha
3aHHTHe CHAbHOrO KOHKypeHTHOrO noAo2KeHHR Ha PbIHKe C no3HUHH HX q,HHaHcoBoH CHAbi.
(I)HHaHCOBbie H AIOACKHe pecypcbi 6yAyT OTBAeKaTbCH Ha CAa6bix 3aeMUJHKOB. TaAaHT
COTPYAHHKOB H aHeprHH tyqpe2KAeHHA 6yAyT HanpaBAeHbl Ha nepeCTPOHKy cBoero nopTq)AS H
ynpaBAeHHe npO6AeMHbIMH KpeAHTaMH.
Aro4cKHe pecypcbJ - HlpeAnpHHHMaTeAbcKHe Ka'IeCTBa H 3ApaBoCTb CymAeHHH no3BOASIOT
6aHKy nOAb3OBaTbcq BO3MO2KHOCTRMH pbIHKa. KaK OTMeCaA H3BeCTHblH HCMeUKHH 6aHKHp
BHApPHA ryT: "B CCrOAHHUIHHX YCAOBHHX H3MeHsioueeHca KOHKypeHTHOH cpeAbi 4eAOBemeCKiHH
KanHTaA CAeAyeT PaCCMaTPHBaTb KaK caMbIH UeHHblH aKTHB (HHaHCOBoro yqpe2KAeHHSI,
cnoco6HocTb K HcnoAb3oBaHHIO Bo3MO2KHOCTeH PbHKa npHRMO 3aBHCHT OT Ka'ieCTBa AIOACKHX
pecypCOB."1 5
IIIpopMaghw - BaHKOBCKOe AeAO - HHOpMpagHOHHO eMKOe IIpOH3BOACTBO. CrIoco6HOCTb K
c6opy H HCnOAb3OBaHHlO HH"pOpMaUHH - B oco6eHHocTH KpeAHTHOH - OAHH H3 Ba2KHeHHIHX
BKAaAOB 6aHKa B aKOHOMHKy. C6op H OieHKa HH(POpMajHH KpaHHe Ba2KHbl AAA TaKHX BHAOB
Ae5!TeAbHOCTH, KaK KpeAHTOBaHHe H CB13aHHbie C HHM onepaUHH, paBHO KaK H AAR Pa3BHTHR
HOBbIX npOAYKTOB H YCAyr, HeKOTOpb1e H3 KOTOpblX (TaKHe KaK npeAocTaBAeHHe ()HHaHcOBbIX
KOHCyAbTagHH) AOA2KHbI o6AaAaTb nepBOKAaCCHO1U HHqpOpMaIHeH AAA TOrO, qTO6bi 6 blTb
nOAe3HbIMH KAHeHTaM.
NHHaHcoBbIe HHHoBgNHH - HHHOBagHR RBAHeTC.R (PyHKUHeH qeAoBeqecKoro KanHTraAa,
TeXHOAorHH, COCTOSIHHH pbIHKa, peryAHpoBaHHS H KOPIIOpaTHBHOH KyAbTypbi 6aHKa. B
paBBHBaioWHxcC (PHHaHCOBblX pbIHKax, HHHOBalUHH 'aCTO oTBepraeTcH OTCyTCTBHeM
KoHKypeH!,HH H 2KeCTKHM peryAHpOBaHHeM (HHaHCOBbIX HHCTpyMeHTOB.
TexHoAo,wz - rHpHeMAeMocTb TeXHOAOrHH H yMeHHe, C KOTOpbIM OHa npMeHHeTCR B
HHTepeCaX 6aHKa, o6yCAasAHBaeT Ka'eCTBO 6aHKOBCKHX ycAyr, KaqeCTBO npHH1THRS pelIeHHH H
BHyTpeHHero KOHTpOAH.
WpaHumNsa - HeMaTepHaAbHblii, HO Ba2KHblH BHA aKTHBOB. JJeHa ero onpeAeAReTCH
BOCnPHHTHeM Ha pbIHKe HCTOPHH pa3BHTHR H co3AaHHR 6aHKoBcKoro y-Ipe2KAeHHHs, Ha6opa
npeAAaraembix ycAyr, KoMneTeHTHOCTH H KoHKypeHTHOcnoco6HOCTH 6aHKa. UeHa ppaHiH.3bi
MO2eT TaK2e onpeAfeARTbcH CeTbIO (pUAHaAOB 6aHKa HAH 6a3oHi KAHCHTOB.
HcroVHHK: BaAbTep 1988.
15 firrHpoBaio no BaAuTep 1988, CTp. 81.
20
!LAaHopoWroe
BcTaBKa 2.2
KPHTepHH IOHwypeHTHOCIOC06nOH pbIHOqHOH CTPYKTypbI
CHAa l7OCTrBaNHKOB Ha phlHme - Cpe4CTBa H COTPYAHHKH - BOT ABa xpaHHe Baf2IHb1X
pecypca 6aHKa. Bo3Harpa2KAeHHe 3a HCTOqHHKH (HHNaHCHOBaHHR H orpaHH'IeHHf B
pHHaHCHPOBaHHH, paBHO KaK H nAaTa 3a TpyAOBbIe pecypcbl H AeCHlUHT Heo6xoAHMbix
HaBbIKOB, CHAbHO BAHHIOT Ha 6aHKoBcKHe onepaJHH.
Ph/NoYHaH CHAa KACeH7VB - OnIpeAeAeHHbie rpynnbi KAHeHTOB HMerOT 3HaqHTeAbHO
6oAbMHii BeC H CHAy B neperoBopax no cpaBHeHHIO C ApyrHMH. K HHM OTHOCHTCH
TpaHCHa,UoHaAbHble KOMnaHHH, 6oraTbie 'iaCTHbie AHUa, BbICOKOKAaCCHbie KopnopagHH. CApyroH CTOpOHbl, aTH PbIHKH KnpeAAaraloT o0eHb saMaH'IHBoe COOTHOIIIeHHe pHCKa H AOXoAa.
HaAnYHe npo,4yrKToB-aHaAoroB - Ho mepe npOHHKHOBeHHR HHHOBaUHOHHbIX MaTepHaAOB Ha
pblHOK, KAaCCHu1eCKHe npOAYKTbl TpaAHUHOHHOrO 6aHKOBCKoro AeAa BbITCCHRHOTC1 He6aHKoB-
CKHMH nlpOAyKTaMH. AOCTyIHHOCTb 3aMeHHTeAeC BAHReT Ha CTpYKTypy KOHKypeHTocnoco6HoCTb
pbIHKa.
CTpyxrypa KOHKypeHNHH - CyujeCTBy1OgHe H nOTeCHHaAbHb1e KOHKypeHTbi.
1jesoBbe TeH4eHgNH - 3aTpaTbi H AOXOAbl, CBS3aHHbie C HOBbIMH pbIHKaMH H HOBblMH
BHAaMH npOAYKTOB H CpaBHeHHe C 3anAaHHpOBaHHbIMH Ha AaHHbiU nepHOA nOKaS3aTeAnMH
nPH6blAH.
H1CToVHHK: C HMmeHeHHRMH IopTep 1979.
MHorHe pa3BHBaolgHeCC PbIHKH HMeIOT TeHAeHUH10 pa3BHBaTbCR B 6oAbillHe rIAIopaAHCTH-
'iCcKHe qJHHaHCOBbJe CHCTeMbi, BKAIO'aIOUJHe KpynHbIe AHBepCH(pHjHPOBaHHbie 6aHKH1 6, a
TaKl2Ke MaAbie, YSKO CnegHaAH3HPOBaHHbie 6aHKH.1 7 Y camAoro THna 6aHKoB eCTb CBOH pOAb.
Mx ycnex 3aBHCHT He OT oco6o0i opraH3aIaH0HHOHi CTpyKTypbi, a OT OnpeAeAeHHR KAio-]eBb1X
paaKTOPOB ycnexa, npoAyMaHHOCTH Bbi6opa aAbTepHaTHB H BbinOAHeHHS noCTaBAeHHbIX 3aAaq.
MHorHe ycieiulHbie 6aHKH HMeAH O4eHb y3KO CqpoKyCHpoBaHHYIO cTpaTerHIO, KOHNeNTpHpySHCCb,
HanpHMep, Ha o6CAy2fHBaHHH KopnOpaTHBHb1X xAHeHTOB H npeAoCTaBAeHHH AoporHX yCAyr. HHao6opoT, MHOrHe ycneWI1Hb1e 6aHKH o6cAy2HBaAH 6 OAee UIHpOKHH CneKTp PbIHKOB H
co3AaBaAH ce6e HMHA2Il npOHSBOAHTeAeH AeCIIeBbIX ycAyr.1 8OAHHM H3 OCHOBHblX orpaUHHieHH
npH HIHpOKOU AHBepCH(pHKaUHH IBAHieTcCR CKYAHOCTb TeXHHqeCKHX H ynpaEAeH'ecKHX HaBbiKOB.
HIOaToMy cTpaTerHIo Heo6xoAHMo yB3biBaTb C BOSMO2KHOCTHMH y'pe2KAeHHR.
16 TeHAeHWRu B BocTo9HoH EBpone BbipamaeTCn B ABHmeHHH K YHHBepcaAbHbiM 6aHXaM, KOTopblM nosBOAs
eTcs npRMoe HAH HenpAmoe y4acTHe (B macTHOCTH, 'epes CBOH Ao'epHHe npeAnpHRTHR) B onepagjRx CKanmTaAOM KoMnaHHi H geHHbIMH 6ymaraMH. BcKope HeKoTOpblM HS BTHX CTpaH npHAeTCS BrLAoTHylio 3aHuTbchHHTerpaij|Hef 6aHKoBcKorO AeAa H cTpaxoBaIHI, noATBepmAan yCTOH9HBsYO TeHAeHWHlO, cyuecTByiojyio B
3anaAHo8H EBpone.
17 MaAeHbKHe, y3Ko-geAeBble 6aHKH HHOrAa HaBbIBa*OT 6aHKaMH-HmIUaMH HAH KHocKaMH".
18 Co6AioAeHHe paBHoBecHa HHTepecoB ys3oro pbIHKa H CneUHaAsHHpoBaHHoro npOAyKTa H OTpacAeBoH HAH
reorpaH'MecKofi AHBePcHcqHKaUHH fopTqCA Tpe6yeT OCTOPOMHOCTH H MyApocTH, nocKoAbKy Heo6xoAHMaSHaqHTeAbHaR CTerieHb AHBePCH(HKaUHH AAR H3OAgUHH 6aHKa OT pHCKoB, cBJsIHHbLx C 'peaMepHoH
KoHIeHTpagJHeH nopT" KpeAHTOB.
21
YJrpeinAeHNe pJwOBOmxCTrm N irOBIIJeHNwr IyBCTBNTeAbNoCTN Ar HepemeHam
Pa3pa6oTKa CTpaTerHH B TaKHX yCAOBHSX BKAioqaeT pa3pa6oTKy H onpeAeAeHHe HHTepecHbix
H npHBAeKaTeAbHbIX pbIHKOB, KAHeHTOB H ogeHKy KOHKypeHUHH, KaK o6 3TOM roBOpHAOCb
BbILue. BaHKH B pa3BHBaloWHxcsl (pHHaHCOBbIX pbIHKax, pa6oTaloT B CAO2KHbIX yCAOBHRX H
CTaAKHBaHoTCH CO MHorHMH orpaHHmeHH9MH. CAa6ocTb KpeAHTHoro riopTe, HexBaTKa KBaAH-
(pHjHPOBaHHOro nepcoHaAa, riepeMeH'IHBaR SKOHOMH'ieCKas CHTyaUHH, HeXBaTKa HHq)OpMaUHH H
BMeCI1aTeAbCTBo rocyAapcTBa B q)HHaHCOBbiH CeKTOp - BCe STO OrpaHHqHBaeT BO3MO2KHOCTb
Bbi6opa cTpaTerHH. YqHTbIBasi MHoroqcHAeHHoe AaBAeHHe, KOTOpoe HCrIbITbIBalOT 6 aHKH, OHH
cKopee Bcero He 6 yAyT 3aoCTPHTb cBoe BHHMaHHe Ha KOHKYpCHUHH KaK eAHHCTBeHHOH OCHOBe
Am1 pa3pa6oTKH CBoeH CTpaTerHH. TeM He MeHee, Heo6xoAHMo yAeAHTb BHHMaHHe aTHM
BAeMeHTaM npH PaSBHTHH CTpaTerHH 6aHKOB H cAeAaTb HX, rio Mepe pa3BHTHH pbIHKOB, TOqKOH
q)OKYCHPOBKH CTpaTerHH 6aHKa.
B3 aHKH B pa3BHBaIO1JHXCM (pHHaHCOBbIX pbIHKaX AOA2KHbi nOHHMaTb npOHCXOAH4 UHe paAH-
KaAbHbie H3MeHeHHH B HaCTOHigeM H B 6yAyi.eM, eCAH OHH KacaIoTcH HX OCHOBHOH KAHeHTypbi.
B BeHrPHH, HanpHMep, npHMCpHO TpeTb H3 43 TbICS1M 3aperHCTPHPOBaHHb1X npeAnlpHiTHH B
cTpaHe Ha KoHeg 1990 roAa 6blAa 3aperHCTPHPOBaHa B 1990 roAy. Co3AaHHe H pa3BHTHe
MeToAoAorHH H CTPaTerHH Bq)4eKTHBHoro o6cAy2HBaI-IHH HOBbIX KoMnaHHH RBAHeTcC KpaHHe
BamKHbMM AA.H noAAep2aHH. 6aHKoBcKoro POCTa H npH6bIAbHOCTH, paBHO KaK H AAR cTa6HAb-
HOCTH nepexoAa BKOHOMHKH. rIOMHMO KpeAHTOBaHHR HOBbIX KoMnaHHH, MTO HecoMHeHHO
npHBeAeT K BO3HHKHOBeHHio npHBAeKaTeAbHOrO H AHHaMH'ieCKOrO pbiHKa 3aBTpauHero AH1,
6aHKH - oco6eHHo rOCyAapCTBeHHbie 6aHKH B CTpaHax nepexoAHoro nepHoAa - AoA2rHbi
OnpeAeAHTb CBOIO POAb B peqJopMe npeAnpHHTHH H B ()HHaHCHpOBaHHH nAoxo pa6oTaioiHx
pecny6AHKaHCKHX npeAnpHTHTHA. AO CHX nop, OMHb HeMHOrHe 6aHKH HAH npaBHTeAbCTBa 'eTKO
onpeAeAHAH CBOIO nO3HUHiO no aTOMy Bonpocy.
XapaKTep KpeAHTHbIX pHCKOB, xapaKTepH3yIolo4HH 6yAyujHx 3aeMUJHKOB, AOAMeH 6bMTb BHH-
MaTeAbHO H3y-ieH 6aHKaMH, B oco6eHHocTH, eCAH BTH 6aHKH HeAaBHO npOIUAH nepeCTpOHKy H
noToMy MoryT c'HTaTb Heo6xoAHMbIM H3MeHHTb CBOIO KpeAHTHylo cTpaTerHIO AAA noAAepma-
HHH CBoeCH nAaTe2Kecnoco6HoCTH. KaK oTMe'iaeTCSI B rAaBe 3 "YnpaBAeHHe KpeAwTHbiM
pHCKOM, OT6op KpeAHTocnoco6HbIx pblHKOB RBAReTcR BamHbIM HCXOAHbIM YCAOBHeM coxpaHe-
HHH 3AOpOBOro KpeAHTHOro nOpT H.
nPOUECC OnEPATHBHOrO nAAHHPOBAHHH
K nAaHHPOBaHHIO MO02HO nOAOHTH no pamHoMy. Hpoa,ecc, onHCaHHbIH B BTOH rAaBe, npeA-
noAaraeT yqacTHe COTPYAHHKOB B pa3pa6oTKe nAaHOB H HCXOAHT H3 HaAHqHR HecKOAbKO
Ae eHTpaAHwBaHHOH CHCTCMbI ynpaBAeHHH, npH KOTOpOH OCHOBHOH o6beM onepagHH, cBn3aH-
HbIX C FlAaHHpOBaHHeM, BbIrIOAHHeTcR AHHeHHbIMH PYKOBOAHTeAHMH Ha YPOBHe noAoTAeAoB H
6oAee MeAKHX noApa3AeAeHHH. 19 HpH TaKoM npogecce PYKOBOAHTeAb 6aHKa Bbipa6aTbiBaeT
19 KaK oTMeiaAocb Bbimle, 6aHK MOmeT OCy1eCTBHTb 6oAee npOCTOH igeHTpaAm3oBaHHbxH npogecc Ha
KOpnOpaTHBHOM ypoBHe, HCnO.Ab3yR Te Me CaMbIe COCTaBAJuOi1He H MeToAoAorFHo. [IpHMep cxeMaTHiecKoH
opraHmsawiH (CO) BO BCTyrIHTeAbHOH iMaCTH KHHrH npeAcTasBAAeT co6o0 CHAbHO ynpoiUemyio cTpyKTypy
KoMMepmeCKOro 6aHKa, KOTOpblH BaHHMaeTCR OnTOBbIMH 6aHKOBCKHMH onepagRMH C KpynHb1MH KoMrHuHRMH,
yqaaCTByeT B MemAyHapoAHoHi 6aHKOBCKOi AeJTeAbHOCTH, a TaKme SaHHMaeTCI 6aHKOBCKHMH onepaxHRMm C
22
I7 AaHNpommme
BHAeHHe KoMnaHHH, KopnopaTHBHbIX 3aAaq H IeAeH, OTCAe2KHBaeT BbInOAHeHHe ILAaHa. FBe3aKTHBHOrO y'IaCTHSI pyKOBOAHTeAR B npogecce nAaHHpOBaHHSI, nAaHb fipeBpaalIOTCJH BaAMHHHCTPaTHBHYIO pyTHHy.
KaKHM 6bi MeTOAOM HH noAb3oBaAHCb AAfl pa3pa6oTmH KOpnOpaTHBHOH CTpaTerHH H (pHHaH-COBbIX 3aAaq, npeAnOAaraeTcfl, tTO PYKOBOAHTeAH noAoTAeAOB nepeBeAyT HX Ha H3biK pbIHOt-HbIX npHOPHTeTOB, CBH3aHHbIX C HX KOHKpeTHbIM HanpaBAeHHeM AefrTeAbHoCTH. Ha YPOBHeKoMnaHHH B geAOM, npogecc ntAaHHPOBaHHH HaYHHaeTcHi C onpeAcAeHHS cBepxsaAax HnOCTaHOBKH KOHKPeTHbIX saAaq. OHH AOA2Hbi 6blTb o6R3aTeAbHo yBH3aHbI C HMelOJ1HMHCRBO3MOKHOCTHMH H AOCTYnHbIMH pecypcaMH. Ha YPOBHe cTpyKTypHbIX rioApa3AeAeHHH saAa-H,geAH, CTpaTerHH H PbIHOYHbie npHOpHTeTbI OgeHHBalOTCH H cpaBHHBalOTCR C KOpriOpaTHBHOHcTpaTerHeH. 06uge6aHKoBCKHfi nAaH H riAaHbl OTAeAOB noCAe aToro YBR3blBafOTCH B OAHHo6uJHfi onepaTHBHblIH rAaH 6aHKa.
OTAeA nAaHHpOBaHHH H KOHCYAbTaHTbi 6aHKa HMelOT CBOIO pOAb B BTOM npo5ecce: nepBblHAOA2teH o6ecneqHTb aHaAHTH'eCKHH nOAxOA, npOCTPYKTYPHPOBaTb nAaH H opraHH3OBaTbynpaBAeHHe npOgecCOM riAaHHpoBaHHH. KoHcyAbTaHTbi AOA2KHbI nOMO'Tb npH pa3pa6oTKenepBoro nraHa ytpe2KAeHHH, npH nepecMOTpe npogecca riAaHHPOBaHHH HAH B TOM CAy-Iae, ecAH6aHK co6HpaeTcH 3Ha4HTeAbHO H3MeHHTb CBO1O CTpaTerHIO. OAHaKo, OpraHH3aUHff MO2KeT OCy-HgeCTBARTb rlAaHHpOBaHHC H TOrAa, KOrAa B ee COCTaBe HeT CFlCeHaAbHOrO nraHoBoro OTAeAa HHeT KoHcyAbTaHTOB. HHKaKHe nAaHbl He 6yAyT HMeTb CMbICAa, eCAH B npogecce nAaHHpoBaHHBHe mrpaiOT aKTHBHOH POAH pyKOBOAHTeAH 6aHKa. Heo6xoAHMo nOMHHTb KaTerOpHqHOCTbyTBep2KAeHHH: nAaHHPOBaHHe - aTO o6H3iaHHOCTb PYKOBOAHTeAeH AHHeHHOrO ypOBHR.
Fpogecc nAaHHPOBaHHH COCTOHT H3 5 (pas:
* BBO, 4,aHHbX H aHaHN3 - c6op H omeHKa HHqPOpMagHH;
* PeLUeHhf - onpeAcAeHHe HpHOpHTeTOB KOpnOpaUHH, q)OpMYAHpOBaHHe nporpaMM
nOApa3AeAeHHH;
* 4OAyMiemHpOBaHNe - nepeHeceHHe nAaHa Ha 6yMary, pa3pa6oTKa nAaHOB, cTpaTerHH
OTAeAOB, CTpYKTypHblx noApa3AeAeHHH, riAaHOB MeponpHHTHH, 6ioAmeToB;
* 063op - o6UjHii o63op nAaHOB, neperoBopbl H KOOPAHHHPOBaHHe rLAaHOB CpyKOBOACTBOM, Bbipa6OTKa o6u4ero MHeHHN no nAaHy C PYKOBOARJJHMH pa6oTHHKaMH
6aHKa. HlpeACTaBAeHHe KpaTKoro coAep2KaHHH nAaHa Ha COBeT AHpeKTopoB 6aHKa;* 0630p BZd7OAHeHHH H.4aHa - ynpaBAeHHe HCnOAHeHHeM nAaHa.
2 tIH3HeCnIOCo6HOCTb HAaHa 3aBHCHT OT Ba2HOrO BHYTPeHHerO npogecca - gnHAa pa6oTbl,qepe3 KOTOpbli Ka2KAbiH OTAeA, noApa3AeAeHHC HAH BCHI KoMnaHHH B UeAOM, npHHHMalOTyqaCTHe B OnePaTHBHOM nAaHHPOBaHHH. XOTH CTpYKTyPa npoMecca nAaHHPOBaHHJl npeAno-AaraeT, MTO BTOT npoUecc HOCHT AHHeHHbliH xapaKTep, Ha caMoM AeAe ero Mo2HHo onHcaTb KaKHTepaTHBHbIH, C MHOrO'IHCAeHHbIMH BoS3BpaleHHRMH, nOBTOpeHHS1MH onepagHHH, nepeCMOTpompemleHHH H T.A. (CM. BCTaBKy 2.3).
IHsHmeCKHMmH AHUaMH. [IPH TaKOH CO nAaHHpoBaHHe ocyIecTBASeTcR Ha KKa4oM YPOBHe, npeACTaBAeHHOM BtpOpMe lpAMOyrOAbHHKa.
23
YKpemueHHe pyKoBo4cTBra o nloBhiImme qyBcTaDTAbNocrHN x IepemreHa
Pasa BBoA'a xaHHMrX H aHaAzua
IepBaH "j3a HaqHHaeTCH c alHaAH3a BKOHOMHKH H PbIHKa H nOCTaHOBKH BHyrpeHHemO
AHarHo3a. AaHHbie co6paHbi H npoaHaAH3HPoBaHbl C TeM, mTO6bi BbiAeAHTb qaxTopbl,
onpeAeAHROUJHe 6yAyugee H KoHKypeHToCnoCo6HOCTb opraHHmagHH. HAeHTHqHHaMHR
AOAFOCpOqHbIX H KpaTKOCPO4HbiX nIepCneKTHB nIOAyqeHHH llpH6blAH H HCTO'qHHKOB pHCKa B xoAe
aHaAH3a o6ecne4HBaeT OCHOBY AAR pa3pa6OTKH OnepaTHBHOrO nAaHa. AHaAH.3 o6blqHo
npOBOAHTcM OTAeAOM nAaHHPOBaHHA 6aHKa HAH nopy'iaeTcfl aKcnepTaM. OH AOA2KeH BKAJoqaTm
CAeAyiolJHe o6AaCTH:
* BKoHoMHqeCKHe, npaBoBbie, nOAHTH4eCKHe H COUHaAbHbie qaKTopbl;
* nepCneKTHBbi pocTa Ha cyUgeCTBYIOUgHx H fOTCHgHAbHbIX pblHKax;
* nepcneKTHBbl KOHKypeHUHH Ha CyLeCTBylIMHX H nepcneKTHBHbIX pbIHKax;
* HHaHCOBbie nepcnCKTHBbl B OCHOBHbIX ceKTopax BKOHOMHKH H npoMblIAeHHoCTH;
* CHAbHbIe H CAa6bie CTOpOHbl onepagHH 6aHKa. 2 0
cOpKyAHpOBICa cBepxBaAaqU. OnepaTHBHbIe nAaHbI o6bImHO HaqHHaiOTCR C H3AO2KeHHR
HAH qopMyAHpoBaHHH OCHOBHOH geAH AeHTeAbHOCTH yqpemAeHHR, ero cBepx3aAaqH".
CAHLUKOM qaCTO, K co2KaAeHHIO, TaKoe H3Ao2KeHHe CBepX3aAaqH HOCHT 'HCTO qIopMaAbHblH
xapaKTep H He OTpamaeT HHqero, KpoMe o64esJH3BecTHbIx HCTHH. HIPH aToM ynycKaeTcH
BO3M02IHOCTb HCnOAb3OBaHHH aTOrO MoMeHTa AA.1 COBMeCTHOrO onpeAeAeHHH PYKOBOACTBOM H
COTpyAHHKaMH xapaKTepa H eAeCH 6aHKoBcKoro yqpe2KAeHHH. Taiasi BO3MO2KHOCTb oco6eHHo
Ba2KHa Ami ynpaBAeHHH 6aHKaMH, TOAbKO BCTynaiOHgHMH B HOBbIe o6AaCTH AeHTeAbHOCTH,
AHBePCHPHUHPY1OIMHMH CBOH onepagHH, BbIXOAHJIHMH Ha HeTpaAHUHOHHbie qopMbi yCAyr,
TaKHe KaK npeAoCTaBAeHHe BeHMypHoro KanHTaAa, HHBeCTHPOBaHHe co6cTBeHHoro KanHTaAa,
npeAocTaBAeHHe AOAroCpO t HbIX 3aHMoB, KopnopaTHBHbie pHHaHcbi, pa3meqjeHHe EeHHbIx 6yMar
Ha nepBHt IHOM pbIHKe, nepeCTpOlKa KopnopagHHt, (HHaHcHpoBaHHe ToproBAH H T.A. BaHKH,
noWBeprumecm nepecTpoiKe, AoA2KHbI CKOHUeHTPHPOBaTbCR Ha cBoeH 6yAyu4 eA POAH H MeAH.
4aAA 6aHKoB B pa3BHBaiojHxcH (HHaHCOBbIX pbIHKax, nAaH AOA2KeH COAep2KaTb xpaTKOe
OnHcaHHe CyU4eCTByioHgeH inpaBHTeAbCTBeHHOH aKOHOMHqeCKOH H (pmamomfi [ nOAHTHKN,
KOTOpaH 3aTparHBaeT 6aHr H KaK 6aHK o0eHHBaeT CBOK) pOAb Ha (PHHaHcoBoM pbIHKe. IAaH
AOA2KeH qeTKO 3aAaBaTb orpaHHqeHHR Ha KpeAHTOBaHHe H 3aHMCTBOBaHHX, paBHO KaK H npaBO
6aHKa Ha npOBeAeHHe onepagHH.
OpKYAHpOBnEca aaAajq KopnopauHH. BCAeA 3a qOpMyAHpOBaHHeM cBepx3aAaqH KOMnaHHH
o6blqHO Bbipa6aTbIBaeTCH q)OpMyAHpOBKa KOHKpeTHbIX 3aAaq KOMnaHHH, pa3pa6oTKa CepHH
PYKOBOAHI11HX yKa3aHHH, AHpeKTHB OT PYKOBOACTBa KOMnIaHHH BHH3 Ha BCe ypOBHH cAyme6HoA
HepapXHH B opraHH3agHH.
20 Taxoii anaAms HHorAa HasbrsaloT aHaAHsoM CBOT (no HaqaAbHbiM 6yKBam aHrAHHCKHX CAOB strengtis(CHAbHbie CTopoHbi), "weaknesses (cAa6ocTH), "opportunities" (BOSMO2KHOCTM) H "threats"(yrposbb).
24
BcTaDiCa 2.3 MoAeAb IAa8HPOaBaHH H 6io4A2eT8POBaHH2CHCTellka IlaaHUpOBRaHE 6iomeTHpOBaenn UeAeBble Pe3YAbTaTbl
HOCTaHT KOpUOpaTHBHaI KHCCEH - -- 4 eAoBoi ,oIyc BbihlOAHHTb AeAOBble
3aaH
3 qp4)eKT4BH40 paCnpe~~i
pCYPCbi IAAR BbIrHoAH-eHHRAHaAH.3 cpeb AeAOBOA H BHyTpeHHHe BbrIHoAHeHi zaax
cpHHaHcOBblii OljCHKH
MdnipaagiT
I H~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~FpeoAoAeBa
4C oDH KopnopaTHBHasI T3AOTH/ HicrioAb3oBaTbBO3MOMiilOCTH
Co-3AaB3aTrIocToSIHHoe
KH(~HTHoe
nIpeHmyIIJecTBo
flHPHUHnbI BojAmeTbI CBOAKa H CBepK7a OTCAe2mHBaHHe OTAeKHBaHHS1, H3MPHRH6ioAmeTa oTAeAOB 6IoAMeTOB H o6HoBAeHHe oeK e3A
YicpenJuemme pYwOBOaCT7ra o lORmIN5 YBCTBeAHOC7N Kr HepeMeHam
CqiopMyAHpoBaHHble 3aAaqH OXBaTbiBalOT BCio KopnopaILHio H TeM CaMbIM o6ecneqHBaioT
o6uMHe HanpaBAeHHH, co3AaBaU OCHOBy AAR npHHRTHH pellleHHH, B paMKaX KOTOpbiX ocy%eCT-
BASeTCSI onepaTHBHoe nAaHHpOBaHHe. B (,OpMyAHpOBKe oTpa2a2i(oTcS o6u He (PHHaHcoBble
3aAaqH, OnIpeAeARHOTC.I OCHOBHbie pblHKH 6aHKa, yKa3biBalOTcA onepaUHH, KOTOpbie 6aHK 6yAeT
BeCTH Ha BTHX pbIHKax.
KopnopaTHBHble qHHaHcoBbie 3aAaH Ha AaHHblH rOA AOA2KHbl coAepm2aTb no KpaHHeH Mepe
CAeAyLoJ14He nOKa3aTeAH H YCTaHaBAHBaTb CTeneHb TOMHOCTH HX BbIlnOAHeHHH.R (KoHKpeTHbie
UH(ppbl B Ta6AHUe AaHbl TOAbKO KaK npHMepbl):
r lpHpOCT npH6bIAH - 10%
* AoXOA Ha aKTHBbl - 1%
* AOXOA Ha Co6CTBeHHblH KanHTaA - 15%
* IPHPOCT OCHOBHblX AenO3HTOB _ 15%21
I IPHPOCT aKTHBOB - 4%
* FPHpOCT AOXOAOB OT KOMHCCHOHHbIX ycAyr - 15 0%HHCTHTyUHOHaAbHaR cTpaTerHR, HaMe-AeHHaf Ha Bb1nOAHeHHe BTHX 3aAa9, MO?KeT OTpaKaTm
HeKOTOpbIH nepeHoc BHHMaHHH C Me2KAyHapoAHoH KpeAHTHOH AeHTeAbHOCTH Ha
noTpe6HTeAbCKOe qpHHaHCHpOBaHHe, paciuHpeHHe AOAH TOprOBbiX q)HHaHCOB, npe4OCTaBAeHHe
CCyA MaAbIM H CpeAHHM npeAnpHaTHHM, COBepiueHCTBOBaHHe xawecTBa aKTHBOB, nOBbIlHeHHe
BHHMaHHH K KaMeCTay yCAyr, paCllHpeHHe fAaTHbIX ycAyr, HOBbIe BHAbI 4pHHaHCOBbIX yCAyr H
qpHHaHCOBOH npoAyKIHH.
HloKa3aTeAH (PHHaHCOBOH AemTeAbHOCTH 6aHKa 3aCAy2KHBaKOT CnegHaAbHOrO
npeAoCTepe2KeHHa. PbJIHu KanHTaAa B npOMblUIAeHHbXX CTpaHaX c CHAbHOH KOHKypeHUHeCH,
TaKHx KaK CLLIA CTpeMHTCx OKa3aTb AaBAeHHe Ha yqaCTHHKOB pbIHKa, BbiHy2tAaA HX
COOTBeTCTBOBaTb (HHaHCOBbIM KpHTrepHRM ycneUIHOCTH Ha pbIHKe. BIaHKH B pa3BHBaiojgHxCR
pHHaHCOBblX PbIHKaX Tome HaqHHalOT H3MeprTb CBOIO AefTeAbHOCTb, HcnOAb3yH aHaAH3
KpaTKOCPOsHbIX qHHaHCOBbIX nOKa3aTeAeH. CZ)HHaHCOBbie 3aAaq]H o6ecne'eHHR pocTa npH6bLAH,
nPH6blAH Ha aKTHBbl H Ha co6CTBeHHbIfi KanHTaA, BHyTpeHHHe o6ecnemeHHe HCTO4HHKOB
CpeACTB, H T.A. n1peACTaBARIOT co6oil yAo6Hblfi HHCTpyMeHT y11paBAeHHH, HO HX Heo6xoAHMo
HcnOAb3oBaTb H36HpaTeAbHo H OCTOpOmHO. ITOnbITKH AOCTHqb BbICOKHX noKaBaTeAefi B cambie
KOpOTKHe CpOKH, npeHe6peraA OCHOBHbIMH npHHUHnaMH 6aHKoBCKHx onepagHHi - HanpHMep,
OCAa6AeHHe KpHTepHeB AOnYCTHMoro pHCKa - IBAReTCR KpaiiHe He2KeAaTeAbHbiM. 3 qxpeKT
TaKoro AaBAeHHR Ha npOMblIwlAeHHOCTb CLIUA noApo6HO OCBseiaAcC B MHoroIHCAeHHb[X
ny6AHKamHax, rAe noARepKHBaeTcH yrpo3a AOArocpoiHoi 2KH3Hecnoco6HOCTH H
KoHKypeHTHOcnoco6HOCTH 6aHKa, BbI3BaHHan H3AHUIHHM BHHMaHHeM K KpaTKOCpOMHb1M
(pHHaHCOBbIM pe3yAbTaTaM. 4AM 6aHKoB, TaK 2Ke KaK H AAR npOMbiIuAeHHOCTH, Ba2KHO
nOAAep2IHBaTb paBHOBeCHe Me2KAY CTpeMAeHHeM AOCTH4b 3ariAaHHpOBaHHbIX qHHaHCOBbIX
noKa3aTeAefi H AOArocpoqHofi MH3Hecnoco6HOCTb1O Bcero yipe2KAeHHH. CaMa no ce6e
21 AeHemHble CpeAcTca 6aHKa pOpmHpyiaTc HS pasHbIX HcToaiHKoB H o6briHO ripeACTaBAeHbi TeKxyHMN
CneTaMH, C6&peraTeAbHbxMH cqeTaMH H CpOIHbIMU BKAAaMH.
26
FIbairnpoawe
AOArOCPOsHaHA HHaHCOBsa 2rH3Hecnoco6HOCTb MomeT H AOA2mHa 6blTb 'IeTKO nOCTaBAeHHoH
3aAaqei 6aHKa.2 2
napaAeAbHWbIi upomecc: Paspa6oTKa AoArocpoIHoro n.aHa. CTpaTerHH 6aHKa,
OTpamKeHHaH B cBepx3aAa4e 6aHKa H 3aAa9iax 6aHKa KaK KOpnOpagHH, sacTo "OpMyAHpyIoTCH
Ha OCHOBe pa3AHqHbIX OAHOpa3OBbIX HAH MHoropa3OBbIX cnef5HaAbHO pa3pa6aTbxIaeMbix
cTpaTerH'eCKHx nAaHOB. HpOBOAHMbie He3aBHCHMO OT e2KerOAHOrO OnlepaTHBHOrO
nAaHHPOBaHHH HCCAeAOBaHHH CTpaTerHH 6aHKa maCTO HBAHIOTCH OTBeToM Ha Heo6xoAHMocTb
BamHbIX H cepbe3HbIx nepeMeH B 6aHKe HAH peaKUHeH Ha H3MeHeHHe B TeKyqEeH HAH
AoAroCpOnHOfi OpHeHTaUHH, nepcneKTHBe pa3BHTHA BHeUIHeH, rio OTHOuieHHIO K 6aHKy, cpeAbi.
HpH cyugeCTByiOlIeH rOBbilueHHOH HCyCTOWiHBOCTH pbIHKa, nOCTOHHHbIX HSMeHeHHHX Ha
(PHHaHCOBbIX pbIHKax, MeAbliH iPA (PHHaHCOBbIX yqpe2KAeHHH CXIHTaeT, sTO npogecc
cTpaTerHsiecKOro /AOArocpOsHoro/ nAaHHPOBaHHH AOA2KeH HBAHTbcH o6biqHbIM, ecTeCTBeHHbJM
KoMnoHeHToM ynpaBAeHMecKoH npaKTHKH 6aHKa. -IaCTb H3 HHX pa3pa6aTbiBaeT H nOCTORHHO
o6HoBAwueT nfiTH- H Aa2Ke AecHTHAeTHHe riepcneKTHBHbie nAaHbI.
KorAa cTpaTerHseCKHe flAaHbI pa3pa6aTbIBalOTCH OTAeAbHO OT OnlepaTHBHbIX nAaHOB,
Heo6xoAHMo npHHHTb Mepbl, MTo6bi o6ecneqHTb CBH3b Mem2AY HHMH. HHorAa AOArocpO'iHbie
HAaHbl HBAHIOTCH BcerO AHllUb aKCTpanOARgHeH KpaTKOCpOiHbiX HAH TeKYUHHX onepaiHHs, a
HHorAa B HHX 3aAo2KeH 6oAee paAHKaAbHbIH nOAxOA. B Aio6om CAy9ae, B HeM AOAmHbJ
COAep2IaTbCH CAeAYIOIHe KOMnOHeHTbi:
* CqOpMyAHpoBaHHaH CBepx3aAama;
* 3 acJHKCHpOBaHHbie AOAroCpO'IHbie (pHHaHCOBbie 3aAa'IH;
* XapaKTepHbue oco6eHHocTH PbIHKa - npeAnoAaraeMbze TeHAeHUHH pa3BHTHX CerMeHTOB
cTpaTerHmecKoro pbIHKa; tpaKTOpbI, KOTOPbIC moryT OKa3biBaTb BAHSIHHe Ha BTH
TeHAeHUHH; npo6AeMbi, cBM3aHHbie C 3aKOHOAaTeAbCTBOM H peryAHpoBaHHeM
6aHKOBCKOrO AeAa;
* KOHKypeHTHa5i cHAa 6aHKa Ha Ka2KAOM pbIHKe - AOAH pbIHKa, KaseCTBO YCAyr H
OTHOCHTeAbHbie 3aTpaTbi;
* OnacHOCTH H BO3MO2KHOCTH Ha Ka2KOM pbIHKe - HCXO4H H3 XapaKTepHCTHKH BHeCHeiH
cpeAbI H OTHOCHTeAbHOH KOHKYpCHTHOH CHAbN;
* CDaKTOpbi, onpeAeAHioU4He ycnex Ha Ka2tAOM pbIHKe - KaqeCTBO yCAyr,
pa3BeTBAeHHOCTb CeTH, Kpe4HTHbie B03MO2IHOCTH, HHHOBagHOHHOCTb, HaBbIKH,
Heo6xOAHMbie AAA pa6OTbI Ha PbIHKe H T.A.
0Pasa jINHHTLw peiremiii
PetueHH3i no nAaHHPOBaHHIO MOryT npHHHMaTbCR Ha YPOBHe noApa3AeAeHHR (qpHAHaAa)23 Ha
OCHOBe CTPaTerHXeCKHx AHpeKTHB KOpnopa!HH, KoTopbie nocTynaloT cBepxy. Ha nepBoA
22 OnmcaHHe npHMepOB Toro, KaK 6aHKoBcKoe pyKoBoAcTUo riOApblBaeT ()HHaHcoByio 2HsUHecrioco6HocTh6aHKa B nIoroHe 3a npH6bLbio H pacnAaiHBaRCb KaqeCTBOM nOpT3 KpeAHTOB M02KUO HaHTH y Ae XyaHa(1987).
23 B HeKOTOpbiX cTpaHax OTAeAeHHH 6aHKOB lpeACTaBmilOT co6o0 KpyllHbie H BamHbie opraraLx,KOTOpbIe 3aHHMaiOTCJ H o6CAy2KHBaHHeM 'iaCTHbIx AHU H KOpnOpaUHiH, 3aHHMaiOTCR OCHOBHbiMH 6aHKOBCKHMHOnlepa8iMH, H Aa2Ke BbinOAHAIOT HeKoTopble 4)yHKUHH Ka3HameHCTBa. B ApyrHx cTpasax OTAeAewm saHmAITA
27
Yrpen'Aern'e pyx@OROXCTBa N 11BbrlOeOMIN 8H CT3RrTeAbHOCTN K IIepeMeHaM
CTaAHH TaKOrO cnoco6a npHHHSTHR peluleHHH OTAeA /noApa3AeAeHHe/ nepeBOAHT geAH
Kopnopa!HH Ha 3SbIK KOHKPeTHbIX 3aAas nOApa3AeAeHHq H pa3pa6aTbiBaeT CBOH co6cTBeHHbie
cTpaTerHH, KOHKpeTH3HPYH HX BO BpeMeHH H B SaAaHH.X, oTO6bi AOCTHqb MeAeH, cToHujHx
nepeA KoMnaHHeH.
nAaHNpoBaHHe peByAbTaTOB pa6oTbl. PYKOBOAHTeAH Ha pa3HbIX YPOBHHX AOA2KHbI
YCTaHOBHTb CBOH co6CTBeHHbIe COOTBeTCTBYIOU He noKaSaTeAH B pa6oTe c nOMOIjbIO MeAoro
pHAa COrAaCOBaHHbIX KOHKpeTHb[X KpHTH'ieCKHX nOKa3aTeAeH, TaKHX KaK AOxOA, o6zbeM
KpeAHTOB, BblpyqKa, pacxOAbl, y6bITKH no KpeAHTaM H T.A. HlAaHHpyeMbie pesyAbTaTbi
AOA2KHbI 6blTb KOHKpeTHbIMH, Bbipa2KeHHbIMH B onpeAeAeHHb[X KOAHseCTBeHHbix noKa3aTeAxx,
BO BpeMeHH, KaK B npeAAaraemoM HH2Ke npHMepe:
3 aYaaa: CoKpaTHTb y6bITKH no KpeAHTaM.
A HMeHHO: COKpaTHTb KOAHieCTBO nAaTemeH, nocTynaioIHX C HapyiIIeHHSIMH OT
rocyAaPCTBeHHOH CTaAeAHTeHHOH KoMnaHHH H OT 9aCTHbIX KOMnaHHH X, Y, Z.
KoAHNecmBo: C 20% OT CYMMbI BbiAaHHbIX KpeAHTOB Ao 8%.
CpoK: B Te9eHHe nAaHOsoro roAa.
CTpaTerHR. C (pOpMyAHpOBaHHH CTPaTerHH Ha4HHaeTcq npoUecc 60pb6bl 3a AOCTHmeHHe
pe3yAbTaTOB. Pa3BHTHe CTpaTerHH npeAnoAaraeT npHHqTHe pemeHHH O npHo6peTeHHH
pecypCOB, HX HcnoAb3oBaHHH, npHMeHeHHH AAR BbInOAHCHHSI KOHKpCTHbIX (pyHKUHH H
AeHCTBHH. K nOCAeAHHM MOryT OTHOCHTbCHI: BbIXOA Ha HOBbIC pbIHKH, pa3BwTHe HOBOU
npOAyKUHH, MapKeTHHr HOBOU npOAYKIHH H YCAyr. CTpaTerHi AoAmHa:
* yKa3blBaTb, rAe Mbl HaxOAHMCS , rAe Mbl XOTHM HaXOAHTbcM H KaK TyAa nonaCTb;
* o6ecneqHBaTb corAacoBaHHOCTb C AHpeKTHBaMH, nocTynaioJ1HMH OT PYKOBOACTBa6aHKa;
* npHHHMaTb BO BHHMaHHe npenHTCTBHH H BO3MO2KHOCTH Ha nyTH.
LeHTpaAbHbxn acneKT POPMYAHPOBMHHA CTpaTerHH - BTO onpeAeAeHHe npHOpHTeTHbIX
pblHKOB: pa3AeAeHHe (paKTOpOB, BeAyl_qHX K ycnexy Ha BTHX pbIHKaX, OnHCaHHe Heo6xoAHMblx
AmI ycnexa Ha BTHX pbIHKaX npOAyKUHH, ycAyr, 'IeAOBeCseCKHX PCCYPCOB H TeXHOAorHH. PbIHKU,
Ha KOTOpbIX pa6OTaIoT 6aHKH, TpaAHUHOHHo noApa3AeAHloTCH Ha pblHKH HHAHBHAYaAbHbIX
yCAyr, KOPnOpaTHBHbie pbIHKH H Me2KAyHapoAHbie. I3 aHKH Bce saixe CTpeMRTcH noApa3AeAsITb
IMIHPOKHe pbIHKH Ha y3Ko cnegH(PHseCKHe rpynnbl. 9 TOT MeTOA Ha3biBaeTC2 cerMeHTaLUHf
pbIHKa .2 4 CerMeHTagH!o MO0HO npOBOAHTb pa3AHMHb1MH nIyTRMH. BOT, HanpHMep, HeKOTOpble
cerMeHTbl KOpnopaTHBHOro H Po3HH-iHoro pbIHKOB:
WITH HCKAIO'HTeAbHO pO3HHqHbiM 6aHKOHCKHM AeAoM. IlpoUeCC nIaHHpOBaHHJ HCXOAHT H3 TOrO, KaKOH 3TO
6aHK H Ha KaKOM KOHKpeTHO ypoBHe CAO2KHOCTH OCyleCTBAReTCR npogecc q)HHaHCOHOBO ylpaBAeHHR. [Io Mepe
InOBbiUieHHS CAO0KHOCTH H ypoBHA 6aHKOBCKOA pa6oTmi, 6aHKH BbipaOKT TeHAeHUHio yAeAeHHi 6oAbtuem
BHHMaHHR flAaHHpOBaHH1O lIpOHHKHOBeHHB H pa3pa6OToK OTAeAbHbIX, He CR3aHHbiX Me2Ay C06oH CerMmeTOB
pbIHKa, TaKHX KaK o6CAymHBatHe cH3HmCecHX AMU H o6CAymHBaHHe KOpUopaB4HH, C BbIXOAOM B AaAbHeHimeM Ha
noA-CerMeHTbI 3THX pblHKOB, a He Ha pa3BHTHH UIHpOKHX M8AOCAIeUHaAH3HpOBamHbiX OTAeAeHHN.
24 CM. HeHHOH 1986.
28
LaHR pomaHOe
,KopmopaTNwBmrFi PODHMg'Hriio6beM npoAa2m 6oraTmie aCTHbile AHLa
reorpaq3HtiecKoe MeCTOHaXomAeHHe CTYAeHThl
OTpaCAb nrpOMbIllAeHHOCTH npOq3eCCHOHaAbl
'HCAO CAy2maIHx cTapLUHe rpamAaHe
CTpaTerHH q)OpMyAHpyeTC.R Ha pa3AHMHbIX ypOBHHX opraHH3agHH. KOpnOpaTHBHaM
cTpaTerHH oTpamaeT o6ujyio o0eHKy nOAO2KeHHH 6aHKa, ero OncpaTHBHbIX 3aAa'i, HOpMaTHBOB
npH6blAbHocTH onepagHH, KOTOpbIe emeroAHo AOA2mHbl BbIrOAHRTbCH. CTpaTerHHl
nOApa3AeAeHHH oTpa2iaeT KOHUeHTpagHio 6aHKa Ha KOHKpeTHbIX PbIHKax (<AH OTAeAOB BbIAalH
KpeAHTOB HAH npHeMa BKAaAOB), Kpyr 6aHKoBcKHx npoAyKToB, OCHOBHbie HOTpe6HOCTH B
rIepcoHaAe, pacnpeAeAeHHe BHAOB AesTeAbHOCTH. CTpaTerHH Aio6oro ypOBHH AOA2KHbI
OTpa2aTb CAeAYIOJI4He IllCTb KaTeropHH ynpaBAeHHH:
* PHCKOBbIl (AOXOAHble) aKTHBbI;
* o6g3aTeAbCTBa;
* AOXOAbl OT KOMHCCHOHHbIX H nAaTHbIX ycAyr;
* IpOH3BOAHTeAbHOCTb;
* KOHTpOAb;
* nepcoHaA (IUTaTbi).
B CaMoM npogecce rLAaHHPOBaHHH pyKOBOAHTeAH noApa3AeAeHHH noAaraIoTcH Ha 3aAasH,
onpeAeAeHHbie PYKOBOACTBOM KopnopaUHH, a TaK2Ke Ha BbIBOAbI, cAeAaHHbIe H3 HX
co6cTaeHHoro aHaAH3a reorpacpH'lecKoro nOAO2KeHH.l, rIOAO2IeHHH B CeKTope, o6igero COCTOHHHH
AeA. PemeHH.9 B OTHOwlleHHH CTpaTerHH, nAaHOB MeponpHRTHH H 6IoA2CeToB OCHOBbXBaIOTCq Ha
nOAHOM Ha6ope Bcex AaHHbIX o6 HCXOAHbIX YCAOBH.X. KopnopaTHBHbie 3aAaHH TeM CaMbiM
nepeBoArTcH B nAaHbi noApa3AeAeHHH (H Hao6opoT) B XOAC HTepaTHBHoro npogecca.
tasa 4o,WyrMeHTHrOMasHrH
(D)a3a AOKyMeHTHPOBaHHH BKAiosaeT ocpopMAeHHe CTpaTerHH, MepOnpHHTHH rioApa3AeAeHHH
H 6ioAmeTOB B InHCbMeHHOH qxopMe. HpH aTOM co6AIoAaeTCq CAeAyio0IaH AorHqecKaSi
nOCAeAOBaTeAbHOCTb OqpOPMACHHH onepaTHBHbIX riAaHOB: CTpaTerHH, rlAaH AeHCTBHH, 6ioAmeTbl
(KaK onepaTHBHblH, TaK H no KanHTaAy) H nOAHblH 6aAaHc H (IHHaHCoBbIH OTMeT KaK Ha
YPOBHe noApa3AeAeHHH, TaK H Ha YPOBHe Bcero 6aHKa. HHmKe npHBOASTcR KpaTKHe CBeAeHHH
o6 aTHX AoKyMeHTax, ocTaAbHaS 'iacTb rAaBbl OnHCbIBaeT q3OpMaT, coAepmaHHe H HCKOTOpbie
nooApo 6 HocTH, KacaIOlWHecq pa3pa6OTKH nAaHa.
* CTpaTerH5, HCXOAHIgaHR H3 BKOHOMH%ieCKHX H nOAHTH'eCKHX yCAOBHH, oTpa2KaeT
COOTBeTCTBHe Me2mAy PbIHKOM H OCHOBHbIMH HHHUHaTHBaMH MapKeTHHra. OHa oTBe'IaeT
Ha Bonpoc: rAe Mbl HaxOAHMCR? rAe Mbi XOTHM 6blTb? H KaK MbI MomeM TyAa
nonaCTb?
* HIAaH MepOnpHqTHH pa3BepTbIBaeT CTpaTerHIO B cepHlO geAeHanpaBAeHHbIX AeHCTBHH H
HX pe3yAbTaTOB. HAaHbi onpeAeARioT, 9TO AOA2KHO 6blTb cAeAaHo, KorAa H KTO
oTBeTcTBeHHblH 3a STO. B nAaHax TaKme oTpamaeTcH 2neAaeMbiH Pe-yAbTaT H ero
29
YmpellAewi'e pyKOBOsxCroa N IORbhureHJNq yz3CTHNTeAbHOCTN K HepeMeHaM
BAHRHHe Ha -IHCTyio npH6bIAb 6aHKa. HAaHbI MeponpHHTHH AOA2KHbl OTpam2aTb
OCHOBHble CTPaTerHqecKHe HHHUHaTHBbI.
* BioAmeT npeBpaujaeT nAaH B AoArocpo'Hylo nporpaMMy KanurTaAbHbIX 3aTpaT, CyMMbi
rOAOBbIX AOXOOB H rOAOBbIX paCXOAOB, KOTOpbIe HeO6XOAHMO nOHeCTH, qTo6bl
nOAyYHTb AOXOAbI.
- FlpoeKTbi B OTHOIueHHH KanHTaAa HBAHIOTCH pC3yAbTaTaMH AeiCTBHu, BKAiOYeHHbIX B
rlAaHbI MepOnpHHTHH. KanHTaAbHbli 6ioAmeT onpeAeARSeT OCHOBHble
amopTH3HPyembie 3aTpaTbI Ha 3AaHHe H o6opyAoBaHHe, KOTOpbie npeACTOHT nOHeCTH
B CAeAy1OlgeM roAy H HX BAHJHHe Ha YpOBeHb npH6blAH B TeYeHHe nocAeAyiou4Hx
n[rTH AeT.
- OnepaTHBHblH 6ioAmeT OXBaTbIBaeT nocTyialouoHe AOXOAbI H 3aTpaTbl, CBH3aHHble C
nAaHOM MepOnpUHTHUi H onepaUHHi. OnepaTHBHbie 6ioA&eTbl AOA2KHbl OCHOBbIBaTbCJ1
Ha 3amaYax 6aHKa, OTpa2KeHHbIX B nAaHax MeponpIHTHH r[OApa3AeAeHHi.
* BaAaHCOBbiH H UpHHaHCOBblH OT'leTbl OTpa2KajoT (3HHaHCOBOe COCTOSHHe y'pe2KAeHHa Ha
OnpeAeAeHHbii MOMeHT BpeMeHH. OHH COCTaBASIOTCR AAH Bcex noApa3AeAeHHii, rAe
MO2eT 6blTb nOAy4eHa npH6blAb H A.A 6aHKa B MeAOM.
Ma3a o6sopa RbiHoAHeHIwM HAaHa
OmeHKa Ka2KAoH CTPOKH OnepaTHBHOrO nAaHa npOHCXOAHT Ha pa3Hb1X YpOBHRX 6aHKoBcKoi
OpraHH3aWHH, H AOXOAHT AO KyAbMHHaUHOHHOrO lyHHKTa Ha ypoBHe PYKOBOACTBa OTAeAOB H
6aHKa. 3 TH ogeHKH nAaHa 13OSBOAHIOT KOHUeHTpHpOBaTb BHHMaHHe Ha noKa3aTeAHx pa6OTbl B
TOAbKO YITO HCTeCKIueM roAy, Ha AOArOCpO'1HbIX 3aAaYax POCTa H CTpaTerHsx, Ha HHTerpaLIHH
CTpaTerHfi 6aHKOBCKoro 6H3Heca H 3aAaq 6aHKa KaK KOMnaHHH, a Taxume Ha AoxoAax H
npH6blAH 6aHKa. IOCAe qpopMaAbHoro oAo6peHHA nAaH OTpamaeT o6s3aTeAbcTBa, HaMepeHHa
OpraHH3aUHH npeAnpHHRTb onpeAeAeHHbIe AeHCTBHH H 40 6 HTbCA nOCTaBAeHHbIX jeAeH.
(HpHAo2eHHe A AaeT cnHCOK Bcex BAeMeHTOB pabl o63opa BbIlIOAHeHHH nlAaHa.)
AHaAH3 BbInOAHelHm nAaHa. AHaAHs BbilnOAHeHHii nAaHa npeAOCTaBAReT BO3MO2KHOCTb
npOaHaAH3HpOBaTb AOXOAb1, pe3yAbTaTbl H yCneLHHOCTb BbinOAHeHHH 6aHKOBCKHX nAaHOB.
TaRasl OgeHKa AOA2KHa npOHCXOAHTb no KpaiHeH mepe e2meHBapTaAbHO, Ho AyYIe, eCAH OHa
npOHCXOAHT emeMecsNHO. UeAbIO TaKoii OgeHKH HBAReTCR o6ecneYieHHe npaBAerHH
HH(popMagHeii O BaNKHefluHX pe3yAbTaTax pa6oTbl, npHBAeMeHHe ero BHHMaHHH K TeM
co6btTHMM, KOTOpbie MoryT noBAHRTb Ha YPOBeHb npH6blAH 6aHKa, o6 HOBHTb AaHHbie o6
O2KHAaeMOH B TeCKy1eM roAy npH6blAH H CTHMYAHpOBaTb AHHeHHbIX PyKOBOAHTeAeii
CKOHNeHTpHpOBaTb CBOH YCHAH11 Ha BblnOAHeHHH nAaHOB MepOnpHRTHH H peiueCHHH 3aAa'1.
Ay'uie Bcero AAA TaKoiU OieCHK rOTOBHTb AoKyMeHT o6,beMoM B 1 CTpaHHUy, KOTOpaH
AOCTaTO'qHO nOAHO MorAa 6bl OTTpa2aTb H3MeHeHiHl H AOCTH2KeHHH Ha AaHHbiH MoMeHT H oT6bw
OHa He OTHHMaAa MHOrO BpeMeHH y nepcOHaAa Ha nOArOTOBKy.
PeryAApHoe (pOpMaAbHOe o6cy2AeHHe pe3yAbTaTOB pa6oTbl AOA2HO nPOXOAHTb Ha Bcex
yPOBHRx 6aHKa B xoAe cnegHaAbHbIX coBeu.aHHH. Ha BTHX coBeujaeHHx AoA2KHbi o6cymAaTbca
AeHCTBHTeAbHbie pe3yAbTaTbl, AOCTHrHyTbie 6aHKoM, H HX OTHOuieHHUe K rAaHHpyeMb!M
noXasaTeASRM. TaM, rAe HMeloT MeCTO CpbeC3HbIC pacxO2KAeHHH, AOA2KHbi 6blTb BbisBAeHbl H
30
fIamupomamNe
npOaHaAH3HPOBaHbI npH4HHbl H o6CTOTeJAbCTBa, AOAMHbI 6blTb HaMe'ieHbl KoppeKTHBHble
LAaHbl AeeHCTBHH.
ObPA3EU POPMbI H CO4EP1IAHHH nAAHA
aTO o6pa3eg nAaHa noApa3AeAeHHH, KOTopbli 6bl Cq)OpMyAHpoBaH B xoAe
AeUeHTpaAH3OBaHHoro npoMecca nAaHHpOBaHHH. B YCAOBHHX UeHTpaAH30BaHHoro npoUecca
rIAaHHPOBaHHH HCnOAb3yeMbliH 3eCb qJOpMaT nAaHa MO2IeT HcnOAb3oBaTbcI KaK InAaH BCeH
KopnopaUHH. Bce nOApa3AeAeHHH AOA2Hbl HCnOAb3OBaTb OAHHaKOBbIH qpOpMaT nLAaHa H
npHMeHHTb OAHHaKOBbie OCHOBHbie noHHTHH. OcHoBHbIe KoMnoHeHTbI rIAaHa, HcnOAb3yeMbie B
npHBOAHMOM o6pa3ile nAaHa, ripeAcTaBAHIOT MHHHMaAbHblH Kpyr oxBaTa BonpocOB, BXOAHSUJHX B
OnepaTHBHbliH nAaH.
OCHORHbre icaTerOpHH IAama
BOT IUeCTb OCHOBHbIX KOMnOHeHTOB nAaHa oTAeAa:
* OgeHKa COCTOHHHH AeA;
* cTaTyc TeKYU,HX onepagHH;
* KAio'leBbIe (HHaHCOBbie 3aAa'!H;
* CTpaTerHH nOApa3AeAeHHH;
* Tpe6oBaHHS noAAepmKH noApa3AeAeHHH;
* nAaH MepOnpHHTHH.
HHmKe rnpHBOAHTCH KpaTKOe H3AomeHHe OCHOBHbIX MoMeHToB, KOTOpbIe AOAMHbi 6blTb
oxBa'IeHbl B KamAOM pa3AeAe nAaHa. AaAee CAeAyeT 6oAee pa3BepHyroe o6cymAeHHe pasAeAoB
CTpaTerHH noApa3AeAeHHH, HCnOAb3yR UleCTb OCHOBHbIX ynpaBAeHqeCKHX KaTerOpHH: pHCKOBbIe
aKTHBbl, o6R3aTeAbCTBa, AOXOAbl OT KOMHCCHOHHbIX H nAaTHbIX ycAyr, npOH3BOAHTeAbHOCTb,
KOHTpOAb H nepCOHaA.
OueHfKa COCTORHHR AeA. B AaHHOM pa3AeAe uAaHa H3Aara)OTCR OCHOBHbJe aKOHOMHqeCKCHe
H q)HHaHCOBbIe nporHO3bI H OgeHKH, Ha OCHOBaHHH KOTOpbiX pa3pa6oTaH H 6yAeT AeeHCTBOBaTb
nLAaH noApa3AeAeHH$:
Boew,mo cpe4a. 3AeCb OnHCaHbl HMelOugHe OTHOiIIeHHe K onepaIHRM 6aHKa
sKoHoMHqeCKHe, npaBOBble, nOAHTHqeCKHe H COUHaAbHble qpaKTOpbl, KOTopble,
npeAnOAOmHTeAbHO, 6 yAyT oKa3biBaTb BAHRHHe Ha onepa1HH 6aHKa B nAaHOBblH nepHoA. IlAaH
noApa3AeAeHHR AOA2KeH OTpa2aTb nOHCKH BO3MO2KHocTefH Aame B YCAOBHHX orpaHHqeHHH H
6apbepoB. AHaAH3 pbIHKOB H KOHKlypeHHH o6ecneIHBaeT BamHyio OCHOBy pa3pa6OTKH
CTpaTerHH.
PmHlwH. 3 AeCb OnpeAeAeCHbi AeHCTBHTCAbHbie (HHaHCOBbie nIoTpe6HOCTH paaAH'iHbiX rpynn
KAHeHTOB, H COOTBeTCTBY1OUIHe CerMeHTbi pblHKa. OxapaKTepHsoBaHbI OCHOBHbie rpynnbi
KAHeHTOB 6aHKa, HX cerOAHIWHHe H 6yAyujHe noTpe6HocTH B KOHKpLTHbIX BHAaX (jHHaHCOBblX
H TeXHHqeICKHX yCAyr, KlaqeCTBO npeAOCTaBAReMbix KOHKypeHTOM yCAyr, a Tax2e rIpH'HHbl,
o6ycAaBAHBaioujHe KOHTaKT KAHeHTa C KOHKpeTHblM 6aHKoM. 3 AeCb me npHBOAHTCR ogeHKa
KpeAHTHOrO pHCKa UeAeBbIX pbIHKOB.
31
YICpeC,UeAiHe P,pOJIOgCTBa H IOBMIIICHHNN EJ7CTBHTCAbHOCTH K JIepeCeMaN
KOEXypeCgNJ1. B aTOM pa3AeAe o6cy2KaioTcM CHAbHbIe H cAa6ble CTOpOHbl OCHOBHblX
KOHKypeHTOB Ha OnpeAeAeHHbIX pbIHKaX H HCTOnHHKH CHAbl H cAa6oCTH. HPHBOAHTCR OnHCaHHe
geHoBoH npaKTHKH no ccyAaM, BKAaAaM, roHopapam H YCAyra OnHCbiBaioTCH HOBbie BHAbl
npOAyKIaHH KOHKypCHTOB, BO3MO2mHoe HX paCI11HpeHHe H BblXOA Ha HOBbie pbIHKH.
Craryc reTXyINx omepagmi. B AaHHOM pasAeAe H3AaraercH COBpeMeHHbIH cTaTyc
npeAnpHHTHH. IHpoBoAHTcH aHaAH3 xapaKTepa onepaigHH, HX CHAbHbie 'IepTbl, CAa6OCTb, pHCKH
H yH3BHMOCTb. OTo6paHHbie AA.i OgeHKH pa6oTbl KpHTepHH AOA2IHbl BKAXotiaTb qlaKTopbl,
KOTOpb!e HMeKOT 3Ha'IHTeAbHOe BAHRHHe Ha o6luMe KOpnOpaTHBHbIC 3aAaqH 6aHxa: KaneCTBO
KpeAHTHoro noPTc , YCAyrH KAHeHTaM, B oco6eHHocTH nAaTHbIC ycAyrH KOHcyAbTaTHBHOro
xapaKTepa HAH MepOnpHHTHH TexHH'ecKoH nOMOigH, BKAio'aa o6y'ieHHe, oUeHKa AOAH pbIHKa,
TaKTH4eCKHe aCneKTbI, HaBbIKH H 3HaHHH nepcOHaAa, rpOH3sBOAHTeAbHOCTb, HMHAM KOMnaHHH,
xapaKTePHCTHKa H Cnoco6HOCTH ynpaBAeHiecKoro nepcOHaAa, BO3MOKHOCTb pa3pa6oTIH HOBbIX
BHAOB npOAyKXHH.
OcmoBHIDIe ImHaRcoBhie BaaN4a%r. BaHKH, npaKTHKyIogHe nAaHHpOBaHHe Ha YPOBHe
OTAeAOB o6blqHO npHMeHHIOT MeTOAHKy 6ioA2reTHpOBaHHH UeHTPOB nPH6blAbHOCTH. UeHTpbI
npH6bLAH o6brnHo cocTaBAHioT CBOH 6ioA2meTbl B cpOpMe 6aAaHca HAH OTqeTa o npH6blAH,
KOTOpbie oTpamaloT 3anAaHHPOBaHHYIO AcAoByIo aKTHBHOCTb B HX Cq)epe KOMrIeTeHTHOCTH.
KpoMe TOrO, OHH nOKa3blBalOT rnAaTy 3a yCAyrH, KOTOpbIMH OHH nIOAb3ylOTCH H 3a Te, KOTOpbIe
OHH npeAocTaBA.IloT. 06biIHO, HexoTopbIe oTAeAbi - Herro nOAb3OBaTeAH CpeACTB (HanpHMep,
OTAeA KopnopaTHBHoro (PHHaHcHpoBaHHH), a HCKOTOpbie - HeTTO noCTaBjHKH (HanpHMep,
qpHAHaAbHaH CeTb, KOTopaH Mo6HAH3yeT BKAaAbI HaCeAeHHH). HcnoAb3ym MexaHH3M
BHyTpeHHero nepepac'ieTa, 6aHK rioAyiaeT peaAHCTH'Hylo CTOHMOCTb CpeACTB HAH AOXOAOB.
HpHMeHSeMaSI 3AeCb CTaBKa AOBOAbHO laCTO RBASIeTCH KpaHHeH CTaBKoH HAH CTaBKOH, no
KOTOpOH 6aHK Mo2meT cBo6
OAHO 3aHHMaTb HAH Bb1AaBaTb cpeACTBa. KoHeUengH1 npeAeAbHOHi
CTaBKH o6cymAaeTcR AeTaAbHO B rAaBe 3 "YlpaBAeHHe KpeAHTHbIM PHCKOM, B pa3AeAe,
nocBsHieHHOM OnpeACACHHIO MeHbl KpeAHTOB. KoHgenUHH MeHTPOB npH6blAH o6cymAaeTcH B
rAaBe 4 "CtHHaHCoBOe PYKOBOACTBO
XOTH pHHaHCOBbie UeAH Ha aTOH CTaAHH eige AOCTaTo'lHO IIHpOKH, OHH Bce me HMeioT
KOAH4eCTBeHHbie q)HHaHCOBbie noKa3aTeAH. YToqHeHHe BTHX noKa3aTeAeHi AAR OTpameHHR B
CTpOKqXax nAaHa nPOHCXOAHT BO BpeM.I COCTaBAeHHH 6loAmeTa. HIo CBOHM COCTaBAROu HM
cFHHaHCOBbie 3aAaqlH OTAeAOB H noApa3AeAeHHH pa3AHqaIoTCH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT pOAH
noApa3AeAeHHR. HanpHMep, KpeAHTHbIH oTAeA 6yAeT o6paWaTb BHHMaHHC Ha pHCKOBbie
aKTHBbl H AOXOAbI OT rOHOPaPOB H KOMHCCHOHHbIX, a HeKOTOpble cAym6bI KaApoB 6yAyr
CTpeMHTbCA OTpa3HTb BKOHOMHIO 3aTpaT H rIOBbIIICHHe Ka'CCTBa H Bq)XPeKTHBHOCTH B pa6oTe.
Ca)HHaHCObliH OTAeA AOA2eH q)OPMYAHPOBaTb saAaqH H UeAH ynpaBAeHHR HHBecTHUHOHHbiM
H TOPFOBbIM nopTcIeAeM, KOTOPbIM OH ynpaBASeT 3a cqeT 6aHKa H AAA (pHHaHCHpOBaHHR.
YnpaEAeHHe BaAIOTHb1MH OnepaIlHRMH AOAmHo 6blTb HeoTbemMAeMoH maCTbMO qlyHKgHH
qpHHaHcoBoro OTAeAa 6aHKa.
32
fLiairpoaavrxre
FIpeAnoAaraeTcsi, qTo AaHHoe noApa.3AeAeHHe KOMMepqeCKoe, HMeeT CBOHi 6aAaHcoBbHIi H
qIHHaHCOBbIif OTqeTbi. BCTaBKa 2.4 npeAAaraeT BaM nIpHMepHblfi (POpMaT ()HHaHCOBbIX 3aAaq
oTAeAa. 2 5
Pa3AeAmb nAaHa caMooqeBHAHbl. rpHBeACM HeKoTopbie noHcHeHHA no cToA6MaM:
* S3a.40AMeMHocb - o6njaR cyMMa KpeAHTOB no KOTOPbIM BO BpeMR He 6bIAa
BO3BpaigeHa OCHOBHaH CyMMa AoAra HAH npOgleHTbi, B npogeHTax OT o6imeii cymmbi
BblAaHHbIX KpeAHTOB.
* ArabrBs, ilpNHocvgHe HlAOp6 mlb m 4IeHOgIrbT - nAaHHpyeMbie noKa3aTeAH,
cBR3aHHb1e Co CTpaTerHeH iAaHHpyemoro pocTa 6aHIKa B !leAoM H no noApa3AeAeHHAM.
* qNCrlTM cope, - noKa3aTeAb, yqHTbiBaioHlOHH CTPYKTYPY BHeLIHHX (paCKTOpOB H
CTpyKTypy aKTHBOB H o6mi3aTeAbcTB.
* CpewH4oo ,oxr04 mo amNTNBaM - qHCTblIH nAaHHpyeMbiH AoxoA, AeAeHHbIH Ha cpeAHIOIO
BeAHqHHy aKTHBOB, npHHOCBU.jHX AOXOA.
* KOMHCCNOHHMbOi gOxOdg - nAaHHpyeMbli noKa3aTeAb 3aBHCHqjHH OT .3aAaq 6aHKa H
CTpaTerHH noApa3AeAeHHH.
* Pacxo,qaw Ha sapa6oTHylo ,Aary - nAaHHpyeMaH UH(ppa, Kacaogasica 3aAaq
KOpnOpa1HH H CTpaTerHH noApasAeAeHHH, AOA2KHa BKAIO0jaTb 3aTpaTbI Ha o6yqeHHe B
CTpaHe H 3a py 6e2KoM, KOTOpbie Ha'iHCAAYTCSi B 6ioAmeT noApasAeAeHHH.
• lipEwMMwe pacxogTh - 3aTpaTbi B 6ioAmeTe noApa3AeAeHHa: noKa3aTeAb OTHOCU HHC C
K 3aAaqaM KOPnOpalgHH H CTpaTerHH noApa3AeAeHHH.
* qHCTbR goxoso, - onpeAeAeHHe BTOrO noKa3aTeARI MomeT 6blTb npoBeAeHO CAeAyiOIIHM
o6pa3oM:
BCTaBDKa 2.4
IpHMepHblii q3opmaT q3HHaHCoBbIX BaAaq noApaBAeAe3HH
3aAoAmeH- KpeAHTbi AenO3HTbi 4mCTbwH CpeAH0si AoxOA OT PacxoAbI FlplMble '4Cmcdi
HOCTh B cnpeA flpm6blAb C KOMHC- Ha 3apa- 3aapaTbl AOXOAnpOUeHTaX axTHBOB CHOHHbIX 6oTnyioK o6ujefl onepay,mi nAaTycyrmme
_ xpe"uTOB
FIPOwNbli
rDA (qcalT)
Teiyujnii
W'A
25 Aam'an cTpyxTypa flpeAnloAaraeT, °TO OT4eAbi flpeACTaBARIOT Co6oH CaMOCTORToeAbHbie UeHTpbI,o6ecme'ummaoujHe caMOCTORTeAbHoe nlOAyNeHHe UpH6bLH, HMelOHe oTreAbHbDe 6aAaHcoBbIe H mHaHCOBbie
oTreTmi. Taxaa cTpyriypa MOmeT 6brrb npeo6pasoBaHa B COOTBeTCTBHH Co cTeneHbIO AeUeHT&pamsOBaHmOCTH
qHaHcoBoro ynpaBAeHHl B KOHKpeTHOM 4lHHaHcoBoM yipemAemmHHH.
33
Y,pezrAeONre pjwOBOg4CTEa N IooRwjzeHKU q.BCTB5NTAhIoCTm K IepeMemAr
1. Ilpeo6pa3oBaTb noKa3aTeAb 'IHCTorO cnpeAa B a6coAmorHoe Bblpae2KHHe nyTem
yMHomeHHR cnpeAa Ha KOAH'IeCTBO BblAaHHbIX CCyA AA noAy'ieHHA qHCToro
npoBeHTHoro AoxoAa. K IlOAyqeHHOMy rIpOH3BeAeHHIO rIpH6aBHTb AoXOAbl OT
KOMHCCHOHHbIX H roHopapoB.
2. FlpeAnoAomHM, qTO HenpaMble 3aTpaTbl BbIpacTYT Ha X%.
3. O&eHHM CTOHMOCTb BHyTpeHHHX pac'eTOB.
4. OgeHHTb, OCHOBbIBaHCb Ha OnbITe, AoAIO OTAeAa B o6WeH cyMMe BbiLnAaHBaeMbix
HaAOrOB.
5. HcnoAb3OBaTb 4 npeAbiAyuHe onepaUHH AAA CAeAyiougHX BbI'HcAeHHH:
HHCTa3i nlpOeHTHaA Map2a
+ HenpoUeHTHblH AoXOA
- 3aTpaTbl Ha gapa6oTHyio nAaTy
- npRMbie 3aTpaTml
- HenpAMbIe 3aTpaTmi
- BHyTpeHHHe pacHembi
= no4AmmalMHA HaAoroo6AomeHHIo AOXOA
x (100 - npOUeHTHaH CTaBKa HaAora)
= 4HCTOMy AOXOAY
CTpaTeruh nojpaBAeAeHnw. AHHeiiHbie noApa9AeAeHHQ (T.e. OTAeAbi, HpHHOCRU.He AOXOA,
B OTAHqHe OT, HanpHMep, oTAeAa KaApOB) 06 biqHO oxBaTbiBaxoT Bce KaTeropHH ynpaBAeHHs,
TaKHe KaK: aKTHBbl, CBR3aHHbie C pHCKOM, o6I3aTeAbCTBa, AOXOA OT IlAaTHb!X yCAyr,
KOMHCCHOHHbIX roHopapoB, npOH3BOAHTeAbHOCTb, KOHTpOAb, nepCOHaA, npH BTOM Ha paSHbie
KaTerOpHH AeAaeTCa pa3HblH ynop. OTAeA KaApOB (HeonepaUI,OHHbl) B OCHOBHOM
COCPeAOTa'HBaeT CBOH yCHAHH Ha ABYx KaTeropHHx ynpaBAeHHQ, KoTopbIe 6AHme Bcero
noAxoASIT HX IPyHKUHQM, a HMeHHO npoH3BOAHTCAbHOCTb H KOHTpOAb. HH 04HH IZAaH o,T4eAa
He 4oA)KcH ynycrxam BOYpoCbi yupameNHHH uepcoHaAoM 8 o6yriehwq nepcomma. CTpaTerHi
6oAee rIoApo6Ho paccmaTpHBaeTCq B pa.3AeAe "CTpaTerHQ OTAeAa B IlieCTH o6AacTsix
ynpaBAeHHQ
Heo6xoAHMocTb noAAep2KKH noApaBAeAeHRH. B aTOH 'aCTH nAaHa pyKOBOAHTeAb
noApa3AeAeHHR HMeeT BamHyio AAA ce6Q BO3Mo2rHOCTb oTpa3HTb B nHCbMeHHOM BHAe, B KaKoH
CTeneHH H B KaKOH qpopMe nOApa3AeAeHHe Hy2KAaeTcR B nOMOiIH H noAAepAmKe ApyrHx cAy2r6
H noApa3AeAeHHH 6aHra. ECAH ApyrHe nOApa3AeAeHHH He 6yAyT nOCTaBAeHbl B HBBeCTHOCTb 0
noTpe6HocTHx 1IOApa3AeAeHHI, OCHOBHbie pecypcbi MOryT 6 blTb pacnpeAeAeHbi 6e3 y"eTa TaKoM
Heo6xoAHMoCTH. TaKHM o6pa3oM, AaHHblH Ppa3AeA nAaHa npeAyCMaTpHBaeT BO3MOMHOCTb H
2KeAaTeAbHOCTb COTPYAHH'ieCTBa C ApyrHMH noApa3AeAeHHRMH: B KaKoi CTeneHH noTpe6HocTH
noApa3AeAeHHR npeTeHAY[OT Ha TaKHe pecypcbi KaK noMeIeHHe, nepCOHaA H cHcTeMbI; oTAeA
nsaLHHPOBaHHH AOA2KeH KOOPAHHHPOBaTb H coo6igaTb B COOTBeTCTByIOgUe B3aHMo3aBHcHMbie
OTAeAbl HHqOpMaUH10 0 HeO6 XOAHMOH noAAepmKe H BSaHMOAeHCTBHI.
HeKoTopble 6aHKH npeAycMaTpHBaioT CneHHaAbHbie 3aTpaTbi Ha OCylueCTBAeHHe
Me2KoTAeAbHOH noAAepmKH H opraHH3yioT CAOMHbie BHyTpeHHHe nepepac'eTbI 3a B3saMHbIe
34
FIZa,opomwHe
ycAyrm. HeKoTopbie HcnoAb3ylOT 6oAee npOCTbIC MexaHH3Mbl, TaKHe KaK BbiAeAeHHC HaKaAaHbIX
pacxoAoB B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT KOAH'IeCTBa pa6oTHHKOB oTAeAa. BaHK, KOTOpblH TOAbKO HaBHHaeT
nAaHHpOBaTb CBOIO pa6oTy, AOA2KCH HcnoAb3OBaTb 6oAee npOCTbIC CHCTeMbi pacnpeAe.AeHHSaTpaT H cocpeCoTaHHBaTb cBoe BHHMaHHe Ha 60Aee Ba2Hblx acneKTax nAaHHpOBaHHH.
[nAaH AeHCTBHH. HAaH AeHcTBHA - BTO nporpamma pcaAH3aMHH. OHa BKAIo'iaeT 3aAamH H
AaTbI HX BbinoAHeHHH, qauje Bcero HX Ha3blBalOT BCXaMH nAaHa. B aToHi nporpaMMcH3AaraIOTCH KOHKCpeTHbie 3aAa-iH, Heo6xOAHMb1e AAR BbII1OAHCHHR CTpaTcrHqeCKHX ILAaHOB.
FlAaHbI MepOnpHITHH pa3pa6aTbIBaIOTCH noCAe yTBep2KACHHH pYKOBOACTBOM cTpaTerHH
noApa3AeAeHHH H AOA2KHbl BKAIOqaTb CACAYIOJUHC nyHKTbI:
* cTpaTerH'ecCKHe 3aAa4H, Ha OCHOBaHHH KOTOpbIX pa3pa6oTaHbl nAaHbl MeponpHRTHH;
* 1UHpOKOC H3AO2KCHHC o6q4ero HanpaBAeHHH MepOnpHHBTHH;
* rpynnbi HAH AHUa, oTBCTCTBeHHbIC 3a HcrioAHeHHe;
* noApo6HocTH OCHOBHbIX 3aAaHHH;
* AaTbI 3aBepUleHHH Ka2tKAoro 3aAaHHH;
* popMa oTqeTHOCTH 0 BbInOAHCHHH H 3aBepu1eHHH (HanpHMep, oTe'T HAH
npe4cTaBAeHHe);
* YCAOBHH, nepeMCHHble HAH npenHTCTBHH1, OKa3biBaIO1HC BAHRHHH Ha BO3MOMHOCTb
BbInOAHCHHH npoeKTa HAH AeHCTBHM.
PHCYHOK 2.5 npeAAaraeT o6pa.e3 nAaHa MeponpHHTHH.
BcTaBiKa 2.5OnHcaHHe nAaHa mepoIpHsETKH
[IAAH MEPOHIPH5THM 199 roSAOTAeA_
3aAana:
OnHcaHHe:
PyKoBoAHTeAb npoeKTa:
AaTa HaqaAa:
AaTa OKOHBaHHS:
PacnHcaHHe/1aaYNH 4aa saBeprUeHHz I7poBepKa
1.2.3.4.
IepeMeHHbie:
L?HHaHCOBbie pe3yAbTaTbl:
35
YEpeJlAeNNe pyJKoorcTa NC HomwjNj.U VyBcTsIweA iRocrT h nepememam
CTpaTerHw i7o4pa34eAmeomN B meci vaomax ynpaieo'm
BepHeMCJI K KlaTerOpHHM nAaHHPOBaHHH Ha YPOBHe noApaBAeAeHH9 C TO'KH 3peHHH UIHecTH
30H ynpaBAeHHH: PHCKOBbIMH aKTHBaMH, o6a3aTeAbCTBaMH, AOXOAOM OT nAaTHbIX yCAyr,
KOMHCCHOHHblX H rOHOPaPOB, npOH3BOAHTeAbHOCTH, KOHTpOAH H nepCoHaAa.
YnpaBAeHRe aKTmDanH, CRBHaHHbIKH C pHCKUKa K ICOHTpOAb. AKTHBbl, cBn3aHHbie c
pHCKaMH, KaK OHH xapaKTepn3ylOTCH iB 6aHKoBcKoM peryAHpOBaHHH, o6bI'IHO He BKAIOIaIoT
AeHeC2Hb1C CpCACTBa H 6AHKaiimHe 3aMCHHTeAH AeHer, TaKHe KaK 6aHKoBcKHe BeCKCeA,
BbICOKOHaAeCHbie UeHHbie 6yMarH H SOAOTO. AKTHBbl, cBH3aHHbie C pHCKOM o6bl-HO COCTaB-
AHmOT 6 oAbuylO 'aCTb Bcex aKTHBOB.
HpHo6peTeHHe TaKHx aKTHBOB H ynpaBAeHHe HMH HBAHeTCH OCHOBOH ynpaBAeHiecKoro
npogecca B 6aHKe, nOTOMy 'TO HMeHHO BTH aKTHBbI H o6ecneMHBaloT OCHOBHylO AOAIO AOXOAOB
6aHKa. CTpaTerHwecKHe nAaHb1 B OTHOuieHHH BTHX aKTHBOB AOA2KHbI oMeHHBaTb cyIeCTBy1lioHe
H nOTeHUHaAbHbie PbIHKH, CTPaTerH1O H Ka'CCTBO nopTe.
PbrHo-Ham cTpaTerH.
* B OTHOiuIeHHH TeKCKyleH KAHeHTypbI Ha Cyij&eCTBYIOJIHX pbIHKaX 6aHKa, o4eHHTe
npOHHKHOBeHHe, yAep2KaHHe, npH6bIAbHOCTb. OnpeAeAHTe rpynnbi KAHeHTOB OCHOBHOrO
H BTOpH'IHOrO HHTrepeca AA. 6aHKa H paspa6oTafiTe riAaH pa6oTbl C TaKHMH rpynnaMH.
* lpHo6peTHTe HOBbIX KAmeHTOB Ha cyuecTByIOUIHX pbIHKaX 6aHKa.
* IPOHHKHHTe Ha HOBbIe pblHXH, TaKHe, HanpHMep, Kar. pbIHKH arpo6H3Heca, MaAbiX H
CpeAHHx npeAnpHRTHH H AH3HHroBbIx KOMnaHHH.
* OeHHTe yCAyrH, cBSH3aHHbie C ynpaBAeHHeM pHCKOBbIMH aKTHBaMH, TaKHMH KaK
OnAa'IHBaeMbie KOHCYAbTaIHOHHbie H TeXHH'eICKHe yCAyrH, oKa3bIBaeMbIe KAHeHTaM Ha
MaAoro 6Hs.Heca HAH rocyAapCTBeHHbIM KOMnaHHHM no BonpocaM HX nepecTpoHKH.
CTpaierm 1ropTqpeA
* O4eHHTe HaAe4HOCTb Hmeiou;erocH nOpTqCA3i C TO'IKH 3peHHH UeH, CpOKOB,
KOHUeHTp4aHH KpeAHTOB, OnpeAeAHTe MeAaTeAbHYlO CTPYKlTypy nOpTq .
* Pa3pa6oTafiTe OCHOBHbie HanpaBAeHHH pa.3BHTH.9 4)HHaHCOBOH npOAyK4HH, TarHX K
3aKAaAHbie nOA ()HKCHPOBaHHbie npo4eHTbl, ()HHaHCHpoBaHHe o6opOTHoro KanHTaAa
AAA Ha'IHHaIOUIHX npeAnPHHHMaTeAeH, (pHHaHCHpoBaHHe onepaxHHi no AH3HHry-apeHAe
H C BbIKynoM.
KavecrBo )70pr41e11A
3 aAaMTe 2KeAaTCAbHOe Ka'eCTBO nOpTtpeA, BKAIOMaS onpeAeAeHHe AOFIyCTHMOH AOAH
KpeAHTOB, no1 KOTOpbIM npeKpaLqeHO Ha'HCAeHHe H OrITHMaAbHOe COOTHOIUeHHe KAHeHTOB no
OTpacARM/CeKTopaM npOMbIiAeHHOCTH TaK, 9To6bI HH OAHa H3 rpynn He nOAy"HAa
HenpOnOPUHOHaAbHbIX pecypcoB no CpaBHeHHIO C ApyroH.
06ecne'ubTe IOCTOHHCTBO oMeHKH Ka2KAbiM oTAeAoM q)HHaHcoBoH yCTOHiqHBOCTH H
HaAe2KHOCTb Ka2mAOrO KAHeHTa, BKAlO'aR BOSMO2KHOCTH BbInAaTbl CCyA, ynpaBAeH'iecKHe
cnoco6HocTH, nOAHbli o6beM (PHHaHcoBb1x noTpe6HOCTeH, AoKyMeHTaUHMo, CTOHMOCTb H
jeHHOCTb 3aAoroBoro o6ecne'ueHHM. KpeAHTHoe OTAeAeHHe 6aHKa B paSBHBaloqegCHc cTpaHe
AOAMHO o6ecneqHTb ce6e BO3MO2KHOCTb npOBeAeHHR UIHpOKorO HaAsopa 3a -aeMUHKaMH, a B
36
llAaHNPOMaWH
HeKoTopbIx cAy"aax HMeTb BO3MO2KHOCTb oKa3blBaTb TexHHIecKylo noMOb H o6y"eHHe cBoeMy
3aeMugHKy.
YupanAeHHe o6nBaTeAbCT3amH. O6R3aTeAbCTBa COCTOSIT H3 BKAaAOB H ApyrHx pecypCOB,
KOTOpb1e HcnOAb3yHOTCH AASI (PHHaHCHpOBaHHa aKTHBOB. YnpaBAeHHe o6S3aTeAbcTBaMH
qpHHaHCHpyeT PHCKOBbIe aKTHBbI C OnTHMaAbHbIM cnpeAoM, noAAepmHBaeT AHKBHAHOCTH, H
KOHTPOAHPYeT npoUeHTHbliH pHCK H pHCK, CBH3aHHbliH C H3MeHeHHRMH yCAOBHH. CDHHaHCOBbIH
OTAeA, COBMeCTHO C onepaUHOHHbIMH oTAeAaMH, KOTOpbIe OTBe'iaIOT 3a KpeAHTOBaHHe H
Mo6HAH3agHmo AenO3HTOB, ynpaBAseT o6H3aTeAbCTBaMH. BaHKH AOA2fHbl HMeTb MeXaHH3M
KOOPAHHaUHH ynpaBAeHHH o6S3aTeAbCTBaMH, HHorAa B (popme OTAeAbHOrO noApa3AeAeHHi. Kar
aTo orHCbiBaeTCH B rAaBe 4 "CIHHaHCOBOe ynpaBAeHHe", 6aHKH 'aCTo (JOpMHpylOT KOMHTeT no
ynpaBAeHHeo aKTHBaMH H o6s3aTeAbCTBaMH (ALCO) AAA TOro qTo6bI o6ecnewHTb
BBaHMOAeHCTBHe ynpaBAHRioJiHX pHCKOBbIMH aKTHBaMH C AHMaMH, ynpaBA5HioiHMH
o6H3aTeAbCTBaMH, npH pa3pa6oTKce nOAHTHKH, OXBaTbIBaaioije TaKHe npo6AeMbi, KaK Bbi6op
MeM2Ay AHKBHAHOCTbIO H npH6blAblO.
HOApa3AeAeHHR, KOTOpbie o6ecne-IHBaaoT (fHHaHCHpOBaHHe, AOA2KHbl pa3pa6oTaTb CTpaTerHH
no ynpaBAeHHIo o6a3aTeAbcTBaMH, B KOHTeKCTe npOAyK1.HH H pbIHKOB, BKAIO'ialOu4He:
* onpeAeAeHHe geAeBbIX PbIHKOB ZAsA Ka2KAOro BHAa npOAyKTOB, TaKHX KaK cpeAcTBa
KOMnaHHH H HHAHBHAYaAbHbie BKAaAbl, AenO3HTHbie cepTHCPHKaTbl H c6epe2KeHHi;
* onpeAeAeHHe POAH H MecTa 6aHKa Ha PbIHKe H OTHOCHTeAbHYIO AOA10 pbIHKa,
3aHHMaeMyiO 6aHKOM;
* ynpaEAeHHe o6a3aTeAbcTBaMH B HHOCTpaHHOH BaAloTe;
* pa3pa6oTKy CHCTeMbI npeAocTaBAeHHH ycAyr KAHeHTaM, KOTOpaH 6bIAa 6bl yAo6Hoi AAH
KAHeHTa H a(xpeKTHBHOH no -3aTpaTaM AAA 6aHKa.
YupaoAeHne KOMHCCHOHiobImH AOxoAaMH. 4OXOAbl OT IlAaTHbiX ycAyr BHOCHT CBOI0 AOA10
B o6
uyIyo npH6bIAb 6aHKa, He Tpe6y3i npH aTOM (PHHaHCHpOBaHHH, H TOAbKO qaCTHqHO 3aBHCHT
OT cnpoca Ha KpeAHTbI. BO3MO02HOCTH nOAy-eHHH TaKoro AoxoAa AOA2HbI 6bITb paCIDHpeHbI.
AoA2KHbI TaKme nOBbIllaTbCCH Ka-eCTBO H CTpyKTypa MeXaHH3Ma npeAOCTaBAeHHH TaKHX ycAyr
KAHeHTaMm.
B xoAe pa3pa6oTKmH nAaHOB Heo6xoAHMo onpeAeAHTb cermeHTbi pbbHKa AAR TaKoro poAa
YCAyr H onpeAeAHTb AHHaMHKY AOXOAOB no Kam2AOMY BRAy npOAAyK%HH. CTpyKTypa
KOMHCCHOHHbIX AOA2KHa peryAspHo nepeCMaTpHBaTbCR, qTo6bi rapaHTHPOBaTb
npH6bIAbHoCTbHOCTb OCHOBHbiX npoAyKToB. HymHO TaK2Ke nepeCMaTpHBaTb npOAyKTbl, 'TO6b!
6blTb yBepeHHbIM B TOM, YTO OHH COOTBeTCTBYIOT noTpe6HoCTs!M pbIHKa. Flo mepe AeperyAsi.HH
qIHHaHCOBbIX pbIHKOB, PaSBHTHe HOBbIX npOAYKTOB CTaHOBHTCH MOU4HbIM CpeACTBOM
KOHKypeHUHH B 6aHKoBcKofi HHAYCTPHH. Bo3pacTaeT H 3Ha-IeHHe nAaTHbIX HHAHBHAYaAbHbIX
ycAyr, oKa3biBaeMbix 6aHKoM CBOHM KAHeHTaM.
HlpHHRTHe pbIHKOM onAaTbi ycAyr, cBR3aHHbIX C npeAocTaBAeHHeM KpeAHTa, B OCHOBHOM
3aBHCHT OT yCAOBHH Ha KpeAHTHOM pbIHKe; TaKaH onAaTa AOA2KHa 6blTb 'aCTbio nOAHTHKH
6aHKa npH pa3pa6oTKe nOAHTHKH qOpMHpOBaHHH UeHbl Ha KpeAHTHbie CpeACTBa
YupaBAeHHe nPOHNBROAHTeAbHOCTbo. YnpaBAeHHe npoH3BOAHTeAbHOCTb]O CTpeMHTCH
OnTHMH3HpOBaTb pe3yAbTaTbI pa6oTbl B KoHTeKCTe AeAoBoro nAaHa. BbImHMaHHe pacxoAoB no
37
YxrpeizuAeHe pKoBEoAcTEa N IIOBrbMWCNl y7BcmTBNeAbHocTN K JepeMeHam
CyUgeCTBy1OJJeH CTpyKType 6H13Heca, CaHKUHOHHPOBaHHe pOCTa 3aTpaT TOAbKO B cAyqae, eCAH
npeAeAbHbie AOXObIl npeBbIUalOT npeAeAbHbIe pacxoAbI 3a paY3MHblH nepHOA BpeMeHH
noAqepKHBaeT 3HaqeHHe nOBbIUeHHsi npoH3BOAHTeAbHOCTH B 6aHKoBcKofi cqepe. IOCKOAbKy
KOHKypeHUHS OKa3bIBaeT cHHKaiogee AaBAeHHe Ha 6aHKOBCKHA cnpeA, 3HaqeHHe ynpaBAeHHH
npOH3BOAHTeAbHOCTbhO Bo3pacTaeT. Pe3yAbTaToM cTpaTerHaiecKHx yCHAHH B BToH o6 AacTH
AOA2KHO CTaTb rlOBbimeHHe noKa3aTeAR rIpOH3BOAHTeAbHOCTH, Bbipa2KeHHOro KaK OTHOllleHHe
MHCTOFO AoxoAa 3a BbiqeTOM OnepagHOHHbIX 3aTpaT K xIHCTOMy AOXOAY A0 Bblie'ra
onepa0HOHHbIX 3aTpaT. Heo6xoAHMo pa3pa6oTaTb cTpaTerHH, KOTOpbIe 6bi:
* COKPaTHAH 3aTpaTbl Ha CyUJeCTBYIOUgHe npoAyKTb!;
* YBeAHqHAH pacxOAbI TOAbKO npH npeBbIIueHHH npeAeAbHaMH AOXOAaMH npeAeAbHbIX
3aTpaT;
* peaAH3oBaAH 3arfAaHHPOBaHHbIe H3MeHeHHH B 6aHKOBCKHX nIpOAyKTax, OpraHH3aUHH
pa6oTbl H peaAH-3aHH KOHTpOAH;
* aHaAHSHPOBaAH H COBeplueHCTBOBaAH o6pa6OTKy onepaUHii H CHCTeMy npeAOCTaBAeHHH
ycAyr H npOAYK!HH KAHeHTy;
* npHHHMaAH BO BHHMaHHe H3MeHeHHH MecTOHaXO2mAeHHH H BHla 3AaHHH, annapaTHoro H
nporpaMHoro o6ecneqeHHq KOMfnbIOTepHbIX CHCTCM H KaApoB;
* pa3BHBaAH H BHeApqAH CHCTeMbI, KOTOpbIe nOBbluialOT a XIeKTHBHOCTH 3a cIeT
YCTpaHeHH.9 HeHYMHb]X 3aTpaT, MOAHq)HKagHH HAH HcKAio0eHHH HeKoTopbix BHAOB
npOAYKTOB HAH noTpe6HTeAbcKHx ycAyr, CHH2KeHHff HaKAaAHbix paCXOAOB, H3MeHeHHR
xapaKTepHCTHK YPOBHSI H KOMneTcHTHOCTH nepcoHaAa, H onpeAeAeHHH 3aAaq AAH
pa3pa6oTKH a8)qXeKTHBHOH CHCTeMbi ynpaBAeHMecKOH HHtPOpMaqHH.
YnpaBAeHHe KoHTpoAemI. lpoUeccbi KOHTpOAH noMoraloT AHHeHiHbIM pyROBOAHTeAAM
AOCTH'Ib onpeAeAeHHbIX geAeH B paMKax nOAHTHKH 6aHKa, cnoco6CTByH TOMy, mTO6bi
PYKOBOAHTCAH HaXOAHAH H HcnpaBAaAH OIUH6KH H HeTO9HOCTH A0 TOrO, KaK OHH 3aKoHqaTcR
cepbe3HbIMH y6blTKaMH HAH pHCKOM TaKoBbix. HeKoTopble )yHKUHH KOHTpOAH npOBOARTCH
cneHHaAbHblM nepCOHaAOM, BbInOAH5UOIHM BHyTpeHHHH ayAHT. 3HaqHT, KOHTpOAb RBAHeTcR
(PyHKUHeH H AHHeHHoro ynpaBAeHHI H ynpaBAeHHH nepcoHaAoM. Flpogecc riAaHHPOBaHHH no
OTAeAaM o6ecneqHBaeT BO3MOŽtHOCTb no-HOBOMy ogeHHTb aAeKBaTHocTb BHyTpeHHero KOHTpOAH
H paspa6oTaTb nporpaMMbi ycHAeHHH HAH paclUHpeHH.H aTHX cAy2K6 B cAy'ae Heo6xoAHMocTH.
PYKOBOACTBO KoMMepICCKoro 6aHKa OCyJIeCTBAmeT KOHTPOAb qepe3 UIHpOKHH cneKTp
(PyHKUHH ayAHTa H KOHTpOAH:
* pa3pa6oTKa H H3AaHHe 6aHKoBCKHx PYKOBOACTB H HHCTpyK1qHH, KOTOpble H3AaramoT
6aHKOBcKylo nOAHTHKy, onpeAeARJOT OCHOBHbIe HanpaBAcHHS AeRTeAbHocTH,
onpeAeAHIOT HOpMaTHBbI H q)OPMHPYIOT OCHOBy AAR npOBePKH BbD1OAHeHHH OCHOBHbIX
Tpe6oBaHHH
* q)opMaAH3agHn riOTOKa oTqeTHOCTH CHHSY BBepX, KOTOpaq BKAIO'iaAa 6 bl Heo6xoAHMble
oTheTbI AHHeHHbIX pyKoBoAHTeAeH, coo6ujaiou4Hx 0 BbinOAHeHHH H.AH HeBbInOAHeHHH
npHHHTOH nOAHTHKH
* BHeApeHHe COOTBeTCTBYIOU4HX npoUeAyp ayAHTa H paCCMOTpeHHH KpeAHTOB BO BCe
HOBb!e CHCTeMbi H AeAOBbie nporpammbC A0, B XOAe H nocAe HX peaAHSaIHH.
38
JJAaJHHPOBaRH
CHCTeMbN ynpaBAeHqeCKOH HHq)OpMaUHH (CYM) npeAcTaBA3IoT co6Oi HHCTpyMeHT,
KOTOpblH noAAepmHBaeT (PyHKgHH KOHTpOAR. HAaH CYM, KaK BamHaR qaCTb o6fero rlAaHa, B
OCHOBHOM pa3pa6aTbiBaeTcH Ha OCHOBe CTpaTerHH noApa.3AeAeHHH.
YupaBAeene nepcoHaAoM. lepcoHaA npeAcTaBAAeT co6ofi CaMbIH Ba2HbliH H3 pecypCOB
6aHKa. POCT H ycnex 6aHKa onpeAcAHReTCR TeM, HaCKOAbKO 3HaIOJHC H OnbITHbie pa6OTHHKH
HaXOAHTCH Ha KAIoxeBbIX H npHOPHTeTHbIX MecTaX B 6 aHKe. Pa3BHTHe HHAHBHAyaAbHbIX
HaBbIKOB, coBeplleHCTBOBaHHe 3HaHHH H OnbITa KOAAeKTHBa S1BAACTCR Ba2KHbJM npHOPHTCTHbIM
HanpaBAeHHeM B pa6oTe pyKOBOAHTCAH noApasAeAeHHH.
Ka2mAbiH PYKOBOAHTeAb oTAeAa HeceT OTBeTCTBCHHOCTb 3a CO3AaHHe COOTBeTCTBy1OejeH
pa6oqefi cpeAbi. OH onpeAeAAeT npo6AeMbl, BO3MO2KHOCTH H noTpe6HoCTH, KoTopbie MoryT6 blTb pelUeHbl mepe3 o6yqeHHe cnefHaAbHO OTo6paHHoro nepcoHaAa ynpaBAeHiCCKHM H
TexHHqecKHM HaBbIKaM. OH OTBemaeT 3a nAaHHPoBaHHe TaKoro o6yleHHH H onpeAeAAeT
HanpaBAeHHe e2KcAHCBHOrO COBCpIIIlHCTBOBaHHH CBOHX nOA4qHHeHHbIX. 9 TH Tpe6oBaHHFI
peaAHmyiOTCH mepe3 KOHKpeTHbIe ularH H MeponpHSITHH, BCTPeqH H KOHTaKTbI C pa6OTHHKaMH, B
xoAe KOTOPbIX pyKOBOAHTeAb:
* o6ecne'HBaeT nIpoPeCCHOHaAbHO KBaAHPHUHpOBaHHbIM AIOAHM 06yqeHHe H
BbIABHmeHHe Ha KAJoxieBbie noCTbl B noApa3AeAeHHH;
* npOBOAHT o6y'qeHHe pa6OTHHKoB, 4To6bi noMOMb HM noHHTb HOpMaTHBbl H
Tpe6oBaHHR K PC3yAbTaTam pa6oTbl;
* rnAaHHPYCT o6pa3oBaHHe BaKaHCHH Ha KAioqeBbix nOCTaX B cBoeM noApa3AeAeHHH;
* nepHoAHtmecKH OgeHHBaeT pe3yAbTaTbi pa6oTbl H noTeHgHaA KamAoro nOAqHHeHHoro;
* o6cymAaeT AOCTH2KeHHR B pa6oTe H Heo6xoAHMOcTb o6yxeHHA c Ka2AbIM
noASHHeHHbIM;
* pa3BHBaeT npOrpaMMbi npO4peCCHOHaAbHOrO o6yteHHH B yTpe2KAeHHH, KOTOpble 6bl
o6ecneiHAH Mo6HAbHOCTb nepcoHaAa H coBmeiqaeT o6y'eHHe nepcoHaAa 3a
py6emoM co CTHMyAaMH no yAep2KaHHio nepCoHaAa;
* nePHOAHMeCKH nepeCMaTPHBaeT AOA2KHOCTHbIe HHCTPYK4HH AAR HX o6HOBAeHHS1 B
COOTBeTCTBHH C MeHRIOWHMHCH YCAOBHHMH.
j>eHTpaAbHOe noApa3AeAeHHe no o6yMeHH!o H nOArOTOBKe nepcoHaAa (oTAeA KaApOB,
y"e6Hblii oTAeA 6aHKa) AOA2KeH o6ecneqHBaTb KoHcyAbTaTHBHbie H KOOPAHHagHOHHbie ycAyrH
AHHeHHbIM pyKOBOAHTeAAM, KorAa OHH npOBOAHT rLAaHHPOBaHHe o6yqeHH3i nepcoHaAa,
pa3pa6oTKy o6R3aHHocTeii pa6oTHHKoB. YqaCTHe B BTOH pa6oTe COTpyAHHKOB oTAeAa KaApOB
TOAbKO YCHAHBaeT, npHAaeT 3HamHMOCTb pa6OTe PYKOBOAHTeAH, HO He nOAMeHSeT ee. Pa6oTa
AOAKHa BKAIOqIaTb, HO HC OrpaHHqHBaTbCH CACAYIOH4HM:
a BcXPeKTHBHOe OPHeHTHPOBaHHe H o6yqeHHe HOBbIX COTpyAHHKOB;
* o6yqeHHe Ha pa6oqeM MeCTe, qTo6bi Ka2KAbiH pa6oTHHK Mor BXpqleKTHBHO BbinOAHRTb
pa6oTy, Ha KOTOPYJO OH Ha3HaqeH;
* o6yTeHHe BHYTPH CTpaHbi H 3a py6emoM B HHTepecax 6aHKoBcKofi nOAHTHKH
nOBbIlJCeHHH KBaAHcpHKagHH nepcoHaAa H CO3AaHHe pesepsa Ha npOABH2KeHHe,
nOArOTOBKa CnegHaAHCTOB;
* KO0PAHHHPOBaHHe nOAroTOBKH nepCOHaAa c Hy2KAaMH yPeCMAeHHH;
39
YKvpeHAeHHe pyJrOBOCTRa H HOwMIJeOHJwff IyBCTBHTeAhOC7TN h epemeMHaM
* co3AaHHe BO3MOMHOCTH npHo6peTeHHI OIIbITa H npOBeAeHHe o6yqeHHn, Heo6xoAHMoro
AAA pa3BHTHR KapbepbI pa6oTHHKa, pa3pa6oTKa MeXaHH3MOB yAepmaHHS OnbITHb1X
pa6oTHHKOB.
3AKAIOLIEHHE H KPATKUE BbIBOlbl
HlAaHHpOBaHHe HBAHeTCH BeAHKOAenHbIM HHCTpyMeHTOM ynpaBAeHHH, OXBaTbIBaoloHM Bce
acneKTbI 6aHKOBCKHX onepa4Hi. Ho JAH TOro, WTO6bi o6ecnewHTb ce6e ycnex, Bbiculee
PYKOBOACTBO AOA2KHO npH3HaTb, 'TO nAaHHPOBaHHe HeO6XOAHMO AA4M 2KH3HeCnOCO6HOCTH
6aHKa. HoAo6Hoe nPH3HaHHe 'aCTO npHXOAHT noCAe IIIOKOB, BbI3BaHHbIX KOHKypeHgHeH, nocAe
pe3Koro naAeHHR AOXOAHOCTH HAH HOCAe nepeCTpOHKH y'pemAeHHH. 1lAaHHPOBaHHe qBAAeTcT
OTBeTCTBeHHOCTbIO AHHeHHOrO pyKOBOACTBa. KOHCyAbTaHTbl, pa6OTHHKH, onpeAeAsnougHe
rioTpe6HoCTH B IUTaTaX H ApyrHe CnefHaAHCTbI MOryT pa3pa6OTaTb OCHOBHble paMKH H
npoBeCTH aHaAH3 AAA o6Aer-ieHHR npogecca nAaHHpOBaHHH, HO 3a caM npogecc OTBeqaiOT Te,
KTO BMeCTC C BblCUIHM PYKOBOACTBOM 6aHKa OTBeMaeT 3a ycnex pa6oTbi npeAnpHfTHH. Be3
yqaCTHH Bbicuiero pyKOBOACTBa, nAaHHpOBaHHe - 9TO TOAbKO HaAOeJAHBblH aAMHHHCTpaTHBHblH
npogecc.
YcnelIIHoe riAaHHpOBaHHe Tpe6yeT HaAH'iHR HHCTHTYUHOHaAbHOrO MeXaHH3Ma nAaHHpOBaHHH
AAA pa3pa6OTKH, KOOPAHHaUHH H OTCAem2HBaHHH BbInOAHeHH.9 nAaHa. TaKaH 4pyHKIHa MO2KeT
6blTb BO3Ao2KeHa Ha q)HHaHcoBorO AHpeKTopa HAH nepeAaHa B oTAeA nAaHHpoBaHHHS,
CO3AaHHbliH CnegHaAbHO AAA BTOH MeAH. c)YHKIH.9 nAaHHpOBaHHR HeCeT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb sa
pa3pa6oTKy 3aAaq KopnopaIHH, 3a nepeAaqy OCHOBHbIX yCAOBHH H Tpe6oBaHHH riAaHa B
oTAeAeHHH, ynpaBAaH r npogeccom o0eHKH nAaHOB, pa3pa6aTbiBaR nporHOH3bi 6aAaHCOBbIX
OT'ieTOB H AOXOAOB, H KOOPAHHHPYH nAaHHPOBaHHe Ha cAy'qaH 'ipe3Bbi3iaHHbIX o6CToRTeAbcTB.
lpogecc nAaHHpOBaHHR AOAMHo 6bITb npOCTbIM. HIepec'iyp aM6HUHO3Hbie CHCTeMbi
nAaHHPOBaHHR npeBpaigaioTca cKopee B 6pemHs, 'eM B nOAe3HbiH HHcTpyMeHT pyKOBOACTBa.
OnepaTHBHbie rlAaHbl HaqHHaIOTCH C 'eTKO BbipasfeHHOH nocAeAoBaTeAbHOCTH AeHCTBHH,
KOTOpbie onpeAeAAIOT xapaKTep H BpeMH pa3AHxIHbIX (paKTOpOB. 3aAwIH, [pHOpHTeTbl H CaM
xapaKTep nAaHa AOA2KeH 6
blTb oripeAeAeH BbICIIIHM pyKOBOACTBOM 6aHKa. H HCcMOTpH Ha BCe
aTH orOBOPKH, KOHeCHbliH npOAYKT AOA2KeH 6bITb AoKyMeHToM, KOTOpblH oTpa2KaeT cHTyaIHIO
Ha pa6oqeM ypOBHe.
HlAaHHpOBaHHe B aMePHKaHCKHx 6aHKax Ha'HHaAOCb C cocTaBAeHHH KaKmx-To
COMHHTCAbHbIX 4H(p H npH y'aCTHH CAa6bix CHCTeM, HO C TeX nop 6aHKH pa3pa6OTaAH
Heo6xOAHMbie CHcTeMHbIe noAAepmKH. B pa3BHBaioWHxcH CTpaHaX 6aHKH TOme MOrAH 6bl
BblHrpaTb OT CHCTeMHOrO pa3BHTHH. OAHHM H3 BamHbIX HHcTpyMeHToB noAAep2KH S1BAHeTCH
nporHo3HaR MOAeAb. B IIOCTOHHHO HsMeHH.Oi4HXCII qJHHaHCOBbIX H BKOHOMH'eCKHx yCAOBHRX,
OKaSbIBaio1gHX cepbe3Hoe BAHHHHe Ha BO3MOmHOCTH 6aHKa Ao6HTbCS1 3anAaHHPOBaHHb1X
pe3yAbTaTOB, KaK OHH 6blAH 3aSHKCHPOBaHbI B npoUecce nAaHHpoBaHHH, 6aHKH AOA2KHbl
pa3pa6aTblBaTb BO3MO2KHOCTH AAR nporHO3HPOBaHHR H nAaHHPOBaHHH Ha cAy'aE
HeIpeABHAeHHbIX qpe3BbixiaHHbIX o6cTosiTeAbCTB.
fporHo3 Heo6xOAHMO IIPOBOAHTb e2KeMeCCYHO Ha OCHOBaHHH AaHHbIX, nIocTynaiolgHx OT
AHHeHHbIX PYKOBOAHTeAeH H cAy2K6 ynpaBAeHHH nepCOHaAOM. AHHeiiHbie OTAeAbi o6ecne'HBaioT
40
HAaHHpo eaHHe
o6HoBAeHHe nOFrHo3oB B OTHOmeHHH aKTHBOB, o6R3aTeAbCTB, AOXOAOB H paCXOAOB, a TaKme
BAHRHHHR npogeHTHoH CTaBKH Ha ypOBeHb pa6oTaloWHx aKTHBOB H BAHRHHHe o63aTeAbCTB H
npogeHTHoH CTaBKH Ha TaKHe pbIHO-Hbie HHCTpymeHTbl KaK Me2K6aHKOBCKaR CTaBKa, CTaBKa Ha
CpOqHbie BKAaAbl, HAH 6aHKOBCKafl CTaBKa. (lpHAomeHHe B npeAAaraeT npOCTOH nIpHMep
MOACAH rIporHo3HpOBaHHH, Bbin1OAHeHHOH B AOTOce. OHa nOKa3biBaeT 6aAaHC, oT'ieT 0
npH6blAH H OCHOBHbie CHHaHCOBbie KOBqXHgHeHTbI 3a HCTeK1He nHTIb AeT).
41
YjrpelLAen'Ne p,yxwooexcTa N IIBhloIreIHw qyBcTmmreA.bHocrT h nmepe 4 veHaar
FIpHAOxceHme A. FIpoBepKa CTpaTerHH
IlposepKa nAaHa npeACTaBASeT co6ofi BO3MO2KHOCTb OmeHHTb cTpaTerHio, pa3pa6oTaNHyio
AAS KoHKpeTHoro pblHra. OHa TaK2Ie nomoraeT OCyUeCTBHTb o6paTHybo CBH3b C pyKOBOAH-
TeAMH noApa3AeAeHHH HU npoBeCTH AonOAHrTeAbHb!ii aHaAu3 pa-BHTHq CTpaTerHH noApa3-
AeAeHHR. HcnoAb3yfiTe CAeAyiolU4H rIpOBepOqHbliH AHCT (KOTOpblii B3RT y LLITaAiHepa 19 7 9 r.)26
KaM OCHOBHOe PYKOBOACTBO npuH OeHKe riAaHa, AeAaH ynop Ha pa3AeAax, KOTOpbie Heo6xoAHMo
o6cyAHTb AOnOAHHTeAbHO. H onblTaiiTeCb yBHAeTb HenOCAeAOBaTeAbHOCTb rLAaHa.
OfeHxa cTpareriwqecAoro nAaaa pzrHia
1. aOCTaTOHHO AH AaHHbIX AAm aAeKBaTHOii ogeHKH pbIHKa?
2. ECAH HeAoCTaToqHo, KaKHe AOnOAHHTeAbHbIe AaHHbIe Tpe6yloTCH H rAe HX MO2KHO
nOAy4HTb?
3. H4eTKO AH onpeAeAeH HHTepecyiouIHi Hac pbIHOK?
4. KaKos o6 1beM H CTOHMOCTb pbIHKa?
5. KaKoBbi TeMnbi pOCTa B npOU1AoM H nepCneKTHBbi POCTa B 6yAyueM?
6. CiOAbKiO CyI,eCTByeT KAHeHTOB? CKOAbKO KAHeHTOB COCTaBAHl T 50 H 80% o6beMa
pbIHKa?
7. H.sBecTeH AH npogecc npHHrTrH peJineHHHi Ha PblHKe H MOmeT AH 6aHK nOBAHRTb Ha
BTH pemeHHs!?
8. S3BeCTHbI AH nOTpe6HocTH KAHeHTOB H COOTBeTCTBYIOT AH HM Bo3MO2KHOCTH 6aHKa?
9. onpeAeAeHbi AH oCHOBHbI KoHKypeHTbl H HX OTHOCHTeAbHaR cHAa? H3BecTHa AH HX
cTpaTerHsl?
10. TomHO AH onpeAeAeHo nOAOmeHHe 6aHKa no cpaBHeHHIO C ero KOHKypeHTaMH?
11. ECTb AH y 6aHKa pecypcbi Ami o6CAy2HBaHHR aToro pbIHKa?
12. ByAeT AH AeHTeAbHOCTb Ha BTOM pbIHKe COBnaAaTb C o6UJJHMH 3aAaqaMH 6aHra?
13. TulaTeAbHO AH 6blAH npoaHaAH3HpoBaHbl BCe qaXTopbi BAHRHHUH OKpyKeHHR Ha
pbIHOK?
14. KaK OCeHHBaLTCH cloco6HocT AH4KpepeHgHpBaTb AeRTeAbHOCTb H eCTb AH TaKla
cnoco6HOCTb y 6aHxa?
15. OnIpeAeAeHbl AH nlpH6blAbHOCTb H 'IYBCTBHTeAbHOCTb K geHam pbIHKa?
16. OnpeAeAeHbl AH KAIO'ReBbie (aKTOpbi ycnexa Ha BTOM pblIHKe?
Offemra MuaHa
CBepXBaAaqa H BaAaqH
1. ICHa H aKTyaAbHa AH OCHOBHaR geAb 6aHKa?
2. OnlpeAeAeHbI AH .3aAasH no coAep2KaHHIo, KOAHseCTBeHHb1M noKasaTeARM,
OTBeTCTBeHHblM 3a BbInIOAHeHHe H BpeMeHH BbinIOAHeHHH?
3. PeaAHCTU9Htl AM aTH 3aAasiH?
26 KaK yKawao y 34eHHOHa (1986). BOCmpOHBOAHTCes c pa3pememm AaOH YafiN H cbiHOBbR', ATA.
42
uaHHpowpaowHHe
OCHOBHbie yCAOBHE PMbHKa H BHeMIH6e CpeAbl
4. Bce AH BamHbie xapa.KTepHCTHKH H YCAOBHR 6blAH BbilBAeHbI H yqTeHbl?
5. PaayMHbl AH aTH Bb1BOAbl?
6. Ha KaKOH HHMHOpMaUHH OHH OCHOBbIBaioTc.R?
KOHKypeHTHaE cKAa7. HeTKO AH onpeAeAeHbI AOAH PbIHKa 6aHKa H AOAH pblHKa ero OCHOBHblX KOHKypeHTOB?
8. OripeAeAeHo AH OTHOIJIeHHe Me2KAy npH6bIAbio 6aHKa Ha PbIHKe H KOHKypCHUHeH Ha
AaHHOM pbIHKe?
9. OnpeAeAeHO H OUCHeHO AH OTHOCHTeAbHoe KamecTBo 6aHKoBcKHX ycAyr?
10. ConocTaBHMa AH UeHa Ha 6aHKoBcKHe ycAyrH C CeHOH ero OCHOBHbIX KOHKyPCHTOB Ha
AaHHOM pbIHKe?
11. OnpeAeAeHbI AH npHeMbi MapKleTHHra H CHCTeMa [peAOCTaBAeHHH yCAyr 6aHKoM B
CpaBHeHHH C ero KOHKypeHTaMH?
12. OnipeAcAeH H ogeHeH AH ypOBeHb pecypCOB, HMelOWHXCR y 6aHKa, no CpaBHeHHIO C
pCcypcamH ero OCHOBHbIX KOHKypeHTOB)
OUeHsKa 3OBMOUHHOCTeC
13. HIeTKO AH onpeAeAeHbl H OCeHeHbl BO3MO2KHOCTH 6aHKa B o6AacTH HanpaBAeHHH
pa3BHTHR H nOTeHlHaAbHOrO BAHSHHH?
14. CyigeCTBy1OT AH RBHaH BHeIHHH OnaCHOCTb H O;eHCHO AH eef nOTeHUHaAbHOe BAHHHHe
Ha pa3BHTHe 6aiiKa?
CTpaTerm nopTqDeAR pbNHOqHOrO cermeHTa15. 4eTKO AH paspa6oTaHa cTpaTerHR nopT"" KamAoro pb1HO-Horo cerMeHTa?
16. CoBnaAaeT AH npeAAaraeMaH cTpaTerHH co CTpaTerHeH pbIHO'Horo nOpTVJAR?
S3aAaqH nAaHa meponp*sTsH17. HeTKO AH onpeAeAeHbl 3aAaqIH nAaHa? HMelOTCR AH KoAHIeCTBeHHbie noKa3aTeAH Ha
KamAbiH CTpaTerHqeCKHH qJaKTOp C TO'KH 3peHHH YPOBHH H xapaKTepa nAaHHpyeMblX
H3MeHeHHH?
18. BblpameHbI AH 3aAaqH KaKAofi noA-nporpaMMbl C TOsKH 3peHHH ee BeCOMOCTH B
OCYlUeCTBAeHHH meAaTeAbHbIX nepeMeH no KOHKpeTHOMy cTpaTerHqecKoMy cpaKTopy?
19. 06ecneqHBaloT AH AOCTaTO-HYO noAAep2KKy BCnOMOraTeAbHbie ITAaHbi H COqeTaKOTCH
AH OHH C pbiHOiHOH cTpaTerHeHi H 3aAaqaMH AaHHOrO cermeHTa pbiHKa?
20. CorAacylOrcR AH 3aAaqH nAaHa AeHCTBHH C HCXOAHbJMH AaHHbIMH H OCeHKaMH,
BKAIORaR npeAnoAaraemyo peaKuHIo KOHKypeHTOB?
nAaEbl nporpaMM
21. 4 eTKO AH onpeAeAeHbl iularH, Heo6xOAHMbie AAm peaAH3aHH nporpaMM H eCTb AH B
nporpammax XKAoieBble MOMeHTIbl?22. OnpeAeAeH AH BHYTPH noApa3AeAeHHS Heo6xOAHMblH ypoBeHb nepcoHaAa?
43
YirpeizAemwe pywoBoxcr5ia i IOHLWHeNAU 'JyDCTBNIWAbmOCT Jr ilepeMeitam
23. Cy{geCTByeT AH B noApa_3AeAeHHH Heo6xoAHMbli Ha6op HaBbIKOB H 3MHaHHHi AAA
BbInOAHeHHH nOCTaBAeHHbIX 3aAaq?
24. BxSRn.AeHbl AH Heo6xoAHMble npogeAypbi o6yqeHHR H/HAH npHema HOBbIX COTPYAHHKOB
B noApa3AeAeHHH?
25. OnpeAeAeHbI AH BO3MOMHOCTH o6ecne'ieHNH Heo6xoAHMoro ypOBHR H KOAHMecTBa
nepcoHaAa sa C9eT BHyTpeHHHX pe3epBOB 6aHKa?
26. OnpeAeAeHbl AN CBR3U opraHH3agHOHHorO H Apyroro xapaKTepa MemAy AaHHbHM
noApa3AeAeHHeM H ApyrHMH noApa3AeAeHHHMH 6aHKa?
27. OnpeAeAeHbl AH peCypcbi, HeO 6 XOAHMbIe AAR 4IHHaHCHpOBaHHR? OnpeAeAeHa AH HX
CTOHMOCTb?
28. OnpeAeAeHbl AH fipoleAypbI BbmAam KpeAHTa H KpeAHTHbie PHCKH?
29. Cyu4eCTByeT AH noTpe6HocTb B HcnoAb3oBaHHH KaxHX-AH6o CHCTeM, BCnOMOraTeAbHb[X
onepagHH? OgeHeHa AM HX CTOHMOCTb?
30. OnpeAeAeHbl AN nOTpe6HocTH B o6opyAoBaHHH H npoBeAeHa AM HX ogeHKa?
31. OnpeAeAeHa AM peaKgHR noTeHgiHaAbHOFO KOHKypeHTa?
32. IlpoBeAeH A aHaAH3 a qTO 6 yAeT, eCAH? AAR ogeHKH BAHRHHH M3MeHeHHf?
33. Pa3pa6oTaHbl AH nAaHbl Ha cAyqaH qpe3Bbi'iaHHbIX o6CTOHTeAbCTB?
34. HoAroToBAeHbl AM oUeHKH saTpaT H BbIrOA H AOcTaTO'lHO AH OHM HaAemHbl?
35. Pa3pa6oTaHa AM opraHH3aliuH H CTpyKTypa KamAoH nporpammbi C yKa3aHHeM
OTBeTCTBeHHbIX 3a Hee?
36. KameTcui AH nporpamma BbinOAHHMOH, HCXOAH M3 HMeCO1UMXCR pecypcOB, npomlAoro
OnbiTa H Bo3MO2HOCTCH noApa3AeAeHHi?
37. ByAeT AM pemxeHa 3aAazia, noCTaBAeHHaH nepeA nporpaMMoH, KorAa nporpamma 6 yACT
BbinOAHeHa?
38. AOCTHrHeT AM BbInOAHeHHe nporpamm no KamAoMy nAaHy MeponpMHTHMH BbinOAHeHMR
saAax nAaHa MepOnpNHTHH?
O;ge'xSa ocreCmrM crpaTerawecaoro ImaHNpOraHNE
CylgeCTByeT BO3MOMHOCTb npOBepHTb Beq4KTHBHOCTb Balilef CHCTeMbi cTpaTerHqecKoro
nAaHHpOBaHHS, HCnOAb3yHS ayAHT CHCTeMbl rIAaHHpOBaHHS, HanpHMep, IpHBeAeHHbli HHme.
i4cnoAbS3yR TaKylo qOpMy, noMHHTe, wTO pa3Hbie AIOAH 6 yAYT HHTepnpeTHpoBaTb Bonpocbi no-
paaHoMy, AIOAH M3 pa3Hb1X oTAeAOB 6aHKa MOryT AaTb pa3Hbie OgeHKH Ha OAHH H TOT 2Ke
aonpoc. TeM He MeHee, TaKHe paSAH'HH moryr Aame OKa3aTbCH nOAe3Hb1MH npH pa3pa6OTKe
jwA.&ora no noBoAy CHCTeMbl H Heo6xoAHMOcTH H3MeHeHHR HeKOTOpbIX ee BAeMeHTOB.
MHeHHSH pa3AHqHbIX AIOAeH He BcerAa HMe1oT oAHHaKOBbli Bec. ECAH PYKOBOAHTeAb
'KYBCTByeT, MTO CHCTeMa He MOmeT o6ecaemHTb paapa6oTKH COOTBeTCTByiOulerO CTpaTerH-
'lecKoro peuleHHR, SHaqHT CHcTeMa HymAaeTcR B KoppeKTHpOBKe. O AHaKo, eCAH PYKOBoAHTeAb
6aHna CO'reT ee npHeCMAeMO , a ApyrHe PYKOBOAHTeAH KAIO'ieBbIX OTAeAOB 6aHKa HaHAyT, 'TO
a"O [1ycTaR TpaTa BpeMeHH, wTO cHcTeMa 'pe3BbIc'aMHo 6lopOKpaTwHa, TorAa eCTb cepbeCslH
npHW1Ha BaAyMaTbc.R. Ha pa3HbIX ypOBHHX nAaHHPOBaHHH no BceH cHcTCMe 6aHKa AoA2reH
6biTb npoBeAeH ayAHT, BO BpeMR KOTOpOro BbICiuee pyKOBoACTBO 6aHKa cyMCCT ogeHHTh Bce
paZACAbi A, B, H B, npHBeAeHHbie HHme, npH BTOM Bbi6epeT TOAbKO nyHKTbl H3 pa3AeAAOB r H
4. 3TH nocAeAHHe nyHKTbi, oAHaKo, AOAmHbl BbinOAHRTCR PYKOBOAHTAEMH rpynnil H
44
FLaaprnaua'
noApa3AeAeHHR /oTAeAa/. IocAe oKo0HaHHH ayANTa cpaBHHTe H OgeHHTe Pe3yAbTaTbl no6aHmy B geAOM, a Ta1K2e Ha pa3AH4HbIX YpOBHX ynpaBAeHNeCKOH HepapxHH. 3 T AOAZKHOAaTb noBoA AAH o6cymAeHH.R, HcnoAb3oBaHHs H npOBepKH MeToAa ycTpaHeHH.9 o6HapymemmixcAa6bix 3BeHbeB. TaKHM o6pa3oM Baima cHcTema nAaHHpOBaHHR MO2IeT 3HaqHTeAbHO nOMOYbyCOBepmeHCTBOBaTb cnoco6HocTb Baiuero 6aHKa npHHHMaTb npaBHAbHbie CTpaTerHYecKHepemeHHR.
A. 06qgan oMeHKa, cCeAaHHaB PYKOBOAHTeABMH
1. PyKonoArTeAb 6aHxa CqHTaeT, 'ITO cHcTeMa noMoraeT emy Ay'ime BbInOAHRTb eropa6o0y.
2. 1Ipo'iHe PYKOBOAHTeAH KAio'ieBbIX AHHeHHblx noApa3AeAeHHH C%IHTaIOT, YTO CHCTeMaAASI HHX noAe3Ha.
3. B geAom 6oAbInHHCTBO PyROBOAHTeAefi cqHTalOT, 'ITO BbirOAa OT rLAaHHPOBaHHSnpeBbulmaeT 3aTpaTbl Ha riAaHHpOBaHHe.
4. Heo6xOAHMbI Cepbe3Hbie H3MeHeHHH B CHCTeMe cTpaTerHqecKoro nAaHHpoBaHHH.
B. 4aeT AH cscTeMa "npaBHAbHbIeW OTBeTbi H peByAbTaThi?
5. Pa.3pa6oTKa OCHOBHOH !eAH 6aHKa H 6aHKoBcKoii AeRTeAbHOCTH.
6. HpeABHAeHHe KpyIIHbIX nlOAe3HbIX BO3MO2HOCTeH B 6yAyMueM.7. lpe4ABHeHHe OCHOBHbIX OriaCHOCTeH B 6yAyJjjeM.
8. FpaBHAbHasi OmeHKa CHAbHblX CTOpOH 6aHKa.
9. HpaBHAbHaR OBeHKa CAa6bix CTOpOH 6aHKa.
10. 3 c)qpeKTHBHoe onpeAeAeHHe H OBeHKa OCHOBHblX CTpaTerHH KOHKypeHTa.11. OnpeAeAeHHe npHOpHTeTOB nporpaMMbI AeRCTBHH.
12. Pa3pa6oTma nOAe3HbIX AOArOCpO'IHbIX 3aAaq.13. Pa3pa6oTKa nIOAeSHbIX AOArOCpO'HbIX cTpaTerHii.
14. Pa3pa6oTKa KpaTKOCPO'1HbIX H CpeAHecpOqHbIX nporpaMM Ae4CTBHH AAS peaAH3aHa
CTpaTerHH.
15. O6HapymeHHe H npOcpHAaKTHKa CTpaTerH'eCKHX IUOKOB.
16. CoBepmueHCTBOBaHHe noKa3aTeAeH (pHHaHCOBOH AeRTeAbHOCTH 6aHIKa: aKTTHBbi,o6maaTeAbCTBa, npH6blAb, AOXOAbl Ha aKTHBbl, AOXOAbI Ha aKtHH.
17. Pa6oTa 6aHKa cTaAa Ay'qiue no cpaBHeHHlO C ApyrHMH yYpe2rAeHHaMH, KOTOpbie He
npOBOAHAH ii1HpoKorO H BceoxBaTbiBaiOgero rIAaHHpOBaHHH.
B. nlpeAyCMaTpHsaeT AH CHCTeMa UeHHbIe AIonOAHHTeAbHbIe BbIFOAbl?18. CHCTeMa yAyq'uHAa Ka,ieCTBO ynpaBAeHHR.19. CHCTeMa npeACTaBAReT co6of YHHCPHgHPYJOIJYIO KOOPAHHHPYIOUWYO CHAy B 6aHIIe.20. CHCTeMa CAY?KHT COBepUleHCTBOBaHHIO o6uleHH31 H COTpyAHHqeCTBa no Bcemy 6aHiy.
r. FIOCTpOeHHe CHCTeMbi DAaHHPOBaHHs21. rAaBHoe PyKOBOACTBO npHHSLO HAeio, 9TO cTpaTerH'ecKoe riAaHHpoBaHe sBAAR-TcS ero
OCHOBHOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTbIO.
22. CHCTeMa COOTBeTCTBYCT CTHAIO pyrOBOACTBa 6aHica.
45
Yrpeiuezwe pJyOBO,CTaa N nosBMWieHI q mJnmAbHocrm ic iepemeam
23. CHCTeMa COOTBeTCTByeT nOTpe6HocTRM 6aHiKa B npoMecce npHHRTHR cTpaTerH4ecKMX
pelmeHHH.
24. KopnopaTHBHoe nlAaHHpOBaHHe oAo6peHo H noAAep2KHaeTcx AHHeHHblMH
PYKOBOAHTeARMH H nepCOHaAOM.
25. CHcTeMa npHHWTHR CTpaTerH'eCKHX peuieHHH XOpOMo pa6oTaeT B 6aHKe.
26. CHCTeMa HCflOAb3yeT n1pHeMAeMbie H nOHHMaeMbie KOHIrengHH, COrAacy1olIHecR C
HHTepeCaMH 6aHKoBcKoro AeAa.
. aq34eRTHBeH AH npoMecc nAaHEpoDaHHS?
27. BblClcee PYKOBOACTBO TpaTHT pa3yMHOe ROAHqeCTBO BpeMeHH Ha CTpaTerHYecKoe
nAaHHpOBaHHe.
28. AHHeiiHbie pyKoBoAhTreAH npHHHMaioT nAaHHPOBaHHe He TOAbKO Ha CAOBaX, HO H Ha
AeAe.
29. AHHefiHbie pyKoBoAHreAH TpaTRT COOTBTCTByiou.ee KOAHIeCTBO BpeMeHH Ha
pa3pa6oTKy CTpaTerH'eCKHX nAaHOB.
30. HpogeAypbi nAaHa rlpHeM.AeMbl H pa3yMHbl.
31. HIpoUeAypbi xopomo nOHHMaITCH B 6aHKe.
32. Pa6o'iaR Harpy3Ka, rapaHTHpyiou;aR BbInoAHeHHe rnAaHa, npHeMAeMa AAR pyKoBoAcTsa
H AAR nepCOHaAa.
33. HlpoMecc gqXqeKTHBeH B OCy3eCTBAeHHH rAy6oKoro CTpaTerHmecKoro o6AymbiBawHm.
34. rlpogecc He npeACTaBAReTCH KaK H3AHMUHe HerH6KHU, pyTHHHblH H CAHUIKOM
3aqopMaAH30BaHHbIfH.
35. HoBbie HAeH o6blIHo npHBeTCTByIoTCR.
36. PyKoBoAHTeAH peaAbHO BHART cAa6OcTH 6aHKa npH pa3pa6oTKe nAaHOB H cTapaarOTc
npeOAOAeTb HX.
37. OTAeAbi nIoAyqalOT AOCTaTOnHyiO nOMOUlb H noAAepCPlKy OT UeHTpaAbHOrO pyKOBO4CTBa
AAR OCygeCTBAeHHR q4cpeKTHBHOrO nAaHHpOBaHHR
38. OTAeAbi flOAy4aIOT IOAAepCKKY H IlOMOUeb llpH pa3pa6oTKe HAaHOB OT UeITpaAbHOrO
pyKOBO4CTBa.
39. Crioco6HOCTb pyKOBOAHTeAeUi IlOHHMaTb H OCYIeCTBARTb nAaHHPOBaHHe I1pHHHMaeTCH
yqHTb!BaeTcR npH ogeHKe Hx pa6oTbl.
I1pHAo2KeCHe B. nFpoeKUHOHHaR moAeAb 6anwa
9 Ta MOAeAb (CM. Ta6AHUy 2B.1) paspa6oTaHa AAR (PHHaHCOBbIX HOCPeAHHKOB, B nepByIo
osepeAb AAR KoMMepCeCKHx 6aHKoB H 6aHKoB pa3BwTHR. OHa nporHo3HpyeT 6aAaHcoBlHi
OTqeT, qHHaHcoBbli OTeT, OCHOBHbie CPHHaHcOBbie noKa3aTeAH H BbiRBARL-T CTpyKTypy aKTHBOB
H o6H3aTeAbcTB B npOgeHTax. OHa nO3BOAReT noAb3OBamTAio npOBOAHTb afaA3H
IyBCTBHTeAbHOCTH H OUeHHBaTb pe3yAbTaT BAURHHR pasAHqHbix np0OgeHTHblX CTaBOK B
pa3AH"IHbIe CUeHapHRx.
MOAeAb COCTOHT H3 CAeAyiOIJHX KOMnOHeHTOB:
46
nMamoposmmire
* BaAaHcoBoro oTqeTa.
* (DHHaHcoBoro oTreTa.
* OCHOBHbiX q3HHaHCOBbIX noKa3aTeAeH PeS3yAbTaTOB AesTeAbHOCTH.
* pOprHO3HbIX npeAnoAo2KeHHH.
B3 aAaHCOBblH OTTqeT H (PHHaHCOBbliH OT'eT BbipaMCHbI B MHAAHOHaX HAH TblCfMaX, B
3aBHCHMOCTH OT CTOHMOCTH BaAIOTbl.
Bce aKTHBbl, npHHOC.Ue npofleHTbi H Bce o6H3aTeAbcTBa crpynnHPOBaHbi no TeMnaM
pOcTa, a TaKmKe no npOUeHTHOH CTaBKe (3a HCKAJiloeHHCM pe3epBa B rOCyAapCTBeHHbiX 1eHHbiX
6yMarax). Bce aKTHBbI H o6H3aTeAbcTBa, He npHHOCqJ1He npOUCHTOB, HMeyrT COOTBeTCTByIO1JHe
TeMnbi pOCTa (3a HCKA1OCHHeM ACHe2KHbIX pe3epBoB, pe3epBOB Ha nOKpbITHe y6blTKoB no
KpeAHTaM, H pe3epBOB HaAorOBbIX HanHCAeHHH).
CAeAy10IgHe 3aMeiaHHH OTHOCHTCH K KOHKpcTHb!M pa3AeAaM 6aAaHca H (pHHaHCoBOrO
OTWeToB, KOTOpbIe OCHOBbIBalOTCH Ha OnpcAcAeHHbIX npeAnOCbIAKaX.
RaAaHcoRbhi OTWeT
HaAmHiHbie cpeACTRa pa36HaalOTCa Ha ABa KoMnOHeHTa: CTpOKa, KOTOpaH rAaCHT pe3epBbl
HaAUqHOCTH oTpamaeT Tpe6oBaHHJ9 pe3epBOB, KOTOpbie AOA2HbI HMeTb qpOpMy HaAH'IHblX. Ha
BTOM cqeTy HaXoAFfCrH onpeAeAeHHbIe npOgeHTib CyMM KamAoH KaTeropHH Aeno-3TOB.
IOCKOAbKy BTO Tpe6oBaHHe BapbHpyeTCH B Ka2KAoM KOHKpeTHOM cAy'iae, (popMyAa AOA2KHa
6blTb cKoppeKTHPOBaHa Ha COOTBeTCTByioujyio nponOpUH1o B COOTBeTCTBHH C Tpe6oBaHHIMH
peryAHpOBaHH9 B KOHKpeTHOU CTpaHe H/HAH B KOHKpeTHOM 6aHKe. To'HO TaK me, 'IaCTb
rocyAapCTBeHHbIX MeHHbix 6ymar oTpamaeT pe3epBHbie Tpe6oBaHHR H TOsHO TaK mKe AoA2KHa
6 blTb CKOppeKTHpOBaHa B COOTBeTCTBHH C KOHKpeTHbIMH Tpe6oBaHHRMH.
Me2K6aHKOBCKne cpeACTBa npeACTaBAReT co6oi 6aAaHCHpyIOU CTaTbI0 Ha CTOpOHC
aKTHBOB B 6aAaHcOBOM oTqeTe, ApyrHMH CAOBaMH, KOrAa aKTHBbi MeHbi1Ie CyMMb! KanirTaAa H
o6H3aTeAbCTB, 3TOT cqeT 6yAeT nloKpbIBaTb pa3HHUy. C ApyroH CTOpOHbl, 3"HMCTBoBaHHR y
UeHTpaAbHorO 6aHKa" HcnpaBAAH}r TaKoe HepaBHOBeCHe, KorAa aKTHBbi npeBbilal(Or
o6asaTeAbcTBa H KanHTaA B3HTbie BMeCTe. 3 TH pa3AeAbI nlpHBH3aHbI K COOTBeTCTByOjujHM
npog,eHTHbIM CTaBKaM H aBTOMaTH'IeCKH KoppeKTHpyIOTcH. CAeAoBaTeAbHo, HX Heo6xoAHMo
ocTaBHTb 6e H3MeHeHHH.
PeBepBbl H eepacllpejeAeHHaH kIpR6 blAb OTpa2xaioT npH6aBAeHHe -IHCTO l npH6blAH
TeKyujero roAa 3a Bbi'eToM Bcex Heo6xoAHMblx noKa3aTeAeH 3a npOuiAbIH roA.
OTqeT o .joxo4ax
npogieHTHbIH AOXOA - BTO CyMMa BCex npOgeHToB, 3apa 6 oTaHHbtx no BCeM cqeTaM
aRTHBOB, npHHOCRJIHX npOeHTbI. TO%HO TaK me, pacxoA no npoUeHTam npeACTaBAHeT co6o0
CyMMy Bcex npOUeHTOB, BbIL1AaxeHHbIx no BCCM O6a3aTeAbCTBaM, no KOTOpbIM HeO6 xoAHMo
ynAaIHBaTb npOgeHT.
PeBepa pacxoAoB OTpamKaeT H3MeHeHHe B cymme pe3epBa Ha noKpblTHe HeBo3BBpaigeHHbNX
KpeAHTOB Sa npoulAbIH rOA no cpaBHeHHIO C HbIHeIIIHHM rOAOM nAIOc MHCTbie y6bITKA no
47
Ympeizueme p7EomoAcrma o5 H onBhIIJeJC m sore1NNeAhHoc1w Ar zepemeoav
KpeAHTaM, o2KHAaembie B Tex'eHHe roAa. B Haiiiem npHmepe MbI nOAaraeM, RiTo qHCThZe y6brrmPaBHbl HYAJO.
HaAorH, HaqHCAeHHbie AAI ynAaTbl, FCpeACTaBAHIOT onpeAeAeHHyl 'aCTb RHCTOnpH6bL&H A0 Bbi-eTa HaAorOB.
41BKAeHAbl Bbl'IHCAS£IITCSI KaK KOHKpeTHbiH npoueHT qHCTOfi UPH6biAH nlOCAe ylAaTbiHaAoroB. PaccqeTbi AeAaK0TCR Ha OCHOBaHHH OnlbiTa BbiflAaTbI AHBHAeHAOB alK npogeHTallpH6blAH B HpeAbiAylgHe rOAbI.
C06CTBeHHbIe cpeACTBa ripeACTaBeA&T co6o0i qaCTb CYMMbl 'iHCTOHi IpH6bJH nOCAeynAaTbi HaAOrOB.
48
nlaJsHpooNaHHe
Ta6AHUa 21i.1KommepqeCKHHi 6aHK "AEiB"
KOMI OHeHT A. nporHo3UpyeMi2H 4JHHaHCOBblH oTqeT Ha 31 qeKa6ps(B MAH. eA. Hau. BaAFDTbI)
1986 = 1987 = 1988 1989 1990 =Cymma % Cymma % CymMa % Cymma % CyMMa %
AKTHBbI
,Jcovel- re pe,zera
HaAHqHocTm 480 2 520 2 563 2 609 2 658 2
PesepBbl HaAHPHbIX cpeAcTB 710 3 789 3 877 3 975 3 1084 3
Bcero AeHemHbIx CpeACTB 1,190 5 1,309 5 1,440 5 1,584 5 1,742 5
MeCM6aJroxace ocrantxoe cqerw _ _
Ha BHyTpeHHeM pbiHKe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ha MemAyHapoAHoM pbIHKe 590 3 620 2 650 2 683 2 717 2
MToro 590 3 620 2 650 2 683 2 717 2
Mem6aHKoBcKHe cpeAcTBa 0 0 0 0 72 0 222 1 387 1
(6amaHcapyioWasu cTaTbh) ___
MeM6aHKoBcKHe cpeAcTBa, 160 1 176 1 194 1 213 1 234 1
npHHOCgHlHe AOXOA_
Ip"ArreAMTe.mCNIee 4,720 21 5,247 21 5,834 21 6,487 21 7,214 21
gezfoNe 6ymarlw
FIpaBHTeAbcTBeHHbie genHbie 378 2 408 2 441 2 476 2 514 2
6yMarH (HHBeCTRUHH)
rlpaBHTeAbcTBeHHbie JeHHble 4,342 19 4,839 19 5,393 19 6,010 20 6,699 20
6ymara (pe3epsMb) I
MToro 4,880 21 5,423 22 6,027 22 6,700 22 7,448 22
KpecA,
KpeA-Tbl Ha BHyTpeHHeM
pb1HKe
CeAbCxOXo3sIHcTBeHHbie 1,441 6 1,585 6 1,743 6 1,917 6 2,109 6
FlpoMbuiAeHHbie 5,102 22 5,867 23 6,747 24 7,759 25 8,923 26
OnTOBOH a pO3HHMHOH 3,608 16 3,789 15 3,978 14 4,177 14 4,386 13
TOprOBAe I
flpo-we 4,535 20 4,988 20 5,487 20 6,036 20 6,639 1.9
Bcero xpeAHTOB Ha 14,685 65 16,228 65 17,955 65 19,889 65 22,057 65
BHyTpeHHeM pb1HKe I
MemmyapomHbie xpeAHmi 562 2 618 2 680 2 747 2 822 2
Bcero KpeAHTbl 15,247 67 16,846 67 18,634 67 20,636 67 22,879 67
Pe3eps Ha noKpbiTHe 586 3 674 3 745 3 825 3 915 3
y6brrKoB no KpeAHTaM _ _
HeTTo-KpeAHTbl 14,660 65 16,172 65 17,889 65 19,811 64 21,964 64
49
YxpeiAeaHe py7oKo4cria HaoBIwIeHHH 7CTRHI ocT K nepeMeEaa
KomnoHeeT A. flporH0onpyembli piHnaHeCOBnb OTT1eT Ha 31 AeKa6pu (npo4.)
(B MAH. ej. Hag. DaAIOTbl)
1986 ' 1987 1988 1989 1990
HaHcjAeHmbie npogeHTbI K 230 1 234 1 239 1 243 1 247 1noAy9eHHlOMHBeCTHgHH B aKgHH 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0fIpo4He aKTHBbl 1,030 5 1,133 5 1,246 4 1,371 4 1,508 4Q3HKCHpOBaHHbie aKTHBbl 130 1 137 1 143 1 150 0 158 0HToro 1,400 6 1,514 6 1,638 6 1,774 6 1,924 6Bcero aKTHBOB 22,720 100 25,037 100 27,717 100 30,774 100 34,181 100
OB5I3ATEAbCTBA
,Jezre3,nw
Ao BocTpe6oBaHHs 6,070 27 6,677 27 7,345 26 8,079 26 8,887 26C6eperaTeAbHble 4,490 20 5,029 20 5,632 20 6,308 20 7,065 21Cpo'Hbie 9,110 40 10,203 41 11,428 41 12,799 42 14,335 42Bcero Acno3HToB 19,670 87 21,909 88 24,405 88 27,186 88 30,287 89
Me 6a"xoajcxe3*JMCTDODaHAM
Ha BHyTpeHHeM pbIHKe 1,860 8 1,953 8 2,051 7 2,153 7 2,261 7Ha MeMAyHapoAHoM pbIHKe 360 2 378 2 397 1 417 1 438 13auMbl y jeHTpaAbHoro O 0 77 0 0 0 0 0 0 06aHKa (6aAamcHpypoWaaR
CTaTbh )
Bcero Me2K6aHKoBcrCHx 2,220 10 2,408 10 2,448 9 2,570 8 2,698 83aHMCTBoBaHHH_
CHeTa K orAaTe 220 1 242 1 266 1 293 1 322 1
llpo'iHe o6R3aTeAbcTBa 220 1 242 1 266 1 293 1 322 1HaAoriH, K BbfInAaTe 280 1 84 0 119 0 145 0 175 1HToro 720 3 568 2 651 2 731 2 819 2Bcero o6R3aTeAbCTB 22,610 100 24,885 99 27,503 99 30,487 99 33,805 99
KAIHITAA
AKgHOHepHbIH KanHTaA 40 0 40 0 40 0 40 0 40 0Pe3epabl H 70 0 113 0 173 1 247 1 337 1HepacnpeAeAeHHaR npH6blAb
Bcero KanHTaA 110 0 153 1 213 1 287 1 377 1Bcero o6R3aTeAbCTB H 22,720 100 25,037 100 27,717 100 30,774 100 34,181 100KanHTaAa I I I _
50
FLaa,,qpomawiNe
KOMHOHeHT B. nIpOrHosHpyeMbIe AexiapagUH 0 AOXoAax Ha 31 AeKa6ps
1986 _ 1987 | 1988 | | 1989 | 1990 | |CyMma % CyMMa % CyMma % Cymma % Cymma %
floAyeHmbii 6pyTTo-npoUeHT 2,060 9 2,570 10 2,853 10 3,177 10 3,539 10MEmyC pacxoAbl no npoieHTam 1,530 7 2,061 8 2,287 8 2,547 8 2,838 8Herro-npogeHTHbli AOXOA 530 2 509 2 566 2 629 2 700 2
PacxoAbl no cosAaHmo peBepBOB 0 87 0 72 0 80 0 90 0Hewro-npoUeHTHbli AoxoA nocAe 530 2 421 2 494 2 549 2 611 2
peSepBoB
KOMHCCHH H BO13HarpamAeHH 190 1 209 1 230 1 253 1 278 1FIpOlie AoxoAbl 80 0 83 0 87 0 90 0 94 0kIToro onepaIHOHHbIH AoXOA 800 4 714 3 811 3 892 3 983 3
OffepWNo- e PACXOAM
PacxoAbI Ha nepcoHaA 370 2 389 2 408 1 428 1 450 1npo'iHe pacxoAbi 150 1 158 1 165 1 174 1 182 1
MIToro onepaJHoHHbie paCXOAbl 520 2 546 2 573 2 602 2 632 2
OnepagHoHHbii AoXOA Ao 280 1 168 1 238 1 290 1 350 1Ha AOrIOB
HaAorm, noAAemcauHe ynAaTe 220 1 84 0 119 0 145 0 175 0HeTTo-npH6blAb nocAe yiAaaTbl 60 0 84 0 119 0 145 0 175 1HaAOrOB
MmN, CAHBHAeHAbI 50 0 29 0 42 0 51 0 61 0MNNYl npHo6peTeHHm 10 0 9 0 21 0 39 0 68 0Bcero pesepBibix eoHAoB 0 0 43 0 61 0 74 0 89 0
51
YRpeMAemme pywoBoxCea N HomIjeHCff VyI7CTNTeAbHOCoN K HepeMeHaw
KOMHOHeHT B. OCHOBHbie nOxCaBaTeAH PeBYAbTaTOB tPHHaHCoBoH AeuTeAbHOCTH
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
,4OCTATOVHOCTb KAJJIHTAlA
KarrHTaA/cpeAHHii ypoBelmb axTHhoB (cp.) 0.48% 0.61% 0.77% 0.93% 1.10%
O6WHe BAomeHHR B axUHH/KanHTaA 0.04% 0.04% 0.04% 0.03% 0.03%
AHKBIH-JOCTb
AHKBHAHbie aXTHBbl/,4eno3HTbi 33.86% 33.55% 33.56% 33.80% 33.99%
KpeAHTmI/Aeno3HMI 77.51% 76.89% 76.36% 75.91% 75.54%
0HMHAHCHPOBAHHE
Aeno3HTbl A0 HOcTpe6OBaHHx/Bcero o6R3aTeAbCTB 26.85% 26.83% 26.70% 26.50% 26.29%Bcero AenosHrOB/Bcero o6z3aTeAbCTB 87.00% 88.04% 88.73% 89.17% 89.59%
KA YECTBO AKTHBOB
Pe3epB Ha nOTepH no ccyAaM/Bcero ccyA 3.85% 4.00% 4.00% 4.00% 4.00%
PesepB Ha noTepC no ccyAaM/HeAeHcTByIOIJHe CCyAbI
CcyAbi He npHHoCRlWHe npH6blAb/BCerO ccyA
,4OXO,4HOCTb
Herro npoUeIiasg Map2Ka/Bcero aKTHBoB (cp.) 2.33% 2.13% 2.15% 2.15% 2.16%
Herro npo5eHTHaR mapma tIOCAe CO3AHHR 2.33% 1.76% 1.87% 1.88% 1.88%
pe3epsoB/Bcero axTHBOB (Cp.)
AoxoA Ha cpeAHHe aKTHBbl 0.26% 0.35% 0.45% 0.50% 0.51%AOxoA Ha KanHTaA (cp.) 54.55% 63.78% 64.91% 57.99% 52.78%
Onepa4HOHHbie pacxoabui/Bcero aKTHBoB (Cp.) 2.29% 2.29% 2.17% 2.06% 1.95%
3aTpaTml Ha nepcoHaA/Bcero aKTHBoB(cp.) 1.63% 1.63% 1.55% 1.46% 1.38%
Bcero npo'mx AoxoAo3/Bcero arTHBOB 1.19% 1.17% 1.14% 1.11% 1.09%
PacxoAbl no pe3epBam/Bcero aKTHEOB 0.00% 0.35% 0.26% 0.26% 0.26%
170OIA3A TE H POCTA
CCYAbI 10.49% 10.62% 10.74% 10.87%Aeno3HTbl 11.38% 11.39% 11.40% 11.41%KOMHCCHOHHbIH AOXOA H Bo3HarpamAeHHR 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00%
OnepaxHoHHbhe pacxoAbi 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00%
Herro AOxOA noCAe HaAOrOB 39.66% 41.77% 22.19% 20.71%
52
naoNposaoNe
KOMnOHeHT r. 4onHy eHS, IIPHH ITb.e npH nporKoBe
(B npOUeHTaX)
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
TEMIbl POCTA AKTHBOB
AeHemHbie CpeAcTBa 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00%
Tpe6oBaHIM K pe3epBaM AeHl2eHb1X CpeACTB
Heo6XoAHMbIim npoUeHT AellOHT0B Ao BOCTpe6OBaHH[ 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00%
Heo6xoAHMbIi % c6eperaTeAblIblX AenO3HTOB 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00%
Heo6xoAHMblxi % CpOiHbIX Aeno3HToB 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00%
MEMB'AHKOBCKHE OCTA 77(11fO CYETAM
Ha BHyTpeHHeM PbIHKe 10.00% 10.00% 10.00%/o 10.00% 10.00%
Ha MemAyHapoAHOM pbIHKe 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00%
rIpHHOCSHujHe AOXOA Me2K6aHKoBcKHe % 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00%
rIpaBHTeAbCTBeHHble geHHbie 6yMarH 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00%
TPEBOBAHHHl K PE3EPBAMrPABRHEAIbCTBEHHbX IJEHHbIX RYMAr
Heo6xoAHMblH nIpoIeHTOB Ae4l03HTOB A0 BOCTpe6oBaHHH 20.00% 20.00% 20.00% 20.00% 20.00%
Heo6xoAHMbbii npoUeHToB c6eperaTeAbHbIX Aeno3HToB 23.00% 23.00% 23.000/o 23.00% 23.00%
Heo6xoAHMbIi ripogef0 T CpOHblX Aeno3HTOB 23.00%/o 23.00% 23.00% 23.00% 23.00%
KPE4HThJ H BEKCEAJ
BHYTpeHHHC 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00%
CeAbclOe X03RqHCTBO 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00%
flpoMbliAeHHocTb 15.00% 15.000% 15.00% 15.00% 15.00%
OrroTaaR H pOSHH'IHaR TOprOOBAR 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00%
Flpo4He 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00%
MemAyHapoAHbie 10.00% 10.00% 10 .00 % 10.00% a 10.00%
Peseps Ha noKpbITHe y6blTKoB no ceyAaM/Bcero KpeAHToB 4.00% 4.00% 4.00% 4.00% 4.00%
HamHcAeHHbie flpOeHTbl K noAyMeHHIO 1.57% 1.85% 1 .85% 1.85% 1.85%
BAO2KeHHS B aKiHH 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
Flpo4He aKTHBbl 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.000/a 10.00%
(qHKCHpOBaHHbie aKTHBbl 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00%
TEMibl POCTA 01fl3ATEAlbCTB
Aeno_3HTbi
Ao BOcTpe6OBaHHM 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00%
C6eperaTeAbHbie 12.00% 12.00% 12.00% 12.00% 12.00%
Cpo9ibie 12.00% 12.00% 12.00% 12.00% 12.00%
MEMSAHKOBCKHE 3AHMCTBOBAHHJ
Ha BHyTpeHHeM pbhHKe 5.00% 5.00%/o 5.00% 5.00% 5.00%
Ha Me2KAyHapoAHoM pbIHKe 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00%
53
Yxpe,lAejwe pJWo mo4'crTa m ilomBIlemmLs qyBcrTBAreA.bNocTo icaepemeHam
KOMNOneHT r. aoKIyqeHRR, npHHITbIe npM npOrHOBe (npOA.)
(B npogeHTax)
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990CqeTa K oruaTe 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00%Flpo9He o6x3aTeAbcTBa 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00%
J47HTAA
AKUqoHepHblH KanHTaA 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%HepacupeAeAeHHasI npH6blAb
4JO17Yl,fEHJ 07YETA 0 ,4OXOAX=
flpoeHTHasi CTaBKxa no aKTHBaM, 17pHHOlC1HM AOXOA[IpHHocnujHe AOXOA MeeK6aHKoBcKHe 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00%llpanHTeAbcTBeHHbie geHHbIe 6ymarH 9.00% 8.00% 8.00% 8.00% 8.00%IlpaBe.uAbcTmeHHbie 6yMarH (Pe3eps) 9.00% 8.00% 8.00% 8.00% 8.00%Mem6aHKoBCKHe cpeAcTBa (BaAaHcHp.cTaTbn) 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00%
HPOfJEHTHblE CTABKH 110 KPFEHTAM
BHyTpeHHHe KpeAHTbl _ ______
CeAbcKoe X0o3RHCTBO 14.00% 14.00% 14.00% 14.00% 14.00%IlpombzimAeHuocTm 11.00% 13.00% 13.00% 13.00% 13.00%OnToBa1 H po03HmHaR ToproBAA 16.00% 16.00% 16.00% 16.00% 16.00%Ilpo'He 12.80% 10.80% 10.80% 10.80% 10.80%CpeAHeBsBemeHHaR cTaBKa 13.11% 13.19% 13.19% 13.19% 13.19%MemAyHapoAHble 14.00% 14.00% 14.00% 14.00% 14.00%
17POJEHTHAH CTABKA 17005iS3A TEAbCTBAM
nDpouemwaz cTaBKa no AenO3HTaM
A° BocTpe6oBaHHn 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%C6eperaTeAbHbie 9.25% 9.25% 9.25% 9.25% 9.25%Cpo,umie 13.70% 13.70% 13.70% 13.70% 13.70%BsBeueHHaa npojeHTHaA cTaBKa 12.23% 12.23% 12.23% 12.23% 12.23%
MEMWRAHKOBCKHE 3AklMCTBOBAHJJ(7POUEHTHAH CTABKA)
BnyTpeHHHe 8.00% 8.00% 8.00% 8.00% 8.00%MemAyHapoAHbie (LIBOR) 9.11% 9.11% 9.11% 9.11% 9.11%jeHTpaAbHbIA 6814K 9.00% 9.00% 9.00% 9.00% 9.00%
AOXOA no aKTHBaM, IIpHHOCflWHM AOXOA 12.09% 11.90% 11.90% 11.89% 11.89%PacxoAbi no o6II3aTeAbcTBaM 11.66% 11.69% 11.72% 11.75% 11.78%'HCTbliH cnpeA 0.43% 0.21 0.17 0.14 0.11Herro-narepH no KpeAHTaM 0 0 0 0
KomHCCHH H BoaHarpamAeHHR (TeMnbl pocTa) 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00%[Ipo'Hfi AoxoA (TeMnbI pocTa) 4.00% 4.00% 4.00% 4.00% 4.00%
54
]LawipoMiNe
KoiuoHeHT r. aonyIIeHH, lpIHHTbie llpH upOrHOBe (npoA.)
(B upoUeHTax)
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
OHEPAJlHOHHIIE PACXO,4b (TEMIl7IPOCTA)
FlepcoHaA 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00%
flpo0He pacxoAbi 5.GO% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00%
CTaBaKa HaAoroo6AoWemHJ[ 78.57% 50.00% 50.00% 50.00% 50.00%
oloKasaTeAb BbJmaThl AHBHAeCAoB 83.33% 35.00% 35.00% 35.00% 35.00%
IOKaSaaTeAb CooTBeTCTBHI 16.67% 14.00% 14 .00% 14.00% 14.00%
55
YWpeizieHHe py,oAoagcT8a H uoBrzIeHCwNr 8yBCT8IefgAbHoCTH Kr mepememam
CeAbCKOX0.3HiCTBeHHbJM H HHCTHTyTaM pa3BHTHM. HHCTHTyTbl, rlpeAOcTaBASflOl4He KpeAHTbiMaAbiM npeAnpHRTHRM, 4MepmepaM H ApyrHM MaAbIM 3aeMJIHKaM, HMeiOr CBOH oco6eHHocTH Bnpojgecce yrfpaBAeHHH KpeAHTHbIMH PHCKaMH H npHMeHHIOT CBOH co6cTBeHHble MeTOAbl,KoTOpbIe 3AeCb nOAHOCTbIO paCCMaTPHBaTbC$I He 6yAyr.28
IPHHR'He PHCKOB - OCHOBa 6aHKoBcKoro AeAa. BIaHKH HMelOT ycnex TOrAa, KorAanpHHHMaeMbie HMH PHCKH pa3yMHbl, KOHTPOAHPYeMbl H HaXOAHTCH B npeAeAaX HX (jHHaHCOBblXBO3MO2KHOCTeH H KoMneTeHgHH. AKTHBbI, B OCHOBHOM KpeAHTbi, AOA2KHbI 6blTb AoCTaTOSHOAHKBHAHbl AAH Toro, 'iTo 6 bi nOKpblTb Aio6oH OTTOK CpeACTB, PaCXOAbl H y6bITKH H npH aTOMo6ecnewHTb npueMAeMbiH AA4 aKIIHOHepOB pa3Mep npH6bIAH. AOCTH2KeHHe BTHX geAei Ae2KHT BOCHOBe nOAHTHKH 6aHKa no npHHRTHIO pHCKOB H yripaBAeHHI0 HMH. BHe 6aHKa KaKc HHCTHTYTa,xopoumee KlpeAHTHOC ynpaBAeHHe o6ecneMHBaeT AOCTH2KeHHe lseAeHi HagHOHaAbHOH nOAwrHKH, aHMeHHo: B4XpeKTHBHoe pacnpeAeAeHHe orpaHHqeHHbIx qHHaHcOBb1X pecypcoB C MeAb1oyCKOpeHHR BKOHOMHmeCKOrO pOCTa H MHHHMH3a!HH y6blTKoB AAH 8KOHOMHKH.
YnpaBAeHHe KpeAHTHbIM PHCKOM nOAy'HAO B COBpeMeHHOH rIOAHTHKe oco6Oe BHHMaHHe.IpOrpaMMbi nepeCTpOHIKH 6aHKOB, IPOBOAHMbie BO MHOrHX CTpaHaX, cBH3aHbl C cepbi3Hb1MHpacxoAaMH. BaHKH AOA2KHbI COBepwleHCTBOBaTb ynpaBAeHHe pHCKOM AAH npeAOTBpauCHHHnOBTOPHOrO yxyAI11eHHH Ka4eCTBa aKTHBOB. KpoMe Toro, qHHaHCOBaR AH6epaAHsaUHR,peqOpMbl, npOHCXOAH$UHe B CTpaHaX COgHaAHCTHmeeCKOH BKOHOMHKH, H coKpaigaioujaACH pOAbrocyAapcTBa B 6aHKoBcKoM AeAe npeAnoAaraJoT 6oAbInylo aBTOHOMHIO H (PHHaHCOByIOOTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 6aHKoB. OmHAaeTCH, MTO BO MHOrHX CHcTeMax 6aHKH 6 yAyT BbmIOAHSITbHOBYJO pOAb, X KOTOPOH OHH He rOTOBbl, a HMeHHO: cnoco6cTBoBaTb BHeApeHHIO (HHaHCOBOHAHCIHnAHHbI B ceRTOpe npeAnpHRTHH inyTeM pa3yMHoro H B3BeUleHHOrO rpeAOCTaBAeHHHKpeAHTOB. B MeAOM BCH nOAHTHKa B HaCTO.Rujee BpeMH Tpe6yeT 3Ha'iHTeAbHOro pacuHpeHHHo6beMa HaBbIKOB ynpaBAeHHH xpeAHTaMH, paspa6OTKH MeTOAHKH H npogeAyp eeoCyUeCTBAeHHH.
TPY,4HOCTH YIPABAEHHR KPEAUTHbIM PHCKOM B PA3BHBAIOUHXCRPbIHKAX
rlepeA 6aHKaMH B pa3BHBaiJoAHXCH pbIHKaX CTOHT cepbeSHbie TPYAHOCTH B AeAe ynpaBAeHHRKpeAHTHbIM PHCKOM. KOHrpOAb CO CTOpOHbl npaBHTeAbCTBa, AaBAeHHe BHYTPeHHHX H BHeWUHHXo6cToRTeAbCTB nOAHTHmeCKOro xapaKTepa, TPYAHOCTH npOH3BOACTBa, CPHHaHCOBbieorpaHHqeHHH, c6oH pbIHKa, CpbIBbl nPOH3BOACTBeHHbIX rpaPHKOB H rIAaHOB H xiaCTble cHTyaIHH
28 OAHH H3 HaH6oAee HHTepecHbix MeToAoB - STO AOAeBoe KpeAHToBaHHe H KpeAHTHbie KoonepaTHBbl.HccAeAoBaHJa noxKasbIBalOT, iTO nporpaMMbl AoAeBoro KpeAHToBaHHR ycneuiHo nIpHMeHRAHcb B OAHOpOAHbIXrpynnax, 'IAeHbl KOTOpbIX HecyT paBHyiO OTBeTCTBeHHOcTh sa HapyLueaae yCAOBHH noramueHHJ KpeAHTa.IlpacTHKa oTKasa B rIpeAocTaoAeHHH xpeAHTa BceM 'iAeHaM rpynllbl, B cAy4ae HapylnIeHHa OAHHM HS3 'AeHOByCAOBHH norameHas, ABAReTCR CaMbiM 94Xp)eKTHBHbIM H CaMbiM HeAoporHM cnoco6o
M o6ecne'ieHaH KOAAeKTHBHOHOTBeTcTBeHHOCTH 3a HapyuleHHe yCAOBHH AOrOBopa. 4pyrHM cnoco6oM 3acTaBHTb 'LeHOB rpynrlbi noraluaTbsaAoAmeKHHOCTb nBAReTCI Tpe6oBaHHe o6E3aTeAbHbIX AenosHToB, KOTopbIe MOryT BbhAaBaTbCR HX BAaAeAbIaMTOAbKO nocAe noranieHaR BCeMH SaeMU HKBM CBOHX 4OArOBbIX o6n3aTeAbcTB. TpyAH°ocTH c OAeBbIMKpeAHTOBaHHeM BO3HHKalOT Ha CTaAHH HCIIOAHeHHR H He HOCSKT npHHgHnHaAbHOrO xapaKTepa (rynria H (l)eAep,1990, a raKcKe (poHa-aIIKe 1991).
58
YmpaaAeHae JrPe.4N IMN poreN awm
HecTa6HAbHocTH B cepe 6Hx3Heca H npOH3BOACTBa nOApblBaiOT qHHaHcoBoe nOAO2KeHHe
3aeMuMHKOB. BoAee Toro, qpHHaHCOBaH HHpOMaUHR tiaCTO RBAReTCS HeHaAe2KHOH, npaBoBaH
CTpyKTypa 'faCTO He cnoco6cTByeT BbInOAHeHHEO o6R3aTeAbcTB no norameHHuo AoAra. Bo
MHorHx CTPaHaX TPYAHOCTH BHeC1Hero xapaKTepa yCHAHBalOTCH BHyTpeHHei CAa6oCTbIO H
COnpOBO2KAalOTCR AaAbHeHIIIHM YXYAuIeHHeM Ka'eCTBa aKTHBOB.
BaHKH pa3BHBa[O0JAHXCH pbIHKOB 3a4aCTyIO He pacnoAaraioT HaAe2KHo pa3pa6OTaHHbiM
npojeccom ynpaBAeHHH KpeAHTHbIM pHCKOM. CpeAH HaH6oAee 'faCTO scTpe'lalOaJHXcR
HeAOCTaTKOB MO2KHO OTMeTHTb CAeAyIO_gHe:
* OTCYTCTBHe nHCbMeHHO 3a(HKCHPOBaHHorO B BHAe AoKyMeHTa H3AomeHHH roAHTHKH;
* OTCyTCTBHe orpaHHmeHHH B OTHOiueHHH KOHUeHTpaUHH nOpTe;
* H3AHHIHRH HTPaAH3agHR HAH AeMeHTpaAH.3aMH KpeAHTHOrO pyKOBOACTBa;
* nAOXOH aHaAH3 KpeAHTyeMoH OTpaCAH;
* nOBepXHOCTHbIH (PHHaHCOBblH aHaAH3 3aeMI1HKOB;
* 3aBblueHHaR CTOHMOCTb 3aAora;
* HeAOCTaTO'IHO 'aCTbIe KOHTaKTbi C KAHeHTOM;
* HeAoCTaTO'IHbie npOBePKH H OTCYTCTBHe c6aAaHcHpoBaHHocTH B npoUecce
KpeAHTOBaHHI;
* OTCYTCTBHe KOHTpOAR HaA 3aHMaMH;
* Hecnoco6HocTb K yBeAHxieHHIO CTOHMOCTH 3aAora no mepe yxyAieHHR KaqecTBa
KpeAHTOB;
* rAoxoH KOHTPOAb 3a AoKyMeHTHPOBaHHeM 3aHMoB;
* ipe3MepHoe HCnOAb3OBaHHe 3aeMHbWX CpeACTB;
* HenOAHaH KpeAHTHaR AoKyMeHTaUHR;
* OTCyTCTBHe KAaccH(HKaUHH aKTHBOB H CTaHAaPTOB npH qOPMHPOBaHHH pe3ePBOB Ha
noKpblTHe y6blTKOB no KpeAHTaM;
* HeyMeHHe a8qeKTHBHO KOHTPOAHPOBaTb H ayAHPOBaTb KpeAHTHbIH npogecc.
3TH HeAOCTaTKH BbIAHBalOTCH B cAa6ocTb KpeAHTHoro nOpT , BKAIO'qaR 'pe5MepHyio
KOHgeHTpailH1O KpeAHToB, npeAocTaBACeMbix B OAHOH OTpaCAH HAH ceKTope XO3RfiCTBa,
6oAbmHe nOpTqeAH Hepa6oTalou4Hx KpeAHTOB, y6blTKH no KpeAHTaM, HenAaTemecnoco6HocTb H
HeAHKBHAHOCTb.
He Bbl3bIBaeT COMHeHHH, 'ITO Ha MHorHX pbIHKax 6aHKaM npHXOAHTC AeCHCTBOBaTb B TaKHx
BKOHOMH'HeCKHX yCAOBHHX, KOTOpbie xapaKTepH3Y!OTCR HaAHqHeM o6beKTHBHbIx TPYAHOCTeC AAR
Kax'eCTBeHHoro ynpaBAeHnR KpeAHTaMH, 'ITO AHIIHHH pa3 cBHAeTeAbCTByeT O Ba2KHocTH
ycHAeHHH TaKoro ynpaBAeHHH.
KPEXIHHASI IOAHTHKA: OCHOBHbIE nOAO1KEHHR H IrPOUEaYPbI
KpeCr4mam J7OATNrT a
KpeAHTrrHas noAHTHKa co3AaeT OCHOBy Bcero npoUecca ynpaBAeHHR KpeAHTaMH.
Pa3pa6oTaHHas H nHCbMeHHO 3gaHKCHpOBaHHaR KpeAHTHaR nOAHTHKa HBAHeTCR KpaeyrOAbHbZM
59
Yjrpeniemme py,oBoJc7Ta m IIoBmiIIeHmJ7 vIBcTBreAbocTN m mepememam
KaMHeM pay3MHoro ynpaBAeHsH KpeAHTaMH. IoAHTHKa onpeAeAHeT o60beKTHBHbie cTaHAapTbh HnapaMeTpbl, KOTOpbIMH AOAmHbi PYKOBOACTBOBaTbcH 6aHKoBcKHe pa6oTHHKH, oTBemaioNjHe 3anpeAoCTaBAeHHe H opOpMAeHMe 3afMOB H ynpaBAeHHe HMH. IOAHTHKa onpeAeABeT ocHoByAe4CTBHH COBeTa AHpeKToPOB, 3aKOHOAaTeAH 8 AHU, nPHHHMaiouHX cTpaTerHtecK8e peleHHR,a TaRme rIpeOCTaBAHeT BO3MO2KHOCTb BHellHHM H BHyTpeHHHM ayAHTOpaM OgeHHTb CT&IeHb HKaqecTBo ynpaBAeHHR KPUAHTaMH B 6aHKe. KorAa KpeqHTHaH nOAHTHKa ccpopMyAHpoBaHanpaBHAbHO, 'eTKO npOBOAHTCH CBePXY H xopoiuo nOHHMaeTCH Ha BCeX ypoBHHx 6aHKa, oHariosBoAAeT PYKOBOACTBy 6aHKa noAAepmHBaTb npaBHAbHbie CTaHAapTbl B o6AacTH KpeAHToB,s36eraTb H3AH1IIHerO pHCKa H BepHO O4leHHBaTb BO3MO2KHOCTH pa3BHTHH AeAa. AH\8a,
OCYI2eCTBASBOJgHe KOHTpOAb sa pa6oToA 6aHKoB, CqHTalOT, ITO pa3yMHaRsaAOKyMeHTHPOBaHHaR KpeAHTHaH nOAHTHKa 6aHKa RBAAeTCR ocHoBonoAaraoujeii AARnpaBHAbHOrO yripBAAHHH KPCAHTHbIM pHCKoM. B pa3BHBaBoU HXCR cTpaHax, a TaKme BCOUHaAHCTH'eCKHX cTpaHax, HaXOARJIHXCSJ B nepexOAHOM nepHOAe, rAe KpeAHTHaR rIOAHTHKamacTo HCXOAHT OT ()HHaHCOBbIX BAaCTeH, 6aHKH He npHAep2HBalOTCH qeTKHX KpHTepHeB BKpeAHTHo01 nOAHTHKe H He cTpeMHTcR pa3pa6aTblBaTb HX caMH. Ho mepe Toro KaK roCyAapCTBOYXOAHT C (pHHaHCOBbIX pbIHKOB, 6aHKaM Heo6xOAHMo CaMHM 6oAee aKTHBHO pa3pa6aTbiBaTbBHyTpeHHOIOE rIOAHTHKY pa3BHTHH.
3 a'ieM HY2KHa nOAHTHKa? OCHoBHoe ee Ha3HasieHHe B 6aHKe, HMeH OH XOTb ABa, XOTb 25TbICR'4 COTPYAHHKOB - aTO o6ecneneHHe nOCAeAoBaTeAbHOCTH AeHCTBHH H co6AioAeHHRHaAeC2HOCTH H 'IeTKOCTH rIOAo?KHTeAbHOH npaKTHKH B pa6oTe. IOAHTHKa AOA2KHa 6blTbOAHHaKoBoH AAH BCeX - OT camoro MeAKOrO COTPYAHHKa Ao npe3HAeHTa 6aHKa. HHorAarIpHXOAHTCH CAbIl11aTb 0 InOAHTHKe npOAyMbiBaHHH 3apaHee", HO aTO Bcero AHllib o6ugeenpaBHAo, BbIpa6oTaHHoe AAR npHHRTHq BCeX pewleHHA. IpeAOCTaBAeHHe 3aHMoB OsHa'iaeTnpHHRTHe pelmeHHHi. lpoAyMbliBaHHe nOAHTHKH 3apaHee o3Ha-iaeT coKpaIjeHHe BO3Mo2mHbix8AbTepHaTHBHbIX KypCOB 4eHCTBHH, YflPOIACeHHe H YCKOpeHHe npogecca IpHH THS peuIeHHH.3 ApaBaH Pa3yMHa3S FIOAHTHKa BHOCHT CBOIO AenTy B o6n4HH ycnex 6aHKa B nepByio o'iepeAb 3aCqeT TOrO, 'TO noAAepKHBsaeT KyAbTypy 6bicTpb;x peileHHH rio KpeAHTaM.
qLTO TaKoe nOAHTHKa? CAoBapb Be6cTepa TpaKTyeT ee KaK ycTaHOBAeHHblH KypC, KOTopOronpHAep2KHBaeTCH rpaBHTeAbCTBO, opraHH3agHsi, y'ipe2KAeHHe HAH 'IaCTHOe AH;O HxapaKTeps3yeT KaK B3BeCiueHHOCTb cy2KAeHmHH B ynpaBAeHHH AeAaMH H KaK yynpaBAeHHenpOUeAypaMH". FIOAHTHKa - STO cnoco6 BbinOAHeHHH nOCAeAoBaTTAbHO CBH3aHHblx AeHCTBHH,rAe npHHUHHnbl HpeACTaBAIIOT co60s OCHOBy OnpeAeAeHHH COOTBeTCTByIOigeH inOAHTHKH Hcnoco6o0 ee OcyLgeCTBAeHHA. KpeAHTHaE nOAHTHKa - 8TO AHlUb OAHa rpaHb HllHPOKOrO cneKTpanOAHTHKH, npOBOAHMOH 6aHKoM B ero AeHTeAbHOCTH.
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OcHoBHoe coAep2KaHHe H pOAb 6aHKoBcKoro jeAa - aTo o6ecne'HTb c6op H HaAe2KHOCTbAenO3HTOB H yMeAO CCyAHTb aTH CpeACTBa Ha OCHOBeC pa3yMHOfi nOAHTHKH. Bce ApyrHe ycAyrHHBARIOTCR BCnomoraTeAbHbIMH H BTOpH4HbIMH. B 6aHKe BcerAa AOA2KHO HMeTbCR B HaAHqHH
60
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TO'IKH 3peHHH 6aHKa, AOA2KHa 6blTb AOCTaTOmHOH AAR CTHMyAHpOBaHHR H npHBAeqeHHH
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61
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62
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ycAoBHH noralUeHHH KpeAHTa K ero 1eAH.
rpH TUIaTCAbHOM ero npOBeAeHHH, aHaAH3 HCTOIHHKOB noraUleHHH KpeAHTa paSAHmeH AAR
pa3AHMHbIX BHAOB KpeAHTa. 3 To pasAHqHe oco6eHHO seAHKO AAR AoArocpO'iHbix H
KpaTKOCPO'IHbIX KpeAHTOB. AOArocpoLiHaI npH6blAbHOCTb KOMriaHHH 6oAee BamHa AAm
AOArOCpOIHbIX KpeAHTOB, nIOTOMy 'TO HCTOqHHKOM nIoraiueHHR 34eCb CAy2KaT flOCTynlAeHHR OT
HHBeCTHMHfi. B cAyqae mKe C KpaTKocpOqHbIMH KpeAHTaMH, Heo6xoAHMo npoBeCTH AeTaAbHblii
aHiaAH3 TOprOBOrO UHKAa, HAH UHKAa o6opoTa aKTHBOB - TOBapHb1X 3anacoB B Ae6HTOpcKyio
Bm4oAmeHHOCTb H HaAH'IHOCTb - C TeM, 'mT6bi onpeAeAHTb, KaK1He CTaTbH 6aAaHca moryT 6biTb
npeBpauleHbl B HaAH"IHOCTb AA.R noramIeHHR KpeAHTa.
PHCYHKH 3.2-3.5 (sassTble Hs OcHyc 1992) o6o6ueHbl Ira'eCTBeHHbIe acnerTbi aHaAHsa
KpeAHTOB H AaH CnHCOK BOnpOCOB, Ha KoTopbie AOAMHbI 6blTb nOAyReHbl OTBeTb! A0
npeAOCTaBAeHHR KpeAHTOB.32
31 O6IbsiCHeHHbiH 3AeCb aHaAMs HCXOAHT Hs HaAH'H AocTynHoi H HHaAeLHOH HHI4OpMaUHH H onbiTHOrO
pyKOBoAcTBa, 'ro He BcerAa co6AIoAaeTcz Bo MHOrHX pasBHBaiOu4HXCR phicKax. TeM He MeHee, B STHX crpaHax
npeAnPHHHMaDOTCE OnpeAeAeHHble marH no coBepmUeHCTBOBaHHIO AOCTynHOCTH HHqlopMag,HH 0 (pHHaHCOBbIX
noKaBaTeARX, KoTOpoe AOCTHraeTCR mepe3 BBeAeHHe CTaHAapTOB y'eTa, npOqieCCHOHaAbHOrO pocTa 6yxraATepoB,
pasBrTHe pbiHKa UeHnbix 6yMar. BaHKH moryT oAHoBpeMeHHO H noAAepmBaTm sTOT npo,ecc H noAyqaTb Or
merO BbirOAy 6AarOAap3i BBeAeHH10 o6.RaaTeAbHbIX HOpMaTHBOB no ny6AHKaUHH OTqeTHOCTH, co6AJoAeHHe KOTOpblX
OHM MOryT nrOTpe6oBaT OTr cBOHX saeMilHKOB. 3 Ta cTpaTerHJi, B 'iacTocTm, 6biAa ycneluHo HcnoAbsoBaHa B
HeKOTOpb1X CTpaHaX IOmHoH A3HH.
32 OcHoBa OHeHKH 3aeMgWHKa 3axAaAbiBaeTCR C HnoMo4bio paBaAwlx noKasaTeACe. K HaH6oAee
TpaAHomHOHHbM H3 HHX Mo2CHo oTHecTH 2 xapaKTepHCTHKH "K" nAioc 1 "3": KpeAHTHbUi peATrmw, KarnTaA,
3aeMHax MOIjHoCTh. B A4OoAHeHHe K aTHM TpeM xapaKTepHCTHKaM, Cyu4eCTBybOT eule ABe, npoAoAm=WaIOue
AHio "K" - "3" H npespwUaioiMHe ee B K-3-A-3: KpeAHTHmmi peATHHr, KarThTaA, 3aeMHaR MoflHoCTh,
ABHmeHUe AeHemHb1x cpeAcTB, saAor. CAeAYIOIIHi Ha6op noKa3aTAefi, 6oAee UIMpOKHi H 6oAee BHamiMbif,
a6&HO Ha3b1BaKoT nmTm onop xa'ecTBa KpeAHTa: o6tUaR xapaKTepHcTHKa cocToRnHUn orpacAa, KoHKypeHTHoe
65
Yirpeimemme pyxoao4crBa o HoBmlIeHUrmf q'lPWcTBK7rIAb c7N *e ICpeMoaHW
BCTaBKa 3.2lqeTmpe sTana upogecca aNauABa KspeATa
1 OnpegeAeile Ae.m qioNaaHcNpoBamAo.AHaAHM3 KpaTKOcpOYHorO (3O-AHeBHoro) qpHHaHcMpoBaHHR B omH4aBmm CCSOHHomO COKpaeg4HHX Ae6HTopcKoH
&aVoAmeHHocTH 6yAeT CHAbHO OTrHYaTbCsE OT craHaAAHsa xpe4HTa CpOXOM Ha 5 AeT Ha qHHaHcxpoBaHHenlepeCTpOHKH H paCUHlpeHHR waBoAa HAH Ha BAo2KeHHR CpeACTB B o6AMra4JHH Am 4pHHaHcHpoBaMmR npHo6peTeHHgonpeCAeAeHHoHi qlHpMbI ee pyxOBOACTBOM HAH ApyroH opraHHWeMHi B cXeMe BblKyna.
2. Omprie, emire wcro'lra HoramemAw EpeA4ri.OnpeAeAHB eAbh xpeAHTa, aHaAHTHK AoA?KeH nOHRTb, HS KaxOrO HcToYmHKa 6yAeT noraxuaTbcn KpeAHT.
ByAeT AH KpeAHT HCIIOAbsOBaH Ha 3aKylKy TOBapOB, nOCTyIIACHHR OT nocAcAyOmieH npoAamH KcyOopb1X 6yAyTHcnoAb3oBaHhi AARA noranUeHHM KpeAHTa? MAH 6
yAeT AH OH HCnOAbaoBaH AAM riOCTpOHKH 3aBOAa AAMnpoHmBoAcTBa, cxa2meM, UeMeHTa, H KOrAa BaBOA HaYHeT lpOH3BOACTBO, TO InOCTyMIACHHM OT peaAH3saHH UeMeHTa6yAyT HCenOAbsoBaHbI Am norallleHHJl KpeAHTa B TCqeHHH, cxameM, AeCETH AeT?
3. Ogexa psCeOp, iplOCY7JrHX JAffHOO NOMHIWHO, o7rophe NoWyT sWrpJ.VfNTS ilpogecc'orawea'wz zpegora (IK(awacTeOHmi au&tH').
. PasAHwHbie KOMnaHHH HcnoAb3ylOT paBAHqHbiie BH4Ab KpeAHTOB. BoAee TOrO, pHcK npeAocTaBAeHH KxpeAHTaAaHHOMY 3saeM1HKY saBHCHT OT OTpaCAH UpOMblIIIAeHHOCTH, HOMeHKYAaTypbl TOBaCOB H BHAa AeJITeAbHOCTH - aTaKme OT BKOHOMHqecKOH cHTyaMUHH B geAOM H OT KOHKypeHTHOH o6CTaHoBKH. Pa6oTaeT AH KoMonatHM no WHltAyHAH HeT?
BHN4 .4MTAbHOCTJ A-OMHMJH7aHf/OTpaC - HanpHMep, 6aKaAeHHOMy AeAY npHCY11H oAHH pHCKH, aaMToMo6HAbHoH npOMbiuIAeHHOcTH - COBepCeHHO ApyrHe.
KoHyTpewwHoCmoCO6HOCTo - B paMmaX OAHOM OTpacAM npOMbIUIAeHHOCTH oAHM 4)HpMbi MOryT 6blTb 6oAee
KoHKypeHTHocnoco 6HbIMH, 'eM ApyrHe, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT BHAOB npOH3BOAHMbIX HMM TOBaPoB, KOHKypeHTOB,
cHcTeMbi UeHoo6
pa3oBmaHR H T.A.
OJep foHHa2 s4VcK77rBHocTb - npoH3BoAHT AH q)HpMa Ha HOBbIX sqxpeKTHBHb1x MMBoAaX H CKOHKypeHTHOCnOco6HOH ce6ecToHMocTmio? IIAH OHa nblTaeTCM AOCTHrHyTh TaKorO 2Ke or6beMa npoHBOAcTBa, 'TOH KoHKypeHTh1, HO npH 6oAee BbICOKHX saTpaTax?
PyOBO04CTBO - Ka'ecTBO pyKOBOACTBa KOMnaHHH-saeMIpHKa O-4eHb BaM2HO AAM OUeHKH pHCKa. OnpeAeAeHHbieaCneKTbi cnoco6HocTeH pyKOBOACTBa KOMnaHHH O'eHb AerKo yBHAeTh: HHqOopMaaW1 0 AeRTeAbHOCTH KoMnaHHH BnpOIUiAOM Ha pbiHKe KaK npaBHAO AOCTyriH H m1CM Ay'qine pa6OTaAa xOMnaHHH, oco6eHHO B TRmeAbie BpeMeHa,TeM 6oAbtuero yBameHHR sacAymHBaeT ee pyKOBOAcTBO.
rAy6HHa pyxoBoAcTBa KoMnaHHH He MeHee Bam2Ha, BOSPaCT pyxoBoAcTBa, HX pa6oTa Ha npeAblAypUHx nocTax,HX C1oCo6HOCTH B TOH HAH HHOH o6AacTK HAH npHHaAAem2IaM2a HM AOA1 Co6CTBeHHOrO KanHTaAa KOMllaHum. HoCaMOe rAaBHOe - STO BOllpOC flOpRAO'IHOCTH. (Bbl AoAmHbI 6blmb yBepeHHbl B TOM, 'iTO pesyAbTaTbl AeRTeAbHOCTHKOMnaIHHH He
6yAyT HCKamaTbCR).
4. 0AwmaacoBarz ammg.
FlocAe aHaAHsa geAH KpeAHTa H KaMeCTBeHHbiX pHCKOB, CAeAyeT nepeXOAHTh K aHaAM3Y KOAN'CcTBeHHbIXpHCKOB, HAH K aMaAH3y (lHHaHcoBoH OT'1eTHOCTH. 3
To osHaMaeT nOHHMaHHe npHHJH1oB y'eTa,HcroAbSOBaBumBU cR npH COCTaBAeHHH 4pHHaHcoBoH OT'eTHOCTH; npHBeAeHHe pHHmamCOBOH OTeTHOCTH B qbOpMy,KoTOpaH 6
bl MaxcMmaAbHO o6Aer4aAa ee aHMaAms, npH'emM Ne TOAbXO 3sa TOT r'OA, HO H sa npeAbCAyIHe. OeCHbBam2KHO TaKm2e npOBecTH aMHaAH3 AeHe2KHblx nOTOKOB H BoMmomHocTeii pocTa KOMnaHHH B
6yAyUJeM. Ecmb eCe
MHo2meCTBO ApyrHX HHCTpyMeHTOB OnpeAeAeHHR H aMMaAHM qlHHaHcoBbix pHCKOB, npHCYUJHX Aam4OH KOMYImmM.FIOMRTyg o pa3HOBHAHOCTH KpeAHTa, aHIaAH3 AOAmeH
6brrb npoBeAeH TaK, wTo6bI OnpeAeATb C AOAMOBble
cnoco6HocTH pHpMbl - ciJoco6HocTh nOAy'HTb H o6cAymCHBaTb KpeAHT.
nOAom2eHHe npeACIpHRTHM, 4pHaHacoBbIe yCAOBHM, KxMaCTBO ynpamBACHM H KxaCcTBO samora. 3TH oueHxHHBARIOTCR OMeHb BaMHbIMH HanpaBARlIOHMH oMeHKaMH, HO TeM He MeHee He MOryT nOAMeHHTh co6ofi aMaAtmB.
66
YnpaaAeoie Krpc4N ^rxTHh pNcKamNN
BCTa3Ka 3.3
UeAb 4DHHaHCHPOBaHHR H 1 CTO'qHHKH iOFrameHUI
MomHo BbiAeAHTb cAeAy1O1JHe nflTb BHAOB KpeAHTOB:
1. Ce30NmOhWN AfpeAT.
aTH KpeAHTbi npeAOCTaBASIDTCJI KOMrIaHHRM, KOTOpblM Tpe6yeTcA KanHTaA AAA noralmeHHR CBOHX nHKOBbIX,
KpaTKOCpO4Hbix qHHaHCOBbiX nroTpe6HocTeH.
IOCTaBlHUKH MOryT npeAOCTaBHTb KOMnaHHH TOprOBblH KpeAHT Ha 3aKynKy HeO6xOAHMbIX TOBapOB. nlo mepe
TOrIO, KaK KOMnaHHA TpaHCqpopMHpyeT STH TOBapbI B rOTOBbie H3AeAHR H npoAaeT HX KOHe9HbiM norpe6HTeAMm,
ToproBblM KPeAHT nO3BoAseT KoMraHHH q)HHaHcHpoBaTh cBoH co6cTBeHHbie nPOAa4H H Ae6HTopcKyIo
3aAOA2teHHOcTh.
KorAa CyyUeCTByeT paapblB MeflAy CpOKaMH (3HHaHcHpoBaHH nOCTaBWHKOM H CpOKaMH nOAygeHHH BbIpy'uKH
FHpMOH, TO MOryT IIoTpe6oBaTbCA ycAyrH 6aHKa.
2. Kpe4r 4Am XOmzepmCNr aNxrmOR.
KorAa y roMnaHHH IOCTOAHHO CylUeCTByeT nOTpe6HOCTb q3HHaHCHpOBaTb pa3pbIB MemAy CpOKaMH TOprOBOrO
KpeAHTa H CpOKOM nOAyqeHHR Bbipy'IKH OT peaAHSayHH TOBapOB, TO nOA)r9aeMblH eiO KpeAHT HaSbiBalOT
KpeAHTOM AAR KOHBepCHH aKTHBOB . B OTAH'ime OT Ce3oHHOrO KpeAHTa, rAe AoAroBoe o6RsaTeAbCTBo noralmaeTC%
nocAe OAHoro UHKAa, yHKAbl KPeAHTa AAA KoHBePCHH aKTHBoB nOBTOPRhBoTcS nocToAHHo H nepenrAeTa1OTcR, -ITO
AeAaeT HeBO3MOMHblM OTAeAHTb OAHH UHKA KOHBepCHH aKTHBOB OT ApyrorO.
3. Kpe,nr i1oo xzmNWmme geCNmJOx IOTOXOB.
KpeAHTbI n0A ABHUeHHeM AeHemHb1X nOTOKOB npeACTBAsAgOT co6oi OTHOCHTeAbHO AOArOCpOMHbie KpeAHTbi,
npeAocTaBABeMbie npOMblUlAeHHb1M KoMnaHHRmM AA11 qpHaHcHpoBaHHS 3aKynKH MaUHH H o6opyAOBaHHI HAU AAA
noAAepf2KKH yBeAH'iBaloiMerocfl nOCTORHHoro o6opoTHorO KaniHTaAa, T.e. TeKy)Hx aKTHBOB (ToproBbilx aKTHBOB,
KOTOrpbe HMeIOT npOAOA2KHTeAbHOCTb 2KH3HH MeHbUle oAHoro rOAa), He qpHHaHCHpyeMbIX KpaTKocpOiHb1MH
TOprOBb1MH KpeAHTaMH, HAm npO4HMH TeKylIHMH o6SI3aTeAbCTBaMH.
4. KpexpT, 6aBmpyIoLJWiFr.e ma aln-MBax.
aTOT BHA KpeAHTOB, B mHCTOH q)OpMe, npeACTaBAAeT Co6oH KpaTKOCpo'HOe (pHHaHCHpOBaHHe Ha npaKTH'eCKH
nocToslHHoHi ocHoBe AAA noAAepm2aHH$ BbicoKoro yPOBHR AHKBHAHbIX aKTHBOB.
K STOMY BHAY KpeAHTOB OTHOCRTCR TaKHe rH6pHAHbie BHAbl KaK:
* linoTewHble KpeAHTbl
* A\HHHr
* RocTaBKa
* flpoMblilAeiHble KpeAHThl, o6ecneqeHHbie MamIIHHaMH H o6opyAoBaHmeM.
3TOT BHA KpeAHTOB o
6bNiHO o6ecnemeH, wTO oTpafflaeT o6ftee y6e2Il4eHHe B TOM, 'iTO 3aKAaAbEBaeMbie B
o6ecne'ieHHe aKTHBbl HMelOT onpeAeAeHHyIO OCTaTO,4HyiO CTOmMOCTD, KOTOpaR 6yAeT TpaHCqIOpMHpOBaHa B AeHbrH
AAA BbIlAaT KpeAHTOpaM B CAy9ae BOEHHKHoBeHHR qpHHaHCOBb1X HeypRHAH.
5. Flpoernuoe Kpe4MarOIawe.
3ToT BHA KpeAHTa co'eTaeT B ce6e 'epTbl KpeAHToB noA ABH2meHHe AeHemHbix nHroKoB H noA aKTHBbl.
Pa3rpaHffweHHs MeCKAy DTHMH nATbIO BHAaMH KpeAHTOB He RBAReTcR cTpOrHM: HX CO'ieTaHHe He TOAbKO
BOBMOmHO, HO H meAaTeAbHo. MHorHe cesoHHbie KpeAHThl H KpeAHTbi noA ABHm1eHHe AeHemHblX CPeACTB HMeloT
sAeMeHTbi KpeAHTOB nOA aKTHBbl.
67
YmpezzAHe'e pyKoro,gcrla ii ioBmurexNo. qyBcTBNTAbHocrrN w Hepemearam
BcTaBica 3.4BHAbl KcpeAHToB, Tpe6yioqgUxcn AAm pasAHqHbIX B3103 (IKPM
POBffK7fVIe TOprORNMA - nOKynalOT H HPOAalOT rOTOBylO npOAyKU1HIO, o6
bliHO B MaAbIX KoAH4eCTBax. 3aHCKAiO4eHHeM Tex qpHpM, mTO npOAalOT TOBapbI 3a HaAH'iHble - 6axaAeiiHbie Mara3HHbI H T.A. - 6oAbiuxHCTBO(pHpM HMelOT sHaqHTeAbHyiO Ae6HToPCKYIO 3aAOAmeHHOCTb, KOTOpaH, flpaBAa, XOpOIO AHBepCHPHUJHpOBaHa.
3TH qpHpMbl JRBARIOTCS KaHAHAaTaMH Ha nOAy4eHHe Ce3OHHbIX KpeAHTOB H KpeAHTOB 10oA nOCTOgHHbiH060pOTHblU KanHTaA .ASA qHHaHCHpoBaHmg CBOHX ToBapHbix 3anacoB, a HHorAa Ae6HTopcKoi 3aAoAmeHHOCTH.
O iTrowe ropro5gM - "nocpeAHHKH" npouecca pacnpeAeAeHHq - noKynaioT y npoHSBoAHTeAefi, npoAaioTpO3HH'HbIM ToproBBaM. OHH o6bi'HO IBARIOTCR KaHAKAaTaMH Ha nOAy'ieHHe ce3oHHbix KpeAHTOB H KpeAHTOBnoA Q6opOTHblU KanHTaA.
fpesox n'oAh - CaMblI CAOMHbli H3 BceX npogeccoB rioAy'eHHU npH6biAH: noKynaioT Cblpbe, HeCyTpacxoAbi Ha OnAaTy TpyAa H ApyrHe paCXOAbl, npoH3BOART H npoAaloT lOTOBylO npoAyKUHioI, o6
bPIHO B AOBOAbHO6
oAbUIHX o6beMax H C BblCOKOH Map2KoH npH6blAH. 06binHo HM Tpe6yIoTcs KpynHble KanHTaAoBAo2KeHHn BOCHOBHble CpeACTBa, nOCKOAbKy HM Tpe6ylOTC MamIaHHbi H o6opyAoBaHHe. MM MOryT noTpe6oBaTbcs KaKKpaTKoCpOIHbie, TaK H AOArOCpoqHbie KpeAHTbl AAR yperyAHpOBaHHH npoUecca ABH2KeHHR HaAH'IHOCTH.
OpFaJIs*ffN Y.rT - 06blNHO y HHX HeT TOBapHblX 3anacos, a BAO?KeHHR B OCHOBHbIe CpeACTBa HeBeAHKH.OnepaUHOHHbie paCXOAbl o6bm4HO BKAIOqalOT B ce6H 3apa6oTHylo nAaTy H McaAOBaHbe (apXHeTKTypHbie HayAHTOCXKHe q)HpMbi).
0prHAuco.Are mcnmTyrT& - OC06blH BHA opraHH3aUHH cqpepbI O6CAymHBaHHR. AKTHBbl - KpeAHTbl HHHBeCTHyHH.
17p e~irp,wrur clpepM JXOMMyIIaAMI&X )'iyA)T r o peIyANpyCNMC IWMII*JIA e -AHHrMHXa oTAHoaeTCSr OTHeperyAHpyeMblx KOMnaHHH. OmeHb macTO HCn0Ab3ylOT KpeAHTbl AAS yperyAHpoBaHHA npojecca ABHmeHHJ1HaAHIHOCTH. KpeAHTOp npHHHMaeT peiueHHn, OCHOBblBaRCb Ha AaHHbIX 0 ABH2KeHHH AeHe2KHbIX CpeACTB, HaKOTOpbie oKa3blBaeT 6oAbmuoe BAHRHHe peryAHpOBaHHe.
68
YmpammeuNe vpe,goowTmM pmc2N am
BcTasKa 3.5
OnpeAeAeHHe pnciCa ioMonaHmH
Yro raxoc pHcK AomHlamANi?
PHCK KOMnaiHH - 3TO pUCK TOro, 'TO KOMnaHUH He CMO2KeT aqB(eKT4BHO 3aBepimHTb cBoUi WKA
KOHBepCHH aKTHBOB - STO Mo)KeT 3aBCieTh OT CaMOu KOMnlaHHU HAM OT nlpHpOAbi ee AesTeAbHOCTH.
PzCzN' Xi zoNJCTeHOM gaa.Ae
JoKyIa CbIpbRl
* HaAeKHbl AM rIOCTaBKH CblpbR? Ce3OHHbl AM OHH?
* CKoponopTAuJaec AM Cblpbe? KaKHe HMeioTc BR3MOmHocTu ero XpaHeHHH?
* KaoBbi 3saTpaThl Ha TpaHcnopTuPOBKY CbIpbSI Ha 3aBoA?
* Kax AaAeKO HaxOA$TCR (pa6pHKa OT HCTO'HHKa CbIpbR?
* lOKynaeTCq AM Cblpbe 'epe3 nOCPeAHHKOB HAH HanpRMyIO?
* YqHTbIBaioTCR AM BOIpOCbl oKpymaIoHoeg cpeAbI?
* KaKoBbl xapaKTepHCTHKH CblpbR?
* CyLUecTByeT AM pHCK HuMeHeHHu Kypca BaAlOTbl npH HMnopTe CbIpbR?
* EcTm AM BefORTHOCTb TOrO, 'TO B 6yAyqWeM HMnOpT CbIpb. 6yAeT orpaHHqeH?
* rlOKynaeTCR AH Cblpbe y OAHOrO HAM Y HeCKOAbKHx nOCTaBigHKoB?
IJeHa
* IBAReTcA AM leia CbIpbR nOTeHUHaAbHOU npo6AeMoA?
* Mory'r AM 11eHbi H3MeHRThbc? He MOmeT AM Hx H3MeHeHme ieH npUBeCTH K OCTaHOBKe UKAa
KOHBepCHH aKTHBOB, HAM CHH3HTb cnoco6HocTm KOMnaHUH K noAy3eHHio npH6bLAd?
JIpojecc HnpoSo4cma
* B npoUecce npeo6pa3oBaHHa CbIpbH B rOTOBbIe HBAeAH.I OCHOBHbiM BAeMeHToM pHCKa RBAqeTCq
pa6oqaR CHAa. Kam o6CTOHT AeAO C HaMAHHeM pa6o'eil CHAbi, KBaAHlHKaWiei pa6oTHHKOB,
npO¢COioaHbiM ABH2KeHHeM, 3aTpaTaMH?
* HacKoAbKO KanHTaAO- H TpyAOeMKO npoH3BoAcTBo KoMnaHHH?
* KaKoBbi Bo3paCT, MOU_HOCTb H CTeHeHb sarpymeHHocm o6opyAoBaHHR? 3
To MomeT 6blTb KpaiuHe
BamKHblM acneKTOM AAR Tex KoMnaHHri, rAe yme ecTm HAM nOABHTCR B 6yAyueM Heo6xoAMMocTb B
MOAepHH3aUHH.
J7poUecc c6bira
* PHCKH oqeHb CAO2KHO BbiHBHTb, TaK KaK aX BeAHqHHa 3aBHCHT OT CaMOrO ToBapa H OT AHHaMHKH
yCAyr.
* Pa6oTaeT Am qapMa B 6a3HcHoH OTpaCAH npOMbIUIAeHHOCTH? HaCKOAbKO 9aACTHiqeH cupoc?
RBARIOTCR AM pbIHKH KOMnaHRHH IUKAMqeCKHMH?
* HecyT AM HOBbIe TexHOAora'leCKHe Hao6peTeHH.I B ce6e pHCK MOPaAbHoro ycTapeBaas
cyAecTsyioyuero o6opyAoBaH-R?
* HacKoAbKo CHAbHO BAHRHHe AeMorpa()HqeCKHX q)aKTOpOB?
* KaKoBa CHcTeMa pacnpeAeAeHHR (c6blTa)?
* KaKoe BAHsHHe OKa2myT H3MeHeHH.9 B COWUaAbHbIX H nOAHTHqeCKHX TpaAH1I,RX H npeAnO'TeHMHx
Ha C6blT?
* HacKobKo KOHKypeHTocnoco6Ha AaHHaR oTpacAb npOMbUIwAeHHOCTH?
69
YxpenuemNe p KOoOAcTeJ N J1O3hIIHD S 7CTRHTEAhNOOCT K fl'wfJMUM
BcTaBDKa 3.5 (npoA^.)* AerKo AU B Hee Bo*TH? Bo3MomHbi AH 3AeCb UeHOBble BO'iHbi? HacKOAbKo BeAHKa oepoHmiocT
nHOJBAeHHR KOHKYPeHTOB Hs-3a py6ema?* HoABepnmeHa AH AaHHaR OTpaCAb npOMblU1AeHHOCTH Ha6eraM CAy'aHiHbiX npOHSBOAHTeAeCH,
BXOARUJHX B OTpaCAb H 6blCTpO Bb1XOA.UJHX H3 Hee, H TeM caMbiM ripHBoARWHM oTpaCAb KHeCTa6HAbHOCTH UeH H rIpH6biAeCi.
PHCK HemareM a
* HeAOCTaToqHo llpOCTO fpO4aTb ToBap; AAA Toro, qTo6b 3saBeplUHTb UHKA, Hy2O-o eie nOAyqHTbOrlAaTy.
* PHCK onAaTbI qBAmeTCR caMbIM cepbe3HblM AAR KOMHaHHH, 'ibH OcHOBHaH AeSTeAbHOCTb COCTOHT BTOM, ITo6bl co3AaBaTb (pHHaHCOBblC aKTHBbl - AAS 6aHKOB, CO3AalOuHX CBOH aKTHBbl nOCfeACTBOMnIeAOCTTBAAeHHS Kpe4HTOB.
* KaxoBO KaqecTBo AOA2KHHKOB KOMnaHHH?
* OcyuecTBrAeT AH KoMnaHHR c6blT B MCmAyHapoAHbix MactluTa6ax? KaKie pOpMbI 3saUTbi oHanpHMmHSeT (CTpaXOBaHHe H T.A.)?
Bonpocgr peiYARwmworo xapaAepa
* MoryT OKa3aTb BAHHHHUe Ha Aio6ylo U3 a3.
Crpyrypa I(pegHra
COTPYAHHK 6aHKa AOA2IeH OnpeACAHTb yCAOBHH KpeAHTa: npoUeHTHYIO cTaBKy,o6ecne,qeHHe, rapaHTHH H oco6bie CTaTbH, KOTOpbie 6yAyT OTpafKaTb npHCyIgHHH KpeAHTY pHCK.CTpyKTypa KpeAHTra AOA2KHa 6blTb TCCHO cBasaHa c o2KHAaeiMblMH HCTO9HHKaMH H cpoKaMHnoralUIeHHR KpeAHTa.
3aKAioqHTeAbHbIMH aTanaMH npogecca CTPYKTYPHPOBaHHH KpeAHTa fBAAIOTCH erooAo6peHHe, noArOTOBKa AOKyMeHTaIHH H cocTaBAeHHe OT4eTa 0 HeM. Bce 8TH 8TalnbI AOAffHbI6blTb qeTKo onpeAeAeHbl B KpeAHTHof nOAHTHKe H npogeAypax 6aHKa.
Oio6peHoe xpeu,rTa
OAo6peHHe KpeAHTOB B KOMMepmeCKHX 6aHKax o6bI'HO npOHCXOAHT AH 6 0 B pamKaxKpeAHTHoro KOMHTeTa, AH60 B paMKax npoaUecca nOCAeAOBaTeAbHOrO oAa6peHHA KpeAHTOB. BnepBom cAyqae KpeAHTbI OAo6pRIOTCH KpeAHTHbIM KOMHTeTOM, -AeHaMH KOTOpOrO o6blHoHBARIOTCA PYKOBOAHTeAH 6aHKa H ero KpeAHTHOrO oTAeAa. Bo BTOPOM cAy'iae, oAo6peHHeKpeAHTOB HAeT CHH3y BBepx no teno4Ke - OT lIpOCTbIX COTPYAHHKOB KpeAHTHOrO OTAeAa AopyKoBOACTBa, Hmeioujero npaBO (B COOTBeTCTBHH C Tpe6OBaHHHMH KpeAHTHOH nOAHTHKH 6aHKa)Ha oKOHqaTeAbHoe oAa6peHHe KpeAHTa.
CTOPOHHHKH nepBoro MeTOAa yTBep2KAaaTr, 4TO OH o6ecne4HBaeT AOCTHK2eHHe HaH6aAeeKOMneTeHTHOrO YPOBHA npHHHTHA pellieHHH, TaK KaK npH aToM HCnOAb3yeTCR OnblT,HMeiou4HHcR y Bcex IIAeHOB KpeAHTHoro KpeAHTa. CTOPOHHHKH me BTOPOrO MeToAayTBep2KAalOT, ITO KOMHTeTHaA CHCTCMa He AaeT AOCTaTO'iHO BpeMeHH AAR aHaAH3a KamA2OH3aRBKrH, KOrAa HX nOAaeTcA cpa3y HeCKOAbKO Ha KamAoM saceAaHHH. OHH roBOpAT, 'ITO B
70
Y,opaeoone AKpeANTOrMM pJc3CaoM
ROMHTeTHOH CHCTeMe npHcyrTCTByeT CTaHbliH HHCTHHKT - 'LAeHbl KoMHTeTa cTapaEOTcH H36eraTb
BOnpOCOB, HeripHHTHblX AAR COTpyAHHKOB, nOAaiol1HX 3aHBKy, HAH APYrHx KpeAHTHbIX OTAeAOB
H CAeAY4OT npeAnO-TeHHRM PYKOBOACTBa cBoero KoMHTreTa. CHCTeMa me nOCAeAoBaTeAbHOrO
oAo6peHHR, no cAoBam ee CTOPOHHHKOB, AaeT COTpyAHHKaM peaAbHy1o BO3MO?KHOCTb npoBepHTb
KpeAHTHylO 3aHBKy, 3aAaTb Heo6xoAHMbie BOnpOCbI H npHHSTb He3aBHCHMble pelUeHHH.
CTeneHb OTBeTCTBeHHOCTHi qAeHOB KpeAHTHoro KoMHTeTa 3a oAo6pHeMble HMH KpeAHTbI
BapbHpyeTCHR. B 6oAbllHHCTBe 6aHKOB rOAOCOBaHHe B nOAb3y HAH npOTHB TOrO HAH HHOrO
KpeAHTa npOHCXOAHT AH6o B popMe nIOAHuTHH pyK, AH6 o B q)opMe OTBeTOB 3a HAH npOTHB .
B HeKOTOpbiX 6aHKax rOAOC xamAoro 'iAeHa KOMHTeTa perHCTpHpyeTCSI. H XOTR HeMCHO,
HaCKOAbKO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb KamAoro 'AeHa KOMHTeTa BAHHeT Ha aqcxeKTHBHOCTb npogecca
npHHs1THH peIleHHH, CAeAyeT cKa3aTb, 'ITO CTeneHb OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH Bbliule npH
nOCAeAOBaTeAbHOM OAo6peHHH KpeAHTa.
Pa3Mep 6aHKa H Macurra6 ero onepaUHH onpeAeAaioT CTeneHb MeHTPaAH3agHH npoUecca
npHHWTHR pemieHHH. KaK npaBHAO, 'ieM MeHblue 6aHK, TeM 6oAbmCe CTeneHb ieHTpaAH3aiHH,
nem 6oAbiue 6aHK (a CAeAoBaTeAbHO, H MaclIiTa6 ero onepagHH, oco6eHHo reorpalHpieCKHH),
TeM 6oAbmjie CTeneHb AeMeHTpaAH3ag,HH. HeKoTopble CAeAKH MOryT 6blTb nOTCP.9HbI HS-3a
6iopoKpaTHqecKHx npoBOAo'leK B npoiecce OAo6peHHR KpeAHTa 6aHKoM. YqHTblBas BTO,
MHOrHe 6aHKH nepeAaxoT nOAHOMO'iHX no oAo6peHHIo KpeAHTOB pyKOBOACTBy CBOHX
perHOHaAbHb1X oTAeAeHHH, a Te, B CBOIO o'epeAb, Mor1T nepeAaTb aTH nOAHOMO'HS
PyKOBOACTBy cpHAHaAOB HAH HX OTAeAbHbIM COTpyAHHKaM.
B Aio 6 0H Ae4eHTpaAH3OBaHHOM CHCTeMe, KpeAHTHbie nOAHOMO'IH% Ha paSAH4HbIX YPOBHH9X
o6bi'iHO onpeAeAaioTcSI peKOMeHAagH.MH OTAeAOB no KpeAHTHOM nOAHTHKe H no KOHTpOAIO 3a
AeHTeAbHOCTbio 6 aHKOB, a 3aTeM oAo6pHioTcH pyKOBOACTBOM 6aHKa H coBeToM AHpeKTOpoB.
KOHTpOAb 3a npaBHAbHOCTb1O HCnOAb3OBaHHR aTHX nOAHOMO-1HH Ocy1geCTBAReTCs1 nOCpeACTBOM
COCTaBAeHHH nepHoAH'ecKHx oT'eToB H npoBeAeHHH o6sopoB H npoBePOK BHyTpeHHHMH
ayAHTOpaMH.
CoBeT AHpeKTOPOB 'IaCTO npHHHMaeT y'aCTHe B npoilecce oAo6peHHH KpeAHTOB, B
oco6eHHocTH KpynHb1X KpeAHTOB, KpeAHTOB - HcKAlo'eHHH H3 TeKyugeH nOAHTHKH 6aHKa, oco6o
CAO2KHbIX KpeAHTOB H KpeAHTOB, HMeEOIMHX o6u4eHa;HOHaAbHoe 3Ha'eHHe. BO MHOrHX 6aHrax,
COBeT AHpecKTOPOB H3BeujaeTc. o6 oAo6peHHH KpynHbIX KpeAHTOB 3aAHHM 'IHCAOM; B ApyrHx,
COBeT AHpeKToPOB caM oAo6pReT Bce KpynHbie KpeAHTbi. 06b1qHo KpeAHTbl, npe2mAe HeM OHH
npeACTaBAS1IOTCH COBeTy AHpeCKTOpOB, npOXOART viepe3 TeXHHqeCKyio npoBepKy pYXOBOACTBOM
6aHKa.
Kpe,gmma, 4oKymeITagffJ,
KpeAHTHas AOKyMeHTraHH o6eCne'HBaeT 3aurHTy OT pHcKa, no3BOAS 6aHRy npHHHMaTb
iOpHAHqecKHe Mepbl, eCAH -3aeMWHK He BbInOAHSeT 3anpeTHTeAbHb!e OrOBOpKH HAH HapymuaeT
rpalpHK noraHTeHHH. KpeAwrHbli AorOBOp - STO KoHTpaKT M A2K4y 6aHKoM H 3aeMUJHKOM, B
KOTOPOM OrOBapHBaEOTCc npaaa H o6a3aHHocTH KamAOH CTOpOHbl no OTHOIieHHIO K KpeAHTy.
XOTSI KpeAHTHb1H AoroBop He [o13BOAAeT KpeAHTOpy KOHTPOAHPOBaTb HCTO%1HHK norauieHHR
KpeAHTa, OH COAep2KHT yCAOBH1, OrOBOPKH H orpaHH'eHH1, COCTaBAeHHb1e TaKHM o6pa3oM,
71
Ykvpe,zAewae pywomogerTRa N owBrmeNwm qyzCT5NTOAbHOCTN A nepememam
wTo6bi rioAAep2KaTb HAH yAy4IUHTb qJHHaHcoBOe COCTORHHe 3aeMgHKa, ypoBeHb npH6blAbHOCTH,ABH2KeHHe AeHeffHbIX CpeACTB, TITO TaK HAH HHa'ie 3aWHaiaeT HHTepecbi 6aHKa. XOpoumfiKpeAHTHblH AOrOBOp, cocTaBAeHHbIH Ha 'eTKOH IopHAHqecKoH OCHOBe, jaeT KpeAHTopam Bec HaneperoBopax, eCAH COCTORHHe KpeAHTa Ha'IHHaeT yxyAlnaTbCA.
IHpemAe ieM 6blTb nOAnHcaHHOH, iopHAHqecKaH AOKYMeHTaUHSI AOA2KHa 6 blTb TUjaTeAbHOnpoBepeHa, 2KeAaTCAbHO KaKoH-AH6o cnegHaAHSHpOBaHHOH BHyTpeHHeH CTpyKTypHOH eAHHHUeH6aHKa. CnegHaAHCTbi 6aHKa AOA2KHbl Tu4aTeAbHo npOBePHTb AOKyMeHTa&H1O no o6ecneieHMuoKpeAHTa, BKAIO'WH ero OgeHKy. O9eHb Ba2MHO, oTO6 bi KpeAHTHaH AoKyMeHTag1H OTBe'iaAaTpe6oBaHHAM cyuIeCTBy!ojIieH 3aKoHoAaTeAbHoH 6a3b1: npemAe qeM KaKoH-AH6o KpeAHTnpeAocTaBAeH OAHOMy 3aeMJIHKY HAH rpynne cBx3aHHbIX 3aeMigHKOB, T1MaTeAbHO AOA2KHbl6blTb npoBepeHbi cyIIeCTByIOlX4He AHMHTbl KpeAHTOBaHHH 1o OTHo1iieHH*o K BeAH1 HHe KanHTaAa6aHKa. KpoMe Toro, aTa AoKyMeHTagHH AOAmHa 6blTb corAacoBaHa c cyJIeCTBY1OHMH BCaMOM 6aHKe BHyTpeHHHMH AHMHTaMH KpeAHTOBaHHH H KOHUeHTpaUHH KpeAHToB. 3 3
qreTKaS o6pa6oTKa BCeH AOKyMeHTaUHH HBAAeTCn CyIgeCTBeHHbIM BAeMeHTOM H CHCTeMblBHyTpeHHero KOHTpOAR 6aHKa. H XOTH aTO lpaBHAO 'aCTO HapyUIaeTC9, He CAeAyeT BbiAaBaTh
KpeAHTa KAHCHTY AO Tex nop, noKa OT HerO He 6yAeT noAy-leHa BCR Heo6xoAHMaA
AoKyMeHTaUHH. OTAeAbHaA CTPYKTYPHaA eAHHHUa 6aHKa AOA2KHa npoBePATb H xpaHHTb BCIOAOKyMeHTaUHlo.
06ecn'eqeHie H FapaInwT
06ecne'ieHHe - BTo MaTepHaAbHbIH aKTHB, Ha KOTOpbiH 6aHK HMeeT npaBa saAora.H4cnoAb3oBaHHe 3aAora B noAAep2KKy KpeAHTa AaeT 6aHKy BO3MOmHOCTb KOHTpOAHpOBaThaKTHBbl B CAy4ae HapylleHHH 3aeMWHKOM YCAOBHHi KpeAHTa. O6ecne'ieHHe CTaHOBHTCAMOTeHUHaAbHbIM BTOpH'IHbJM HCTO'IHHKOM norauleHHs KpeAHTa. FlpaKTHKa p3AHsIHblx 6aHKOs B
OTHOI11eHHH 3aAora pa3AH-IHa. B 6OAbIUHHCTBe pa3BHBalOUJHXCR CTpaH, KAeCHTOBeHHC [WA
o6ecneqCeHe RBAHCTCA HOpMaAbHblM AOnOAHeHHeM npH npeAOCTaBAeHHH KpeAHTa. B CLIJA,Tpe6oBaHHe K 3aeM1HKY O npeAoCTaBAeHHH o6ecne'ieHHA HAH rapaHTHH TpeTbefi CTOpOHblOSHatlaeT, 'TO KpeAHTocnoco6HocTb camoro 3aemMUHKa C'iHTaeTCsA HeAocTaTOaqHOH. CaManoTpe6HOcTb B o6ecneqeHHH HAH rapaHTHH noApa3ymeBaeT 6OAee BbICOKHH YpOBeHb pHCKa. BcAy'ae npOBeAeHHR -leTKOrO npogecca ynpaBAeHHA KpeAHTHblMH pHCKaMH o6ecnemeHHe iieciHTaeTcH 3aMeHHTeAeM KpeAHTocnoco6HocTH, noA KOTOpOH nOHHMaeTCA AoCTaTO'iHOCTb
npHTOKa AeHeC2HbIX CpeACTB y 3aeMU4HKa A"s noraLueHHH KpeAHTa. B aToM cAyqae,o6ecneqeHHe AHlb AOnOAHHTeAbHaA 3afsHTa no yme npHeMAeMoMy KpeAHTy; ero qacTo eueHa3bIBaloT BTOpoH BbIXOA". IlOCKOAbKy BO MHOrHX pa3BHBaEoHHXcH cCpaxax npOBCAeHHepHHaHcOBOrO aHaAH3a 3aTPYAHRCTCH OTCYTCTBHCM AOCTaTOqHHOH (JHHaHCOBOH HHq)OpMaaHH, TO
npHHSTHe o6ecneqeHHR O'eHb 2reAaTeAbHO. OAHaKO BTO He AOAMHO yCnOKaHBaTb KpeAHTOpOB.
33 Ha paS3BBaioqUjxcR pbIHKaX IeHHOCTb AOKyMeHTHpOBaHHR KpeAHTa 'aCTO CHH2maeTCJI HS-SaHeBOSM02KHOCTh COSAaTh YCAOBHR AM BbinOAHeiiHUl KoHTpaKTa. CAeAOBaTeAbHO, aAeKBaTHan PyHXUHOHHpyioiJUazripaBoBag OcHOBa npeACTaBBAJeT 'peSBbrNaHHyIO BamHOCTb AMA ycoBepmeHTOBaHH ynpaBAeHHR KpeAHTbiMpNCKOM. flpaBOBaS peq)opma - o4eHb BaMHblI qaxTop yCnleIHOCTH BKoHoMHIecKoi peqOpMbl.
72
YHPpauJeJNe JrpA,N7MMJWM1 pNCJIraMJr
IHpH o6ecneReHHOM KpeAHToBaHHH COTPYAHHK 6aHxa AoAmeH TaK CTPYKTyPHPOBaTb KpeAHT,
rro6bi ero BeAH'UHa 6blAa paBHa o6,beKTHBHOii AHKBHAaUHOHHOH CTOHMOCTH o6ecneqeHHH,
KOTopa5 He o6s3aTeAbHo oTpameHa B (PHHaHcOBOH oT'eTHOCTH 3aeMUljHKa. 0 6biqHo oHa
MeHbume, qeM OM;eHO'HaR CTOHMOCTb. O6ecne'eHHe 3aAoroM OTHIOAb He O3HaIaeT, 'ITO KpeAC4T
6yAeT norailleH; BblHy2AeHHaH AHKBHAaUHR aKTHBOB 'aCTO CyLCTBeHHo CHH2KaeT HX
CTOHMOCTb. HOBTOMy, 6aHK AOA2eH TJIaTeAbHO OUeHHTb pbXHO'qHyIO H AHKBHAagHOHHylO
CTOHMOCTb o6ecneneHHs, H AOA2IeH nOCTO0HHO npOBOAHTb ero TeKyu4yio nepeogeHKy. 0 6bliHo,
CTOHMOCTb Tpe6yeMoro o6ecne'ieHHl BbiiUe CyMMbi KpeATra C TeM, 4TO6 bl He TOAbKO nOKpblTb
PHCK TOrO, 'ITO AHKBHAaUHOHHaS CTOHMOCTb o6ecne'ieHrH 6yAeT MeHbillle oeHOqHOH, HO H
nOKpblTb npO!leHTHbie nAaTe2KH, KOTOpbIe 6yAyT HaXaKIAHBaTbCsi no mepe yxyAlmleHuA COCTOHHUII
KpeAHTa. CTOHMOCTb o6ecne'eHlA cBH3aHa C nOKpblTHeM, CTOHMOCTbIO H CHCTeMoU KOHTpOAHI
TaK, KaK BTo npeACTaBAeHO B Ta6AHMe 3.1.
CorAacHo 3aKoHoAaTeAbCTBY MHOrHX CTpaH, npOcToro AoroBopa, B KOTOpOM AOAmHHK AaeT B
3aAOr KpeAHTOPy onpeAeAeHHbie aKTHBbl KaK o6ecneneHHe KpeAHTa, HeAoCTaTo'qHO AAA
npHAaHHA eMy IopHAH'ecKoiH CHAbI. OH AOAmeH 6blTb AAA aToro CnelUHaAbHO 3aperHcTpHpoBaH
B COOTBeTCTByKioLeM opraHe. HanpHMep, B HeKOTOpbIX 6AHmHeBOcTO'qHbIx CTpaHax,
o6HsaTeAbCTBO 0 nepeAa'e nOApsIAqHKOM npoexTa [IOCTyIIAeHHH OT ero peaAH3aUHH
KpeAHTopaM AOAmHo 6bITb 3aperHCTpHpOBaHo B COOTBeTCTByiOu eM opraHe CTpaHbi-MeCTO-
HaXO2KAeHHR nOApRA'HKa. 1H Aame 6oAee TOrO, aTH AOKyMeHTbl He 6 yAyT HMeTb 1OpUAH meeCKOH
CHAbl A0 Tex nop, noxa nepeAaBaembie nocTyrnAeHHA He 6yAyT BbinAa'iCHbl KpeAHTopy B 8TOH
cTpaHe. ECAH nocTynAeHHU BbiLAaMeHbI B TpeTbeH CTpaHe, TO AOKyMeHTbi He HMelOT
iOpHAH'IeCKOH CHAbi. TaKHM o6pa3oM aTH AOryMeHTbi Hy2KHbl AAR TpeX UeAeii: AAR
HAeHTH(HKXaMHH 3aKAaAbiBaeMbiX aKTHBOB; AAR H3BeigeHHH APYrHX KpeAHTOpOB 0
CyU,eCTBOBaHHH saAora Ha AaHHbie aKTHBbl; H, 'ITO HaH60Aee Ba2KHO, AAA 3aiUHTbl KpeAHTopa B
CAyqae, eCAH AOA2KHHK o6aHKpOTHTcH HAH AOAmeH 6yAeT AHKBHAHpOBaTb, A06POBOAbHO HAH
BblHyMAeHH0, CBOH aKTHBbl.
3 aKoHoAaTeAbCTBO o 6aHKpOTcTBe pa3AHqHO B pa3AH'HbIx CTpaHax, Ho, KaK npaBHAo, AAA
pacnpeAeAeHHR aKTHBOB KoMnaHHH-6aHKpoTa YCTaHaBAHBaeTCH npeqpepeHUHaAbHbiH napSnAK. B
cAy4ae 6aHKpOTCTBa KaKoro-AH6o aMepHaKHCKoro 6aHKa, B nepByio oaiepeAb 6yAyT BbilnAaeHa
sapa6OTHaS nAaTa COTpyAHHKOB, nOTOM HaAorH H xOMMYHaAbHble rLAaTe2KH, Bo3BpaieHbl
AeHbrH BHyTpeHHHM BKAaAqHKaM, npO'HM BHyTpeHHHM KpeAHTOpaM, HHOCTpaHHbIM BKAaA4HKaM
H ApyrHM HHOCTpaHHbIM KpeAHTOpaM.
FapaHTHs - 8TO corAacHe TpeTbeli CTOpOHbI noraCHTb KpeAHT B CAy'ae, eCAH 3aeMUIHK He
cnoco6eH cAeAaTb aTo CaM. KaK HCTO'qHHKX noraumeHHqa KpeAHTa, rapaHTux HaAemHa HaCTOAbKO,
HacKOAbRo rapaHT cnoco6eH H mKeAaeT noracHTb KpeAHT. floaToMy oqeHb Ba2KHo npoBCTH
(PHHaHcoBbiHi aHaAH3 KpeAHTOcnoco6HOcTH rapaHTa; npH 8TOM OT Hero MOryT nOTpe6oBaTb
o6ecnemeHHe. rapaHrHH MoryT 6blTb 6esycAoBHb!MH H yCAOBHbIMH, Ha 'iaCTb KpeAHTa HAH Ha
BCiO ero CyMMy, H, 'TO o'ieHb Ba2KHO, MOryT Oq)OpMARTbCR nepeAaTo'HOH HaAnHCbIO UAH
qIopMaAbHblM OTAeAbHbIM AoroBopaM. rlpHeMAeMOCTb TOH HAH HHOH 3OpMbi rapaHTHH, a TaK2te
cnoco6 paCCMOTpeCHH Tpe6oBaHNIH onpeAeMAioTci 3aKOHoAaTeAbCTBOM KOHKpeTHOA CTpaHbi.
73
YErpesizAcHe pyJoEo4cT5ra H IonIobreMI v vjrcTrwreAIbocrTw K iiepememam
Ta6AHUa 3.1OMeHKa saAora
nOKpbzTm
PeiiTuHr e CTOHMOCTb KOHTpOAhb flpMepblo6ecneqennno6ecuexenunICTOHMOCTb
o6ecneqeuwi
A 100 IHOAHOCTbIO * IIOA 6aHKoB- * KlioHTprapaHTnmo6ecneqeHa H CKHM KoHTpoAem npueMAeMbIx 6aHKoBAerKO MOKeT * AOKyMeHTaIH B * 4eHemHblU saAor B6blTb peaAU3oBaHa nopiiKe 6aHKe
B <100% CTOHMOCTb * F1OA 6aHKoB- * AKUHm, 3aAomeHHbwe
Mo2KeT KoAe6aTbcR CKHM KOHTpOAeM H xpaHHMbie B 6aHKeu MoryT * 4OKyMeHTaIUH B * OUeHeHHaR 6aHKoMBO3HHKHTb nOpRAKe HeABH)KHMOCTh
TpYAHOCTH C
npoAamke
c <100% HsMeHqUBaR * IIpo6AeMbi noA * HeKoTHpyeMbre aKHmCTOHMOCTb H KOHTpOAeM * 3 anacbI TMU HAMHeyBepeHHOCTb C * CoMHwTeAbHaa Ae6HTopcKaH
peaAH3aueu AOKyMeHTaHR 3a4OA21eHHOCTb,
xpaHHMMA B 6aHKe
D <100% CmH2aKomaRcq * He KOHTpOAm- * HeKoHTpoAmpyeMbre
CTOHMOCTb U pyeTcq 6aHKOM -ariacbi TMUcAa6aM * Hpo6AeMbl CpeaAH3aI,HR AoKYMewTaueu
* FIpo6AeMHbie
aKTHBbl
E <100% IlaAamouJaq * He KOHTpOAU- * He noAAepmaiouIeCTOHMOCTb HAM ee pyeTcA 6aHioM rapaHTm
OTCyTCTBHeC H * 4oKyMeHTaTHg * He noAepmAeHwoe3aTpyAHCHHas HAm OTCyTCTByeT paMeigeHme
HeBosMOmHaS KHHuKHbIX AOArOB
peam3agUH Ha
I pblHKe _
HcmzIH7YHXK: By3-AmeH & raMHAbTOH.
SaKoHoAaTeAbCTBO MO2IleT Tpe6oBaTb, qTo6bi 6aHK Hc'epnaA Bce ApyrHe (pOpmblBo3AeCHCTBHH Ha 3aeMuHKa, npe2KAe ieM OH CMOmeT lpe4AbRBHTb Tpe6oBaHHR K rapaHTy. TataACHTyaUgH MaCTO HMeeT MeCTO, eCAH AorOBOpbi 6blAH COCTaBAeHbl paSAeAbHO, He3aBHCHMO OT
74
YnrpaieHore K9peCNTHNWMH pHCJratN
Toro, COAep2KaTCR AH TaKHe YCAOBH.I B AoroBope HAH HeT. TaK, B cAy'ae, eCAH 6bjAo
nOAriHCaHO OTAeAbHOe cOrAauieHHe, TO 6aHKy MOryT nOTpe6oBaTbcH rOAbI AoporocToHujero
cyAe6Horo pas6HpaTeAbcTBa C 3aeMuJHKoM, npemAe 'eM OH CmomeT o6paTHTbcH K rapaHTy.
ECAH me rapaHT noAnHcaA o6JUjH AoroBop, npOCTOU BeKceAb HAH KaKoH-AH6o Apyrou
AOAroBoH HHCTPYMeHT, TO B cAy'ae HenAaTema 3aeMqJHKa 6aHK MomeT cpa3y o6paTHTbCS K
rapaHTy. HMeHHO nOaTOMy HaMHoro npeAnO'qTHTeAbHei 3aRAio'aTb 06u,IHi AOrOBOp, a He ABa
OT4eAbHbIX.
3 aKoHoAaTeAbCTBO HeKOTOPbIX CTpaH Tpe6yeT, 'ITo6bi rapaHTy, C geAbio npfaHHS1
rapaHTHH 1opHAHmecKoi CHAbI, 6bLAO npeAOCTaBAeHO B KaKOf-AH6o qopMe BCTpeCHOe
yAOBAeTBOpeHHe. B !eAOM, 3aeMU1HK AOA2KeH npeAOCTaBARTb rapaHTY BCTPe-iHOe
yAOBAeTBOpeHHe. B OTCYTCTBHH TaKOBOrO, BCe Tpe6oBaHHR K rapaHTy He HMeiOT iopHAwiecKOf
CHAbl.
ECTb eiie OAHa, HeCKOAbKO COMHHTeAbHaS, q)opma o6ecne'eHHa, npeAOCTaBAReMOrO
MaTepHHCKOu KOMnaHHei 3aeMuIHKa, KOTOPYIO Ha3biBalOT KOMqpoPTHbe nUHCbMa. IleAb BTHX
nHCeM - 3aBeplTb KpeAHTOpa B TOM, 'To MaTepHHcKas KoMnaHHS npeAnpHMeT Bce
Heo6xOAHMbie Mepbi AAi o6ecneseHHu. mU2KHHeCnOCo6HOCTH 3aeMLUHKa . KpeAHTop AOAmeH
BblHeCTH cBOe Cy6'beKTHBHOe Cy2KAeHHe 0 TOM, CTOHT AH npUHHRTb KOMq)OpTHOe IlHCbMO B
Ka'IeCTBe o6ecneieHhiH KpeAHTa HAH HeT.
HABAIOAEHHE 3A KPEAUTOM
HIOCAe TOrO, KaK KpeAHT 6blA BbiAaH, 6aHK AOA2KeH npeAnPHHTb Mepbl AAR o6ecne'eHNu
ero BoxapaTa. YnpaBAeHHe KpeAHTaMH RBA.ReTCH OAHOH MH rAaBHb1X 3aAaq COTPYAHHKOB
KpeAHTHOFO OTAeAa 6aHKa. Xopoiuee ynpaBAeHHe KpeAHTOM He HCnpaBHT "nAOXOH KpeAHT, HO
MHOrHe xOpOulIHe KpeAHTbi moryr CTaTb npo6AeMHbiMH B cAy'iae HeaqXCeKTHBHOrO ynpaBAeHMH
HMH COTPYAHHKaMH KpeAHTHoro oTAeAa 6aHKa.
BaHKH CAeART 3a 3aeMUAHKaMH AAR TorO, 'To 6 bI YAOCTOBepHTbCq B 6AaronoAy'rHOcTH HX
pUHHaHCOBOrO nOAO2KeHHH H B BbInOAHeHHH HMH yCAOBHH KpeAHTHOrO AoroBopa; a TaXme AAS
nOHCKa HOBbIX BO3MOmHocTeH AeAOBOrO coTpyAHH'eCTBa C KAHeHToM. Ha6AioAeHue 3a
KpeAHTOM HeO6xOAHMO AASI TOrO, TO6bI BblHSBHTb Ha paHHeM CTTAHH npHI3HaKH TOro, ITO 3y
3aeMUWHKa MOryT flORBHTbCSI 3aTPYAHeHHH C noraUCeHHeM KpeAMTa. 3 To HeO6XOAHMO AeAaTb Ha
paHHeH CTaAHH AAa TOro, 'lTo6bi MaKCHMaAbHO yBeAH'iTb B(pXFeKT OT KOppeKTHpyOlujHX
Ae4CTBHui 6aHKa H CHHUHTb ero y6blTKH. Ha6AioAeHHe 3a KpeAHTaMH oco6eHHo BamHO Ha
aTane HX norauieHuH HAH KOrAa OHH CTaHoBSTcE npOcpO'eHHbIMH, HAU me B cAy'Iae HapyuieHHR
YCTaHoBAeHHbIX KpeAHTHbIM AOrOBOPOM yCAOBHH MHHMaAbHOH CYMMbl saAora HAH BeAHqHHbi
U)HHaHCOBbIX KOBc4UHUelHTOB.
BOAbIUHHCTBO 6aHKoB nepecmaTpHBaioT CBOH BBaHMOOTHOI11eHIM C KAHeHTaMH HAH
KpeAMTHbIe onepaUHH no KpaHHeH mepe paS B rOA HAH sauge, eCAH CHTyagLH Tpe6yeT Toro.
3 TH o63opbl HasHHaeT OTBeTCTBeHHbli 3a BTO COTPYAHHMK KpeAHTHOrO OTAeAa. B npoUecce
BTHX npoBepoK, COTpyAHHK aHaAH3HpyeT lq)HHaHcoBoe COCTORHHe 3aemuMHKa H TeHAeHUHH ero
paBBuTrHH, ero npOUlAbie H 6yAyxue BOBMOmHOCTH no O6cAynuBaH io cBOero AoAra, a TWKC
AOXOAHOCTb ero onepaUHR H CHTya,UHR Ha TOM pbIHKe, rAe OH pa6oTaeT; nOCAe aToro COTpyHHK
75
YxrpeH'Aemie pwKqoBo4'Cra o HoirrmIreoI UIyBcrTrTeCADHocrTH A lzepemeHam
peluaeT, KaKHM HMeHHO o6pa3oM 6aHKy CAeAyeT npOAOAXaTb pa3BHBaTb AeAoBoeCOTpyAHH1 iecTBO C AaHHbIM KAHeHTOM. nposeAeHHe TaKHX nepHOAHqeCKHX o630pOB MO2KeTllpHBeCTH K TOMY, 'FTO 6aHK paCImHpHT, MOAH(PHUHpyeT, Boso6HoBHT HAH npeKpaTHTnpOBeAeHHe AaHHOrO BHAa KpeAHTHbIX onepagHH c KAHeHTOM. 4 eAOBOe COTpyAHH'ieCTBO 6aHKaC KAHeHTOM noApa3ymesaeT TO, wTO eCAH 6aHK xOqeT COXpaHHTb KAHeHTa, TO OH AoA2KeH 6blTbB Kypce Bcex nAaHOB pa3BHTHR KAHeHTa H Bcex ero (JHHaHCOBbIX noTpe6HOcTeH.
,aAm KOHTpOAH 3a 3aeMllHKOM COTPYAHHKH KpeAHTHoro OTAeAa nOAb3ylOTCR 'eTblpbMRHcTo4HHKaMH HHqOpMaUHH: HHWOpMageH, HMe}oijeHc y camoro 6aHKa, nOAyqeHHOH ynOCTaBUJHKOB 3aeMigHKa, y ApyrHx (pHHaHCOBbIX HHCTHTYTOB H y camoro 3aeMIHKa. Cam noce6e aHaAH3 qpHHaHCOBOH HHq)OpMaUHH AaeT AHUb npeAEBapHTeAbHYIO OgeHKy nOAO2reHHR3aeMIIHKa. OTBeTbI Ha BOnpOCbI, rHOSBHB1UHeCH B PC3yAbTaTe aHaAH3a IgHcp, MOryT 6blTbnoAy3ieHbI TOAbKO B pe3yAbTaTe 6eceAbi c caMHM 3aeMujHKOM. BoAee Toro, 6aAaHcoBble oTqeTbiH OTheTbI 0 AoxoAax He AalOT nOAHOrO npeACTaBAeHHH O niAaHax pyKOBOACTBa. 4AA rIOAyqeHHRme nOAHOM KaPTHHbI COCTOHHHfl H rAaHOB 3aeM.jIHKa COTPYAHHKH KpeAHTHoro oTAeAa AOAmHblCOBepMI1aTb AOCTaTO'HO 'IaCTbie noceJeHHH 3aeMugHKa, Bo BpeMR KOTOpbIX OHH MOrYTnpOBePHTb HaAH'9He H tpH3H%iecKoe COCTO0IHHe MaHIHH H o6OpyAOBaHHa 3aeMu4HKa, a Tai2meAio6biX aKTHBOB, BbicTynaliOgHx o6ecneqeHHeM. AaHHbIe, co6paHHbIle BO BpeMH BTHXnoceUgeHHH MOry'T HCIIOAb3OBaTbCSI 4AA npOBepKH Ka'eCTBa H TOqHOCTH (PHHaHCOBOro aHaAH3a.
ApyrHM aCneKTOM Ae.RTeAbHOCTH 3aeMIIHKa HBAHeTCR co6AioAeHHe HM YCAOBHH KpeAHTHOrOAoroBopa. KpoMe o6si3aTeAbcTBa 33aeMUJHKa noracHTb KpeAHT, AoroBop MomeT BKAIO'laTb Bce6ui ApyrHe yCAOBHII, TaKHe, KaK o6s3aTeAbCTBa nOAAep2KHBaTb MHHHMaAbHbIH ypOBeHbo6opoTHoro KanHTaAa H AeBepeAma. HeBbInOAHeHHe 3aeMJ1HKOM BTHX yCAOBHH MomeTnpHBeCTH K Heo6XOAHMOCTH npHMeHeHHH K HeMy paSAHMHb]X CaHKUHH, TaKHX KaK, HanpHMep,nOBbUUeHHe npOgeHTHOH CTaBKH, AH6o me, B KpaHHHX CAyqaMX, aHHyAHpOBaHHe AoroBopa HyCKOpeHHe npogecca noraHueHHR KpeAHTa. qZ4 Ha6AIoAeHHM 3a BbinOAHeHHeM 3aeMuHKOByCAOBHH KpeAHTHOrO AoroBopa, 6aHKH ICepHOAHqeCKH COCTaBAHIOT H aHaAH3HPYIOT crelCHaAbHbIeo6sopbl. KapToTeKa KpeAHTHOH HH(pOpMaUHH coAep2HT OqeHb Ba2KHyio C TOmKH 3peHH%IHa6AioAeHHH 3a KpeAHTOM HHqpOpMaMHlO, KOTOpaR MO2KeT 6blTb HCnOAb3oBaHa KaKBHyTpeHHHMH H BHeUIIHHMH ayAHTOpaMH, TaK H peryAHPYIOU2HMH opraHaMH. KapToTeKaKpeAHTHOH HHq)OpMaUHH AoAmHa BKAio'iaTb B ce6e CAeAyloliee:
* AaHHbIe 0 AHMHTaX KpeAHTOBaHHR;
* AoKyMeHTaUH1O o6 o6ecneqeHHH KpeAHTa;
* MeMopaHAyM o6 oAo6peHHH KpeAHTa;
* OUeHKY o6ecneqeHHM KpeAHTa;
* 6a30oyio HHOMopagH1O 0 KAHeHTe;
* AaHHbie 0 AOXOAHOCTH OnepagHH KAHeHTa;
* aHaAH3 KOHKypeHTHOCnOco6HOCTH KAHeHTa;
* nAaH C4eTOB; -
* OTqeTbl O nOCelgeHHH KAHeHTa;
* eCeKBapTaAbHYlO KAacCH4PHKaUH10 PHCKOB no KpeAHTy (eCAH TaKOBbie HMeKoTcfl);* HHaHCOBbie OvT'ie KAHeHTa;
76
Ynpa.einHe KpeAHTNTMMN PNCJraJWH
* CTPaTerHIO H nAaH AeHCTBHH Ha cAyqiaH BO3HHKHOBeHH.I y KAHeHTa (pHHaHCOBblX
3aTpyAHeHHf;
* nporHo3Hpyemoe ABH2KeHHe AeHe2KHbIX CpeACTB;
* nepenHcKy c KAHeHToM;
* OMeHKH pyKOBOACTBa;
* Bblpe3KH H3 npeccbi (O KAHeHTe);
* OTMeTbI 0 npOBeAeHHbIX HCCAeAOBaHHSX;
* npolyio AOnOAHHTeAbHYIO HHqpOpMagHI0.
nPOSAEMHbIE KPEaHbI H PABOTA C HHMH
Hpo6AeMHbie KpeAHTbI HBAHIOTCq peC3yAbTaToM AcHe2KHoro KPH3HCa KAUeHTa, XOTR B
HeKOTOPbIX CTpaHaX C oneHb CAa6oH qpHHaHCOBOU AHCUHnAHHOH Ccy'eCTByeT KAacc 3aeMU4HKOB,
HMeHYCMbIX 3AOCTHbIMH HenAaTeAbUgHKaMH, KoTopbie MoryT, HO He 2KeAalOT noracmTb KpeA4rr.
TaKoe fBAeHHe Ha6AioAaAocb, HanpHMep, B BaHrAaAeLU B KOHUe 8 0-x rr., noKa He BMelIaAHCb
peryAHPYI,OIHe opraHbI H He HcipaBHAH CHTyaUHIo. KpH3HC C AeHeC2HbIMH CpeACTBaMH Mo2reT
HaCTynHTb BHe3anHO, HO pa3BHBaCTCH OH noCTeneHHO. 1H no Mepe ero pa3BHTHn HaBHHalOT
nO9BARTbCH ege CAa6bie, HO BCe 2me nPH3HaKH (BHeLnHHe H BHyTpeHHHe) ero HaCTynAeHHH.
COTPYAHHKH KpeAHTHoro OTAeAa 6aHKa HBAHIOTCH ero nepBOH AHHHeH o6 opOHbl npOTHB
BO3MOmHbIX y6blTKOB; OHH AOA2KHbi 6blTb B COCTO9HHH pacnO3HaTb H npoaHaAH3HPOBaTb
nepBbie npH3HaKH HacTynaiogero KpH3HCa. l-eM TecHee B3aHMOAeHCTBHe COTPYAHHKOB
KpeAHTHOrO OTAeAa H KAHeHTa, TeM 6OAbule HHOMpmaUHH 0 UHHaHCOBOM 6AaronoAyq'iH
onepaIHHi KAHeHTa. Be3 noCTOHHHOrO o6HOBAeHHR BTOH HHOpMaUHH, npUH3HaKH npo6AeMHocTH
KpeAUTa MOryT OCTaTbC.9 He3aMeMeHHbJMH.3 4
IocAe TOro, KaK KpeAHT 6bIA ripeAocTaBAeH, AOAmHbi 6bITb npeAfnpHHRTbI Mepbi AAR
npeAOTBpaueHIH y6bITKoB no HeMy. AoKyMeHTagHH no KpeCATy AOA?KHa o6ecneqHBaTb AoCTyn
6aHKa K A!060H 3q)HHaHCOBO HHIq)opMaIHH 0 KAHeHTe; OHa AOAKHa 6 blTb IIOFOTOBAeHa B
TeteHHe OnpeAeAeHHbIX npOMe2!YTKOB BpeMeHH H npoayAHpoBaHa HpHeMAeMbiMH AAA 6aHKa
ayArTOpaMH. aoKyMeHTaUHH no KpeAHTY AOA2KHa TaKmKe coAep2KaTb yCAOBHR, AaiouHe 6aHKy
npaBo nlpOBepHTb OT'eTHOCTb KAHeHTa, HAH, no KpaUHeC Mepe, AaloqjHe 6aHKy AocTyn K
pa.3bHCHeHHRM (KAHeHTa) no ero (PHHaHCOBOH OTqeTHOCTH.
CHCTeMbi paHHero BbIBBAeHUH npo6AeMHblx KpeAHTOB OneHb CAO02HO pa3pa6oTaTb H
qeAOBeqeCKHH t4aKTOp HBAReTCA OAHOH H3 CaMb1X cepbi3Hbix noMex. COTPYAHHKH,
OTBeTCTBeHHbie 3a AaHHbiH KpeAHT, MOrYT He AOKAaAbIBaTb 0 TpeBO2RHbIX CHrHaAax, 6 OHCb
noABeprHyTbcH KPHTHKe 3a TO, MTO OHH BBeprAH 6aHK B CAOKHY)O cHTyaUmio. BoAee Toro,
onbIT nOKa3bIBaeT, qTO omeHb 'aCTo npo6AeMHble KpeAHTbI, Aame noCAe Toro, KaK OHH 6biAH
BbISiBAeHbl, OKa3blBaiOTCH B Ae4CCTBHTeAbHOCTH HaMHOrO xyme, meM AyMaAH COTPYAHHKH
KpeACTHoro oTAeAa. TaKHM o6pa3oM, TepseTcH AparogeHHoe BpeMq. Ho CHTyaIN MOm2eT 6 blTb
34 B KaTae AOBOAbHO I1HPOKO pacnpocTpaHeHa npaKTHKa, KorAa oTBeTcTBeHHblN pa6oTHHK 6aHKa nocTosHHo
Ha8XOAHTC B pa6o'iHx nOMeu4HHRX 3aeMUHKa A4As OTCAe2KHBaHHR onepawgUH H KOHTpOxn 3a o6opamHBaeMocTio
cxAaAa.
77
YjrpezLAeHwe pyKwoR4cnBa N inoBmeoHN yVcrBArreAToCChocrN Jr 1epeCmeHam
ewe xyme, ecAH PYKOBOACTBo 6aHKa, 3HaH o npo6AeMax cBoero KpeAHTHOrO riopTq,eAM,CKpblBaeT HX H OAHOBpeMeHHo cTapaeTcs KoMrieHCHPOBaTb y6bITKH no HHM obIAaeiHPHCKOWHHbIX KpeAHTOB H cneKYARUHRMH.35
Bo H36emaHHe aToro 6aHKH AeAaloT nepHoAH'iecKHe, He3aBHCHMbDe H o6beKTHBHbie o63opblKpeAHTOB OTAeAaMH BHyTpeHHerO ayAHTa C TeM, qTo6bi OHH BbIBIBHAH ynyneHHbie HAHCKpbITbIe COTPYAHHKaMH KpeAHTHoro OTAeAa npH.3HaKH npo6AeMHOCTH KpeAHTOB. HIpOBepKH,npoBoAHMbie opraHaMH HaA3opa H peryAHpoBaHHM, TaKme o'eHb qacTo BbIRBARIOTHew3MeCiHHbIe npo6AeMHble KpeAHTbl. B npoMecce aq|XpeKTHBHOrO ynpaBAeHH KIpeAiHTHbIMHpHCKaMH, rnepBbIM BbiHBHTeAeM npo6AeMHbIx KpeAHToB RsBASeTCSI CHCTeMa BHYTpeHHeroKOHTpOAH 6aHKa. MHorHe 6aHKH CTa8BT cBoeM eAbXO BHyTpeHHee BbiRBAeHHe npo6AeMHbIXKpeAHTOB H nIpHMeHHIOT CaHKUHH K KpeAHTyIOUJHM COTpyAHHKaM, eCAH npo6Aembi C KpeAHTaMH6blAH 3aMeqCHbl KeM-To ApyrHM. KaK cKa3aA PYKOBoAHTeAb KpeAHTHoro oTAeAa OAHOrOKpynHor,o 6aHKa: "Mbi omHAaem AOCTH2KeHHH 100%-H BepoqTHOCTH BbiSIBAeHHH npo6AeMHoroKpeAHTa
Tpe7r,om,wme CNHrwaAr
Heq)HHaHcOBbIMH TpesBO2HbIMH CHrHaAaMH sBARIOTCHS, HanpHMep, Heo6OCHoBaHHbie3aAep2KKH B noAy'ieHHH OT KAHeHTa (PHHaHCOBOH oTqeTHOCTH, oco6eHHO TOrAa, KOrAaKpeAHTHbIH AorOBOP COAep2IHT yCAOBHe, Tpe6ypoIIee npeAocTaBAeHHe HHpOpMaiHH B TeCeHHHOnpeAeACHHOrO npoemyrTKa BpeMeHH. PaSbqCHeHHH KAHeHTOB o npHqHHax -aaepmeK CaMHHsBAHloTcH npH3HaKaMH npo6AeMHocTH KpeAHTa. HanpHMep, ecAH KAHeHT o6BHHReT B3aAepmKax CBOHX ayAHTOpOB, TO 3HaqHT, CyJ_qeCTBYIOT pa3HOrAaCHR me2nAy HHM H ayAHTOpaMHo TOM, KaK CAeAyeT OTpa3HTb Ty HAH HHyIO cTaTbIO B 6aAaHce HAH KaK cAeAyeT HCflOAb3oBaTbTe HAH HHbie MeToAbi y'eTa. ECAH 8TH pa3HOrAaCHs COXpaHRTCR, TO ayAHTOpbl MOryT AaTbcsoe KBaAH(pHMHpOBaHHoe 3aKAIOqeHHe. 143-3a aToro KOMnaHHH MO2eT nOMeHSHrb CBOHXayAHToPOB Ha ApyrHx - 6oAee rH6KHx, 'To TaK2Ke 6yAeT sBAHTbcS nPH3HaKoM HaABHralOIHXcHCnpo6 AeM.
4pyrHMH He43HHaHCOBbIMH npH3HaKaMH MOryT 6bITb Pe3KHe H3M3eHeHHH B rnaHaxAeHSTeAbHOCTH KAHeHTa, omHAaeMbie PaAHKaAbHb1e HSMeHeHHH B COCTase PYKOBOACTBaKoMriaHHH HAH He6AaronpHRTHbie TeHAeHUHH Pa3BHTHH Ha PbIHKe 3aeMuiHKa. HemeAaHHe meKAHeHTa AaTb AeTaAbHbie pa3HcHeHHHfn no n1o00y Tex HAH HHbIX CTaTeH q)HHaHcoBoHOT'eTHoCTH MomeT 6bITb pacUeHeHo KaK OTKa3 OT COTPYAHMH1eCTBa H AOBepHH, KOTOpbieAOA2KHbl CYU_eCTBOBaTb BO B3salMOOTHOI1eHHHx 6aHxa H KAHeHTa. B XyAin1eM cAyqae, sTOHe2KeAaHHe KAHeHTa Mo2KeT 6blTb o6ycAOaAeHo cTpeMAeHHeM CKpblTb KaKHe-AH6o HenpHHTHbieqakTbi. H Hao6opOT, HHorAa KAHeHT MOmeT HMeTb onpaEsAaHme cBoeMy OTKa3y AaBaTb Ty HAmHHnIO HHHpOpMagHio; HanpHMep, C MeAbIO 3aI1HTbl OT KOHKypeHTOB. Ho COTpYAHHKH 6aHKaAOA2KHbl yMeTb nOHRTb, KOrAa KAHeHT 3AoynoTpe6AxeT CBOHM npaBoM Ha Hepa3rAamIIeHHeOnpeAeAeHHOH HHqOpMaUHH. KpeAHTylowHe COTpYAHHKH AOA2KHbi npOH3BeCTH TuaTCAbHY1OOMeHKY CHTyaMHH H OnpeAeAMTb, CTOHT AH 6aHKy HacTaHBaTb Ha noAyqeHHH TOH HAH HHOUHHq)opMaUHH. PasyMeeTcR, Aio6bie HapyllleHHR YCAOBHH KpeAHTHOrO Aorosopa AOA2KHbi 6biTb
35 APHCTO6YAO Ae XyaH 1987.
78
YnpaAueHNe KpeamTBwiwm pncKramn
TgaTeAbHO paCcAeAOBaHbI. Oco6eHHo Cyu4eCTBeHHbIMH ABA.HIOTCH HapyMiieHHH 3anpeTHreAbHbIX
oroBOpOK, orpaHHMHBalO4gHx o6beMbl AOnOAHHTeAbHbIX 3aeMHbIX CpeACTB.
Lt)HHaHCoBbie npH3HaKH npo6AeMHocTH KpeAHTa MoryT npOHBHTbCSI npH npoBeAeHHH
aHaAHsa (HHaHcOBOH oTqeTHoCTH. OAHaKo B BTOM cAy'iae HenpHRTHOCTeH yme He H36emaTb.
(3 3HHaHCOBbie npH[HaKH npo6AeMHOCTH KpeAHTa MOryT npOHBHTbCq qepe3 MO4H¢HKXaHio
KpeAwToB, npeAOCTaBAReMbiX 3aeMu_HKy. HanpHmep, Ce3OHHble KpaTKOCpOMHble KpeAHTbl MOFyT
Bo3o6HOBAHTbcHI nOCToHHHO H B pe3yAbTaTe CTaHyT BeqHo3eAeHbIMH". Bce 6oAee 'acTble
npocb6bi KAHeHTa o6 YBeAHMeHHH cpoKa KpeAHTOBaHHR HAH o6 yBeAHqeHHH YCTaHoBAeHHbIX
AHMHTOB oBepApacpTa MOrYT CBHAeTeAbCTBOBaTb 0 HeHOPMaAbHOCTH ABHmeHHH AeHe2HbIX
CpeACTB. YCAOBHH KpeAHTOB AOA2KHbl COOTBeTCTBOBaTb !3eARM KpeAHTOB. 3aeMUJHK MO2KeT
HCnOAb3OBaTb KpaTKOCPO'IHblH KpeAHT Ha 3aKynKy OCHOBHblX CpeACTB AH6o H3-3a nAoxoro
q)HHaHCOBOro nAaHHpoBaHHa, AH6o H3-3a HeAocTYnHOCTH AOArocpolHbix KpeAHTOB - aTa
CH7yalUHR HepeAKa B pa3BHBaEOI.HXCH CTpaHaX. HIpH'HHbi HeCOOTBeTCTByio0i_erO HCnOAb3OBaHHH
AOA2KHbi 6 blTb pacCAeAOBaHb1.
fIepBas peajxriow Ha m7oeTHfmaHAHO npo6Aemmbre vpegmw
He3aBHCHMO OT Toro, HBAHIOTCH AH npH3HaKH npo6AeMHOCTH KpeAHTa (pHHaHCOBbIMH HAH
HeqlHHaHcoBbIMH, OHH AOA2KHbI HaCTOpO2KHTb COTPYAHHKOB KpeAHTHOrO OTAeAa 6aHKa. PaHHee
HX BblHBAeHHe no3BoAHeT BbIHrpaTb BpeCMH Ha c6op Heo6xoAHMoH HH(pOpMaUHH H pa3pa6oTKy
CTpaTerHH. KaKHX-TO YHHBepCaAbHbIX mep 3AeCb He CylgeCTByeT; ece 3aBHCHT OT AaHHOrO
KOHKpeTHOFO KpeAHTa. 93xpeKTHBHbie npeAnpHHTHH caMH cnpaBAHlOTC3 CO CBOHMH cnaAaMH H
npo6AeMaMH. Y KOMnaHHH c 60Aee HH3KHM ypOBHeM aqxfpeKTHBHOCTH BO3HHKaioT B aTOH CBH3H
6oAee CAO2KHb1c npo6AeMbl. HaH6oAee CAO2KHblH cAyqaH npeACTaBAHIOT co6o0i 3aeMu3HKH,
TepRnougHe CBOIO KoHKypeHTHocnoco6HoCTb, rIOTOMY MTO B CAy'iae, eCAH CTpaTerHH H Mepbi
oKamyTcA HeBepHbIMH, OHH ycyry6nT nOAO2KeHHe 3aeMIIHKa. KorAa COTpyAHHK KpeAHTHoro
OTAeAa 3aMe'iaeT yxyAmiaioU4HHCR KpeAHT, OH AOA2KeH npeAnPHHHTb CAeAyioIgHe Mepbl:
* npoaHaAH3HpoBaTb npo6AeMbi 3aeMIUHKa;
* npOKOHCyAbTHpOBaTbCH C COTpyAHHKaMH oTAeAa, 3aHHMaiOl_HMHCn npo6AeMHbIMH
KpeAHTaMH HAM C pyKOBOACTBOM;
* peKOMeHAOBaTb AaTb KpeAHTy 6oAee HH3KyIO KAaccH(pHKaUHIO H npeKpaTHTb OTpameHHe
npOleHTOB nO KpeAHTy B AOXOAax 6aHKa;
* co6paTb HH)OpMaUHio O TOM, rAe eige 6aHK MO2KeT CTOAKHYTbCR C pHCKOM B pa6oTe C
AaHHbIM KAHeHTOM;
* emeAHeBHO cAeAHTb 3a ctieTOM KAHeHTa Ha npeAMeT BO3HHKHOBeHHR oBepApa¢Ta;
* npOCMOTpeTb BCIO KpeAHTHYIO AOKyMeHTa2Hio, rapaHTHH, BeKCeAH, o6ecne'ieHHx,
HnOTeKy;
* H3y"HTb BO3MO2KHOCTb noAy'CHHH o6ecnetieHHq (B cAy'ae, eCAH KpeAHT Heo6ecnelieH);
* Bbipa6oTaTb nAaH KOppeKTHPYIOU4HX Mep.
C6op HHJOpMaUHH 'pe3BbiNaHHo BameH. B HAeaAe, HaHAy'iUIHM HCTO'IHHKOM HHq)opmauHH
.aaae'rc. caM 3aeMU4HK. Ho o6bl-rHo 3a HHcpOpMaU,HeH CAeAyeT o6pajaTbcs H K APyrHM
HCTOMHHKaM: K ApyrHM 6aHKaM, K nOCTaBL4HKaM H K OCHOBHbIM nOKynaTeARM npoAyKI.HH.
C6op H TpaKTOBKa aTOH HHq3OpMaUHH AOA2KHbi nOMO'lb BbISIBHTb npo6AeMbl H CTeneHb HIX
79
JrpeilAeHHe pyJOBogCTBa H J7OhiMeHHi VYBCTBHTOAbHOCTH AJ MepeveHaM
CAOmHOCTH. IHOCAe 3aBepmemHH aToro npogecca MOmiHO nepeXOAHTb K onpeAeAeHHIOCAeAyoligHX miaroB H Bblpa6OTKe nAaHa.
Ha nepeom aTane Bbipa6OTKH ruAaHa Heo6xOAHMO onpeAeAH,b, KTO 6yAeT HM pyKoBo4HTb.
HeKoTopble 6aHKH cqHTalOT, qTO PYKOBOAHTb 8THM AOA2KeH COTPYAHHK KpeAHTHOrO OTAeAa,OTBeTCTBeHHblIH 3a AaHHbiH KpeAHT, nOTOMY WTO aTOT 'eAOBeK Ayqlue1, leM KTO-AH6o ApyroH,3HaeT 3aeMIJHKa, HAH nOTOMy, xITO pa3 OH npHBeA K BO3HHKHOBeHHIO TaKOH CHTya4HH, TO OH HAOA2eH Bblpy'aTb 6aHK. ApyrHe 6aHKH Co3AaiOT AA.! aToro He3aBHCHMbie OTAeAbI, KOTOpbie
Bbipa6aTbIBalOT 6oAee o6IbeKTHBHbIi noAxoA, nOCKOAbKy HM He MemaiarOT CyIeCTByIOiHe
B3aHMOOTHOLueHHs C KAHeHTOM. 06a noAxoAa HMelOT 6OAbllCe HeAOcTaTKOB, qeM npeHMyIleCTB.
Pa6oTa c npo6AeMHbIMH KpeAHTaMH Tpe6yeT MHorO BpeMeHH H 3aTpaT. C OAHOH CTOpOHbi,
BpeMH, 3aTpa-IHBaeMoe COTpYAHHKOM 6aHKa, KOTOpbliH 3HaeT pbIHOK, Ha BOccTaHoBAeHHe
npo6AeMHoro KpeAHTa, MorAo 6bl 6bITb noTpaIeHO Ha npeAoCTaBAeHHe HOBblX KpeAHTOB.KpoMe TOrO, AHqHbie B3aHMOOTHOmIeHHR COTpyAHHKa C 3aeMUAHKOM MOFYT CAeAaTb ero noAxoAHeo6beKTHBHbIM H HeAocTaTo'IHO mecTKHM. C ApyroH CTOpOHbl, COTPYAHHKH cnegHaAbHOro
oTAeAa 6aHKa AOAmHbi 6yAyT nOTpaTHTb AparogeHHoe BpeMR Ha H3y'ieHHe KOMnaHHH HoTpaCAH, B KOTOpOH oHa pa6OTaeT. 06bVqHO, 6aHKH riepeAalOT B CrIegHaAbHbliH OTAeA AHH1b
HaH6OAee npo6AeMHbie KpeAHTbI, T.e. Te KpeAHTbi, no KOTOpblM 6aHK penIHA Ao6HBaTbcA
AHKBHAa4HH aKTHBOB, H TeM 3aeM11HKaM, C KOTOpbIMH 6aHK B 6yAyujeM pa6oTaTb Heco6HpaeTcHR. HanpHMep, OAHH 6aHK OCHOBbIBaA riOAHOCTbIO CBOH pellleHHR Ha meAaHHH HAHHe2KeAaHHH nOA4ep2KHBaTb C KAHeHTOM OTHOlueHHR B 6yAyWeM. ECAH 3aeMU4HK - KOMnaHHH, CKOTOpOH 6aHK He co6npaeTcH noAAepA HBaTb OTHOlueHHH B 6yAygeM, TO npo6AeMHblii KpeAHTnepeAaeTcH B cnegHaAbHblH oTAeA 6aHKa c nepeAaqei eMy npaBa AeHCTBoBaTb 6esorpaHHqeHHH . OAHaKo MeTOAbI pa6oTbl c npo6AeMHblMH KpeAHTaMH 3aBHCqT OT MHOrHXq)aKTopoB. B Tex CTpaHax, rAe 6OAb1UHHCTBO npeAnpHnTHH, a, CAeAoBaTeAbHO, H 6aHKOB 6yAyTnepeCTpaHBaTbCH, rpeAcTaBAAeTc.l 6oAee npaKTHqHbIM crpynnHpoBaTb peAKHX CriegHaAHCTOB Bo6AacTH pa6OTbl c ripo6AeMHbIMH KpeAHTaMH B Cnej,HaAbHbliH OTeA, KOTOpbiH 6bl 3aHHMaACR
BTHMH nIpeAnpHHTHHMH. 3 6 B aTHX o6CTOATeAbCTBax 6aHKy npou;e cpa3y H3MeHHTb CBOIOCTpyKTYpy OAHH pa3 C TeM, 'To6bi nOTOM He npHI1JAOCb 3aTHrHBaTb npoUecc pa6oTbl C
npO6AeMHbIMH KpeAHTaMH.
06bl-'Ho 6aHKH CTapaiOTCE nOMOraTb 3aeMu,HKaM B peCIueHHH HX (pHHaHCOBbIX npo6AeM, HOBTO HyMtlHO AeAaTb o'eHb OCTOpO2KHO. C OAHOH CTOpOHbl, 6aHKH cTapaioTCq 3aguHTHTb CBOH
aKTHBbI H B npogecce aToro MOrYT IOBAHHTb Ha pelleHHH pyKOBOACTBa -3aeMuHKa HAH Aame3aCTaBHTb ero llpHHHTb TO HAH HHOe peCIIeHHe. KAHeHTbi me, c ApyroH CTOpOHbl, MOryT AH 6onoTpe6oBaTb HeBMem1IaTeAbCTBa B HX AeAa, AH6o me npHBeTCTBOBaTb KOHCTpYKTHBHbiH COBeT. CiOpHAHqeCKOH TOqKH 3peHH,l, COBeT - aTO peKOMeHAaiHH, npeAOCTaBAsIMma 6aHKoM KAHeHTy.InpH aTOM 6aHK He AOA2eH BMellHBaTbC$i B npogecc npHHITHH pellueHHH nOCAeAHHM.
CTpaTerR cilacearLa Kpe4'HTa
3AeCb He cyigeCTByeT KaKHX-AH6o YHHBepCaAbHbIX npaBHA, nOCKOAbKy Ka2KAblH
npo6AeMHbli KpeAHT yHHKaAeH, HO HaH6oAee IHpOKo pacnpocTpaHeHbI CAeAY3OgIHe nOAXOAbl:
36 a. WeHr 1990a.
80
ll ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ HaFCM lr e | | |H |MC RaM
Yn'paasIeNe Kpe,A'NTHJIMN poCKaSM
* paspa6oTKa nporpambi H3MeHeHHn CTPYKTYPbI 3aAoAmeHHOCTH;
* noAy'ieHHe AonOAHHTeAbHOH AOKyMcHTaIgHH H rapaHTHU;
* yAep2KaHHe AonOAHHTeAbHoro o6ecneqeHHa;
* nsomeHHe AonoAHHTeAbHbIX CpeAcTB;
* npoAama o6ecneMeHH.s;
* npoAama npOlHx aKTHBoB;
* o6pauAeHHe K rapaHTaM;
* opraHH3aHR cOaBMeCTHorO TOBaPHU,jCTBa H BAo2KeHHe KanHTaAa;
* pa6oTa c PYKOBOACTBOM no BbiHBAeHHio npo6AeM H noHCKy HX pelleHHH;
* pa3pa6oTKa nporpamm CoKpaijgeHHs pacxoAon;
* npoAa2Ka KoMnaHHH TpeTbeH CTOpOHe;
* 3aMeHa pyKOBO4CTBa;
* Ha3HaseHHe ynpaBASilOIIHX H KOHCYAbTaHTOB AAR pa6OTbl c KoMnaHHeH OT HMeHH
6aHKa;
* yBeAHseHHe co6cTBeHHoro KanHTaAa KoMnaHHH 3a c'ieT BAaAeAbDieB HAH ApyrHx
CTOpOH;
* peopraHu3agUH KOMriaHHH (BHe cyAa);
* opraHH3aH qpHHaHCoBoH nOMOU4H CO CTOpOHbl Apyroro (PHHaHCoBoro HHCTHTyTa;
* noAy"eHHe npaBHTCAbCTBeHHb[X rapaHTHU C noAyseHHeM CpeACTB H3 6ioAmeTa AAA
o6CAy2KHBaHHS1 AoAra;
* npHHRTHe IOPHAHsCCKHX Mep, TaKHX KaK ocpHUHaAbHoe o6pa1jeHHe K rapaHTy H
npoAama 3aAora, eCAH KperHT HaXOAHTbCH Ha nOCAeAHeC CTaAHH yxyAIJeHHSI;
* OqJOpMAeHHe AOKyMeHTOB o 6aHKpoTCTBe.
BbI6op CTpaTerHH 3aBHCHT OT MHO2KCCTBa qaKTOpOB, HCKOTOpbie H3 KOTOpblX npHBeAeHbl B
BcTaBKe 3.6.
KAaccCHpONarl, aJUWBOB H 6yXraATepcIroe oISopMAeHHe
HlOTeHUHaAbHb1e H peaAbHO CYWCCTByOijHe rnpo6AeMHble KPCAHTbl Tpe6ylOT npHMeHeHHR
TaKHx npogeAyp, KaK KAaCCHPHKaUHR aKTHBOB, CO3AaHHe pe3epBoB no KpeAHTaM, BeAeHHe
yseTa npo6AeMHbIx KpeAHrTOB, OBepApaMTOB H cnHcaHC e KpeCATOB. Ka2KAaR HU3 BTHX npo°eCyp
onucaHa HHuKe.
,KaCCacHpHKaMHN awKTBOB. Bce 6oAbmee 'iHcAo 6aHKoB KAaCCH(PHUHPY1OT KpeAHTHbie pHCKH
no Ka2KAOMY KpeAHTY B MoMeHT ero npeAocTaBAeHHH.3 7 HCXOAHblH peHTHHr nO3BoAHeT 6aHKaM
37 KpeAHTHbl peHTHHr OCHOBaH Ha noApo6HOM H rAy6oKoM aHaAH3e KpeAxTHoro pHcKa, xaK 9TO
yKa3bIBaAocb parHube, B pa3Aeke AHaAH3 HCTOMHHKOB CpeACTB AAS noranueHHh waAOA2meHHOCTHA. B HeKOTopblX
pasBaBaiouMHxcn PbIHKax 6aHKH pa3pa6oTaAH MexaUHcTHqecKHH cnoco6 ojeHKH HaAeC2HocTH KpeAHTa no
lpHHaHcoBbiM noKa3aTeASM. TaKoi MexaHHcTHmecKHHi noAxoA qpeBaT BbiCOKHM pHCKOM B oco6eHHocTH Ha
pboHa, xapaKTepHsyioWHXCB BbICOKOH nOABH2MHOCTbIO, H Ha pbIHKax, rAe ny6AIKyeMan (lHHaHcoBaB
HHIpOPMaIHR He OTcpaKaeT Aei4cTBHTeAbHoCTh. MeTOAbl OUeHKH KpeAHTOB no o9KaM, HcnioAbayeMbiii npH oUeHKe
norpe6HTeAbcxHx KpeAHToB, HMeeT ysxoe npHMeHeHHe H cooTBeTCTByeT npHIIHnaM CTaTHCTHqecKoro noAxoAa
rpMH ynpaBAeHHH KpeAHTHbIMH nOpTAMH HHAHBHAyaAbHbix 3aeMWHKOB. OHH He roAgTcH AJU oUeHKH
KOMnaiiHHH.
81
YxpeCI.IeHHe p,EO4FoACTBa H noIwmeHHJN w o3CTBHTeAhHOCrH x nepemeliam
6aAaHcHpoBaTb PHCK CBOHX KpeAHTHb1X nlOpTqpeAJX H CHrHaAH3HpOBaTb 0 flepBOOqepeAHb1XHanpaBAeHHHx npoBepOK. IpH no0BAeHHH KaKHx-AH6o npo6AeM, KAaCCcHHKaWHm MeHHeTCH B
3aBHCHMOCTH OT cTeneHH pHCKa H BePORTHOCTH HOPMaAbHoro noraiieHHH KpeAHTOB. BaHKHcaMH npOBOAfT KAaccH(HKaUH1O B CoOTBeTCTBHH C ycTaHoBAeHHb1MH opraHaMH HaA3opa
CTaHAapTaMH. KAaCCH(HKaUHH 6aHKa MO2KeT 6blTb cKoppeKTHpoBaHa, eCAH B PeByAbTaTe
nlpOBeAeHHoH peryAHpyIOlnHMH OpraHaMH nipoBepKH 6blAO yCTaHOBAeHO, 'ITO KAaCCH(jHKaWm6aHKa 6blAa CAHIUKOM MurKoOH. Hpo6AeMHblM KpeAHTaM TaKme npHcBamBaeTcH o6paTHaa
KAaccHPHKagHm, KoTopaH M0o2eT MeHRTbCR B npo&iecce Hx cnaceHHR" c TeM, 'TO6bi oTpa3HTb
cTeneHb HX IIpO6AeMHOCTH (CM. Ta6AHUy 3.2).38
BcTaBKa 3.6 Bbi6op cTpaTerFH "AeqeHE"
l7po6AemrHre OgeHKa ]7oBHgEH CTpa Tereo6AacTN 6awoa
FepcneKTHBbl FepecTpoHiKa
pa3BHTHR oTpaCAH * YBeAHqHTb o6ecnegeHHe
HoAo2KeHHe 3aeM- M02KHO * OTAO2KHTb fAaTe2r
IIlHKa B OTpaCAH HcnpaBHTm * HOMFeHTb pyKOBOACTBOCW)HHaHCOBoe
COCTOAHHe
KCaHeCTBO |Caa
ynpaBAeHHA
Ka'ecTBo
o6ecne'eHHA
Tpe6oBaHHR no
KCPe,A,HTaM YxOAHyTH BbIxoAa HIFAb331 |lpoAa 4 a 3aAoraKpiH6blAbHOCTb HCnpaBHTh CyAe6Hoe
CneWraAbHbie pHCKH pa36HpaTeAbCTBo
HC7TwHAw: By3-AAeH H raMHAbTOH.
Co-4aHnfe pesepBoB no Kpe.4HTam. IOCAe Toro, KaK 6bAUH BbiMBAeHbi npo6AeMHbe aKTHBbl,
6aHKy CAeAyeT Co3AaTb aAeKBaTHbie pe3epBbi npOTHB BO3MO2r.HblX y6bITKOB. 06zi'rHo nOAHTHKa
6aHKOB TaKOBa, -ITO OHH co03AaioT o61e pe3epabi no acey KpCAHTH0My nOpTceAlo HcnegHaAbHbae Pe3epBbIH no KOHKpeTHbIM KpeAHTaM.
38 4Au OgeHKH H KAaCCHqHK&UHH aKTHBOB H COSAaHHK pe3epBOB HHTepeCeH MaTepaHA SGI, KAaCCH(pXKaWaaKTHBOB, CogAaHHe pesepBOB H rIpHOCTaHOBKa BbirAaTmi llpOeHTOB B pa6oTe: PyKOBOACTO 6aHKoM:PeKoMeHAyembie HanpaBAeHHJI (MHpoBoH 6aHK, OT,AeA pa3pa6oTKH tPHHaHCOOH nOArHThH H CMCTeM.BaMHHrTOH, 1990).
82
Ynp&uAeH,e KpeA'nTNhrMN pNCKaxMr
HpaBUAa CO3AaHHH pe3epBOB H CnHCaHHS KpeAHTOB Moryr 6blTb H o6H3aTeAbHbiMH, H
peKoMeHAaTeAbHbIMH - STO 3aBHCHT OT 6aHKOBCKOii CHCTeMbi. OpraHbI HaA3opa MoryT
YCTaHaBAHBaTb HAH He YCTaHaBAHBaTb aTH npaBHAa. HaAoroo6AomeHHe o6uJHX H CneUHaAbHbIX
pewepBoe CHAbHO OTAH'aeTCH OT CTPaHbI K CTpaHe. B CTpaHax, rAC OTCyTCTBYHoT meCTKHC
CTaHAapTbI KAaCCH(PHKaUHH aKTHBOB, 6aHKu maaCTO CaMH YCTaHaBAHBaoT YPOBHb KpeAHTOB, no
KOTOpbIM npeKpangeHo HaqHCAeHHe, pa3mepbi pe3epBoB no KpeAHTaM H y6blTKH. 3To npUHBOAHT
K HeTOqHOCTH npeACTaBACHH5 AaHHbIX B (HHaHCOBbIX oTqeTax, K aKKYMyAHpOBaHHIO HeHBHbIX
y6blTKoB H, B KOHUC KOHUOB, K 6oAbUIHM (PHHaHCOBbIM 3aTpaTaM.
Y-feT rzpo6AeMHrmx Kpe,4HoB. ECAH 3aeMUAHK Hc norawaeT BOBPeMA OCHOBHYIO CYMMY
KpeAHTa H npOgeHTbi no HeMy, TO 6aHK AOA2KeH PeCUHTb, CTOHT AH eMy OTpa2KaTb KPCAHT B
yereTe no npHHUHny HaKOHAeHHR. B OTCYTCTBHH CMRr'iaiOJgHx o6CToHTeAbCTB, HaUHOHaAbHbie
6aHKH B Cl1A, B cAyqae, eCAH BbilrAaTbI npOCPOqCHbi 6oAee, '1cm Ha 90 AHeH, AOA2KHblOTKa3aTbCfl OT npHHUHna HaKOnAeHHH, H BCH CyMMa HaqHCAeHHbIx, HO HC nOAYMCHHbIX npOMeH-
Ta6AHMa 3.2KAaCCcHq3HcajHKU ipeAHTHOH IOAHTHKH npH yIpaBAeHHH xpeaHTamH
KAaccmepH- nOAOA OTAeA 6aHia 4 aCToTa 4 acToTa
ma,uHs
HaAeKHas I1OAAeP2KHBaTb H aeAOBOA OTACA roAoBaA KBapTaAbHaA
pa3BHBaTb BbirOAHbIC
OTHOIIIeHHR
CAa6as AAA xOMneHCaUHH AeAOBOi OTTeA HoAyrOOBaoB KBapTaAbHaA
yBeAHMHTb
o6ecnemeHHe/3aAor
HecTaHAap - lepeCTpyKTyPHPOBaTb OTAeA KBapTaAbHaR MecsqHaA
THaA HAH YHTH AAH BOCCTaHOBAeHHA
BOCCTaHOBAeHHa aKTHBOB KpeAHTOB
6aHKa
COMHHTeAb- 3 aKpbITb KpeAHT, OTAeA KBapTaAbHaA MeCCqHaR
HaA 'ITo6bi H36emaTb IIOTepb BOCCTaHoBAeHHS
KpeAHTOB
HoTepH 3 aKpbITb KpeAHT, OTAeA KBapTaAbHafa MecsRHaU
MTo 6 bi Hs6emKaTb nOTepb BOCCTaHoBAeHHA
KpeCATOB
HCToqHHK. By3-AAeH & raMHJAbTOH.
a lepHoA npoAoAKaeTC-H AO Tex nop, noKa AoAr He cnHcaH H 6aHK He OCTaBHA nOnbIDTlH nOAyHHTb CBOH
AeITHbH HaBaA.
83
Yirpeozemre pyNOo4'oxerT N DoomeomN 'yaceBrreAowocrm ir Kiepememam
TOB AOA2KHa 6blTb cnHcaHa co cqeTa AoxoAoB 6aHKa. ECAH OHH He CAeAajoT BToro, TO Pa3MePHX AOXOAOB 6yAeT 3aBbJLueH. H XOTH aTO Tpe6oBaHHe AeHCTByeT BO MHOrHX CTpaHaX, npaKTHKa
OT CTPaHbl K CTpaHe CUAbHO pa3AH4aeTcfl.
Tpe6oBaHaH. K OTKa3y OT npHHaHna HaKOriAeHHH pa3AHqa1OTCR OT CTpaHbl K cTpaHe;
Ha'qHHaf OT Tpe6oBaHHI llpHHHTHS9 HeMeAAeHHbIX Mep B cAy'qae HerAaTeKa, H 3aKaHqHBaR
peKOMeHAaIUHRMH 6aHKy peiuaTb BOnpOC npHHRTHR mep caMoMy HAH BOo6JJe He npHHHMaTb
HHKaKHX Mep. Y'leT npOUeHTHb1X nAaTe2meH no KpeAHTaM, nO KOTOpbIM He npoH3BoAHTcxHaqHcAeHHe pa3AHIaeTCR OT CTPaHbl K CTpaHe. HeKoTopble 6aHKH OTHOCHT HX Ha cqeT
AoxoAOB; 6oAee KOHCepBaTHBHbJe 6aHKH yMeHbiUaiOT Ha HX BeAH'HHY CYMMY OCHOBHOrO AOAra.YieT momeT Tarme pa3AHqaTbcR B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT TOrO, pa6oTae'r AH 3aeMu4MK B 'aCTHOMHAH B rOCYAapCTBeHHOM ceKTOpe. B HeKOTOpblX CTpaHax KpeAHTbi npeAnpHMTHRM
rOCYAaPCTBeHHoro ceKTopa y'HTbiBaiOTCR no npHHIIHry HaKOnAeHHH, T.K. CqHTaeTCA, ITO AOAr,B KOHMe KOHUOB, 6yAeT noraiueH rocyAapcTBoM. B HeKOTOpbiX CTpaHax BTO pa3peuieHo AeAaTb
TOAbKO B TOM cAy'iae, eCAH HMeeTCH npaBHTeAbCTBeHHax rapaHTHR. 3 To nPHBOAHT K TOMy, %ITO
y6 blTKH Ha'IHHaiOT aKKyMyAHpoBaTbcSi, %ITO, B CBOIO O'IepeAb, npHBOAHT K
HenAaTemecnoco6HOcTH 6aHKa H Heo6xOAHMocTH H3MeHeHHH ero CTpyKTypbI 3a cqeT CpeACTB
rocyAapCTBeHHoro 6ioAmeTa, a TaK2Ke K BbiTecHeHHIO nOTeHCHaAbHO SAOPOBbIX 3aeMIJHKOB.
YYeT oBep4paqnTOB. OBepApaqpTbi, H3-3a cBoei rH6KocTH, HCnOAbS3yOTCH AAR
4UHHaHCHpOBaHHH o6opoTHoro KanHTaAa. Ho aTOH npHiqHHe OBepApaq)Tbl UIHpOKO
HCnOAbsylOTCR KaK B pa3BHTbIX, TaK H B pa3BHBaloigHxcn cTpaHax. OAHaKO ynpaBAeHHe
OBepApacpTaMH oco6eHHo CAO2KHO nOTOMy, 'TO BeCbMa HenpOCTO onpeAeAHTb, WTO TaKoe
CBoeBpeMeHHoe o6CAymHBaHHe AOAra B AaHHOM cAyLiae. OBpeApaqpTaMH mHpOKO3AoynoTpe6AHIOT, KanHTaAH3HPYSI HenOAy-ieHHbIe npogeHTbi, 'ITO BeAeT K 3aBbllleHHIO pa3mepa
AOXOAa, KanHTaAa H aKTHBOB. BOT HeKOTOpbIC H.3 onpeAeAeHHH Hepa6oTaioigHx OBepApa(pTOB:
3a nocAeAHHe 90 AHeH AeHbrH Ha c'eT AH6o Boo6u4e He nocTynaAH, AH6o nocTynaAH B
HeAOCTaTO'qHOM AAR BblnAaTbi npogeHToB KOAH4ecTBe;
HenoraiUeHHaa cyMMa B Te'IeHHH 60 AHeHi Ha Aio6yio CyMMy npeBballaeT AHMHT KpeAHTa HAH
pasmep HenoralmeHHoro OCTaTKa Ha 10% npeBbimlaeT BeAH'iMHy AHMHTa;
BpeMeHHbliH Ae6eToBblii OCTaToK coxpaHReTcR B Teq'eHHc 60 AHei (Ae6eTOBblA OCTaTOK no
TeM OBepApa(PTHblM cmeTam, no KOTOpbIM He 6blAU yCTaHOBAeHbl AHMHTbl KpeAHTOBaHHSI);
CPOK AeHCTBHR oBepApacyra HCTeK, a nAaTemH no Hemy npocpoqeHbl 6oAee, 'eM Ha 90 AHeA6e3 Boso6HoBAeHHii oBepAparpTa Ha STOT nepHOA (4A Bo3o6HOBAeHHH Heo6xOAHMbl
nHCbMeHHaH npOcb6a KAHeHTa H oAo6peHHe KpeAHTHoro KoMHTeTa);
oAo6peHHbli AHMHT KpeAHTa 6blA aHHyAHpOBaH, 6blA noAaH HCK HAH AeAo AKAeira 6bwaOnepeAaHo B KopnopaiHio no pac'IeTaM.
CIHcaHHe 0pe4HT0B. HoAHTHKa 6aHKOB B aToiU o6AacTH O'eHb CHAbHO pa3AHqaeTcsi.06blRHO pemIeHHe o TOM, CnHCblBaTb HAH He CnHCblBaTb COMHHTeAbHbIe HAH 6e3HaAemHabie
AOArH, nPHHHMaeTCH CaMHMH 6aHKaMH, XOTR B HeKOTOpbiX cTpaHax aTO RBAReTcTCo6s3aTeAbHblM. BaHKH MoryT peUIHTb CnHCaTb KpeAHT B cAy'ae, eCAH HM He yAaLTCx ero
CinaCTH" HAH U3 coo6pameHHA HaAoroo6AomeHHfi. 4AR BeAeHHH y'eTa aKTHBOB no HX
84
YHpaoA.eHa'e KpemmHRmmo pN cKamK i
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pa3BHBaOU4gHXC.I CTpaHaX. IlOBTOMy npogecc Bbi6opa KAHeHTOB Tpe6yeT npOHIBAeHHH rH6KOCTH
H -3paBoro cy?KAeHHA. ECAH BbIRBACHHbIH ypoBeHb pHcKa BbICOK, TO CAeAyeT nlpeAnpHHRTb
TaKHe cmHr aiouHe Mepbl, KaK yBeAHWeHHe o6ecne'eHH5H, npHBAeYeHHe rapaHTHA H yBeAH'eHHe
BKAaAa BAaAeAbgeB KoMnaHHH B KanHTaA. 9 TH MepbI OCO6eHHO aKTyaAbHbl B pa3BHBaioIjHxcR
CTpaHax, rAe IHHHaHcoBOM HH)OPMmaHR AH60 HeHaAe2KHa, AH6o ee npOCTO HeAOCTaTOMHO.
OAHaKo o6ecnemeHHe H rapaHTHH TaKme HMeIOT CBOH HeAoCTaTKH, KOTOpbie 6yAyT
PaCCMOTpeHbI HH2Ke.
KpeAHTocnoco6HocTb nOTeHCHaAbHoro KAHeHTa Mo2KeT 6bITb cpaBHeHa c
KpeAHTocnoco6HOCTbIO KAHeHTOB H3 TOH mKe OTpaCAH npOMbIunAeHHOCHT. ECAH (3HHaHCOBaR
CTpyKTypa H nOKa3aTeAH Ae39TeAbHOCTH KoMnaHHH CHAbHO OTAH'iaiOTCS OT qHHaHCOBOH
CTpyKTypbi H nOKa3aTeAeH AeCTeAbHOCTH KOMnaHHH, pa6oTalon4Hx B aTOH OTpaCAH
ripOMbiuiAeHHOCTH, TO 4AH OnlpeAeAeHHR rlpHeMAeMOCTH KAHeHTa, CAeAyeT nIpOBeCTH AOnOAHH-
TeAbHbli aHaAH3. BaHKH C XOpOIuHM npogeccom ynpaBAeHiH nopTTeAeM KpeAHTOB HMeCOT CBOIO
co6cTBeHHyIo KAaccHqlHKaUHio npmeMAeMOCTH KAHeHTOB no PHCKY, OCHOBaHHYIO Ha OTpaCAH
npOMbIiuAeHHOCTH, B KOTOpOU pa6oTaeT KOMnaHHR. 3Ta KAaCCH(PHKaUHn o6brnHo OCHOBbIBaLTCR
Ha noKa3aTeARx o6tbeMa c6bITa, BeAH'IHHbi aKTHBOB, CTaHAapTOB npH6blAbHOCTH, AHKBH4HOCTH
H AeBepama. 3 aeMIJHKaM, He nOAnaAaioJHM nOA AaHHbie KpHTepHH, AOAmHo 6blTb AH
6o
40 Am q)HHaHcHpoBaHtm HoBbIx npeAnpHRTHa H npoeKToB Tpe6ylOTcR oco6bie npoUeAypbi ynpaBAeHHa
pHcKOM. OHH sKAio'alOT onpeAeAeHHbie Tpe6oaaHHR K KanATaAy H HaAaWHe AerKO AocTyniOro H peazAHyemoro
Ha pbiH(e 3aAOra. BeHqypHoe qlHHaHcHpoBaHHe, OAHaKO, 3a peAKHM HcKAJomeHHeM npoBoAHTCI KoMMepHecKHMH
6aHKaMH ycneuIHo. CM. CarapH H rHAOTTH (1991).
89
Y,pe,AeH,je pKwoBOxcTBa if JIoira cHmN V8BCTBHreAbhHOCTN K JepeMeHaM
OTKa3aHo B KpeAHTe, AH60 me KpeArT AOA2KeH 6blTb npeAocTaBAeH TOAbrO nOCAe noAy'ieHHRCneluaAbHOrO Ha TO pa3peilueHUH, KaK HCKAIOqeHHe H3 IIOAHTHKH 6aHKa.
Bg4,Kpe4ITa. BHA KpeAHTa, T.e. qpma, B KOTOpOU OH 6yAeT npeAOcTaBAeH, OnpeAeAReTCHB 3aBHCHMOCTH OT noTpe6HOcTeH pbIHKa H KAHeHTa, 3aKOHOAaTeAbcTBa, MacJnTa6a onepafUH HAOCTryIHOCTH OrIbITHOrO nIepCOHaAa. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT pa3HOBHAHOCTH KpeAHTa MeHReTCxBeAH'qHHa pHcKa. TaKHM o6pa3oM, BHA KpeAUTa H ero cTpyKTypa AOA2HbI COOTBeTCTBOBaTb HeTOAbKO noTpe6HOcTRM, HO H KpeAWFOcnOco6HOCTH riOTeHUHaAbHoro KAHeHTa. B pa3BHTbIXcTpaHax KpeAHTHoe MeHJO npeAAaraeT: KpaTKO-, cpeAHe - H AOArocpoqHbIe KpeAHTbI;o6ecneMeHHbie H Heo6ecneleHHbie; pa3OBbJH KpeAHT HAH KpeAHTHaH AHHHS (oBepApa(PT); 4
Ce3OHHoe HAH nOCTOHHOe CHHaHcHpOBaHHe o6opoTHoro KanHTaAa; noTpe6HTeAbcKHe,pO3HHqHbie, OnTOBbie, KOMMepMeCKHe, npOMbiuL1AeHHbIe HAH ripOeKTHbie KpeAHTbl;Bo3o6HoBASIeMbie, C npHMoi aMOpTH3agHeH HAH KOM6HHaUHH; npHMbie HAH yqaCTSylOlHe;6aAaHcoBbie HAH BHe6aAaHCOBbie; C PHKCHpOBHaHOU H nAaBaioUseH npOgeHTHOH CTaBKOli H BHaMgHOHaAbHOH UAH HHOCTpaHHOH BaAIOTe. B pa3BHBaiogHxcA CTHpaHaX Ha6AioAaeTcR MeHbIUeepa3Hoo6pa3He pa3HOBH4HOCTeH KpeAHTOB, no mepe (pHHaHCOBOH AH6epaAH3agHH Bbl6opyBeAHIHBaeTCH.
Kpe4kTHbIe mHcTpymeH7Tb. KpeAHTHbIe HHCTpyMeHTbI - aTO CpeACTBa npeAOCTaBAeHHRpa3AHqHbIX paBHOBHAHOCTeH KpeAHTOB. CIOAa BXOART KpeAHTbl H KpeAHTHble AHHHH Ha:
* pa3pa6OTKy HeABHMHMOCTH H CTpOHTeAbCTBO 2KHAbIX, KOMMep'IecKHX H npOMbbimiAeHHblXo6beKTOB;
* npHo6peTeHHe CpeACTB ripoH3BOACTBa, 3aBOAOB, MallHH H O6opyAoBaHHx;* HMnOpT, aKCUOPT H IpeAaBKCIOPT TOBaPOB;
* HHaHcHPOBaHHe ce3OHHblx nOTpe6HOcTeH ceAbCKoro xO3RHCTBa;* HHaHcHpOBaHHe AHAepOB B aBToMo6HAe- H CyAOCTpOHTeAbHOH c4pepax;* nOnOAHeHHe TOBapHO-MaTepHaAbHbIX 3anacoB;* (pHHaHCHpOBaHHe Ae6HTOpCKOH 3aAOA2leHHOCTH, nepeyqTeHHbIX BeKCeAeu HAH
cIaKTOPHHrOBbIX onepagHi (npHo6peTeHue KHH2HOrO AOAra);* HrioTeHoe qHHaHCHpOBaHHe;
* CpeAHe - AOArOCpOtHOe (PHHaHCHpOBaHHe;
* AOKyMeHTapHbie aKKpeAHTHBbl;
* rapaHTHH H aKKPeAHTHBbi CTeHA-6afi;
* npoBeAeHHe BaAIOTHblX H npOUeHTHbIX CBOnOB H onepaUHU c OngHOHaMH;* KynAio-npOAa2Ky HHOCTpaHHOH BaAlOTbI;
* BbIKyn KOMnaHHH PyKOBOACTBOM.
41 CorAaxueHHu o6 oBepApa(pTe npeACTaBAJIOT cepbeSHylo npo6Aemy. XO'rn OHH YCTPaHBIOT Heo6xoAmMOCThO9eHb rpoMo3AKHX npoUeAyp, CBBBaI1HbIX C 3aHMcTBoBaHHeM CyMM C qHnacHpoBaHHbtM CpoKOM noraumeHHB AARKpaTKOCfpOMHorO KpeAHTOBaNHM, HMH MOmmO 3AqynoTpe6HTb, oco6eHHo B pa.3BHBaioyHXCf CTpaHaX, KOTOpbIeMaCTO XapaKTepH33POTCB OTCyTcTBHeM HHqlopMaaUHH H CHCTeMbl KOHTpOAB AAB coOTBeTCTB3yWIOerO MOHHTOpHHraTaKiHx KpeAHTOB. IH13AHI'H KanHTaAHsaUHB npIxpoCeHHbix npogeHTOB H HeBoHMomHocTh yCTaHOBHThHepa6oTaioIHe KpeAHTh! JIBABIOTCB TaKme xapaKTepHbIMH AAR pa3BHBaioUJHXCB CTpaH H iacTo COnyTCTByIOT
eHoMeHy oBepApaqTa.
90
Yn'pauseHWe KpeC4'NT jMM pincK NW
COTPYAHHK Kpe4HTHOro oTAeAa AOAMeH 3HaTb, KaKHe BHAbI KpeAHTOB H KpeAlTHb1X
HHcTpyMeHTOB, oTBe'aiouIHx nOTpe6HocTHM KAHeHTa, HMelOTCH B 6aHKe, T.K. OT nlpaBHAbHOrO
Bbi6opa 3aBHCHT, 6yAeT AH norauieH KpeAHT. He CAeAyeT HeAOOgeHHBaTb 3Ha-ieHHe npaBHAb-
HOrO CTPYKTYPHPOBaHHH KpeAHTOB. B HeKOTOPbIX pa3BHBaHOUJHXCH CTpaHaX BOnpOCaMH
CTPYKTYPHPOBaHHH 3aHHMaeTCH UeHTpaAbHblH 6aHK HAH OpraHbl HaA3opa. OHH ycTaHaBAHBaiar
CpOKH KpeAHToB, nepHOAH'IHOCTb Hx noraleHHH H unpOgeHTHbie CTaBKH no HHM. 3 To sacTo
npHBOAUT K 6 OAbIUHM npOCpoqKaM B riorameHHH, nOCKOAbKy MeHTpaAbHbIH 6aHK He Mo2KeT
y'ilTIbBaTb BCe qaKTopbi, BAHHIOU4He Ha (pHHaHCOBOe COCTOHHHe Ka2KAOro KOHKpeTHOrO
KAHeHTa. CTpyKTypa KPeAHTa AOA2KHa COOTBeTCTBOBaTb ero MeAH H, cAeAoBaTeAbHO, 6blTb
rH6KoH.
BaAMora Kpe4aHTa. 9 TOT BOllpOC oco6eHHo aKTyaAeH B pa3BHBaiOuHxcH CTpaHax.
HaUHoHaAbHbie BbIAIOTbI MaCTO HCCTa6HAbHbl, HHCTpyMeHTbl XCA2KHpOBaHHR OTCYTCTBYIOT H
pHCK o6ecUeHeHHSI BaAIOTbI yxyAiuaeT Ka'eCTBO aKTHBOB. 3
aeMuJIHK, He HMeIOIJHH HHOCTpaHHOH
BaAIOTbl H BO3MO2KHoCTeH xei!AMHpOBaHHH, H nOAyIaiouHHH BaAlOTHblH KpeAHT, npeACTaBAReT
nOTeH,HaAbHO cepbe3HbIH PHCK AAR 6aHKa, eCAH HaIHOHaAbHaH BaAIOTa Mo2KeT o6ecUeHiTbcR.
BosMo.wHoCTH icpe4IfTOBaHffH. OHH pa3AHqHbl y pa3AH-HblX 6aHKoB. 3AeCb 6OAbUlylO POAb
HrpaeT OHbIT H nOArOTOBAeHHOCTb nepcoHaAa 6aHKa. HeKoTopble 6aHKH Ayqiue ApyrHx
ynpaBAHloT 6oAee BblCOKHM pHCKOM. Ho 6aHK AOA2KeH 3aHHMaTbcH pHcKoBaHHbIM
(PHHaHCHpOBaHHeM TOAbKO 6yAyqH COOTBCTCTBeHHbIM o6pa3oM nOArOTOBAcHHbIM AAR pa6oTbl Ha
pbIHKe. OqeHb MaCTO TaKaI nOArOTOBKa AOA2KHa BKAIOqaTb OnbIT B 3aKAIOqCHHH COrAaiuIeHHH 0
3aAore H q)HHaHCHpOBaHHH nOA aKTHBbI. IpH aTOM AOA2KHa npHCYTCTBOBaTb AOCTaTOqHaR
3aKOHoAaTeAbHaH 6a3a.
,KoHUeHrpaMHH KpeamTHOr nopToeAH. BaHKH 6opioTca c pHCKOM qpe.MepHom
KOH eHTpafHH nOpTTeMI, nOCTOHHHO OIAeHHBaS BCe CBOH pHCKH. (t)OpMbl BTHX pHCKOB
pawHoo6pa3Hbi: pHCK KpeAHTocnoco6HOCTH, nOrpaHH-iHblH, npOUeHTHb1H, peryArHrBHbli,
TOprOBblH, pHCK onepag,HH C HHBaAIOTOH, BKOAorHqeCKHH, reorpapH'ICKHH, nOAHTU'eCKHH,
KOMMepqeCKHH, onepagHOHHbIH H pHCK MOJiueHHH'eCTBa. PYKOBOACTBo 6aHKa OTBeTCTBeHHO 3a
onpeAeAeHHe AOnYCTHMoro BHAa H BeAHqHHbI pHCKa, KOTOpble OHO XO'eT H MO2KeT npHHWfb.
Heo6xoAHMo YCTaHoBHTb AHMHTbI AOryCTHMOH BeAH'HHbl pHcKa B TOM HAH HHOM ceKTope
BKOHOMHKH. OTCyTCTBHe TaKHX orpaHHqeHHH npORBHAOCb B KpH3Hce 6aHKoBcKoii CHCTeMb1
CLJA B o6AacTH KpeAHTOBaHHH 8HepreTHKH, CeAbCKOrO XO3fHiCTBa H HeABHmHMOCTH.
He cygueCTBYeT YHHBepCaAbHoro ripaBHAa YCTaHOBAeHHH orpaHH'1eHHH0 no ceKTopaM. OAHaKo
MHorHe 6aHKH 3a6biBaIoT o6 OCTOpOMHOCTH, Hm6blTO"HO KpeAHTSyi MOAHbIe CeKTopa.
HanpHMep, 3a nOCAeAHee AecsiTHAeTHe B CLUA 6aHKH 6blAH oco6eHHo nOABepmeHbi noAo6HoH
npaKTHKe. CorAacHo CaMHM OCHOBaM pbIHKa onepa1HH no PCeHKAHPOBaHHIO HecrreAoAAapOB,
KpeAHTOBaHHe BHCpreTHKH, HCABH2KHMOCTH H OnepaUHH HO BbIKyny xoMnaHHH PYKOBOACTBOM
CqHTaAHCb 6esy6blTo'IHb1MH. K cO0KaAeHHIO, Bce 3TH ceKTopa nO3AHee YrPOmaAH AOXOAHOCTH
6aHKoB. H36blTO0'HylO KOHgeHTpaUH1O B OAHOM CeKTOpe oco6eHHO CA02HO H36emaTb B
BKOHOMHKe, KOTOpaH 3aBHCHT OT HeCKOAbKHX CeKTOpOB HAH TOBapOB. Fpogecc YCTaHoBAeHHR
AHMHTOB AOAMKeH 6blTb rH6KHM H, WTO eWi 6oAee Ba2KHO, HaMeAeHHb1M Ha 6yAyu1ee. OH
OCHOBbIBaeTCR Ha H3y'ieHHH pbIHKa, nporHo3e, aHaAH3e MyBCTBHTeAbHOCTH, 3ApaBOM CYMAeHHH
91
YErpeClIeCHe p7JNro5;CTRa H JOBM1e81HH V7DC1WN1eAHOCEH ii epemeHar
H onibTe. B Ta6AHMe 3.3 npeAcTaBAeH o6 paseU AHMHTOB nOpTq,A. UHcppbi BTOH Ta6AHMwamHbl AHlUb AAH HAAIOcTpaUHH.
AHMHTbi KOHUeHTpagHH pHCKOB pa.3AHnHbl y pa3AHHHbix 6aHKoB. ECAH y 6aHKa HMeeTCBOnbIT pa6OTbl B AaHHoH cq)epe, TO OH momeT npHHRTb 6oAee BbJCOKHH YpOBeHb pHcxa. BHeKOTOpbIX CTpaHaX paPMepbl BTHX OrpaHHueHHH yCTaHaBAHBaiOTCR peryAHpyiOIjHMH OpraHaMH,HO aTO BCTpeiaeTcA 4OBOAbHO peAKo. B 6oAbUrHHCTBe CTpaH Ha6AioAaTeAbHbie opraHbi AeAaioT3anpOCbl B CAy"ae %pe3MepHo BbICOKOrO pa3mepa pHCxa.
Ta6AmUa 3.3npeAAaraembIe orpaHHmeHHSI no nopTieAo xJpeAHTOB no OTHOlIIeHHIO X cyMme
o6bsiNAeHHoro KaHHTaAa H peBepBOB
Cipepa KpeCuTOBaHsh BeAHqnna
orpaH8qeH8u
OAHOH KOMnaHHH 10-20%
OAHOH rpynne KOMnaHHHa 25-50%
OAHOHi OTpaCAH IHPOMbI11JACHHOCTH 50-100%
CBR3aHHbIM OTpaCARM 200-500%ripOMbiuiAeHHOCTH 6
CerMeHTy pbIHKaB 1000-1500%
AoAroCpOqHble KpCAHTbl 500-600%
CAyqafiHble o6si3aTeAbcTBa 600-700/o
IJeAeBoe COOTHO1ICHHe 4.6%
KanHTaA/aKTHBbI (K 1992)r
UcTo0HNr8x: Byq-AAAeH & raMHAbTOH.
4eTKoe ynpaBAeHHe nOpTq3eAeM KpeAHTOB Tpe6yeT nOCTORHHOrO Ha6AioAeHHn 3a BCeMHBHAaMH pHCKOB: reorpacpwmecKHM, ceKTOpHbIM, pHCKOM eamMJHKa, rpynnbl 3aeMgHKOB.EmeMecwiHO AOA2KHbi nOArOTaBAHBaTbCB COOTBeTCTBYIOlJHe OTvieTb. rAaBHaR MeAb npH 8TOM -His6emaHHe Hs6biTOqHOii KOHUeHTpaUHH KpeAHTOB nOCPeACTBOM HX AHBepcHqCHKagHH.
a n1A rpynnoii noHMmaeTcsi HecKOAbKO KOMnIaHHH, KOTOpbIe KOHTpOAHp3lOTCq HAH KOTOPbIMH DAaAeeT o4HoAH0O.
6 noA CBJlsaHHbIMH TrpaCAAMH rIOHHMalOTCB BwaHMosaBHcHMbie OTcpaCA HAR OTpacAH, p8ASeMOujHe oAHM HTe me rpynnbi pHCKa (HanpHMep, TypHSM H oTeAm).
B CerweiTbi BKAIO'aIOT Kopi0opa5M, IIpaBmTeAbCTBO, CpeAHmiH pbIHOK H T.A.
r JeAb oCHOBbIBaeTCm Ha CTpaTemHH.
92
YnpawAeNrne iApe,4NTHMMN pNCAXila
CTaIIrapT OMeHIU pHCxa
He Cyu4eCTByeT HenorpemHmoro Ha6opa CTaHAapTOB OgeHKH pHCKa. BeAH"HHa pHcKa
3aBHCHT OT o6ecneqeHsH, noKa3aTeAeH 6aAaHcoBoro oT'eTa KAHeHTa, ABH2KeHHR AeHe2KHb1X
CpeACTB, KanHTaAH3aUHH, aSqxp3erTa pbliara, cpoKa KpeAHTa, ero MeAH H ceKTopa KpeAHToBaHHSH.
B HaCTOHee BpeMH 6aHKH CllIA OpHeHTHPYIOTCR npu OieHKe pHCKa Ha noKa3aTeAH
ABH2KeHHH AeHe2KHbIX cpeACTB, TaK KaK KpeAHTbI noraUnlaloTcH AeHe2mHbIMH CpeACTBaMH, B
BaAioTe KpeAHTa H B MeCTe reorpaq)HxiecKoro MeCTOHaxo2mAeHHR KpeAHTopa. HOBTOMy [npH
cTaHAapTHOHi npaKTHKe paccMaTpHBaeTCH cnoco6HocTb 3aeMigHKa 3apa6oTaTb AOCTaTo'Ho
AeHe2KHbIX CpeACTB AAR noramieHHH KpeAHTa 6e3 HaHeCeHHR BpeAa CBoeH AeeTCAbHOCTH H
yMeHbUleHHH ranwTaAbHOH 6a3bi. IHPH aTOM 6oAbmlo POAb HrpaeT CTeneHb HaAe2rHOCTH
(HHaHcOBOH OT'eTHOCTH, CTa6HAbHOCTb aKOHOMHKH H 3HaHHe KAHeHTa. B MapoKKo, TaKme
KaK H B ApyrHX Pa3sBHBalOU,IHXCH CTpaHaX, KpeAHTOpbl O'1eHb CHAbHO noAaraKYrcH Ha
o6ecneCeHHe, oco6eHHO Ha AHqHoe HMyIJeCTBO 3aeMI1HKa. OHH HCXOAHT H3 Toro, TO
o6H3aTeAbCTBO paCCTaTbCH C AHqHbIM HMyI1eCTBOM B cAy-lae eienorameHHR KpeAHTa 3aCTaBAReT
3aeMU_HKa H3blCKHBaTb CpeACTBa Ha ero noraumeHHe. H XOT51 BO MHorHx pa3BHBaio11mxcsC
CTpaHaX KpeAHTOpbl CHAbHO noAaraloTCfl Ha o6ecnemeMHe, cygeCTBYlOgHe iopHAH4ecKHe
OrpaHH'eHHH He no3BOAH9OT HM 6paTb 3aAor B CBOio co6cTBeHHocTb H peaAH3oBbiBaTb
o6ecne4eHHe Amq norameHuI AoAra. B Ta6AHie 3.4 npeAcTaBAeH npHMep CTPYKTypHpoBaHHoro
nOAXOAa K YCTaHOBAeHHIO KpHTepHeB npHeMAeMOCTH pHCKa.
KpeAHTHbnii HOPT(peAb AOA2reH paCTH B COOTBeTCTBOBHH Co CTpaTerHmeCKHM geARM 6aHKa H
ero OCTOpOmHOU ogeHKoH pHCKOB. H XOTH OAHHM U3 KpHTepHeB xopoweii pa6OTbi 6aHKa
RBAAeTC51 nIpHpOCT aKTHBOB, ero HeAb3M paCCMaTpHBaTb OTAeAbHO OT HX Ka'iecTBa. B
CYU4HOCTH, 6blCTpbli npHPOCT aKTHBOB He nOBOA AAR paAOCTH, a cKopee, CBHAeTeAbCTBO Toro,
ITO OTBeTCTBeHHbie AHMa paCTSHYAH KpeAHTHbIe CTaHAapTbl H OCAa6HAH rioKa3aTeAH
CTpYKTypbl KanHTaAa.
KorAa aKTHBbi 6blCTpO pacTyr, CAeAyeT oco6o TI4aTeAbHO paCCMOTpeTb B3aHMOOTHOuIeHHR
MeMAy KpeAHTOpOM H 3aeMuHKOM. HeT AH CBHAeTeAbCTB Toro, MTO OHO H TO me AHMO
3aHHMaeT p)rKOBOAH4IHe AOA2KHOCTH H B 6aHKe, H B KoMnaHHH-3aeMujHKe, HAH, MoaeT 6blTb,
6aHK RBAReTCI aKIKHOHepOM KoMnaHHH-3aeMUgHKa? HAH, Mo2KeT 6blTb, KoMnaHHS-KAHCHT
m vAsieTCH aKuHoHepOM 6aHKa? MomeT 6 blTb, 6aHK npeAOCTaBAReT OTAeAbHblM 3aeM1UHKaM
CAHUKOM 6oAbuiHe o6beMbi KpeAHTOB? IBblA cAyaiaH, KorAa 6aHK 'epe3 nRTb AeT nocAe cBoero
OCHOBaHHR co6paA HaH6oAbiUIHf nopTqeAb KpeAHTOB CpeAH ApyrHx MeCTHbIX 6aHKOB. A nosme
BbURCHHAOCb, wTO 45% KpeAHTOB 6blAH npeAOCTaBAeHbl CBR3aHHbLIM q)HpMaM.4 2 TaKHM
o6pa3oM, pa3mep He BcerAa rOBOPHT 0 Ka-'eCTBe H KoMneTeHTHOCTH. KpOMe Toro, B CTpaHax,
rAe oco6eHHO pacnpoctpaHeHo OBepApacPTHOe HHaHCHpOBaHHe o6apOTHorO KanHTaAa, CpOqHOe
42 no onpeAeAeHHIO, KpeArTbl cBRsaHIHbM C 6aHKOM (pHpMaM He RBA.RIOTCSR HeHaAemKHbIMH. O9eHb qacTO,
oAHaKo, 3aHMbl, npeAocTaBAnlembie CBHRaIHbIM q1HpMaM, npeAOCTaBASIoTCR He Ha OCHOBe 06 bexKTHDHOH
HHq)opMaIUHH B COOTBeTCTBHH C TpaAH1HOHHb1MH AAR 6aHKa rpmeMAeMbiMH RpHTepCHMH HOpMaAbHOrO pHcKa. no
aTOi npHNHHe, a TaK2Ke BCAeACTBHe Toro, 'irO BbICOKHA npoyeHT KpaXa 6aHxon 6blA Bb!3BaH npeAocTaBAeHHeM
KpeAHToB cBjlSHHbiM c 6aHKoM npeAnpHRTHNM, 6aHKOBcKOe peryAmpoBaHHe Tpe6yeT BBeAeHNR OrpaHH'eHIia H
o6nsaTeAbHbifl MoHwTopHHr KpeAHToB, npeAocTaBaAemb1x cBRsaHimbM aHpMaM. 10 npOUeHTOa aT o6ijero o6beMa
npeAOCTaBAeHHbnX KpeANTOB npHsHaeTcR paayMHbIM COOTHOHIeHNeM.
93
Yrpe mewe pyftoaoA4cTa H I1oBhIIIzNJ1w q cBH1eAIbHocH ire hJepemeHaa
3aHMCTBOBaHHe oqeHb mlacTo npHBOAHT x KanHTaAH3AaHH HeoflAa4eHHbJX npoUeHTOB. A aTo, BCBOIO OtlepeAb, npHBOAHT K 6 bICTpOMy pOCTy KpeAHTHoro nOpT H 6aHKa H 3aBbIMUeHHIOpasmepa AOXOAOB H KanHTaAa 6aHKa. KorAa OAHoro H3BeCTHoro CnegHaAHCTa B cqpepeKOHTpOAH 6MKKOBCKOH AeHTeAbHOCTH CnpOCHAH: HTo RBARmTCH rIepBbIM I1pH3HaXOM BO3MO2KHOHHerLAaTe2mecnoco6HocTH 6aHKa? , OH OTBeTHA: CAHIIIKOM 6 blCTpblH no oTHoIIICHHJo K ApyrHM6aHXaM pOCT".
Ta6AHMa 3.4KpHTepnH IpKeMAeMOCTH ar.THBo1 no pHCKY
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* cTaHAapTHblN AoKymeHT o6 aYAINTengNeBas FnpomburnAeHHocTm MHHNMaAbHblN o6beM c6biTa MaKcNmaAbHbl*f CPOK - 3 roAa
MHHNMaAbHblN pa3Mep axTHBoB O6ecne'eHBe - 130% CTOmMOCTN xpeAHTaMHHHMaAbNoe COOTHomeHBHe 'HCToro MHNHMaAbHan BeANHNHa AoxoAa Ha aKTHBbl -AoxoAa H c6blTa 4% 1.5%MBHNMaAbHaS BeANHsHa TeKyyijero MaxcNMaAbHa.9 BeAHNHHa ToBapHo-maTepBaAbHblXKOaqxpnHpeHTa 1.0:1 aanacoB Ha 20 AHezMaBcMmaAbHRa BEeAHNHHa MNHNMaAbHble Tpe6oBaHBS K AoKyMeHTaWm:xoaWHUHeHTa AeBepama 3.0:1
MNHNMYM 3 roAa B AaHHOH cqpepe 0 rapaHTNB BAAAeAbUa
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* CepTHq)HKaT NHCneKIUHH MHHHCTepCSBa____________________________________ B4A~ BOOXpaHeHmHB
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MMHNMaAbHbHi paaMep aKTHBOB O6ecne'ReHHe - 200% CTOMMOCTN KpeASTa
MHHNmaAbHoe cooTHoiueHNe 'mcTorIo MHNHMaAbHag BeAH9HHa AOXOAa Ba awmNBbi - 2%AOxoAa H c6blSa B 2%MNHNMaAbHag BeAHNHNa Texyujero YpoBeHb aaHxTOCTm - He MeHee 60%KoaqxpIWHeHTa 2.0:1
MaKcHmaAbHas BeAH'HHa MHHNMaAbHbie Tpe6oBaHHB K AoKyxmeHTaIN:KoHqxpUHNeHTa AeBepeA.Ka 0.8:1
MNHNMYM 5 AeT B AaNHoH cqepe * rapaHTHN BAaAeAbUa
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94
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AaBAeHHIO B CBA3H C pe3KHMH H ApaMaTHsHbIMH H3MeHeHHHMH B 6aHKoBcRofi c(pepe. B 19 8 0-e
rr. rIpOH30UIAH 3HaqHTeAbHbie H3MeHeHHH B 6aHKOBCKOH ()HAOCO4)HH H B KpeAHTHbIX
CTaHAapTaX BO MHorHX CTpaHax. aTH H3MeHHHSH HBHAHCb cBoero pOAa OTBeTOM Ha
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noAy'IeHHM AOXOAOB. HanpHMep, MHOrHe 6aHKH npeAOCTaBARIOT KpeAHTbl C TeM, 'iTo6bi 3aTeM
npOAaTb, roAyqaH KOMHCCHio 3a o6pa6oTKy KpeAHTOB (BMeCTO Toro, 'To6bI AepmaTb KpeAHT
AO KOHga H nOAYqHTb npogeHTbl); BO MHoruHX eHHaHCOBbIX geHTpax 6aHKH Bce 6oAee aKTHBHO
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qeM BBO4HTb HOBbIC KpeAHTHbie HHCTpyMeHTbI, BbIpa6oTaeT COOTBeTCTBylOUHe CHCTeMb1
KOHTpOAS, nOAHTHKy H MeXaHH3Mbl Ha6AIOAeHHR.
MHorHe 6aHKH y2Ke nepecMOTpeAH CBOH nOTpqjeAH, CTapaHCb c6aAaHCHpoBaTb qaKTOpbi
pucrCa alK TorO Tpe6yeT HOBoe MemKAyHapOAHoe Heo(PHUHaAbHoe corAaiueHHe no noKa3aTeARM
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CBOHX nopTqpeAeH paAH Kat eCTBa KpeAHTOB; OHH CnHCblBalOT KpeAHTbi c 6aAaHca, npH DTOM
pacTeT 'HCAO onepagHH C geHHbIMH 6ymaraMH, BbinyUgeHHbIMH noA aKTHBbI. MOAHqHKaUHR
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nepeMeH; He MCHee Ba.KHb!MH cIaKTOpaMH HBAHIOTCH noAyIeHHe KOMHCCHOHHbIX AOXOAOB B
YCAOBHHX yMeHbuialOiiHXCH CnpeAOB MeC2Ay KpeAHTHbIMH H Aeno3HTHbIMH CTaBKaMH H
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BHe6aAaHCOBbIMH pHCKaMH. HITo6bi OrpaHHqHTb BO3MO02HOCTH 3AoynoTpe6AeHHH H
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B npogecce oAo6peHHS KCpeAHTOB B TOM cAy3ae, KOrAa OH TaK HAH HHaqe HanpRMyJO cBRSaH C
nOTeHUHaAbHbIM 3aeMWUHKOM. Bo MHOrHX CTpaHax CyigeCTBYIOT oco6ble npaBrAa
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KAHeHTe KOHq)HAeHUHaAbHYO HHq)OpMagHio; aTa HHqOPMpaUHR MomeT nOBAHSTb Ha CTOHMOCTb
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geHHbIMH 6yMaraMH A0 TOro, KaK HHq)OpMaUHH CTaHeT H3BeCTHa IIIHpOKOH ny6AHRe. Ao
HeAaBHerO BpeMeHH y 6aHKoB npaKTH'eCCKH He 6blAo CHCTeMbi BHyTpeHHero KOHTpOAR 3a TaRoro
95
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BHe6aAaHcoBbje o6H3aTeAbcTBa TaK2me HeCyT B ce6e KpeAHTHbIH pHCK. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT3aKoHoAaTeAbCTBa, 3TH o6R3aTeAbcTBa c pa3AH'RHOH CTeneHbiO yTOmHeHHR MOIYT npHBOAHTbCR BqpHHaHCoBOH OT-eTHOCTH 6aHKa HAH B nORCHeHHHX K HeH. 06biqHO BHe6aAaHCoBbleo6i3aTeAbcTBa ipeAcTaBARioT HH2me AHHHH H Ha3bIBalOT HX AH6o KoHTpcqeTa, AH 6 o cqeTa-pa3bRcHeHHHI. BHe6aAaHcoBble o6a3aTeAbcTBa BKAIUOalOT B ce6H: AOKyMeHTapHbieaKKPeAHTHBbl HAH aKKPeAHTHBbl CTeHA-6afi; TBePAbie o6n3aTeAbcTBa npeAoCTaBHTb KpeAlT;rapaHTHH TpeTbHM CTOpOHaM; npOUCHTHbie H BaAJOTHbIe CBOnbl; corAaMeHHH peno; KOHTpaKTbinO ToproBAe HHBaAIoToH; orgHOHHbIC H (3biogepCHbIC KoHTpaKTbl; a TaKmae o6AHraUHH AOBocTpe6oBaHH.q, KOHTpaKTHbie o6AHraUHH (performance bond) H o6AHraUHH C npeAonAaToH.
BHe6aAaHcoBble KpeAHTHbie HHCTpyMCHTbl - aTO TBePAbIe HAH noTeHUHaAbHbieo6a3aTeAbcTBa, 3a KOTOpbIe 6aHK noAy'aeT KOMHCCHIO. IOCKOAbKy aTH o6RsIaTeAbcTBaRBAAIOTCA BHe6aAaHcoBbIMH, OHH yBeAH'iHBaioT pasmep AoxoAa Ha aKTHBbl H Ha co6CTBeHHblHKanHTaA. 4o TeX nop, noKa nO HHM He HY2mHO npOH3BOAHTb nAaTeC2eeH, OHH He Tpe6yIOTpe3epBHpOBaHHm KaKHX-AH6o CpeACTB.
C 1 SHBapS 1993 roaa 6aHKH cTpaH, nOAnHcaBMHX Ba3eAbcKoe Cor.AaweHHe, AOA2KHbl6yAyr co6AloAaTb CTaHAapTbl AOCTaToIHOCTH KanHTaAa C yMeTOM qpaKTOpa pHCra. Ha ceroAHH,Bce BHe6aAaHcOBbie o6a3aTeAbcTBa AOA2tHbz 6blTb BKAIOqeHbl B paC'ieT KOBXJHHeHTOBAOCTaTOqHOCTH KanHTaAa, HCnOAb3yM KOHBepCHIO PHCKOB (Hlpogecc KOHBepCHH pHCKOB OnHCaHB rAaBe 4 ")HHaHCOBoe PYKOBOACTBO"). TaKHM o6pa3oM, npHqHHa, no KOTOpOH 6aHKH CTOAbTIMaTeAbHO HPOBepRIOT AOXOAHOCTb H pHCKH no CBOHM onepagHaM, COCTOHT B TOM, qTO 6aHKHcTpeMHTcH OHTHMaAbHO HCnOAb3OBaTb CBOH KanHTaA. AHaAH3 H ynpaBAeHHe BHe6aAaHcoBbiMHKpeAHTHbIMH PHCKaMH Tpe6yIoT BHHMaHHH, He MeHbulero, qeM 6 blAO yAeAeHO KpeAHTaM. BCBCTC rpRAyLUHX nepeMeH B CTaHAapTaX CAeAyeT eige pa3 PaCCMOTpeTb nporpecc onpeAeAeHHHCTOHMOCTH KpeCHTHbIX HHcTpyMeHToB, BKAIO'IaSI BHe6aAaHCoBbie o6s3aTeAbcTBa. HlepecMoTpeTmTaKme CAeAyeT tpaKTOpbJ pHCKa H BO3Harpa2KAeHHA 3a PHCK.
OHPEJEAEHHE CTOHMOCTH KOMMEPqECKHX KPEAHTOB H 4PYrHXKPE4HTHbIX HHCTPYMEHTOB
BbiCTpOe pa3BHTHe HOBbIX qpHHaHCOBbIX HHCTpyMeHTOB CHAbHO YCAO0HHAO npoMecconpeAeAeHHR CTOHMOCTH KpeAHTOB H ApyrHX KpeAHTHbIX HHCTpyMeHTOB. o Mmepe noRBAeHHHHOBblX KpeAHTHbIX HHCTpyMeHToB, oco6eHHO Ha PblHKe KanHTaAOB, noHBAReTCA noTpe6HoCTb BBblpa6oTKe HOBbIX MeXaHH3MOB orpeAeAeHHH HX CTOHMOCTH. CTapble CTaHAapTbl MOFyTnOCAy2KHTb OCHOBOH HOBbIX, HO npH aTOM HX Hy2mHO H3MeHHTb H Ao6aBHTb HOBbIe. CIaKTOpbi,YCAO2HHBlMCHe npo!Cecc leHoo6pa3oBaHHf, BKAIO'alOT B Ce6H: KOHKypeHUH1O CO CTOpOHbl6aHKoBcKHx H He6aHKOBCKHX KpeAHTopoB, naAeHHe ypOBHH AOHAbHOCTH KAHeHTOB, HaAHMMeHOBbIX HHCTpyMeHTOB, nosBAeHHe MeHee AoporHx cnoco6oB AocTyna KAHeHTOB K KpeAHTHbiMPbIHKaM H HNMeHeHHH B oHpeAeAeHHH pHcKa. TpaAHUHOHHo npH OnpeAeAeHHH CTOHMOCTHKoMMepqeCKHX KpeAHTOB 6aHKH BKAIO'aAH B Hee AOrOBOpHyIO nlpoUeHTHyIO CTaBKy, KOMHCCHH H
96
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KomneHCHpyloigHe OCTaTKH Ha c'eTax. HeKOTOpble KOMMepmeCKHe 6aHKH npoAoAmatoT
nOAb3OBaTbCR aTHM MeTOAOM H ceHiqac, oco6eHHo Ha He CAo2KHbIX pblHKax.
fIpogeNTraf CTraBKa
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no KOTOpOH 6aHKH npeAocTaBAHAH KpeAHTbI HaH6OAee KpeAHTocnoco6HbIM 3aeMujHKaM. Ho
BnOcAeAcTBHH, no mepe pa3BHTHR iopHAHmeCKOH OCHOBbI 6aHKoBcKofi AeHTeAbHOCTH, npHUIAH K
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KoAe6AIoTC51 Bce OCTaAbHbie cTaBKH. C pOCTOM pHCKa K 6a3oBOii CTaBKH nIpH6aBASIeTCR npeMHR;
HO HCKOTOpbIe cpaKTopbl, KOTOpbie 6yAyT paccMOTpeHbl nO3AHee, MOryT npHBeCTH K TOMy, qTO
6aHK npeAoCTaBHT KpeAHT no CTaBKe HH2Ke 6a3oBofi.
lpoMeHTHaa CTaBKa MomeT 6blTb qpHKCHPoBaHHoH HAH flAaBaioIeieH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT
H3MeHeHHH B BeAHMHHe 6a3oBOfi CTaBKH. PeweHHe 0 TOM, KaKoH 6yAeT CTaBKa - (HKCHpOBaH-
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3aCTpaxoBaTb ce6sR OT He6AarOnOAyqHbix H3MeHeHHH B BeAH-iHHe npOUeHTHbIX CTaBOK. OAHaKO,
KaK npaBHAO, 6aHKH npeAnOMHTaIOT nAaBaioIiHe CTaBKH no AOArOCpOMHbIM KpeAHTaM, a
3aeMUlHKH - PHKCHpOBaHHbie.
LPaKTOp npOileHTHOH CTaBKH HrpaeT 6OAblUyIO pOAb npH OnpeAeAeHHH 3aTpaT 3aeMujHKa Ha
pacuiHpeHHe CYUJeCTByiou4ero npoH3BOACTBa HAH BHCApCHHR HOBOrO TOBapa Ha pbIHOK.
CDHKCHPOBaHHaR npOUeHTHaR CTaBKa nOSBOAReT 3aeMU4HKaM TOMHO OgeHHTb CBOH 3aTpaTbl H
BKAIO4HTb B ce6ecTOHMOCTb TOBapa. HecMOTpH Ha TO, YITO COOTBeTCTBY1OIJHM o6pa3oM
3axeA2KHpOBaHHblH HAH HeHTpaAH3OBaHHblH KpeAHT, KaSaAOCb 6bl, COOTBeTCTByeT Tpe6oBaHHAM
nAaHHPOBaHHS paCxOAOB, XeA2KHPOBaHHe npHBOAHT K yBeAH'ieHHIO KOHe'HbIX 3aTpaT 3aeMujHKa.
XeAmHpoBaIHHe - BTO cnoco6 CTpaxoBaHHR, a CTpaxoBaHHe Tpe6yeT ynAaTbi npeMHH HAH
KOMHCCHH .
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KpC4HTa 6yAeT HcHOAb3OBaHa 3aeMI1,.HKOM. 3aeMU4HK momeT HCnOAb3OBaTb 75% Kpe ATHOH
AHHHH H 100% CpOqHbIX KpeAHTOB, Aame eCAH nepeqHcAeHHe nOCAeAHHx 6blAO
npoH3BeAeHOpaHbllle. HpH YCTaHOBAeHHH npOUeHTHbIX CTaBOK HCKOTOpble 6aHKH HCnOAb3ylOT
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caoemy 2reAaHHlO. TaKHM o6pa3oM, y 6aHKOB C HH3KOH CTOHMOCTbIO Aeno3HTHoH 6a3bi
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npHHOCHigHe HH3KHH AOXOA, a He pa3MeUjaTb HX Ha pblHKe, eCAH CTaBKH PbIHKa BblIUe AOXOAOB
no HH3KOAOXOAHbIM q)HHaHcOBbIM HHCTpyMeHTaM, HanpHMep no HnOTeKaM C (IHKCHPOBaHHOH
CTaBKOH. 14 XOTH IIpHMeHeHHe BTOH TeOpHH Ha 4)HHaHCOBbiX pblHKaX pa3BHBaioIjHXCH CTpaH
noKa OrpaHHqeHO, no mepe pa3BHTHR, pacuiHpeHHH H AHBePCH(pHKaUHH BTHX pbIHKOB, aTa
97
YrpezAeame pywroROeu o oRovwmezrx. acTa'esuTeAbHocm7 A' nepeMeNa'a
TeOpHR 6yAeT HaXOAHTb BCe 6oAbulee npaKTHmecKoe npHMeHeHHe. HoHsTHe npeAeAbHOHCTOHMOCTH HaBepHHxa HSBeCTHO MHOrHM 'HTaTeARM BTOH rAaBbI. H TeM He MeHee, He6OAbmaRAHCKYCCHH no BTOH KOH1enAHH H ee npHMeHeHHH npH aHaAH3e IeHbl KpeAHTa, 6aHKOBCKHXonepaLgHH H npH6blAbHocTH BCCbMa noAe3Ha. 1
4 HTaTeAb cpasy 2Ke 3aMeTHT, qTO 3HaqieHHe HnpHMeHeHHe KOHUenUHH npeAeAbHOH CTOHMOCTH TecHo cBH3aHa C pbIHO'qHbIMH ycAOBHRMH. EenpOHHKHOBeHHe B npaKTHKY pa6oTbl 6aHKa noATBep2KAaeT aTo Haa6AloACHHe.
B nlpeAHCAOBHH K BbInlyUgeHHOH B 1974 r. CHTH-Kopn KHHre noA Ha3BaHHeM OgeHKaBaHlHX AeHe2KHblX 3anacOB, YoATep PHCTOH, IlpeAceAaTeAb CHTH-KOpn, yTBepmAaA: Bcqepe oKa3aHHH cpHHaHCOBblX ycAyr, HalluHMH 3anacamH HBAH!OTCH AeHbrH, H Mbl MO2KeMBbI2KHTb H npOUBeTaTb TOAbKO B TOM cAyqae, eCAH HalllH co6CTBeHHbie sanacbi Mbl OgeHHBacMTaK 2Ke, KaK H 3ariacbI HawHx KAHeHTOB. 9 Ta KHHra 6blAa ony6AHKoBaHa TorAa, KorAaKpynHble 6aHKH CLIJA, BKAIOiaH CHTH-6aHK, AAAS (HHaHCHPOBaHHa pOCTa aKTHBOB BCe aigyecTaAH npH6eraTb K HCnOAb3OBaHHIO TaKHX pblHO-fHblX HHCTpyMeHTOB, KaK o6pau aeMbxeAenowHTHb!e cepTH(PHKaTbi. B aTO BpeMH Ha6AlOAaAcs 6blcTpbliH POCT o6beMa onepaUuiH HaMe2K6aHKOBCKOM pblHKe. TaKlHM o6pa3oM, sanacbi AeHC2HblX CpeACTB CTaAH npHo6peTaTbCOBepllleHHo HoBoe 3HaqeHHe, B 'eM TO noxomee Ha 3Ha4eHHe TOBapHO-MaTepHaAbHblX 3anacoBAAA nlpOMbiIIIAeHHbIX nlpeA4lpHHTHH. BaHKH HaqaAH COOTHOCHTb CBOH 3aTpaTbi H AoXOAbI noMeToAy LIFO (nOCAeAHHi! npHHeA, nepBbiH ymxeA).
B 7 0-e rr. OTCYTCTBHe KaKHx-AH6o KpynHbIX KpH3HCOB Ha (pHHaHCOBbIX pbIHxax npHBeAO KTOMy, 'TO 6aHKH C XOPOIIHM (pHHaHCOBbiM nOAO2eHHeM OXOTHO npeAocTaBAHAH KpeAHTbI HAHrIPHHHMaAH Aeno3HTbi 1o rIpeAeAbHOH cTaBKe. Mb, OiIpeAeAHM AAA HalllHX BeAeii rpeAeAbHyiOCTOHMOCTb CpeACTB KaK CTOHMOCTb CpeACTB H3 camoro AemneBoro HCTO'IHHKa, H3 KOTOpOFO OHHmoryT 6blTb noAy'eHbl Ha OTKpbITOM pbIHKe B AIO6OH MOMeHT. Ha npaKTHKe, BTOT HCTO'HHKCpeACTB oKksbiBaeTcH caMbiM AoporHM HCTO'IHHKOM CpeACTB Ha cHo6OAHOM pbiHKe. ECAH 6blHa aTOM mKe PbIHKe CyIeCTBOBaAH 6oAee AewlleBbie HCTO'IHHKH cpeACTB, TO OHH 6blAH 6blHc'epnaHbl npe2Ae, 'eM 6aHKH Ha'aAH 6bl npHo6peTaTb 6oAee AoporHe cpeACTBa.
OIIpe4eAeHHe CTOoHMOCTH epHHaHCOBbIX HHCTpymeHTOB. CAeAyA aHaAOrHH C TOBapHO-MaTepHaAbHbIMH .3anacaMH, MHOrHe 6aHKH B 7 0-x rr. HaqaAH ycTaHaBAHBaTb CBOH npoUeHTHbieCTaBKH no KpeAHTaM H3 pacqeTa npeAeAbHOH CTOHMOCTH CpeACTB nAIOC cripeA C eAb1OAOCTHmeHHR 2KeAaeMoro YpOBHS AOXOAHOCTH Ha co6CTBeHHblfi KanHTaA. B TO BpeMS,AOXOAHOCTb, cKoppeKTHPOBaHHaH Ha PHCK, no KamAOMY KOHKPeTHOMY KPCAHTY He paccqHTbi-BaAaCb, XOTH HpHMepHbIe paCXOAbi Ha C03AaHHe pe3epBOB no KpeAHTaM BKAIO'aAHCb B CyMMynIOKpblTHH onepagHoHHbIX pacxOAoB. PasMep aToH CyMMbi 3aBHCeA OT THna 3aeMiMHKa H/HAHOT cerMeHTa pbIHKa, Ha KOTOPOM OH pa6oTaA. Bo BCTaBKe 3.7 npHBeAeH npHMep TaKoropaCqeTa.
3Ta q)opMyAa MO2KeT 6blTb H3MeHeHa C TeM, 'lTo6bi cAeAaTb npogecc onpeAe-AeHHHCTOHMOCTH KpeAHTa 6oAee rH6KHM, y'HTbIBaA AOXOAHyIO CTOHMOCTb Tpe6yeMbix ocTaTKoB noC'eTaM H KOMHCCHH. HanpHMep, eCAH B TecieHHe cpoKa KpeAHTa KAHeHT o6 H3yeTcR Aep2KaTb HacqeTe 10% ero CyMMbI, TO rIpOgeHTHYIO CTaBKy MOMHO CHH3HTb Ha 1%, HO npH aToMAOXOAHOCTb KpeAHTa OCTaHeTCA npe2KHeA.
98
Yu'paa.euNMe !e~4MWMMMN PNCKaNN
KOMOCCE'oHoe BoBHarpam4eHNe
CTpeM!cb yBeAHqHTb AOXOAHOCTb CBOHX aKTHBOB H CO6CTBeHHoro KanHTaAa, 6aHKH yAeAHRoT
Bce 6oAbiuee BHHMaHHe BOnpOCy nOAy'eHHH KOMHCCHOHHOFO Bo3HarpamAeHHR. 14TO6bi
nOAy'flTb KOMHCCHOHHOe BO3Harpa2r.AeHHe, 6aHKy He o6R3aTeAbHo HMeTb Ha y'eTe KaKoH-AH6o
aKTHB. Ao Tex nop, noKa 6aHK noAy9aeT KoMHccHoHHoe Bo3HarpamAeHHe, He yBeAHIHBan npH
BTOM CBOHX aKTHBOB, AOXOAHOCTb ero aKTHBOB paCTeT.
BCTaBDCa 3.7PacqeT CTOHMOCTh KpeAHTa
Jpe,4f0Ao0rerNMf B
_pOgemTax
KoB 4 HUHeHT COOTHOUeHHR KanHTaAa H 8.00
aKTHBOB2KeAaeMblH YPOBeHb AOXOAHOCTH xanHTaAa 15.00
H peAeAbHaH CTOHMOCTb CpeACTB 10.00
Tpe6yemwMi piamep cnpega
cnpeA x 1 = 0.08 x 0.15cnpeA = 1.20
CTommocT1z cpe.4crT
HIpeAeAbHas CTOHMOCTb CpeACTB 10.00- BeAH'HHa AOXOAHOH CTOHMOCTH KanHTaAa 0.80
- CTOHMOCTb cpeACTB no KpeAHTY 9.20
KomrmomeIrTr crommocTN
CTOHMOCTb cpeACTB 9.20+ onepagHoHHbie pacxOAbl 0.50
+ HaAorH 0.50
= CYMMapHbie pacxOAbl 10.20
+ Tpe6yeMbIif cnpeA 1.20
= CTaBKa no KpeAHTy 11.40
BaHKH B3HMaioT KOMHCCHOHHoe Bo3HarpamAeHHe 3a o6a3aTeAbcTBa npeAoCTaBHTb KpeAHT,
npHiieM aTo KOMHCCHOHHOe BO3HarpaKAeHHe B3HMaeTCR H C HeHcnOAb3OBHHOfi CYMMbU
KpeArra. HanpHmep, KAHeHTy MomeT 6blTb paspeuieHo noAyqaTb KpeAHT no macTRM, BnAOTh
A0 Hc'epnlaHHR Bcei CyMMbi KpeAHTa. IpH BTOM C HenoAy'eHHOH CYMMbl KpeAHTa B3HMaeTCm
KOMHCCHOHHoe BoBHarpamAeHHe B pa3Mepe 0.5% B rOA.
BaHK TaK2Ke MO2KeT BSHMaTb KOMHCCHOHHOe Bo3HarpamAeHHe Ba opraHH3aUHio Kpe4Ara,
oco6eHHo eCAH OH rAaHHpyeT BnOCAeACTBHH npoAaTb ero. ECAH 6aHK cpa3y me npoAaeT
99
Yxpe,zweH'ae PyKoB,60CTB H ilO5bhIIIeHwu yCTR eAbHOCTN K aepemeomm
KpeAHT, OH yAep2HBaeT BCIO HAH nrIOTH BCIO CyMMY KOMHCCHOHHOrO B03Harpa?KAeHHR. ECAH
2Ke OH CnHCblBaeT CyMMy KpeAHTa co cBoero 6aAaHca nocpeACTBOM npOAam2H AOAH pHcKorOBO
yqaCTHR, TO OH npOAOA2aeT AeHCTBoBaTb KaK KPeAHTOP H o6cAymHBaloU H KpeAHT 6aHK. AKaK TaKoBoH, OH B3HMaeT C ApyrHX yqaCTHHKOB KpeAHTa onpeAeAeHHoe KOMHCCHOHHoe
BOSHarpa2KAeHHe. 9To KOMHCCHOHHOe BO3HarpaKAeHHe 3aMeHHeT BOSMO2KHOe yAepmaHHe
HeKOTOPOH iqaCTH npOgeHTHblX nocTynAeHHH, Aa2Ke eCAH HX 6OAbllaR 'iaCTb HAeT ApyrOMy
y4aCTHHKy.
TeHAeHinHH ABH2KeHHR K KOMHCCHOHHbIM BO3HarpaKAeHHnm 6blAa ycHAeHa caMHMH
KAHeHTaMH. KaK-TO KOpnOpatHH corAacHAHCb OCTaBAqTb, cKa2KeM, 5-10% HOMHHaAbHOHCyMMbi KpeAHTa Ha 6ecnpOgeHTHOM Aeno3HTe B 6aHKe, Ha OCHOBaHHH 'ero H onpeeseARAacbCTOHMOCTb KpeAHTa. KoMneHCHpyIoU4He OCTaTKH, KaK npaBHAO, Tpe6oBaAHcb AAR AOCTH2eHHRAByX MeAeH: yBeAH'eHHB AOXOAOB no KpeAHTHblM onepagHHM, CHH2KaR 3aTpaTbl Ha HXqpHHaHcHpOBaHHe, H npeAoCTaBAeHHH 6aHKy KoMneHcaUHH 3a TO, MTO paHbilue HBAHAOCb6ecwAaTHOii ycAyroH.4 3 TaKasi npaKTHKa npHBeAa K TOMy, WTO 6aHKH Ha'aAH nePHoAHqecKHB3bICKHBaTb C KAHeHTOB AeHbrH TOrAa, KOrAa OCTaTKH Ha CMeTax 6bIAH HeAocTaTo'Hbl AAA
noAAep2KaHH.l KpeAHTHOH (PyHKXHH HAH (pyHKUHH oKa3aHHA yCAyr, HAH o6oHx. B npogecceneperoBOpOB, 3aeM14iHKH npe4AOA2HAH BMeCTO 9TOrO nAaTHTb KOMHCCHOHHOe BO3Harpa2KAeHHe3a Te ycAyrH, KOTOpbie paHblule npe4OCTaBAaAHCb 6ecnAaTHo. B CTpaHaX c 6oAbllOHi BeAH'HHOH
pe3epBHbIX Tpe6oBaHHH, KoMneHCHPYJoI1He OCTaTKH yBeAHqHBaAH CTOHMOCTb KpeAHTOB3aeM11HKOB 6oAbmue, 'eM OHH yBeAH4HBaAH AOXOAbi 6aHKa. TaKHM o6pa3oM, B3HMaHHe rlAaTbi
C 3aeMJgHKOB qepe3 npOgeHTHy1O CTaBKy 6oAee 8cXIeKTHBHO H 6oAee AelmeBo KaK AAI 6aHKa,TaK H AAR 3aeMUJJHKa.
KOHMenUHH onpeAeAeHHH CTOHMOCTH, Ha3bIBaeMaf pa3BR3bIBaHHe , 3aCTaBHAa MHorHe6aHKH npOBeCTH nepeogeHKy CBOHX yCAyr. CeroAHH npaKTHqeCKH 3a KamAyjo yCAyry 6aHKHB3HMaKOT KOMHCCHOHHOC BO3HarpamAeHHe C TeM, TO6bi yAy'IIHTb nOKa3aTeAH AOXOAHOCTH.
TezieHfrH B onipeg4eAeHHHIT CoHoroH Kpe,HT-oB
Ha CerOAHIIIIHHH AeHb, npoAa2Ka KpeAHTa HAH y'aCTHe B HeM H1BAAIOTCH BebCMac(poKycHpOBaHHOfi CTpaTerHeH. Ycnex HAH Heycnex aTOrO npeAnpHHTHR CHAbHO -3aBHCHT OTToro, HaCKOAbKO npogecc onpeAeAeHHH CTOHMOCTH KpeAHTOB 6blA "npHBS3aH K pblHKy. BCBOIO oqepeAb, nporHo3 PbIH4OHbIX yCAOBHfi BAHHeT Ha KpeAHTHyIO AoKyMeHTaUH10, KOTOPaABce 6oAblue CTpyKTypHpyeTCH TaK, 'qTo6bi o6ecneMHTb HaHBbICIIyIO CTeneHb rH6KOCTH npHOnpeAeAeHHH CTOHMOCTH KpCAHTOB. H1pH OnpeAeAeHHbIX o6cTOHTeAbcTBax, KpeAHT,nocTpoeHHbIiH Ha npaHiM-penT, MomeT 6bITb nepeAeAaH Ha Apyryio 6a3oBylo cTaBKy, HanpHMep,CTaBKy no AenO3HTHbXM cepTH(pHKaTaM, Ka3Ha'leHcKHM BeKCeAHM HAH Ha CTaBKY AeHeC2Horo
pbIHKa. I3 aHKH MOryT npe<AAOKHTb onpeAeAeHHbie AbrOTbI no geHoo6pa3oBaHHio 3aeMnjHKaM,eCAH OHH yAyIllUaT CBOH noKasaTeAH no o6OpOTHOMy KanHTaAy H no COOTHIOLueHH!o 3aemHoro Hco6cTBeHHOrO KanHTaAa; H Hao6opoT, OHH MOryT HaAO2KHTb mTpa( npH yxyAIueHHH BTHXnoKa3aTeAefi, yBeAH-iHBaR npeMHH cBepx 6a3oBofi cTaBKH.
43 AmJ noBbiUueHHN npH6biAbHocTH no saiMaM Ha pbIHKax, rAe ycTaHoBAeHbl rOTOAKH no npoUeHTamw,HcnoAbHyIOTCf TaK2e xoMneHcaIHOHHbie 6aAaHcbl. Tax npOH3OUiAO B YIIOHHH H BO MHOrHX ApyrHX cTpaHax.
100
YHpaBAeNNe HHe4NTMMMM pMcKaNN
TexHoAorKnecKoe pa83BHTHe npHBeAO K TOMY, 'ITO y 6aHKoB noSIBHAHCb 6a3bl AaHHb1X AAH1
onpeAeAeHHR TeHAeHgHH H3MeHeHHR CTOUMOCTH KpeAHTOB Ha pbIHKe. 9 TH 6a3bi AaHHbIX
paspa6aTbiBaloTc.q caMHMH 6aHKaMH HAH noKynalOTCH noA KAIOri". CnegHaAbHoe nporpaMMHoe
o6ecne'IeHHe MO2IeT OUeHHTb TOT HAH HHOH nOTeHUHaAbHbIH KpeAHIT no npo(pHAio KpeAHTHOrO
HHCTPYMeHTa H KAHeHTa. apyrHe nporpaMMb1 cnoco6Hbi noAAep&HBaTb nepeogeHKy no
pbIHO'IHbIM geHaM. BaHKH HcnOAb3yIOT nepeoMeHKy no pb1HO'IHbIM geHaM AAA MHOrHX MeAeH,
Ho B riepByio o'epeAb, AAR onpeAeAeHHR geHbl OTAeAbHb1X KpeAHTOB HAH nOpTqpeAeH
Bo3o6HoBAHeMbix KpeAHTOB. lepeogeHKa nopTqieAeH AOA2Ha npoH3BOAHTbCR no KpaiHeH mepe
pas B roA. B npogecce ee OCyIeCTBAeHHsi 6yAyT BbiSBAeHbi KpeAHTbi c 3aBbIiueHHOH H
3aHHmeHHOfi CTOHMOCTbIO, a TaKme KpeAHTbi C npaBHAbHO onpeAeAeHHOHi CTOHMOCTbIO. ECAH
CTOHMOCTb 3aBbllleHa, TO 6aHK, eCAH OH 3aHHTepecoBaH B pa3BHTHH B3aHMOOTHOtuIeHHH C
KAHeHTOM, AOA2ICH CHH3HTb geHy. 5 aToro MoryT 6biTb BHeCeHb1 COOTBeTCTBYIOUgHe
nOnpaBKH B KpeAHTHY1O AoKyMeHTaUH10.
ECAH me 6aHK BblIBHA KpeAHTbI C 3aHH2KeHHOH CTOHMOCTblO, TO 3AeCb BO3HHKaeT PHA
npo6AeM. KaK, HanpHMep, y6eAHTb (HHaHHCOBOrO AHpeKTopa KoMnaHHH yBeAHqHTb pacxoAbl no
(PHHaHCHpOBaHHlo, KorAa KpeAHTHaA AoKyMeHTalHR He Tpe6yeT aToro? MO0HO AH
npeAocTaBHTb KaKHe-AH6o HeKpeAHTHbie yCAyrH, KOTOpbie npHHeCyT KOMHCCHOHHblH AOXOA,
KoMneHcHpy1OuMHH noTepH 6aHKa? CMomeT AH 6aHK B BHAe KOMneHCaUHH 3aBblCHTb CTOHMOCTb
6yAyugHx KpeAHTOB? CMo2KeT AH 6aHK o6paTHTbcH K 'yBCTBY cnpaBeAAHBOCTH KAHeHTa HAH
nOTpe6oBaTb rH6KOCTH? AOAmeH AH 6aHK HaCTaHBaTb Ha yAep'aHUUKH KOMneHCHPY OuHX
OCTaTKOB Ha cieTe? IIpH pa3peuieHHH BTOH CHTyaLIHH H nposlBAHeTcH OnbIT H yMeHHe
COTpyAHHKOB 6aHKa, KaK npH npe[Ao2KeHHH HOBblX aAbTepHaTHB, TaK H npH BeAeHHH
neperoBopOB.
HlepeoieHKa no pblHO'IHOH CTOHMOCTH Ba2KHa, eCAH 6aHK Bb1CTynaeT B KaqeCTBe AoMa1IuHero
6aHKa KAUeHTa. TepMHH AOMalUHHH 6aHK OSHaqaeT, 'TO no mepe pocTa nOTpe6HOCTeA KAHeHTa,
AOAmHa BO3paCTaTb cnoco6HocTb 6aHKa yAoBAeTBoprTrb aTH nOTpe6HOCTH. H Aame eCAH POCT
KAHeHTa o6roHReT pOCT 6aHKa; 6aHK AOA2KeH 6blTb B COCTORHHH AaTb nO3HTHBHblfi OTBeT, eCAH
OH XOmeT COXpaHHTb CBOH OTHOlueHHH C KAHeHTOM Ha npe2KHeM YpOBHe. HanpHMep, eCAH AAR
paCIIHpeHHH npOH3BOACTBa KAHeHT 3anpauIHBaeT KpeAHT 6 OAblllHH, meM 6aHiK HMeeT npaBo eMy
npeAOCTaBHTb, TO 6aHK AOA2KeH o6paTHTbCR K ApyrHM 6aHKaM C npeAAomeHHeM O COBMeCTHOM
(PHHaHCHpOBaHHH, %ITO nO3BOAHT 6aHKy BbilnOAHHTb npOCb6y KAHeHTa, He Hapyla.9 AHMHTOB
KpeAHToBaHHR. BaHK AoroBapHBaeTcl 0 COBMeCTHOM (3HHaHcHpOBaHHH AH6o 3apaHee, AH6o npH
BOSHHKHOBeHHH B BTOM HeO6 XOAHMOCTH C ApyrHM 6aHKOM HAH rpynnoHi 6aHKoB. CorAacRTcq
HAH HeT ApyrHe 6aHKH cOBMeCTHO (pHHaHCHpOBaTb npOeKT, 3aBHCHT OT TOrO, HaCKOAbKO
ycneluHbiMH 6blAH npeAblAylHe CAeAKH 6aHKa, OT KpeAHTOCnOCO6HOCTH KAHeHTa, CaMOii
CAeAKH H OT gCHbl KpeAHTa.
CNeTeMi, ma6AIoA'eNmf$ Ba oMmmepCieCKrmN Krpc4,TraMH
B pa3BHBa1OUgHXCR CTpaHax 6aHKH HHorAa pa3pa6aTblBamOT, Ho o6 biqHo 3aKynalOT
nporpaMMHoe o6ecne'eHHe AAR OTCAe2KHBaHHM HH(pOPMaUHH H npOBeAeHHS OnepafHOHHbIX
acneKTOB KpeAHTOBaHHS. CHCTeMbl Ha6AIoAeHHA 3a KOMMep'eCKHMH KPeAHTaMH (CHKK)
npeAoCTaBAHioT IIIHPOKH1 Bbi6op HHqopMagHH, HalqHHaH OT THnOB KpeAHTOB, HOBbIX
101
YicpeuAeHHe pyj OBO4CTBBa io BMoiCbrzren UIw 7yBTcHreAbHocrH IK nmepemmeau
o6A3aTeAbCTB H (aKTOpOB geHoo6pa3oBaHHq H 3aKaHqHBaA 6a3aMH pac'ieToB npoMeHTHbixnAaTemeHw, npOCTO'eHHOH 3aAOA2KeHHOCTH H T.A. CHKK MOryT lIpeAOCTaBHTb A*O6yiOHHq)OpMaMHIO 0 KpeAHTaX B pa3pe3e HX reorpa(PHHMecKoi HanpaBAeHHOCTH, OTpaCAHnpoMblUlAeHHocTH, HX THna, cpOKa, o6igero PHCKa 3aeMI_JHKa H MeTO4OB geHoo6pa3oBaHHx, YTOhJo3BoAAeT PYKOBOACTBY sqJXpeKTHBHO OTCAe2HBaTb pHCK. CHKK TaKle cnoco6CTBYIOTHenOCpeACTBeHHOMy npoBeAeHHIo 6aHKoM CBOHX onepagHH - HX HCnOAb3yioT AAx pac'ieTanpogeHTOB H KOMHCCHH, BbICTaBAeHHH CqeTOB KAHeHTaM, Ha6AioAeHHH 3a BbInAaToH OCHOBHOHnaCTH KpeAHTOB H npOgeHTOB nO HHM H AAR H3MeHeHHH npOg,eHTHbIX CTaBOK B OTBeT HaKoAe6aHHH pbIHKa. KpoMe Toro, CHCTeMbI Ha6AioAeHHH 3a KOMMep'eCKHMH KpeAHTaMH MOrYTBbJnOAHRTb q)YHKIHIO MeHTpa no o6H3aTeAbcTBaM KAHeHTa, nO3BOASR KpeAHTHblM COTPyAHHKaM,npeACTaBHTeASIM OTA4Aa KpeAHTHOH AOKyMeHTa4HH H ApyrHM npOBepRTb COCTOAHHe KpeAHTHb1XAHHHH, KOrAa KAHeHT npOCHT oqepeAHyio 'laCTb KpeAHTa.
PYKOBOACTBO 6aHKa CHAbHO 3aBHCHT OT Ka'eCTBa pa6OTbl cHcTeM Ha6AIoAeHHH 3aKoMMepiecKHMH KpeAHTaMH, KOTopble B CBOIO oqepeAb 3aBHC5IT OT Ka'ieCTBa BBOAHMOHHHcpopMaUHH. HOBTOMy KpaHHe Ba2KHO HMeTb PYKOBOACTBa H HHCTpyKgHH, pa3Sb3CHRIOIgHenpo1geAypbl H KOAbl, npHMeHRAIoIHeCH npH 3anOAHeHHH pa3AHRHbIX KAeTOK HCXOAHOH opMbI.,4AA Toro, oTo6bi o6ecneqHTb BbICOKOKaqeCTBeHHbIH BBOA, OTAeA KpeAHTHblX onepagHiHnpOCMaTPHBaeT BCIO BBOAHMyIO B CHKK HHpOpMagHlo B TeqeHHH ARH rnOCAe npeAOcTaBAeHHH,npoBepis nOAHOTY H TOYHOCTb HHq)OpMagH AO Toro, KaK OHa 6yAeT BBeAeHa B cHcTeMy.
OBSY'EHHE
MHOrHe HOBbie HAH noABepriiiHecq nepecTpoHKe 6aHKH o6bimHo noKynalOT KOMneTeHTHblX HonbITHbIX COTpYAHHKOB, KOTOpbie yme AOKa3aAH, Ha 'YTO OHH cnoco6Hbl. BbrnYCKHHKHYHHBePCHTeTOB npHHHMaIOTCH Ha pa6oTy B Ka-ieCTBe CTamepOB H pa6oTaioT noA Ha6AIoAeHHeMOnbITHbIX COTPYAHHKOB. BO MHOrHX pa3BHBaioigHXCcI cTpaHaX, OAHaKO, Cyuj4eCTBYeT OCTpaHHexBaTKa 6aHKOBCKHX KaApOB. HO BTOH npH'IHHe, MBPP npHAaraeT 6oAbmHe ycHAHH noCo3AaHHIO y-ie6HbIX geHTpOB AAA nOArOTOBKH KaApOB. FAaBa 5 nOCBuCeHa o6cy2AeHHIOnOArOTOBKH 6aHxupoB B pa3BHBa1oWHxcSn qHHaHCOBbIX pblHKaX.
O6y"eHHe nepcoHaAa no KpeAHTHbIM Boripocam RBAHeTCM o6HsaHHOCTbIO OTAeAa noKpeAHTHoH nOAHTHKe H Ha6AioAeHHio. 06yIeHHe BeAeTcSI oribITHbIMH COTPYAHHKaMH 6aHKa,HMeoIgHMH onbIT nOArOTOBKH nepcOHaAa. KpeAHTHbIH H aAMHHHcTpaTHBHbie oTAeAbIOnpeAeAHIOT TeMy o6y"eHHA. 4&A 'ITeHHH pa3OBbIX AeKUHH H pa36opa KOHKpeTHbIX npHMepOBnpHrAaSiaHrOTcM cnegHaAHCTbl H3 ApyrHx oTAeAoB. HlepBOHa'iaAbHoe o6yqeHHe COCTOHT HBAeKBHH, ynpamHeHHH H AoMaWIHHX 3aAaHHH Ha 3A4 MecCIga, B Te'eHHe KOTOpbiX o6y"aeMbNeyYaTCH npOBOAHTb KoMnroTepHSOBaHHblIH aHaAH3 (pHHaHCOBbIX OTWeTOB H paCC'iHTbiBaiOTCOOTBeTCTBylOUJHe KO84XpHgHeHTbi. O6y'iaeMble npH aTOM AOAMHbI HMeTb 6a3oBbIe 3HaHHe noq)HHaHCOBOMy y4eTy.
Ha BTOpOM aTane o6y"eHHA o6yqaeMble npOBOAqT aHaAH3 peaAbHOH qpHHaHCOBOHOTqeTHOCTH, pa6oTaH nOA Ha6AIoAeHHeM npo(peCCHOHaAbHbIX KpeAHTHbix aHaAHTHKOB HcnegHaAHCTOB nO KpeAHTOBaHHIO. Kpe4HTHO-aHaAHTH'ecKaA (FYHKUHH ABAAeTCAI o6beKTHBHofi.FIPH aHaAH3e OUeHHBaiOT q)HHaHcoBoe nOAO2rCHHe 3aeMJJHKa Ha AaTy OT'ieTa, BbISIBAAJOT
102
YMipaieame pe4nTnhiMrN prNCKr
npH'iHHbI npoHsoui1eAuIHX 3a oTqeTHbiHi nepHOA H3MeHeHHHi, CpaBHHBaiOT noKsaTeAH
Ae4WeAbHOCTH 3aeMUgHKa C nOKa3aTeARMH AeHTeAbHOCTH ero KOHKypeHToB H A"woT nporHos.
aTOT aHaAH3 noMoraeT KpeAHTHbIM COTpyAHHKaM npHHHMaTb peuleHHM.
O6y'qaeMbie noceuqaioT BMCCTC C COTpyAHHK MH 6aHKa KAHeBTOB, MTO, no MHeHHIO MHOrHX
6aHKoBi, HBASeTCH CygeCTBeHHb1M sAeMeHToM npogecca o6y"eHHR. AH'IHOe noceueHHe
nO3BOAReT SanOAHHTb Pa3pblB memAy o66beKTHBHbIM oTAaAeHHblM aHaAHsoM H noAy'IeHHoMi B
xoAe BH3sra cy6,beKTHBHoAi HHq)opMaUHefi. HlocAe nepHoAa (qOpMaAbHOrO o6yqeHHH, CTaflepOB
HanpaRAR1OT B OTAeAbi KpeAHTOBaHHH C TeM, -ITo6 bI noA pyKOBOACTBOM onbITHbIX COTPYAHHKOB
OHH BbinoAHRAH onpeAeAeHHbIe BcnoMoraTeAbHbie ()yHKUHH H npHo6peTaAH HaBblKH pa6oTbi.
HocTeneHHo OHH noA"'aioT noArOTOBKy no BeAeHHIO AeA H KOHTaKTHPOBaHHIO C KAHeHTaMH.
B IIOCTOHHHOM CTpeMAeHHH noAAep2KaTb HAH YAY'lUMHTb Ka'ieCTBO pa6oTbl nepcoHaAa, 6aHmH
OT6HpaioT HaH6OAee OAapeHHbIX COTPYAHHKOB H npeAOCTaBARIOT HM BO3MO2KHOCTH AaAbHeiiiuero
BHyTpeHHerO HAH BHeuiHero o6y'ieHHH, nOArOTOBKH, H nPOABHmeHHR no cAy2K6e. BaHKH TaK2Ke
CTapaYOTCR npHBAe4b OAapeHHbIX cnegHaAHCTOB Ms ApyrHX HHCTHTyTOB. HeAOBenecKHfi
noTeHUHaA - STO CyIUHOCTb 6aHXoBCXoro AeAa, H npeycneBaiou4He 6aHKH npH3HaioT, wTO
OCHOBy HX npOjBeTaHHR COCTaBAReT BbICOKOKBaAH(PHgHpoBaHHblH H MOTHBHpOBaHHblH
nepCOHaA.
3AKAIOMEHHE
06sop npoUecca ynpaELAeHHR KpeAHTHbIMH pHCKaMH 6blA HanHCaH B nepHoA, KOFAa
npOHCXO4HAH 6OAbflHe nepeMeHbi. BoAee TOrO, B pa3AHqHbIX CTpaHaX cyugeCTByIO' pasAH4Hbie
o6biqaH H npaKTHKH BeAeHHR 6aHKoBcXHx onepagH,i paSAHMHa CTpyXTypa 6aHKOB H
6aHKOBcXHx cHCTeM. HoaTomy aTy rAaBy cAeAyeT paCCMaTpHBaTb C yqeTOM CylgeCTBYIOl HX
HeonpeAeAeHHoCTei H HMeCoutHx MeCTO M3meHeHHH.
CTpyKXrypa H pa3Mepbi 6aHKoB, ieAH MX AeHTeAbHOCTH H o6cTaHoBKa, B KOTOpOfi OHH
pa6oTaioT, pasHOo6pasHbl. Pa6oTa 6aHKoB Mo2KeT 6blTb BblcoKoaBTomaTH3HpoBaHa H cAo0KHa,
HAH TpyAOeMKa H H npeAAaraTb BeCbMa MaAblfi Ha6op HHCTpyMeHTOB H yCAyr. Ilx nepcoHaA
MomKeT pa6oTaTb, HCnlOAb33yR AAM paC'ieTOB KOMnIbIOTCpbl HAH HOCHTb seAeHble Ko3b!pbKH AAR
3auprTbi rAa3 H nOAb3OBaTbcH 6yMarofi H pyqKofi. B HX FHAHaAax Moryr pa6oTaTb ABa
'eAOBeKa, CHAHIJHX B AeHApoBepe, a MoryT H COTHH, o6cAymHBamouHx 'acTHbIx KAHeHTOB
iepes CLTb KaCCOBbiX annapaToB.
FOMHR o6 BTOM, MO2HO cKasaaTb, TO PaCCMOTpeHHbie HaMH acneKTbi pa6oTbl 6aHKOB
npHMeHHMbi B IHHpOKOM CMbICAe npaKTHqecKH K Aio6oMy 6aHKy, XOTHI H He nOAHOCTbiO K
Ka^2KOMy KOHKpeTHOMy 6aHKy. OAHaKO HMeHHO BTH aCneKTbl CAeAyeT paCCMaTpHBaTb npH
co3AaHHM HAH npOBeAeHHH OUeHKH pa6oTbl rpeAHTHOrO OT4eAa 6aHra. KoHe'Ho, KamAbiii 6aHK
6yAeT nlOArOHmTb KpeAHTOBaHHe K CBOHM noTpe6HOcTRM H Bo3Mo2KHocTaM AA TOro, 'IT0 6 bl
npeAAaraTb ycAyrH H rIpOAyXTbl, OTBeIaXOilgHe nOTpe6HOCTHM pbIHKa. Ho TeM He MeHee, BCe
6aHXH AOA2KHbl BecTH CBOIO KpeAHTHylO AeSITeAbHOCTb, OCHOBbIBaRCb Ha CAeAlOWUJHX
npHHUHnaX:
* ,eAb KpeAMTa AOA2KHa 6blTb pasyMHofi;
103
YapeolesA e p weOBOHOB MewAg O oRCTN7TeAba0cTN K epe rea
* 6aHK AoA2KeH rAy6oKO H3yHTb H IlOHHTb BO3MO2KHOCTH H nOTpe6HOCTH IAUeHTa, aTaKme ero ccpepy H pblHKH AeRTeAbHOCTH;
* 6aHK AOA2KeH yAOCTOBepHTbCH B TOM, wTO KpeAHT MOmeT 6blTb nOraiueH B TeYeHHeyKasaHHoro nepHoAa BpeMeHH;
* 6aHK AoAmeH yAocToBepHTbCM B TOM, 'TO OH He nOHeceT 3HaqiHTeAbHbIX y6NTKoB B
CAyqae, eCAH 3aeMUgHK 6yAeT Hecnoco6eH noracHTb CBOH o6 H3aTeAbCTBa;
* 6aHK AoA2KeH 6blrb nOAHOCTbIO yBepeH B 3aeMigHKe.
ECAH 3aeMIjHKoM RBAeTCR 6aHK, TO y Hero AOAmHa 6blTb AocTaTo'HaA KaIHTaAbHaR 6aM,ero AHKBHAHOCTb AOAMHa 6blTb npHeMAeMOH, a PYKOBOACTBO - rpaMoTHbIM, H PHCKH,
UpHCyUgHe ero KpeAHTHOMY nopTqleAio, AOA2KHbi 6 blTb B npHeMAeMbiX npeAeAax. KpoMe Toro,
npHeMAeMbiMH AOA2KHbl 6 blTb ypoBeHb AOXOAHOCTH 6aHKa, rIPHHgHnbi y'eTa, oco6eHHooTpa2KeHHe AOXOAOB H npo6AeMHbIx KpeAHTOB, Kpyr KAHeHTOB. (OH He AOAmeH 6birb
H36blTOHO Y3KHM H He AOA2KHO CyLUeCTBOBaTb CAHIMIKOM MHOro "oco6blx" B3aHMooTHoueHHf
Me2KAy 6aHKoM H KAHeHToM).
BaHKH AOAmHbI Tu1aTeAbHO cAeAHTb 3a npogeccom ynpaBAeHHR KpeAHTaMH H
npeAnPHHHMaTb Mepbl no nOBblIuIeHHio ero Ka'eCTBa. MbI HaAeeMcI, 'TO aTa rAaBa B BTOM
cMbIcAe 6yAeT noAemHoH. HHme npHBoASUcH TpH npHAo2KeHHR - BOnpoCHHKH, KoTopbIe Mo2KHo
HCnOAb3OBaTb npH npOBeAeHHH peryAHPYIOHHMH OpraHaMH B 6aHKe OgeHKH upoMeccaynpaBAeHHH KpeAHTHbIMH pHCKaMH. BaHKH MOryT HCnOAb3oBaTb aTH BOnpocNHKH npH
npOBeAeHHH caMonpoBepoK. 4 4
44 Tpe6oBaMi B OTHOmeHHH HIHBOpMaBHUH, SaAomeHHbie B BTHX BOrIpOCHHKaX, lpeBbIaIOT no o6bemyHH(POpMaUH10, KOTopaS MOmeT 6 blTb nlpeAOCTaBAeHa 6es cneUHaAbHoHi IOArOTOBKH BO MHOrHX 6aXapa&BHBaioWHxcR cTpaN. TaKasA HH4OpMBRR samiHa AAS DBaseeHHoro ynpaBAezm. KpeATaMH. FlosToMy cnHcKcMoryT o6ecne9HTh noAe3Hoe pyKoBoAcTBo AAR pSBHTHH CHCTCM ynpaBAdeH9ecKoA HHpOpMaHH llpH ynpaAemUKpeAHTHbIMH pHCRKaMH.
104
YnpaAeHANe KpeigNIJV7WM pFCJNCa
llPHAomEHHE A. METOAbl OUEHKH nPOUECCA YnPABAEHHH HOPT'PEAEM
OgeHKa Ha-iHHaeTCH Co c6opa HHqpOpMaljHH:
1. 3anpocHTe OTqeTbl O HH2KeCAeAyiOigeM:
a. IlpocpoqeHHbie KpeAHTbl. OT'leT AOAmeH BKAIOMaTb B ce6si:
* OAHOPa3OBbie nAaTe2KH, npocpoOeHHbie 6oAee, qeM Ha 30 AHeH;
* KpeAHTbl, no KOTOpblM nAAaTem2H OCyUeCTBARIOTCR qepe3 onpeAeAeHHbIe
HHTepBaAbi, H KpeAHTbl, no KOTOpbIM npOMeHTHbie nAaTe2KH npocpoieHbi 6oAee,
qeM Ha 30 AHeH.
OTlqeTbi AOA2lKHbI COAepmaTb, KaK MHHHMyM, CAeAy4olgylO HHq)OpMaUHIO:
* HaHMeHOBaHHe AOA2KHHKa;
* nepBOHa'iaAbHy)O CYMMY KpeAHTa;
* npeAOCTaBAeHHYIO CYMMY KpeAHTa;
* AaTy BbIAaqH KpeAHTa;
* AaTy noramueHHR;
* YCAOBHH KpeAHTa;
* 9HCAO npOCpOxeHHbIX nAaTemeH.
6. 06eL.MaHHbie KpeAHTbI H nOTeHiHHaAbHbie o6a3aTeAbCTBa;
B. KpeAHTbi, o6ecneqeHHbie geHHbIMH 6yMaraMH ApyrHx 6aHKoB, a TaK2Ke npaBaMH,
HHTepeCaMH H nOAHOMO'HSIMH CCyAHO-C6eperaTeAbHblx aCCog,HagHH;
r. CAyqaH npeAOCTaBAeHHI KICAHTOB COTPyAHHKaM, pyKOBOACTBy, argHoHepam 6aHKa
H cBH3aHHbIM C HHMH AHgaM;
A. CAyqaH nlpeAOCTaBAeHHR KpeAHTOB COTPYAHHKaM H pyKOBOACTBY ApyrHX 6aHKoB, a
TaI.me aKrHOHepaM 6aHKoB-KoppecnoHAeHwoB.
2. FIocTapafiTeCb lOAyq'HTb CAeAy[OUlIYO HHqMOpMaUH1O 0 POAH HlpaBAeHHR 6aHKa:
a. KIonHio C H3AO2KeHHeM npHUHnHOB KpeAHTOBaHHR;
6. AaHHbIe o TOM, CyI1eCTByeT AH nOCTOHHHbliH KOMHTeT no Ha6AIoAeHHIO 3a KpeAHTHOH
AeRTeAbHOCTblO;
B. KonHH OTqeTOB, npeAOCTaBAReMbIX Ha 3aceAaHHMx IpaBAeHtH 6aHKa;
r. CnHCOK pyKOBOjARero cocTaBa 6aHKa, ero aKuHoHepoB H CBI3aHHbJX C HHMH AHU;
A. CnHCOK CnHCaHHbIX KpeAHTOB, KoTopbIe 6blAH BHOBb BHeCeHbl B KHHrH yqeTa C
oAo6peHHu AHpeKTOpOB.
3. nonbITakHeCb nOAY3qHTb KOnHH nOCAeAHHX OTMqeTOB, nPeACTaBAeHHbIX KpeAHTHOMY
KOMHTeTy.
4. COCTaBbTe o6 3op 0 KpeAHTHOH nOAHTHKe 6aHKa H 6 oAee BHHMaTeAbHO ocTaHoBHTeCb
Ha npHHUHnaX aTOH nOAHTHKH B OTHOiuIeHHH:
a. pacnpeAeAeHHH KCpeHTOB no KaTerOpHHM;
6. reorpaqpHmecKHx AHMHTOB KpeAHTOBaHHR;
B. AHMHTOB KpeAHTOBaHHH OAHOH OTpaCAH npoMbillAeHHOCTH;
r. pa3pelUeHHbIx HAH meAaembix noKa3aTeAeH COOTHOiueHHR npe4OCTaBAeHHblX
KpeAHToB H ApyrHX cTaTeH 6aAaHca;
4. nOAHOMO'HM KOMHTeTOB H nepcoHaAa 6aHKa no npeAoCTaBAeHH[O KpeAHTOB;
105
YJxpeiJ7eHHe p7K080eCTa H nOUhIIIeIHM 'y87CnMeAhHOCTNJ Jr HepeMeCHaH
e. Bcex 3anpeiqeHHbIX THnOB KpeAHTOB;
2K. MaKCHMaAbHbIX CPOKOB norauleHH no1 paSAHqHbJM THnaM KpeAHTOB;
3. CTpyKTypbi npo0geHTHbIX cTaBoK;
H. MHHHMaAbHbIX CyMM B noralueHHe pa3AH-lHbIX THnOB KpeAHTOB;
K. npHHH1HnOB OgeHKH 3aAora, BKAIOqaR:
* pa6oTHHKoB, HMe1oJgHx npaBo npOBOAHTb o0eHKy;
* CTOHMOCTb, no KOTOpOH OgeHHBaoTCSq npHHHMaeMbJe B KaqeCTBe o6ecneCeNHHS;
pa3AH-lHbie BHAbI Co6CTBeHHOCTH;
A. Tpe6oBaHHH K qpHHaHCOBOH HH1pOpMaUHH no pa3AHqHbIM THnaM KpeAHTOB;
M. npHH]gHnOB noKynKH geHHb1X 6yMar;
H. npHHUHnoB npeAoCTaEBAeHHH KpeAHToB aKUHOHepaM, COTpyAHHKaM, PYKOBOACTBY
6aHKa H cBa3aHHbIM C HHMH AHlgaM;
o. npHHH1HnOB onpeAeAeHHR KpeAHToCnoco6HOCTH Aio6oro HHCTHTyTa HAH KAHeHTa, OT
'qbero HMeHH 6aHK BbInOAHqeT nepeBoA CpeACTB.
5. BzlllO.&rnrre CAe4YIO4He iuarH B OTHOIIIeHHH npOCpOqeHHbIX KpeAHTOB:
a. CpaBHHTe CAeAy1OJIHe AaHHbie C ,eAblO BbiHBAeHHH A106biX MaTepHaAbHbIX
HecoOTBeTCTBHH:
* Ta6AHUbi npocpoqeHHbIX KpeAHTOB, noAyqeHHbie Ha 3Tane l.a
* npeACTaBAeHHbie IpaBAeHHIO OTTqeTbI O npoCpo0eHHbJX KpeAHTaX
* CnHCOK KpeAHTOB, PaCCMaTPHBaeMbIX PYKOBOACTBOM 6aHKa KaK npo6AeMHbie
* npeACTaBAeHHbie peryAHPYIOJgHM opraHam OT'ieTbi O npOCpoqeHHbIX KpeAHTaX
6. IpocMoTpHTe npeACTaBAeHHbie HpaBAeHHIO oT'ieTbl o ripocpoqeHHbIX KpeAHTax H
onpeAeAHTe, AOCTaTOqHO AH OHH AeTaAbHbl AAR flpOBeAeHHI OUeHKH 2RaKTopoB
pHCKa
B. CocTaBbTe oTLeT o6 o6ujeg cyMMe npocpo0eHHb1X IeHHbix 6yMar.6. FponBeAH 6eceAbi C PYKOBOACTBOM oTAeAa, 0geHHTe KaleCTB0 H KOMneTCHUH1O
riepcoHaAa KpeAHTHoro oTAeAa 6aHKa C T04KH 3peHHa ero:
a. YPOBHR o6pa3oBaHHocTH;
6. onbiTa;
B. yqaCTHR B nporpammax nOBbIIIIeHHR KBaAHcpHKagHH;
r. MeTOAOB 06yqeHHH;
A. ypOBHH H Ka'eCTBa KOHTpOAH.
7. HcnoAb3ys pe3yAbTaTbI 6eceA c nepcoHaaom 6aHKa, HMeloUJHecR oT'eTbi, Ha6AioAeHmm,
HCCAeAOBMHHH H T.A., npoaHaAH3HpyATe BeCb npogecc o0eHKH H o63opa KpeAHTOB
BHyTpH 6aHKa. OnpeAeAHTe:
a. MeTOA oT6opa KpeAHTOB;
6. cnoco6 aHaAH3a KpeAHToB;
B. cIopMy npeACTaBmeMbiX OT4ieToB;
r. HCnOAb3OBaHHe pe3yAbTaTOB COOTBeTCTBY0UJHM nepcOHaAoM 6aHKa;
A. CYU4eCTBY!OT AH npo0eAypbi CAe2KeHHM 3a co6AioAeHHeM Toro, ZITO 3aeM4HmK
Bb1noJAHSeT YCAOBHH KpeAHTHoro AoroBopa;
e. Aio6bIe cy1geCTBY1OfLHe B 6aHKe orpaHHqeeHHI Ha pa6oTy nepcoHaAa,
3aHHMalouerocst o63opoM KpeAHToB;
106
YiipaaieHrne Jpe.4ArMNNMN PHCEraMr
2K. no AOCTH2KeHHH KaKOH KAaCCH(PHKaUHH KpeAHT Ha4HHaeT paCCMaTpHBaTbCR KaK
npo6AeMHbiii;
3. npo4eAypbi, nocpeACTBOM KOTOpblX KpeAHT YAaA5leTCR H3 cnHcKa npo6AeMHbIX
KpeA4HrOB.
FPHAO?KEHHE S. YIPABAEHHE KPEAWfHbIMH PHCKAMH: BonIPocbi no
BHYTPEHHEMY KOHTPOAIO
CAeAaHre o63op cHcTeMbl KOHTpOAH, MeTOAOB H npoMeAyp ynpaBAeHHH KpeAHTHbIM
nopTq(eAeM 6aHKa. BcH CHCTMea AOA2KHa 6blTb 3aAoKymeHTHpoBaHa H AOA2LHa coAepm2aTb
TOqHb1e OnHCaHHS, CXeMbl, KOnHH HCnOAb3YeMbiX 6AaHKOB H ApyryiO HeO6XOAHMyIO
HHcpOpMaUH1o.
1. HIpHHRAO AH npaBAeHHe 6aHKa, B COOTBeTCTBHH CO CBOHMH o6H3aHHocTAMH,
nHCbMeHHbliH AoKyMeHT, coAep2KaJgHH inOAHTHKY H -3aAaqH ynpaBAeHHR nopTqpeAeM
KpeAHToB, KOTOpbliH:
a. yCTaHaBAHBaeT flpHHUHnbI OnpeAeAeHHR KaTerOpHH KpeAHToB: KOMMepqeCKHe, noA
HeABHKMHMOCTb H KpeAHTbl C noraieneHHem no iaCTHM?
6. yCTaHaBAHBaeT reorpa(pHqeCKHe AHMHTbl KpeAHTOBaHHH?
B. YCTaHaBAHBaeT AOnIrCTHMoe COOTHOIIIeHHe MemAyc CyMMOH npeAocTaBAeHHbX
KpeAHTOB H cyMMaMH ApyrHX CTaTeH 6aAaHca?
r. ycTaHaBAHBaeT nOAHOMOqHR no npeAOCTaBAeHHIO KpeAHTOB KoMHTeTaM H
COTpyAHHKaM 6aHKa?
A. OnpeAeAAeT AOnYCTHmb1e THnbi KpeAHTOB?
e. ycTaHaBAHBaeT MaKcHMaAbHbIe CpOKH, Ha KOTOpbIe MoryT BblAaaBTbCH Te HAH HHbIe
BH4bl KpeAHTOB?
2m. yCTaHaBAHBaeT MeTOAbl onpeAeAeHHS CTOHMOCTH KpeAHTOB?
3. yCTaHaBAHBaeT MeTOAbl OUeHKH KpeAHToB?
H. yCTaHaBAHBaeT MHHHMaAbHO Heo6xOAHMblH AA npeAocTaBAeHHi KpeAHTa o6 beM
(PHHaHCOBOH HHq)OpMaUHH?
K. yCTaHaBAHBaeT AHMHTbl H npHH]AHnbi noKynKH UeHHbIX 6yMar?
A. YCTaHaBAHBaeT npHHUHnbi rIpeAOCTaBAeHHH KpeAHTOB pyKOBOACTBy, COTpyAHHKYaM,
aKIqHoHepaM 6aHKa, a TaKme CB13aHHbIM C HHMH AHUaM?
M. yCTaHaBAHBaeT npo°eAypbi noraiueHHH KPeAHTOB?
H. onpeAeAReT npaBa H o6n3aHHoCTH KpeAHTHOrO KoMHTeTa H COTPyAHHKOB KpeAHTHOro
OT4eAa?
O. YCTaHaBAHBaeTw ieAH ynpBAeHHR KpeAHTHb1M nOPTceAeM, BKAIOLiR CAeAYIOUJHe
acneKTbl:
* KOHMeHTpaUHR KpeAHTHbIX BAomeHHH B OAHOH OTpaCAH npoMbrulAeHHoCTH?
* Heo6xOAHMOCTb npHBAe'ieHHR KoMneTeHTHorO H OnblTHOro nepcoHaAa?
* o6laTeAbcTBa nepeA o6ugecTToM H HX o6cAymHBamHe?
* BO3Mo2KHbIe KOH(AHKTbl HHTepecOB?
107
YxpeiIesHe pxwmoa Crca H moImHiCuNLm qIywc NTeAzbHocrHTNr izepeMeraiif
2. CepeCMaTpHBaJOTCH AH XOTH 6bl pa3 B rOA n1pHHUMHIbI yIpaEBAeHHS KpeAHTHbiM
nopTlpeAeM C TeM, mTo 6 bi npHBeCTH HX B COOTBeTCTBHe C H3MeHHBLUHMHCR yCAOBHRMH
Ha pbIHKe?
3. FpeAcTaBAueTc.R AH HpaBAeHHlo 6aHKa HAH KOMHTeTaM (yKa2rHTe KaKHM) XOTR 6bl pasB MeCHig CAeAyioia34H HHqpOpMaUHH:
a. npOCpOseHHbie pa3oBbie nAaTeC2Hble o6a3aTeAbcTBa (yKa2KHTe TaKme KOAH'ieCTBO
npocpoxeHHblx AHeH))?6. o6a3aTeAbcTBa, no KOTOpbiM npOCpOe'Hbi TOAbKO npOUeHTHbie nAaTe2KH (yKa2HTe
TaKme KOAHMeCTBO nlpOCpOqeHHb1X AHeH)?
B. KpeAHTbl, no KOTOpbiM npocpo'eH XOTH 6bl OAHH noramiaioUHH nAaTem (yKamHTe
TamK2e KOAH%ieCTBO lIpOCpOqeHHb1X AHeH)?
r. o6uan CyMMa KpeAHTHbIX o6sl3aTeAbcTB?
A. CnHCOK KpeAHTOB, Tpe6yioJgHx oco6oro BHHMaHHH?
e. cnHCOK HOBbIX, BO3o6HoBAeHHbIx H PCCTPYKTYPHPOBaHHbIX KpeAHTOB?
4. HpenAe qeM OTreTbi nlpeAOCTaBAAIOTCH FpaBAeHHIO 6aHKa HAH KoMHTeTaM,
npOBep5IlOTCH AH OHH CnegHaAbHbIM COTpyAHHKOM Ha npeAMeT BO3MO2mHbIX OIMH60K H
nponycKOB?
5. Tpe6yeTcJ AH npeAocTaBAeHHe B nHCbMeHHOH (popMe 3aHBKH Ha Aio6ofi KpeAHT?
6. 4ep2KHT AM 6aHK xpeAHTHbie AOCbe no BCeM 3aeMI1HKaM?
7. CoAepmaT AH KpeAHTHbie AOCbe HHcIOPMagHIo 0:
a. geAHx KpeAHTa?
6. rpa(pHKe ero norameHHH?
B. HanpaBAeHHRX HCI1OAb3OBaHUH AOXOAOB OT Hero?
8. Tpe6yeT AH 6aHK, MTo6bi 3aeMJIHKH, qbe o6ecneqeHHe no KpeAHTaM HeAoCTaTOqHO HAM
TPYAHO peaAH3YeMO Ha pbIHKe, nePHOAH4eCKH npeAOCTaBAHAH B 6aHK CBOIO
qHHaHCOBYIO oTqeTHOCTb?
9. 4ep2HuT AH 6aHK OTAeAbHOe AOCbe C 3aHBKaMH Ha nOAy'eHHe H TeKyigeH qHHaHCOBoUoT"eTHoCThiO?
10. Tpe6yeT AH 6aHK npeAOCTaBAeHHR eMy npoayAHpOBaHHOH (qHHaHCOBOH oTheTHOCTH B
3aBHCHMOCTH OT CYMMbl KpeAHTa?
11. FpOBOAHT AH 6aHK H3yqeHHe HOBbIX H CyUgeCTBY!OI4Hx XAHeHTOB, nOAaBUJuX 3aHBKY Ha
noAy'ieHHe KpeAHTa?
12. IlpeqCTaBAsiioTcR AH BCe KpeAHTHb1e o6n3aTeAbcTBa B nHCbMeHHOH q)opMe?
13. FepecMaTpHBaIOTCH AH H o6HoBAunoTcC KpeAHTHbIe AHHHH XOTH 6bl pas B roA?14. IpoBepsnoTCs AH HenoramlleHHble o6gsaTeAbCTBa 3aeMiCHKOB npe2KAe, meM OHH
nOAy'aiOT AOnOAHHTeAbHbie KpeAHTbI?
15. KaKoBbi npogeAypbi 6aHKa npfH npeAoCTaBAeHHH KpeAHTOB, KOTOpbie o6ecne'ieHbl HAH
6yAyT o6ecneqeHbl Ha 25/% a&KiHRMH Apyroro (HHaHCOBorO HHCTHTyTa?
16. CyujeCTByeT AM B 6aHKe CHCTeMa BHyTpeHHerO KOHTpOAR KtamAoro oTAeAa (aTa
(YHKUHH MO2KeT BbInOAHRTbCR OTAeAOM BHyTpeHHerO ayAHTa), CeARMH co.AaHHRKOTOpOH HBAHIOTCHI:
a. nepenpoBepKa paC-leTOB CyMM npoMeHTOB, CKlHOK H AaT noramIIeHHH;
108
YnpameHNe EpeIHTHMMH pHncK&K
6. nepenpoBepKa Bcex o6R3aTeAbCTB H HX BbinIOAHeHHR, BKAIOMaR BCo Heo6xoAHmyo
AoKyMeHTagHio;
B. onpeAeAeHHe npaBHAbHOCTH HcnOAb3OBaHHS nOAHOMOqHH no npeAOCTaBAeHHIO
KpeAHToB;
r. npoBepKa nlpaBHAbHOCTH COCTaBAeHHS AoKyMeHTaUHH, HeO6XOAHMOH AAR
npeAOCTaBAeHHR KpeAHTa;
A. npoBepKa co6AIoAeHHA AHMHTOB KPeAHToBaHHR;
e. npOBepKa npaBHAbHOCTH COBeplueHHbiX 6yxraATepcKHx npOBOAOK;
mK. npoBepKa O(POPMAeHHH AoKyMeHTaUHH, KacaioJLeAcH BbInAaTbi npogeHTOB H CpOKOB
noraiueHHs;
3. BbI6opo4Hafl npoBepKa o6ecne'eHHq H KpeAHToB.
17. CylgeCTByeT AH B 6aHKe CeKTOp Ha6AioAeHHR 3a KpeAraTMH?
18. OTAeAeHa AH CIyHKrHH inpeAOCTaBACHHH KpeAHTOB OT CYHKUHH KpeAHToBaHHH?
19. HpeAcTaBARIOTCH AUi nepBbie peSyAbTaTbi pa6oTbl aToro ceKTopa KOMHTeTy HAH
COTPYAHHKy 6aHKa, KOTOpblIH He3aBHCHM OT KpeAHTHOH (PyHKUHH?
20. OcyugeCTBAAeTC.R AH Ha6AioAeHHe 3a BCeMH KpeAHTaMH, npeBblIulaWoJHMH
OnpeAeAeHHbIH ypOBeHb?
21. lpeAAaralOT AH caMH COTpyAHHKH KpeAHTHoro oTAeAa ocyUeCTBARTb oco6oe
Ha6AIoAeHHe sa TeMH HAH HHbIMH KpeAHTaMH?
22. Ho KaKOMy MeTOAy, KpOMe yKa3aHHbIX B nn 21, 22, Bbl6HpaioTcH KpeAUTbi AAA
oco6oro Ha6AioAeHHR?
23. IHPOBOARTCSI AH o63opbl Bcex o6AacTefi KpeAHTOBaHHA XOTb pa3 B rOA?
24. CyuMeCTByeT AH CHCTeMa onpeAeAeHHR H HaAomeHHR CaHK%HH Ha COTPYAHHKa, KOTOpbiU
yMbIuilAeHHO npenRTCTByeT npoMeccy Ha6AioAeHHH 3a TeM HAH HHbIM KpeAHTOM?
25. BHOCHTC% AH nepHoAHqeCKH H3MeHeHHR B cnHcorK npo6AeMHblx KpeAHTOB 6aHKa?
26. ,epmHT AH 6aHK CnHCOK C yKa3aHHeM Tex KpeAHTOB, KOTOpbie 6biAU nOABeprHyTbi
oco6oMy Ha6AioAeHHIO H o6 30py (c yKa3aHHeM AaTbi npOBeAeHHR o6sopa H
npHCBOeHHorO KpeAHTHorO peiTHHra) ?
27. rOTOBHT AH CeKTOP Ha6AioAeHHR 3a KpeAHTaMH o6ocHoBaHrH npHCBOeHHR TorO HAH
HHoro peHTHHra?
28. XpaHsTcSI AH pe3yAbTaTbi npOBeAeHHb!X KpeAHTHbIX o630poB Bce BMeCTe HAH no
KpeAHTHbIM Aocbe?
29. CyigeCTBYIOT AM npoMeAypbi nocAeAyiouero BHoCCHH 063opHblX MeMOpaHA3MOB B
COOTBeTCTBYIOUJHe KpeAHTHbie AoCbe?4 5
30. CyugeCTByeT AH 3anpeT COTpyAHHKaM 6aHKa Ha xpaHeHHe HesanoAHeHHoi HO
nOAnHCaHHOH KpeAHTHOH AOKyMeHTaUHH?
31. Bo3Bpau4aloTcA AH aHHYAHPOBaHHbie UAH onAaqeHHble o65I3aTeAbCTBa KAHeHTaM cpasy
nOCAe HX a.HHYAHPOaHH HAH onAaTbl?
32. Tpe6yeTcH AM noAyieHHe paCnUHCKH OT KAHeHTa B CAyqae nOAy'eHMH HM maCTH KpeAwTa
HaAHqHbIMH?
45 lpHMe9aHHe: nn 17-29 OTHOCITC K n 17 rIpHAomerH A "MeToAbl oUeHIU npogecza ynpaBAecm
nOpTqAeM".
109
YzpellAeHNe py8oaoxc8aa N HmOAMwiemm YJyBc1rW0AbHocTH A mepemenm
33. XpaHHTCHi AH KpeAHTHaH AoKyMeHTajHR cTporO B COOTBeTCTBHH C iopHAHqecKHMH
Tpe6oBaHHIMH H nOAHTHKOH nO XPaHeHHIO AOKYMeHTOB?
34. MHKPOqtHAbMHPYIOTCA AH HOBbIe o6asaTeAbcTBa emeAHeBHO? HAH 8TO AeAae'rcR KaK-
AH6 0 HHaqe?
35. KaKoBa CHCTeMa Ha6AIOAeHHR H KOHTpOAR 3a HpocpoqeHHbIMH KpeAHTaMH?
36. CyujeCTBYIOT AH B 6aHKe Ta6AHMbI CTaHAaPTHbIX npOgeHTHbIX CTaBOKi no TeM HAH
HHbIM THnaM KpeAHTOB?
37. FepecMaTpHBaloTcJR Al STH Ta6AHUbl? Kax macTO?
38. HacKOAbKO AeTaAbHO 6aHX XpaHHT HHpOpMagHIO H AOCTaTo0HO AH ee AAA COCTaBAeHHxoTqeTa o:
a. CTOHMOCTH CpeACTB, [ipeAocTaBAeHHb1X B KpeAHT)
6. CTOHMOCTH o6CAymHBaHHR KpeAHTOB, BKAIO'aR HaKAaAHb1e pacXoAbi?
B. CTOHMOCTH qpaKTOpa BO3MOmHbIX y6blTKoB?
r. nAaHHPYeMOM pa3Mepe mapm2K npH6blAH?
39. HpoBOAUT Al 6aHK HCCAeAoBaHHS KpeAHTyeMbIX HM OTpacAci npoMbIuAeHHOCTH?
40. 3aOqeHme: CqHTaeTCR AH BbliuIeHa3BaHHaH HH(FOpMaUHS AoCTaTOqHOH Am OeCHIH
CHCTCMbl KOHTpOAH 6aHKa? T.e. CYU KCTBYOT AU KaKHe-AH6o ApyrHe npogeAypbl
BHyTpeHHerO ayAHTa, KOHTpOAH 3a BeAeHHCM y'leTa H T.A., KOTOpbIe MOrAH 6blnOAOpBaTb ymKe CYICCTBYIOYO CHCTeMy KOHTPOAR HAUA YCHAHTb HMelOUHeCH
HeAOCTaTKH?
[IP4AO2BEHHE B. I1POBEPKA KPEAh1THOA KYAbTYPbl
XOTSi cama no ce6e KOHCen1lUHl KpeAHTHOH KyAbTypbi nBAReTCS AOBOAbHO pacriAbmsaTofi,
CYHTaeTCH, 'ITO HMeHHO YPOBeHb KpeAHTHOH KyAbTypbl onipeAeAHeT KameCTBO aKTHBoB. IoA
BTHM nOHHTHeM nOHHMalOT COBOKYnHOCTb nOAXOAOB 6aHKa K ynpaBAeHHio KpeAHTHbTMH
pHCKaMH, BKAIO'IaR AcAOBy1o cTpaTerHllo, KpeAHTHNYO nOATrHKY, OCHOBbl KpeAHTOBaHSI,
aqcXeKTHBHOCTb cBR3eH, COCTaB H Ka'ieCTBO KpeAHTHOrO nOpTe. IlepeqHcAeHHbIe HHme
BOnPOCbl nOAe3Hbl AAA nOHHMaHHI KpeAHTHOH IKyAbTypbi 6aHKa.
Kpe,MNMJVWN IOpTIJeAh
a XOTHI cpaBHeHHe He BcerAa Bo3Mo2KHo, HO BCe me, KaKOBbl CYMMbl KpeAHTHbWX
nopTq)eAeH y 6aHKOB-KoHKypeHToB, HX cAa6bie H CHAbHbIe CTOpOHbl?
* BO3MOflHbl AH KaKHe-AH6o 6bNcTpbie HMeHeHHSI Ha PbIHKe?
* AocTaTo'HO AH AHBepCH(IHUHPoBaH KpeAHTHblH nOpTq)eAb? 4 TO npOH3wAAeT, eCAH yKpeAHTyeMbiX 6aHKoM KpyUHb1X 3aeMUjHKOB, OTpaCAeH npOMblUIAeHHOCTH HAH npO'IHX
cerMeHTOB B03HHKHyT araKue-AH6o CAO2KHOCTH? AHBePCH(pHUHPOBaH AH nOpTq)e.Ab no
reOrpaq)lHqecKoMy npH3HaKy, no BaAIOTaM, nO CpOKaM H nO KpeHATHbIM HHCTPYMeHTaM?
* KaK 'iacTo nPOBOAHTCR o63opbl KCpeAHTHOrO nopTq?
* OTpamaeT Al CUCTeMa ynpaBAeHieCKOH HHqOpMaaUHH OpraHH3a4UHOHHYO KoH(PHrypaUmo
H COCTaB nopTq,%R?
* HaCKOAbCKO 'IYBCTBHTeAbHbl COTPYAHHKH KpeAHTHOrO OTAeAa K UHKAaM KOHbIOHKTypbl,
OTpaCAH H 8KOHOMHKH?
110
YHpaBueHHe IcpeANTHMMrNH pHCJ(aM
* IIOMHRT AM COTPYAHHKH npoiuAbie ypOKH?
* RBAxeTc'R AH nOAHTHKa 6aHKa B ccpepe yxieTa KOHCepBaTHBHOM; npOH3BOARTCR AH
cnHcaHHH KpeAHTOB TOAbKO noCAe npH3HaHH.R Hx 6e3HaAe2HocTH?
* HOHMmalOT AH COTpyAHHKH KpeAHTHoro oTAeAa Bcex ypOBHeM npHBep2KeHHOCTh
PYKOBOACTBa 6aHKa K noAAep2maHHIO BbICOKHX KpeAHTHbIX CTaHAapTOB?
* KaKHM o6pa3oM nlpHHUHnlbi KpeAHTHOM IIOAHTHKH 6aHKa AOBOARTCH A0 ero
COTpyAHHKOB BCeX ypOBHeM?
* KaK BOCnpHHHMaeTCH q)yHKUHH KpeAHTHOHi nOAHTHKM? IOHHMaeTCsI AM OHa?
* 5IBAHeTcJ AH KpeAHTHbIi annapaT 6aHKa eAHHbIM geAb1M?
* Cy11eCTByeT AH HaCTOAbHaH cnpaBO'IHaR KHHra Am COTpyAHHKOB rpeAHTHoro annapaTa
C TeM, sTo6bi OHH roBOPHAH Ha o6 ujeM fl3blKe?
* HoHMmaeT AH KamKAbif COTPYAHHK 6aHKa, sTO OT Hero/Hee Tpe6yeTcH H nOHHMaeT AH
OH/OHa TO, KaKoe BAHMHHe MoryT OKa3aTb HX pemleHHM Ha BeCb 6aHK?
* B npoMecce npeAoCTaBAEeHH KpeAHTa Bce AK HCHO noHmMaioT, seM Ka2KAbiH AoA2KeH
3aHHMaTbC51?
* Pa3pa6aTblBaeTcR AM riOCAeAOBaTCAbHbIH CTHAb H nOAxOA ICK KpeATOBaHHIO?
lOAONTHra H cTpaTergz
* KamHe CTpaTerHseCKHe BO3MO2KHOCTH Bbi6opa CyigeCTBYIOT B AaHHOH CHTyaMHH?
KaKoBbI KOHKypeHTHbie npeHmyueCTBa 6aHKa? FpaBHAbHa AH CTpyKTypa 6aHKa?
YcTaHoBAeHbI AH rpa(HKH AOCTHM2eHH. nOCTaBAeHHbIX CeAeCH?
* lpaBHAbHO AH onpeAeAeHbi pblHKH H npaBHAbHO AH Bb16paHbl H ocyu cTBARIoTcR
noAxoAbi?
* HacKoAbKo UHMpOKO HCfioAb3yeTcH MeTOA OT6opa geAeBbIX pbIHKOB?
* FPHHHMalOT AH y"aCTHe B npogecce nAaHHpOBaHHR AeHTeAbHOCTH 6aHKa COTpyAHHKH,
pa3pa6aTbiBaBuIHe ero KpeAHTHylO nOAHTHKy? OgeHHBaIOT AH OHH CTeneHb pHCKa Toro
HAH HHOrO cerMeHTa pbIHKa?
* IBAIIOTCR AH KOHTPOAHPYIOIHMH (paKTOpaMH nepCneKTHBbl pa3BHTHR H geAOCTHOCTb
KpeAHTHoH cHcTeMbi 6aHKa? YAoBAeTBOpsuOTc.i AH nOAHOCTbIO nIOTpe6HOCTH pb1HKa B
KpeAHTaX?
* ECTb AH CBHAeTeAbCTBO TOrO, sTO TOT HAH HHOH COTpyAHHK 6OAbuxe AyMaeT o ce6e
CaMOM, 'eM O 6aHKe?
* BblAM AH yCTaHOBAeHbi npHHMIHnbi KpeAHToBaHHH TOH HAH HHOH OTpaCAH?
* KaK MOTHBHpYIOTCH, OgeHHBaHOTCH H BO3HarpamAaIOTCH COTpYAHHKH 6aHKa?
* Cyu;eCTByeT AH opraHH3agHOHHaf pa3ApO6AeHHOCTb B cq)epe KpeAC4ToBaHHsi?
* 3
c!KpeKTHBHa AH yHKUHI KpeAHTHOH nOAHTHKH?
* XopouIo AM 3aquHtieHa HHCTHTYI;HOHaAbHaA KpeAHTHaH aTHKa H CyUgeCTByeT AM
CneUMaAbHaM nOAHTHKa?
* CyyeCTBYIoT AH nOCTOAHCTBO B KpeAHTOBaHHH? HpHAep2KHBaeTCA AH 6aHK
CTaHAapTHOH H pasyMHoH nOAHTHKH?
1o4r0oBowra maxpOB
* CyjeCTByeT H noAAep2KHBaeTCA AH npHopHTeT nOAroTOBKH KpeAHTHbIX KaApoB?
ill
YjirpeilAeJe pJy0o50ojera o noBwueHa. qyBCrrTTAhHOCeV K ifepememav
* CyUeCTBYIOT AK npOrpaMMbl rIOArOTOBKH KpeAHTHbIX KaAPOB Ha ypOBHe 6aHKoB H
OTAeAOB? 3 q)JeKTHBHbl AH OHH?
* KTO 3aAeHCTBOBaH CO CTOPOHbi npenoAaBaTeAeH? 4A% 94JXeKTHBHOH y'e6bi Hym2Hbi
TaAaHTAHBbie AIOAH. ECTb AH TaKHe CpeAH BaiunHx npenoAaBaTeAeH?
* BblAH AH ycTaHoaAeHbI KPHTePHH Heo6xoAHMbIx HaBb1KOB AAm COTpyAHHKOB KpeAHTHOro
OTAeAa Ha HaqaAbHOM, CpeAHeM H CTapuieM ypOBHe? FPHHHMaACH AH BO BHHMaHHe
OnbIT pa6oTbl?
* KaKOB CpeAHHH BospaCT COTPYAHHKOB KpeAHTHOrO oTAeAa?
* Ha nCPBOM aTane o6yqeHHHs npeAAaraeTCH AH BceM o6yqaeMbiM, He3aBHCHMo OT
o6AaCTH, B KOTOpOH OHH pa6oTaloT, TaKHe npeAMeTbi, Kxa 6yxraATepcKHwH yeT,
cPHHaHCbi KopnopaHH', BKOHOMHxa, KpeAHTHblIH aHaAH3 H fIOAXOAbI K KpeAHTOBaHHio?
HpO;geCC rpeATOBamHI
* CyJIJeCTByeT AH CHCTCMa Ha6AioAeHHS 3a OTKAOHeHHHMH OT npogecca no mepe Hx
BO3HHKHoBeHHH ?* HMeeTca AH OnHCaHHe npogecca KpeAHTOBaHHq OCHOBHblX o6AacTeii B BHAe cxeMbl?
HIpoBepHeTcsi AH peryAHpHo ero co6AioAeHHe?
* AOCTaTOqHO AH KBaAH(PHIHpOBaH nepcoHaA AAm pa6oTbl B pa3AH-!HbiX cerMeHTaxpbIHKa? BeAeTcH AH Ha6AioAeHHe 3a KoMneTeHUHeH pe3yAbTaTaMH AeHTeAbHOCTH BcexCOTPYAHHKOB Ha Bcex ypOBHSIX?
* OnTHMaAbHO AM HcnOAb3ylOTCA cnoco6HOCTH COTPYAHHKOB?
* COOTBeTCTBYIOT AH npaBHAa H MeToAbi KpeAHToBaHHM opraHH3agHOHHOH CTpyKType?
* HacKOAbKO UeAecoo6pa3Hbi riopyieHHbie TeM HAH HHbIM coTpyAHHKaM 3aAaHH%?
* HeT AH Hs6bITO9HOfi poTaMHH?
* BoBAeqeHbl AH B npoMecc KpeAHToBaHHR COTPYAHHKH, ocyigeCTBAffio1gHe Ha6AioAeHHe
3a pa6oToii COTpyAHHKOB KpeAHTHorO OTAeAa, H o6a3aHbl AH OHH npeTBOp5Tb B 2KHSHb
BbICOKHe KpeAHTHbie CTaHAapTbI H AHCUHnAHHy? PaCCMaTPHBaiOT AH OHH BTO B
AOAroCposHOH nepcneKTHBe HAM nOAAalOTMH KpaTKOCPOIHbIM co6Aa3Ham? 4eAerHpyior
AM OHH CBOH nOAHOMOMHH B KpeANTHOH o6AacTH?
* CylecTByKYr AH MHHHMaAbHbie CTaHAapTbl AAR KpeAHTHbIX 3aRBOK?
* MoryT AH COTPYAHHKH KpeAHTHoro OTAeAa MbICAHTb KpeAHTHbIMH KaTeropHIMmH?
* Hlo4oTqeTHbl AH COTpy4HHKH KpeAHTHOrO oTAeAa?
* BbISBAMIOT AH COTPYAHHKH KpeAHTHOrO OTAeAa BO3HHKaioujHe npo6AeMbl Ha Bce
100%?* OleHHBaeTc.! AH XOTH 6bl pa3 B rOA KaqeCTBO pa6oTbl KpeAHTHbIX COTPyAHHKOB?
* BbInoAHxeTc9 AH pa6oTa no cnaceHHIo KpeAMTOB AeHCTBHTeAbHO KoMneTeHTHbiMH
COTpyAHHKaMH?
Ay,grn* 14TO BKAiOqaeT B ce6s ay4HT? OcyujecTBA&eTcM AH peryApSHa. npoBepKa
COOOTBeTCTBHM onepagHH 6aHKa KpeAHTHOH nOAHTHKH, CTPaTerFH H flaHaM
AeMTeAbHOcTH?
* Kax qacTo oBeHHBaIoTcM npaKTHKa, npoUeAypbi, o6uee BeAeHHe AeA H nOpT"3eAH
KpeAHTHOrO OTAeAa 6aHKa?
112
YupaAC.ieAwe KpediNMMMNF p9CKaMN
* HacKOAbKO XOpOI1O Ka2AaR CTpyXTYPHa eAHHHUa nlOHHMBeT CBOU pbIHOK, BeAeT
neperoBopbi no RpeAHTaM, AOKyMeHTHPYeT H BblAaeT HX, a TaKme ynpaBAReT CBOHM
nopT)eAeM, BKAioq)aH npo6AeMHblf?
e KaK o6CToHT AeAO C nOArOTOBXOi K8aApOB?
* HeT AH H-36biToMHoH pOTagHH?
* fIBAS WCR AH ayAHTOpbi AeHCTBHTeAbHO KOMnleTeHTHbIMH H OlblTHbIMH COTpyAHHKaMH?
113
ijiI
4. YHPABAEHHE 4DHHAHCAMH
nHTep 4DaAAerrH
MorysHe CHAbi aKTHBHO (POpMHpyIOT CpeAy, B KOTOpOH (PyHK%HOHHpyioT 6aHKH, BHAbI
6aHKOBCKHX ycAyr H HX onepagHH. BO MHOrHX CTpaHax apa BKOHOMHqecKoro peryAHPOBaHHB
Ha4HHaeT YCTynaTb nepeA TeXHH'eCKHM nporpeccoM, npHBaTH3aUHeH npoMbiIIIAeHHOCTH,
(pHHaHCOBbIMH HHHOBagHSIMH, HHTepHaUHOHaAH3aUHefH TOprOBAH H (PHHaHCOB,
AeMorpapHqeCKHMH cABHraMH, KOTOpble Bbl3bIBaioT H3MeHeHHH B xapaKTepe ycAyr, o2KHAaeMbix
mOTpe6HTeAmMH. 3
TH CHAbl BMCCTe C BKOHOMH'eCKHM AeperyAHpOBaHHem 6aHKoBcKofi CHCTeMbl
6pocaloT Bbl3OB TpaAHUHOHHbIM MeToAaM 6aHKoBcKoro ynpaBAeHHs. HeAaBHee HccAeAoBaHHe
xoAa nepeCTpoHKH 6aHKoB B 10 cTpaHax rIOKa3aAo, MTO ()HHaHcoBaH AH6&paAH3agHSI BHAaCb
BamKHOH npeAnocbIAKOH B Ka2KAoM H3 10 CAyqaeB.4 6
aTH BbIBOAbl OTHIOAb He yMaARIOT
MHorosHCAeHHbIX AOCTOHHCTB qHHaHCoBOH AH6epaAH3aUHH, cKopee OHH noA'iepKHBaloT
3Ha'ieHHe pefpOpM B nOAHTHKe H HHCTHTYIHOHaAbHbiX nepeMeH, KOTOpbIe AOA2KHbl
COnyTCTBOBaTb HM. Ba2KHeuman peipopMa B nOAHTHKe 6aHKoBcKoro AeAa 3aKAIOqaeTCH B
yKpenAeHHH peryAHpOBaHHH Ha OCHOBe 3ApaBoro CMbICAa no mepe oCAa6AeHHA peryAHpoBaHHs
mepe3 aKOHOMHMeCKHe MexaHH3Mbl. 4 7 MHOrHe Ba2Hbie BHyTpeHHHe peqpOpMbi, 2KH3HeHHO
Heo6xOAHMbie 6aHKaM, MTo6bl CipaBHTbCH C H3MeHHBIUHMHCR BHeCIIHHMH yCAOBHRMH,
cocpeAOTO'ieHbI B o6AacTH ynpaBAeHHI CpHHaHcaMH.
CTPYKTYPHblE H3MEHEHHR B CPE4E BAHKOBCKOrO OKPY?HEHHH
BaHKH BO MHorHx CTpaHax HCTOpH9CCKH AeHCTBOBaAH rloA 3aSIHTHbIM 30HTHKOM
aKOHOMH'eCKOrO peryAHpOBaHHH, KOTOPOe flOOulpHeT pOCT, nIpeflSITCTBYeT pa3BHTHIO
KOHKypeHgHH H noAAep2KHBaeT npH6bIAbHOCTb onpeAeAeHHbIX cIHHaHCOBbIX HHCTHTyTOB. XOTH
peryAHpoBaHHe Mo0eT 3alqHTHTb mH3Hecnoco6HOCTb 6aHKOBCKOHi CHCTeMbl, OHO TaKme Mo2KeT
nOAaBHTb CTpeMAeHHe K CHH2teHHIO 3aTpaT nO qpHHaHCOBbIM ycAyraM H HHHOBagHRM.
HanpHMep, Tpe6oBaHHR K YCTaBy H KanHTaAy 6aHKa KOHTpOAHpyIOT BXOA B AaHHyio OTpaCAb,
co3AaBaH 6apbepbi AAA HOBbIX KOHKypeHToB; orpaHHmeHHH B o6AaCTH OTKpbITHR HOBbIX
OTAeAeHHH H (PHAHaAOB H B Bonpocax AHBepcH(pHKaUHH AeHTeAbHOCTH nfpen5rTCTBYIOT
KOHKypeHUHH; MOHOnOAHH npOAYKUHH npeAOCTaBAHeT KOHKypeHTHbIe npeHMylgeCTBa OTAeAbHbIM
46 3, LWeHr 1990a.
4 LeAb BKOHOMH'ieCKOro peryAHpOBaHHh COCTOHT B yAy'iineHHH ynpaBAeHHR H paSBHTHR 3KOHOMKH H
BbinOAHeHHR COUHaAbHbIX 3aAaM. OT4eAbHbie npHMepbi SKOHOMH'IeCKOrO peryAHpOBaHHJ H HX 3sMaqH BKAIO'iaIOT
Tpe6oBaHHI no nOAAep2KaHHio O6nsaTeAbHbIX pesepBOB AAA KOHTpOAR sa cosAaHHeM AeHer, npnmoe
KpeAHTOBaHHe CoUHaAbHOrO H BKoHoMHmeCKOrO pa3BHTHR, a TaK2me HaAorH no pa3AHHHbiM cAeAKaM, '1To6bl
npaBHTeAbCTBO HMeAO KaKHe-TO nocTynAeHHR. H Hao6opoT, UeAbiO pa3yMHOrO peryAHpOBaHHA JIBAAeTCH
o6ecne'ieHHe HaAe2KHOCTH OTAeAbHbIX q)HHaHCOBbiX HHCTHTYTOB H BCeH q)HHaHCOBOH CHCTeMbl B jeAOM.
[IpHMepaMH MOryT CAYMHTb AHMHTbl Ha pHCK OTAeAbHOrO saeMIIHKa, rpynnbl HAH CeKTOpa; HHCTPYKUHH no
AOCTaTO9HOCTH KanHTaAa H AHKBHAHOCTH; npaBHAa no KAaCCH(PHKaUHH KpeAHTOB, CO3AaHHIO peSepBOB OT nOTepb
H npeKpaIIeHHIO HamHCAeHHA npoUeHToB.
115
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CTaBOK AaeT npeHmylgeCTBeHHoe nOAO?KeHHH ApyrHM OpraHH3agHHM.
H1 XOTH HeKOTOpbIe CyU4eCTBY1OIIAHe y'pe24eHHs MOrYT nOAy'IaTb onpeAeAeHHble BblrOAbI OT
TaKOrO nOAO2KeHHH Beulje, peryARTHBHaH 3aJgHTa HapyiuaeT pacnpeAeAeHHe pecypCOB BHYTpH
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peryAHpOBaHHeM, nOTOKH c6epemeHHii H HHBeCTHUHOHHbie peuieHHH B BKOHOMHKe HCnbITbJBaiOT
3HaxHTeAbHoe BAHSHHe CO CTOpOHbl npoUecca peryAHpoBaHHi, a He pbJHOqHbJX MexaHHSMoB.
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pyKOBOAHTeAeH (PHHaHCOBbIX yqpe2KAeHHH. 3TH HeAOCTaTKH CTaHoBHTcH OqeBHAHbIMH no mepe
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(PHHaHCOBbIX onepagHH. TexHoAorHi TalK2e MOmeT CHH3HTb 3aTpaTbl H y2KCTO4HTb BXOA B
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H3MeHHeT OCHOBHYIO HanpaBAeHHOCTb (HHaHCOBbIX ycAyr, Tpe6yeMbIX HHAHBHAyaAbHb1MH
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6oAee Mo6HAbHbIM, KaK B03paCTalOT paCCTOBHHSI OT AoMa Ao MeCTa pa6oTbI H yMeHbWlaeTCH
KOAH'eCTBO BpeMeHH, KOTOpOe MO0KHO 6b!Ao 6bl nOCBSTHTb peiuieHHIo AeA, cBa3aHHbIX B AI06oH
qpopMe C (PHHaHCaMH. BIoAee BbICOKHH YPOBeHb (pHHaHCOBblX yCAyr, OKa3biBaeMbix HaceAeHHIO,
nOTpe6oBaA OTMeHbl peryAHpoBaHHHI, KOTopoe 6AaronpHsTcTByeT qpHHaHCOBOMy yqpe2KAeHHio 3a
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HpHBaTH3agHR CHH2KaeT 6pemH rOCyAapCTBeHHorO CeKTOpa AAR BKOHOMHKH, co3AaeT HOBbie
pHHaHCOBbie BO3Mo2KHOCTH AAA (pHHaHCOBbIX yqpe?KAeHHH H H3MeHReT XapaKTePHCTHKH
KpeAHTHoro PHCKa BHOBb npHBaTH3HPOBaHHb1X npeAnpHRTHli.
HHTepHaUHoHaAH3aUHR TOprOBAH H q(HHaHcoB: npoAoAKaeTCT ycKopeHHe HHTerpaCIHH
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npoBeAeHHe onepagHH KaK B pa3BHTbIX, TaK H B pa3BHBaIOlJHXCH CTpaHax. POCTTpaHCHaUHOHaAbHOH AesTeAbHOCTH npOMbilHAeHHbIX, ceAbCKOXOSHHCTBeHHbIX H KOMMep'iCCKHX
(HpM HAeT napaAAeAbHO C pOCTOM cpHHaHcOBb1X (PHpM no mepe Toro, KaK OHH nb1TalOTCH
OKa3bbBaTb q)HHaHCOBbie yCAyrH KAHeHTaM H3 CBOeH CTpaHbi B TOM MCCTe, rAe HX KAHeHTb1
BeAYT CBOH AeAa. TaKas AeHTreAbHOCTb oKA3biBaeT AaBAeHHe Ha Bce cTpaHbl, 3aCTaBARA Hx
CHHMaTb orpaHHleHHH Ha BXOA H BeACT K 6oAbumeii rapMOHH3aIHH 3aKOHOAaTeAbHoro
peryAHpOBaHHR.
116
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HCnOAb3OBaTb HHHOBaUHOHHbie (lHHaHCOBbie CPeACTBa H nPHeMbi AAR YAOBAeTBOpeHHR
noTpe6HocTeHi B KpeAHTaX H AHKBHAHOCTH He TOAbKO KpynSHbIX 3aeMlIJHKOB, HMe}Ol4HX BbICOKHH
peHTHHr, HO TaKme H UeAbiX CeKToPOB BKOHOMHKH. B COeAHHeHHbIX LLTaTaX KoMMepCeCKHe
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yme1HbuiaTb cnoco6HOCTb OTAeAbHOrO npaBreTCAbCTBa nPOBOAHTb He3aBHCHMbIH KOHTpOAb HaA
YPOBHeM npoUeHTHoH CTaBKH H KypCOM o6MeHa BaAIoT, 8TH CTaBKH 6yAYT nOABepraTbcH
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CTPYKTypbI 6aAaHca H BO3MO2KHOCTeH HcnOAb3OBaTb rnpHeMbI UHHaHCOBOrO xeAmHPOBaHH5i (B
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pbIHKa), TaK H C TOqKH 3peHHu HHCTHTy!HOHaAbHOH OCHOBbl (KoMMeplecKHe 6aHIKH H
HHBeCTHUHOHHbIe 6aHKH). OHH cloco6CTBylOT BXO2KAeHHIO B HHAYCTPHIO pHHaHCOBbiX yCAyr
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qpHHaHCHpOBaHHe, B CBOIO oMepeAb, yBeAWqHBalOTCR no Mepe BBOAa HOBbIX HHCTpyMeHTOB. B
AOnOAHeHHe, HOBbIe HCTO'HHKH npH6bLAH co3AaioTc.l 3a npeAeAaMH cyugecTByIoujero
peryAHpoBaHHM.
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mHE)OpmwMHH o saeMuJHKax, a TaJme sO3MomHOcTH npoAaBaTb 8TH eAHHHIbl Ha aKTHBMiOM pblHlKe. KamAbiiH Hs
*THX 4 axTopoB yBeAuwumaeT 2KeAa"He HepHpHaHCOBbIX HHCTHTyToB npmiTm y'acTHe B npoyecce ceKbI0pHTH3aUHH,
KOTOpblI Ao6aBUseT aKTHBHocTh H rAy6HHbi pbIHKY AaHHb1X jeHHbiX 6yMar. POCT CeKbKOPHTH3aaHH MOmKeT
slaTpoHyTh npH6bIAbHoCTb H npojHAb plHcKa qwHaHconorO HHcTHTyTa. flocxoAbKy ceKblOpHTHo3BaHHblf ioar
o6bImHO o6XoAHTcS BbICOKO KaqecTBeHHbIM 3aeMIuHKaM AeuleBAe, qeM KpeAHTbl, noAy'eHHble y KoMMeplecKxHX
6aHKoB, 6aHKH BblymAei4bi cHHmaTh cBOH cTaBKH KpeAHToBaHHS, wT06 b 6blTb B COCTORHHH KOHKypHpOBaTh 3a
nepBoKaccHbix KAHeHTOB. 3
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117
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YIIPABAEHHE 0PHHAHCAMH HA PA3BHBAIOIUHXCR QHHAHCOBbIX PbIHKAX
,4o HeAaBHero BpeMeHH ynpaBAeHHe ()HHaHCaMH He HMeAo oco6oro 3Ha-IeHHI AARcPHHaHcoBbix PbIHKOB pa3BHBaiOU4HXCR CTpaH. HlpoUeHTHbie CTaBKH q)HKCHPOBaAHCbMOHeTapHb1MH BAaCTIMH, CTpyKTypa (HHaHCOBb1X HHCTpyMeHTOB qaCTO yCTaHaBAHBaAaCbsapaHee, (fHHaHCOBbIe pblHKH oTAH'laAHCb MaAoH rAy6HHoH H CTeneHbio aKTHBHocTH, 6aHKaM Hepa3peWlaAocb BeCTH onepagHH B HHOCTpaHHOH BaAIOTe, nAaHHpOBaHHe 6biAo oqeHbnOBepXHOCTHblM H OTHOCHTeAbHbIM, T.K. 6aHKH o6AaAaAH orpaHH'ieHHOH aBToHoMHocTbio, aHa1HOHaAbHbie CTaHAapTbl y'eTa He Tpe6oBaAH TOH cTeneHH paCKpbITHM HHqOpMaUHH, KOTOpaHno3BoAHAa 6bl oUeHHTb npH6blAbHocTb HAH AOCTaTo'HOCTb KanHTaAa.
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UEAH H MACIUTAb YnPABAEHHH 0PHAHCAMH
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YnpasAeHHH (pHHaHcaMH B 3HaqHTeAbHOH cTeneHH IOKYCHpyeTCH Ha ynpaBAeHHH pHCKOM.XOTH (pYHKUHR ynpaBAeHHR (pHHaHCaMH He OTBeCaeT HCKAIOqHTeAbHO 3a ynpaBAeHHe BceMH6aHKoBCKHMH pHCKaMH, OHa HrpaeT UeHTPaAbHYIO pOAb B onpeAeAeHHH, ycTaHoBAeHHH o6beMa,OTCAeMHBaHHH H rLAaHHpOBaHHH aqxeKTHBHoro ynpaBAeHHR pHcKOM. K CaMbiM BaMHbIMpa3HoBHAHocTRM AeAOBOrO pHCKa 6aHKa, [OMHMO KpeAHTHOrO pHCKa H pHCKa MOilleHHHqeCTBa,OTHOCATCA pHCKH npOAyKTa, pbIHKa, nOTpe6HTeAR, TeXHOAOrHqeCKHe pHCKH H (pHHaHCOBbiepHCKH.
PHCKH npOAyKToB, PbIHKOB H noTpe6HTeAH BO3HHKa[OT B pe3yAbTaTe AeRTeAbHOCTHKOHKypeHTOB H 3aKoHoAaTeAeH, a TaKffle BCAeACTBHe H3MeHeHHH o6i_eAeMorpa(pHqecKoroxapaKTepa H o6ujero pa3mepa pbIHKOB. [lpHeMAeMOcTb H npH6blAbHocTb npOAYKTOB AaHHOrOKOHKpLTHOrO npeAnPHHTHR MO2KeT 3Ha'HTeAbHO MeHHTbCH B pe3yAbTaTe BTHX q)aKTOpOB.HanpHMep, BBeAeHHe C'eTOB A HII (AoroBOpHblH nopHAOK H3THH) B c6eperaTeAbHbzx KaccaxB CWUA BbiHyAHAO KOMMepeCcKHe 6aHKH pa3pa6oTaTb noAo6Hyio ycAyry HAH OKa3aTbcR nepeAAHUOM ApaMaTHqeCKOrO COKpaIeHHH AOAH pbIHKa.
118
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ycneuIHoH KOHKypeHEHH. KpoMe TOrO, TeXHOAOrHH MOmeT 6 bITb npHMeHeHa B CHCTeMax
o6pa6oTKH HH(POpMaUHH H ycAyr CpHHaHCOBb!MH yMpe2KAeHHMMH AAR CO3AaHHi KOHKypeHTHOrO
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o6HoBAfUICb H KOppeKTHpyBCb, AOA2KeH peaAH3OBbIBaTbCR Yepe3 emerOAHbl 6ioAmeT H niAaH
MeponpHMTHH (CM. rAaBy 2 "HAaHHpoBaHHe").
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COBeplllaAHCb TOAbKO caHKHOHHpOBaHHble onepagHH (CBonbi, OpBapAHbie
KoHTpaKTbi, aKKpeAHTHBbI) H npH BTOM OTCAem2HBaAOCb KaYeCTBO aKTHBOB,
AHKBHAHOCTb, npOgeHTHbie H BaAIOTHbie PHCKH, co3AaBaeMb!e aTHMH Onepa,HRMH;
* OnepayffoNHble pNCHKI - KOHTPOAb 3a pHCKaMH pacqeToB, BO3HHKa1OJ1HMH
BCAeACTBHH I1HpOKorO HcnOAb3OBaHHQ aBToMaTH3HPOBaHHbIX CpeACTB paC%ieTOB,
npHKAaAHbIX H HHTepq)eHCHbIX CHCTeM npH npOBeAeHHH pa3AH'HbIX onepaUHH;
* BHyTpeCHHH7 KONTpOAb - MHHHMH3aUHR y6 blTKOB, B03HHKa}OliHX BCAeACTBHH
Hepa3peCueHHbIX CAeAOK H onepaMHHw MaxHHaHfHH H OTCTy[lAeHHH OT Bbipa6oTaHHOA
nOAHTHKH;
119
YJpeaAcHeme pJYXOBOA'C7TBa O loBameirne qyBcrBCB esAbocrr A IlepememaAr
* HCKAi - OTCAeC2HBaHHx COCTORIHH He3aBepleHHblX H TexyH4HX iopHAH'iCcKHX(cyAe6Hblx) HCKOB AAH CHH2eHHR o6U4HX 3aTpaT Ha cyAe6Hble Cnopbl H
o6ecneqeHHO CBOeBpeMeHHoro pacieTa.
KamAbiH 8AeMeHT cpHHaHCOBOrO PHCKa Tpe6yeT KOHKpeTHOH nOAHTHKH H XapaKTepHCTHKH
napaMeTpoB pHcKa, Bblpa6aTblBaeMblx coBMeCTHO AHpeKTOpaMH H ynpaBAeHHeM 6aHKa.
KAio'eBoH 3aAaqeH q)HHaHCOBOH nOAHTHKH nBASeTC3i 6aAaHcHpoBaHHe, npH M TOM He
o6HIaTeAbHo ypaBHeHHe, BTHX B3aHMo3aBHCHMbIX 8AeMeHTOB pHCKa. FIoAHoe paBHoBecHe 3AeCb
HeBo3Mo02Ho, nOCKOAbKy AeHCTBH.I, npeAnPHHHMaeMbie AAA CHH2KeHHH OAHHX pHCKOB MOrYTyBeAHqHTb ApyrHe pHCKH. HanpHMep, pellmeHHe O nOBbliuIeHHH qyBCTBHTeAbHOCTH npOgeHTHoHCTaBKH nOpTq)eASR o6s3aTeAbcTB, npHHRTOe Am CHH2KeHHR AHc6aAaHca B ynpaBAeHHH aKTHBaMH
H o6H3aTeAbCTBaMH, HeMeAAeHHO oT3oBeTCq yBeAHCeHHeM pHcKa AHKBHAHOCTH, nOCKOAbKy
cpeAHHH CpOK AAHTeAbHOCTH o6S3aTeAbCTB CoKpaTHTcsl.
Fo caMon cBoeH CyTH, aTH BACMeHTbI q3HHaHCoBorO pHCKa Tpe6yloT nOCT0HHHorO BHHMaHHH
Co CTOPOHbl ynpaBAeHHR, a BTO, B CBOIO o9epeAb, npeAnoAaraeT pa3pa6oTKy qeTKoro npogecca.
HacKoAbKo AoA2IeH 6bITb 4JOpMaAHaoBaH BTOT iipoEecc? B He6oAbUHX no MacmTa6y
y'pemAeHH.HX, pa6oTaioWHX B peryAHpyeMoH cpeAe, He(popMaAbHbIA npoEecc ynpaBAeHHa
(pHHaHcaMH MOmeT o6ecnetffb AOCTaTOqHblH KOHTPOAb 8THX pHCKOB. OAHaKo, B 6OAeeKpyIHbIX yt1peC2KAeHH.1X, B oco6eHHOCTH B Tex H3 HHX, KoTopbic AeHCTByIOT HaAeperyAHpOBaHHbIX pblHKaX, aBxpeKTHBHOe ynpaBAeHHe pHCKOM Tpe6yeT qpOpMaAbHOrOnpogecca, B KOTOpOM neTKO 6bIAH 6 bl onpeAeAeHbl 4pyHKgHH ynpaBAeHHH qpHHaHCaMH KaKOCHOBHOH o6teKT BHHMaHHR pyKOBOACTBa.
(cyHKIHR (pHHaHcOBOro ynpaBAeHHA BKAIO'aeT CTpaTerHqecKoe nAaHHPOBaHHe,
nAaHHPOBaHHe KanHTaAa H COOTBeTCTBY]Oujero tpHHaHCHPOBaHHH, ynpaBAeHHe aKTHBaMH H
o6R3aTeAbcTBaMH, Ka3Ha'ieHCKHe onepagHH, CHCTeMbi OTqeTHOCTH H HHqopMaaUHH, COCTaBAeHHeH HcnOAHeHHe 6ioA2KeToB, nAaHHPOBaHHe H HcnOAHeHHe HaAorOBbIX nAaHOB, a TaK2me
BHyTpeHHHH KOHTPOAb. B CAeAyiOJI2HX pa3AeAaX H3AaraeTCR POAb H OCHOBHbie MOMeHTbi
ynpaBAeHHH (HHaHCaMH no Ka82Ao H3 ynoM3iHyTbix o6AacTefi.
CTPATErFH'ECKOE nAAHHPOBAH[iE
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rLAaHHpoBaHH.I. OHO o6ecneqHBaeT PYKOBOACTBO Ba2KHeHIleH HH1JopMaglHeH, HanpHMep, oTeKyUgeM COCTOHHHH H HCTOpH'eCKHX TeHAeHUHHX pa3BHTHR BCeX BOCbMH BAeMeHTOB pHCKa,
npOBOAHT aHaAH3 AHHaMHKH AOXOAHOCTH yqpe2BAeHHH, co6HpaeT HHqOpMagHiO OnpH6bIAbHOCTH CTpyKTypHbIX eAHHHU ((PyHKUHOHaAbHbiX eAHHHU), THnbi npOA4y1UHH, OCHOBHbIeCaMOCTORTeAbHb1e HanpaBAeHHR AeRTeAbHOCTH, BKOHOMHYeCKHe ripOrHo3bI, KOTOpble nocAy2KaT
OCHOBaHHeM AAR cTpaTerHqecKoro nAaHa. YnpaBAeHHe tpHHaHCaMH MomeT onpeAeA&srb
CTpyKTypy H MexaHH3Mbi npogecca CTpaTerHqeCKOrO nAaHHpOBaHHH H o6ecneqHBaTb nOArOTOBKY
nepCoHaAa, pa3pa6aTbiBaioiMero nAaHb1 no BceM noApa3AeAeHHRM y'pe2mAeHHH. OHO AOA2KHOpaspa6oTaTb npogeCC aHaAH3a KanHTaAbHb1X saTpaT HAH HOBbIX nporpaMM npoAyKTa/pbIHKa.
H, HaKoHeg, CPHHaHCOBoe ynpaaAeHHe AOAMHO o6ecnefHTb KaK qpOpMaT TaK H KOHKpeTHOe
onpeAeAeHHe (pHHaHCOBbIX nepcneKTHB, qpHHaHCoBoHi MOAeAH a TaKme YCTaHOBHTb napaMeTpbipHCKa no BCeM BOCbMH BAeMeHTaM ()HHaHCOBOrO PHCKa.
120
YnpawAeHHe fPNHaHcaMN
Paspa6oTra Hpoffecca aslaANsa gpegoIoaraermbrx -aTpar f AiINJTaAa
Ki&oieBb!M 9ACMeHTOM aHaAH3a npeAnoAaraeMblx 3aTpaT KanHTaAa HBAReTcH onpeAeAeHHe
MHHHMaAbHo npHeMAeMoro YPOBHH nPH6bIAbHOCTH no AaHHOMy npeAAo2KeHHIO 0 3aTpaTax.
Heo6XoAHM noCAeAOBaTeAbHbIU HOpMaTHB 'iTo6 bi o6ecne-HTb BO3MO2KHOCTb AAR pYKOBOACTBa
OCeHHTb pa3AHqHbie npeAAO?KeHHH Ha conoCTaBHMOH OCHOBe. aTH npolgeAypbi HeO6xoAHMbl H
noToMy, ITO 6aHKOBCKHe y'peC2AeHI H HMeIOT orpaHHqeHHyIo BO3MO2KHOCTb 4PHHaHCHpOBaHHR
HOBbIX KanuTaAbHblX SaTpaT; CAeAoBaTeAbHO, npeAAaraeMbie npoeKTbi AOA2KHbi 6blTb
paH2KHpoBaHbI, 'To6bi o6ecne'HTb HHBeCTHpOBaHHe KanHTaAa B Te H3 HHX, KOTOpbie HMeaOT
AAA 6aHKa HaH6OAbluyio nOTeHOHHO aKoHOMH'ecKHX BbIrOA. TPH HaH6oAee paCnpOCTpaHeHHbIX
MeTOAa paH2HpOBaHaH. npeAAo2KeHHH o6 HHBeCTHUHAX BKAio'aioT: oKynaeMOCTb, 'IHCTan
Tey_galH CTOHMOCTb H BHyTpeHHHH cTaBKa AoxoAa.
MeToa oxyraeMocTH npeAnoAaraeT, 'TO nepHoA OKynaeMOCTH COCTaBAReT 'IHCAO AeT,
Heo6xoAHMoe AAR noKpblTHS Ha'aAbHbIX HHBeCTHUH KanuiTaAa 6aHKa. 9 To - ynpoJ1eHHblH
noAxOA K PaHmHPOBaHHio npOeeTOB, npeAAaraeMbix AAR HHBeCTHUgH, flOCKOAbKy B HeM He
yqHTbIBaeTCH HH ABH2teHHe AeHCHKHbIX CpeACTB nOCAe nepmoAa OKynaeMOCTH, HH BpeMeHHaH
CTOHMOCTb AeHe2KHbIX CpeACTB. OAHaKo, 8TO a"XIeKTHBHblfl nOAxOA npH OCeHKe o6blqHbIX HAH
nOBTOPSHOU nXCH npoeKToB, TaKHX KaK nepeCTpOHKa 3AaHHi HUAH o6HOBAeHHe napKa
o6opyAoBaHIHI.
Meo,4 YNcroN TeKjygeH CToHMOCTH onpeAeAneT 'HCTyIO TeKyIyiO CTOHMOCTb 6yAyuHx
nOTOKOB AeHe2HbIX CpeACTB npH onpeAeAeHHoH CTOHMOCTH 6aHKoBcKoro KanHTaAa. Ha'aAbHbie
HHBeCTHllHH Bbi'HTa1OTCH H3 3TOU TeKyuMeH CTOHMOCTH AAn OnpeAeAeHHSI '1HCTOH TeKyujeH
CTOHMOCTH npoeKTa. ECAH 'IHCTaH TeKyugan CTOHMOCTb nOAomA TeAbHa, npoeKT AOA2KeH 6blTb
BKAiO'ieH B CrIHCOK npHeMAeMbiX npOeCKTOB H Hao6OpOT.
B aTOM MeToAe KOMneHCHpyIOTCH KOHIeC[TyaAbHbie HeAOCTaTKH MeTOAa OKynaeMOCTH, HO
HaAe2KHOCTb aHaAH3a 3aBHCHT OT HaAeC2HOCTH OgeHKH 6yAynHx nOTOKOB AeHe2KHbIX CpeACTB,
TO'IHO TaK 2me KaK H AAR MeTOAa BHyrpeHHeli CTaBKH AOXOAHOCTH.
MeTog BHyTpeeHHeH CTaBKNH 4OXoqHOcTH RBASeTCq BapHagHme MeToAa 'HCTOH TeKyWUe
CTOHMOCTH. OH BblqHcAHeT npogeHTHYIO cTaBKy, KoTOpaH npHpaBHHBaeT TeKYM)YlO CTOHMOCTb
npeAnoAaraembix 6 yAyIuHx nOTOKOB AeHe2KHbIX CpeACTB no AaHHOMy npOeKTy K Ha'iaAbHbIM
3aTpaTaM Ha npoeKT. B MeTOAe YHCTOH TeKyigeH CTOHMOCTH yqeTHa.I CTaBKa HAH npOgeHTHaR
CTaBKa paBHReTCH CTOHMOCTH KaniHTaAa AA3i 6aHKa. B aTOM MeTOAe npO4eHTHaA CTaBKa
OnpeAeASieTCH MaTeMaTHqeCKH. flpOgeHTHaH CTaBKa, onpeAeAeHHaR TaKHM o6pa.3oM, MO2KeT
6blTb Bbliue HAH HH2me 6aHKoBcKOii CTOHMOCTH KanUTaAa. TaKHM o6pa3oM B BTOM MeTOAe
HCnOAb3yeTc.I geAeBOH HAH MHHHMaAbHO npHeMAeMbiH AoxoA, OnpeAeAReMbiH cAy2K6ofi
ynpaBAeHHR (pHHaHcaMH, KOTOpbliH paBHReTCH MHHHMaAbHO-npHeMAeMOMy YPOBHIO AOXOAa OT
AaHHOrO npoeKTa. H4acTo MHHHMaAbHbIU YPOBeHb AoxoAa npeACTaBAHeT co6oA AH6o
cpaKTHqecKHH AH6 o 2meAaeMbif AoxoA Ha co6cTseHHbli KXanUTaA 6 aHKa.
Bce aTH MeTOAbl npeACTaBARIOT co60U HaAemKHyio oUeHKy npH paHmHpOBHHH lnpOeKTOfa.
OCHOBHOU ,eAbiO npH Bbi6ope MeTOAa, HcnOAb3yeMorO B CTpaTeruHecKoM nAaHHpOBaHHH
RBAReTCR KOAH'eCTBeHHoe Bbxpam2eHHe OmHAaeMOH BbIrOAbl H 3aTpaT no npeAAaraemomy AA
HHBeCTHPOBWHH. npoeKTy, o6ecne-ieHre nOCAeAOBaTeAbHOro alHaAHa Dcex npeAcTaBAeHHIlX
121
Yx peoMefJe pYWoBo.4CTBa H HooBmlre e qywcTBBTeAbAhHocTHr A HepeMeHm
npOeKTOB, paH2mHPOBaHHe H OlleHKa npOeKTOB TaKHM o6pa3oM, qTo 6 bI MOMHO 6 blAO npHHRTb3ApaBoe pemieHne npH Bbi6ope rOHKpeTHOrO npocKTa H BKAIOqeHHH ero B CTpaTerHqeCKHH inAaH.
OzrperxeAeHHe HOpmaTrHRB H COOTBerCTRB,OIJJHX xapaxrepHcro
OHHamcHCOBhrX IpOC-VTOB
1HpH OnpeAeAeHHH HOpMaTHBOB CpHHaHCOBbIX noKa3aTeAeH (JHHaHCOBOe ynpaBAeHHe AOA2KHOMHHHMH3HPOBaTb cTeneHb AeTaAH3agHH, cAeAaB ynOp Ha TaKHX AaHHbIX, KoTopble MO2KHO6yAeT HCnOAb3OBaTb AAR OTCAe2KHBaHHS noKa3aTeAeiH B 6aHKOBCKHX roAoBb1x 6ioA2meTax aTaiate B npogecce jeAeBoro yrpaBAeHHR. KpoMe Toro, HOpMaTHBbl AOA2KHbl 6bITbnOCAeAOBaTeAbHbIMH no OTHOLueHHIO K OCHOBHbIM MeponpHaTHRM, ripOXOAhiujHM emeMecmHno BorqeTax pyKoBoACTBa. 06uefi 3aAaqeH AOA2KHO CTaTb o6ecneieHHe BOSMo2KHOCTH AAqpHHaHCOBorO PYKOBOACTBa H3MepMTb AeHCTBHTeAbHbie Pe3yAbTaTbi H conoCTaBAHTb HX CnAaHOBbJMH noKa3aTeAAMH. TaKaHI BOS3MO2KHOCTb OMeHb cyUgeCTBeHHa AAR noAAep4mKHpeaAH3aMHH cTpaTerHqecKoro nAaaHa.
HoCTpoern'e jobHaHfaCOROH Mo4'eAH
(D)HHaHCOBaH MOAeAb nepBOHaaaAbHO HCnIOAb3yeTCH AA OrpeAeAeHHM r1AaHHPYeMbIX(oKHAaeMbIx) (pHHaHCoBblx noKa3aTcAeH HCXOAH H3 CUeHapHH o6bl-Horo BeAeHHH AeA(6a.oBoro cUeHapHR).
Ba30Baa ogeHMa, KOTOpaA CAY2HT TOqKOH OTcqeTa npH CpaBHeHHH CHMyAAgHH pa3AHmHbiXonepagHOHHbIX cTpaTerHH, pa3BHBaeMb[X B COOTBeTCTBHH C rAaHOM, AOAmHa OXBaTbIBaTbnepHOA 3-5 AeT. HanpHMep, eCAH 6a30Baa ogeHKa yKa3bIBaeT, 'TO 'IHCTbIH AOxoA 6yAeT paCTHHa 6 riOpgeHTOB B roA B Te'ieHHe nOCAeAy4oRHx HMTH AeT, TorAa npH peMCHHH O Bbi6openpoeKTa CAeAyeT PaCCMaTPHBaTb TOAbKO CTpaTerHH, peaAH3agHR KOTOpblX o6eigaeT pOCT,npeBbImualogHJH 6 nlpoUeHTOB. (D)HHaHCOBbIe MOAeAH Ha KOMnTbiOTepHOH OCHOBe BapbHpy1OTCR OTnpOCTbIX BAeKTpoHHbIX Ta6AHg, HcnOA.b3yeMbIX Ha nepcOHaAbHOM KoMnbiloTepe, A0apXHCA02IHbIX KpynHbIX KOMnblOTepHbIX CHCTeM C KpyTHOH MaJIIHHOfi. TaKHe MOAeAH MO2mHonpHo6pecTH y TOproBgeB nporpaMMHO f npoAyKqHeH, cnegHaAbHbIX KOHCaATHHrOBbiX q3HpM HAHB KpynHblX (HHaHCOBbIX y'pe2KAeHHHX, HX TaK2Ke MO2mHO pa3pa6oTaTb y ce6R B y'pemAeHHH,
HCnOAb3ySI HMelOigHeCR peCypCbl. Heo6XO4HMO yqHTbiBaTb HCCKOAbKO AIO'ieBbIXXapaKTepHCTHK npH onpe4eAeHHH (BM6ope) qpHHaHCOBOH MOAeAH. OHH AOA2IHbi 6
blTb AerKHMHB yCTaHOBKe H B aKcnAyaTaUHH, a TaXme rH6KHMH B q)OpMaTe oTieTOB. OHH AOA2KHbl HMeTbBO3MO2KHOCTb cMeHbl HCXOAHbIX ycAoBHH, OHH TaXme AOA2Hbl oTAH'aTcCM npocToToH HHaAe2KHOCTbiO neperpy3KH B 6oAblnylo MaIUHHY HAH nepeAaqH AaHHblX H3 60AbllOii MaalHHbl.
OHH AoA2KHbi 6bITb B COCTOHHHH BbIAaBaTb nOAHblH Ha6op 6yxraATepcKHx oT%ieToB, BKAIO%IaR
6aAaHcoBble, OT'eTbI o AoxoAax, cao6o&geH o6 ynpaBAeHHH aKTHBaMH H o6M3aTeAbcTBaMH,CBOAHbie (pHHaHCOBbie OTreTbl. H HaKOHeU, OHH AOA2KHbi 6
blTb B COCTORHHH BBOAHTb AaHHbieB 6a3y AaHHbIX, 'TO o6AermHAo 6
bl BO3MOmHOCTb oT'eTHOCTH C TOqKH SPeHHH MHo2KeCTBaqyHXqHA CAO?KHOH opraHH3agHH, HanpHMep, BeCb 6aHK, BHAbl yCAyr (npOAyxUHq, HanpaBAeHHHAeRTeAbHOCTH, H T.A.) [lpHMep MoAeAH npOrHO3HpOBaHHH npHBOAHTcS1 B lpHAomeHHH ArAaBbi O riAaHHpOBaHHH.
122
YnpaWAeAye IJEHaHCaME
On'pe4eAeHHe IzapaMeTpoB o 6ujero pocH a
OnpeAeAeHHe napameTpoB pHcKa no BOCbMH BAeMeHTaM qpHHaHCOBoro pHCKa, oCHoBaHHOe Ha
TeKyUJeH nOAHTHKe qHHaHCOBorO ynpaBAeHHR opraHsHagHH nO3BOAReT onepaTHBHbiM eAHHHUaM
(CTpyKTypHbIM noApa3AeAeHHRM) onpeAeARTb, KorAa OHH BbIXOAHT 3a npeAeAbl npo¢HAR
npHeMAeMoro pHcKa AA AaHHoro 6aHKa.
3 TH OCHOBHbie napaMeTpbl o6bPtHO BbipamalmoTcH B qpopMe Koa HUXHeirHTOB HAH B
a6coAloTHblx AeHem2HbIX cyMMax. HanpHMep, no CCYAHbIM onepailH.M - aTO MaKcHMaAbHblH
KOBq4HpHeHT MHCToro cnHcaHHH CCyA no OTHOUieHHIO K o6
iMeA cpeAHelf cyMMe BbI4aHHb!X
CcyA, paBHblI 0.5 npogeHTa (orpaHHneHHe no KaqeCTBy aKTHBOB) UAH Heo6xOAHMOCTb
Y4ep2KaTb o6quyio cyMMy npeAOCTaBAHeMbiX ccyA B npeAeAax BOCbMHKpaTHOH CYMMbl
co6cTBeHHoro KanHTaAa (orpaHHneHHe no AOCTaToMHOCTH KanHTaAa).
C HHaHCoBoe ynpaBAeHHe AOA2KHo npHHHMaTb yqaCTHe B pa6oTe KamAoro noApa3AeAeHHH
qHHaHCOBoro ype2KAeHHH B nepByio oqepeAb 'epe3 aHaAR3 cTpaTerH'ecKoro nAaHa H npH
nepecMoTpe AaHHOrO nAaHa. B ero OTBeTCTBCHHOCTb BXO4HT:
* BbIlnOAHeHHe npeABaPTeAbHOrO HAH3a nAaHoB, BKAIo'IaR OUCHKY CHAbHblX CTOpOH,
cAa6bix CTOpOH, cooTBeTcTBHe napameTpam npHemAemoro pHcKa H BO3MOmKHOCTb
o6uleii AOCTH2KHMOCTH nOCTaBAeHHbIX 3aAaq;
* YqaCTHe B nepecMoTpaX nAaHOB COBMeCTHO C PYKOBOACTBOM y'ipe2mAeHHS, BbICTynaS
KaK aAbTep-aro OpraHH3aUHH;
* o6oq4eHHe peKoMeHAagHi, cAeAaHHbIX B xoAe TaKoro aHaAH3a H nepecmoTpa nAaHOB
nyTeM pa3pa6oTKH MO4eAH riAaHHpOBaHHS AA41 onpeAeAeHHHR OKOHqaTeAbHOrO
(PHHaHCOBOro nporHo3a C TOfKH 3SpHHH npoMecca CTpaTerHMecKoro nAaHHPoBaHus.
nAAHHPOBAHHE KAnHTAAA
CTpaTerwfeCKHHi nAaH onpeAeAReT HanpaBAeHHe AeHTeAbHOCTH, B KOTOpOU 6yAeT nIpHHHMaTb
yqacTHe 6aHK. THnbl TaKoli Ae;rreAbHocTH, B CBOIO o'iepeAb, OnpeAeAHIoT CTeneHb pHcKa,
KOTopblH 6yAeT xapaKTepHaoBaTb noTpe6HocTb opraHH3agHH B KanUTaAe. IAaH 6aHKa no
KanHrraAy AOAmeH paspa6aTblBaTbcR Ha OCHOBaHHH ero CTpaTerHqecKoro nAaHa a He Hao6opOT,
XOTH, KaK ymKe OTMeMaAOCb Bble, orpaHHeCHHR B o6AacTH AoCTaToMHocTH KanHTaAa MoryT
orpaHHqHTb HAH 3Ha4HTeAbHo noBAHRTb Ha xapaKTep oKOHqaTeAbHoH CTPaTerHH, oTpa2KeHHOH
B cTpaTerHiecKoM flAaHe.
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B3aHMoAeHCTBHHSI ABYX npOTHBoAeiCTBYIOIUHX CHA. HepBoH H3 HHX cAeAyeT c'ITaTb
peryAHpoBaHHe, npeACTaBHTeAH KOTOporo nbiTaioTcH yCTaHOBHTb BbIcoKNe HOPMaTHBbl no
KanUraAy AAA (PHHaHCOBbIX yqpe2KAeHHH. KanHTaA CAy2KHT CMEr1 aiOJgHM 6ytepoM npOTHB
y6blTKOB, KOTOpbIe Mo2KeT nOHeCTH AaHHoe pHHaHCOBOe yqpemAeHHe, coKpaiga.
nOTCHUHaAbHYlO HeO6 XOAHMOCTb peryAHpyIouijero BMeuiaTeAbCTBa. BblCOKHii ypOBeHb KanHTaAa
yBeAHqHBaeT CTeneHb yBCpeHHOCTH BKAaAIHKOB H CHH2KaeT PHCK AHKBHAHOCTH. ApyroA CHAOi
RBAHYIOTCH aK]gHOHepbi, KOTOpbIe 3aHHTepecoBaHbi B COXpaHCHHH HaHMeHbmerO YpOBHR
KanHTaAa, Heo6xOAHMoro AAA o6ecneqeHHR yAOBAeTBOpHTeAbHOH llpH6blAbHOCTH CBOHX
HHBeCTHUH!i H He co3Aaiou9ero HeHYMHoro pHcKa.
123
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124
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125
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126
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127
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Yl/parAeNwHe pasHHgeil 8 JpOfgeHTHNrX CTaRKaX H alHaAH-. cpeAHe-
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CIHHaHCOBoe ynpaBAeHHe Mo2KeT npoaHaAH3HPOBaTb cTeneHb PHCKa OT H3MeHeHHRnpogeHTHoH CTaBKH Ha pblHKe HcnOAsb3yH ynpaBAeHHe pa3HHgeiH B npoIeHTHbIX cTaBKax HaHaAH3 cpeAHeB3BenieHHoH 3aoA2KeHHoCTH, KOTOpble OXBaTbIBalOT AHHaMHKy pHcKa nonpoMeHTHoH cTaBKe. HqOpMamagHn, noAy'iaeMasl B pe3yAbTaTe XIpHMeHeHHR Aio6oro H3 BTHXrIpHeMOB AOA2KHa COqeTaTbCSI C TeKyKJHMH AaHHblMH H3 6aAaHcoBoro oTqeTa H OTqeTa OAoxoAaX H npeACTaBA.Tb co6ogi OCHOBy AAR HMHTaUHH BAHHHHH H3MeHeHHfi npoUeHTHbIXCTaBOK B (,HHaHcOBOH MoAeAH.
YnpaBAeHHe Pa3pblBOM B cpoKaX Me2mAy aKTHBaMH H o6H3aTeAbCTBaMH H3MepReT pasHHIymemAy o6ibeMamH aKTHBOB H o6bleMaMH o6e3aTeAbcTB, KOTOpble AOAmHbJ npOHTH nepeogeHKyHa TeKyuJeZH HeAeAe, B AaHHOM MecHge, KBapTaAe HAH TeCygYeM roAy.
128
BCTaDaca 4.1 npoUecc yupaBAeHim aKTHBaMH H o6si3aTeAbcTBaMH
MO,eAb.yWpa&MeHNm aKTHBaMN H 06z3aTeAuCTBaMrN JeAeBbic pe-yAbTzTba
[ Bbipa6oTxa nIOAHTHFH * 3aijHunjaT aK9_OHepOB H BNAaA'HKOB
I* HoAAep2uHBaTb AHKBHAHOCTb Ha AOCTaTOqHOM
r l ypOBHe AAI nOKpbITHS BCeCX nOTpe6HOCTeH AeHe2HbiX
C6op BHeUIHeH H3 C6op BHyTpeHHeH nOTOKOB, npH BTOM BbirOAHO BKAaAbIBaA CBo6OAHy3O
HHwOpMaUHH HHcOpMaUHH AHKBHAHOCTb
* YnpaAAwTb npOgeHTHbiM renom (pa3pblBOM),
YnpaBAeHHe lUeHoo6pa3oBaHHeM CTpeMSCb MaKCHMH3HpOBaTb AOXOAbl B npeAeAax
YCTaHOBAeHHbIX AHMHTOB pHCKa
YnpaBAeHHe YrIpaBAeHHe YnpaBAeHHe * HoAyqaTb npHAHqHyiO npH6blAb OT BaA1OTbl B
AHKBHAJ.HOCTb[O Pa3pbIBOM Ba.AIOTOi rnpeAeAax AHMHTOB PHCKa
* IoAAepmHBaTb AOCTaTO1Hblu AAA noraHueHHi Aio6bix
YnpaBAeHHe MeHoo6pa3oBaHHeM AAOBbIX pHcKOB KanHTaA
* TaK OIeHHBaTb CBOH npoAyKTbi, oTO6 bi nomoraTb
ynpaBACHH!o aKTHBaMH H o6A3aTeAbcTBaMH H
BbnOAHeH | MaKCHMH3HPOBaTb AOXOA 6aHKa
4cToIYHHK: By3-AAeH H raMHAbTOH.
YJpeii.erNre PJY08KOB CTBa o iOBbIIJIeHe 9yVCTMTAbHOCTN Jr fepeMeNafJ
BCTaDxa 4.2KAOqeBbile o6AaCTH 6aHKOnCKOii nOAUTRKH yupan3AeNHx aKTH3aKH H 06sBaTeAbCTBamn
fIoAImrxa yHpaB.4eHmf aK7WHBaMH H o6z3are4AbCrBamH
. pyl(OBOACTBO AAKO.* MeAH H cfyHKgHH AAKO, coCTaB H o6R3aHHOCTH.
* meAH ynpaBAeHHH aKTHBaMH H o6HsaTeAbcTHaMH B geARx noAyqeHHB 'iHCTOii MapMH nonpoeHTHroH CTaBKe, npH6blAb Ha aKTHBbI, npH6blAb Ha co6cTBeHHbli KanHTaA.
* napameTpbl pHCKa npogeHTHOH CTaBKH: rpaHHgbi nOAHTHKH pa3HHUbI (MemAy npOMeHTHbiMH
CTaBKaMH no ccyAe H Aeno3HTaM), orpaHH'eHHH B nOAHTHKe npOAOAMHTeAbHOCTH AeHCTBHRAOArOBOrO HHcTpyMeHTa, npeAeAbl BapHagHH qHCTorO AoxoAa no npogeHTHo1H cTaBKe, KorAa
pbiHOmHbiH noKa3aTeAb npogeHTa Bo3pacTaeT HAH yMeHb1raeTcC Ha onpeAeAeHHyio BeAHIMWy.* KOBq4HUHeHTbl AHKBHAHOCTH: o6ugam xapaKTepHCTHKa, KOHKpeTHb1e Tpe6oBaHHH nOAHTHKH
AHKBHAHOCTH.
* nOAHTHKa PHHaHCHpoBaHHR.
* HcKA1o1HTeAbHbxe (hipe3BbitafiHbie) o6cTosrTeAbcTaa H npOUeAypbI.
FoIANICNa B oTHOLICHHm HHBec7MHNoHHbrx geHHbIx 6ymar
* iIeAH ynpaBACHHH HHBeCTHUHOHHbDMH UeHHbIMH 6yMaraMH: AHKBHAHOCTb AOXOAOB; AOAEnOpTcpeAA B o6ugeM o6beMe aKTHBoB; KpeAHTHblH pHCK;
* PYKOBOACTBo noAHTHKOH;
* nOpT(pe1Ab rOCyAapCTBeHHb[X UeHHbiX 6yMar;
* nOpTcjeAb UeHHbiX 6ymar, o6ecneqeHHblIx 3aKAaAHbiMH;
* nOpTq3eAb UeHHbiX 6yMar, He o6AaraeMblx HaAoroM;
* peryAHpHasi nepeoueHKa MeAeH nopTqJeAH H noKa3aTeAeH ero "pa6oTbl";
* npogeAypbi HCKAIOqHTeAbHb1X 06CTOHTeAbCTB.
FloAmNwra wicXBH4mocT
* UeAH ynpaBAeHHeH AHKBHAHOCTbIO: onpeAeAeHHe AHKBHAHOCTH H noAo2meHHe MHHHMaAbHOH HMaKCHMaAbHOH AHKBHAHOCTH;
* yHpaBAeHHe nOAHTHKOH;
* HsMepeHHe cTenCeHH AHKBHAHOCTH (HcxoAR H3 onpeAeAeHHa): KosqX4HUHeHTbi, KpeAHTHraneMKoCTb; nOraLueHHe aKTHBoB; H ABH2KeHHC AeHe2HbIX cpeACTB;
* npeeMCTBeHHOCTb HCTOYHHKOB c)HHaHcHpoBaHHR;
* ogeHha noKasaTeAeHi 6aAaHcoBoro OTqeTa H noTpe6HoCTeH B AHKBHAHOCTH;
* BAHHHHe AHKBHAHOCTH Ha o6lbeM 3aeMHbix cpeACTB, 'yBCTBHTeAbHOCTb npo4eHTHofi cTasKH
H HHCTblH AOXOA 6aHKa;
* perCYAApHan nepeogeHKa LeAeH H OUeHKa noKa3aTeAeH pe3yAbTaTHBHOCTH [IOAHTHKH.
FOAmTHra 7-qp R Av a3HarIeCJANfmH eJHHblMH 6ymaramN
* UeAH yrpaBAeHHR npOAameHi H nOKynKOH Ka3HaqeHCKHx ULeHHbiX 6yMar: npH6bLAb HaaKTHBbl, npHPOCT AOXOAOB, AHKBHAHOCTb, H MyBCTBHTeAbHOCTb npoLeHTHoH CTaBKH;
* napaMeTpbl TOprOBb1X onepagHHi npH HHBeCTHpOBaHHH B:
130
YnpaaAew,e wann
BcTaDKa 4.2 (npoA.)
* qeAepaAbHbie qOHAbi (OBepHaiiT H Ha CpOK);
* KyrHi-npoAanma HHOCTpaHHOM B&AIOTbi (TeKyLgam H lpopBapAHaR);
* EpoAerio3HTbi H EBpoAenO3WrHble cepTH(PHKaTbI,
* corAalmeHH peno,
* 6aHKoBCKHe aKgenTb1,
* geHHbic 6yMarU Ha TOprOBOM cIeTe.
* OT'eTHOCTb 0 TOprOBbIX CACAKaX H nO3HIAHRX,
* peryAqpHblH nepecMoTp geAei H pe3yAbTaTHBHOCTH nOAHTHKH.
I7IoAHTKa xem.'ifpoBaHHR
* UeAH xeAMHpOBaHHM: yrpaBAeHHe -IYBCTBHTeAbHOCTbIO npOgeHTHOH CTaBKH, qHCTblH0 AOXOA
no npOUeHTHOH CTaBKe, AHKBHAHOCTb H npHpOCT AOxOAa.
* perAaMeHTHPOBaHHbie HHCTpyMeHTbI XeAHtPOBaHHH
* perAameHTHPOBaHHbie CTpaTerHH XeA2tHOBaHMH
* napaMeTpbi AAa OnpeAeAeHHH no3HIIHii nO (J)biOqepCHbIM CAeAKaM no npOgeHTHOH CTaBKe,
ongHOHaM H cBonaMm, no o6H3aTeAbCTBaM npoAamH H noKynKH !eHHb1x 6ymar HAH
KpeAHTOB, H no npoAame-noKynKe HHOCTpaHHOH BaAlOTbl.
AKTHBbI H o6H3aTeAbcTBa pacnpeAeAHioTcH no CAeAyEoUHM BpeMeHHblM nepHOAaM:
* HHCTpyMeHTbi C (PHKCHpOBaHHOH CTaBKOH OTHOCRTCH K nepHoAy, o6o3HaReHHOMy
YCAOBHHMH KOHTpaKTa H/HAH AaTOH HCTe-eHHH cpoKa AeiCTBHH;
* HHCTPYMeHTbl C nepeMeHHOH CTaBKoH OTHOCHTCA K nepHOAy, KOrAa npOHCXOAMT
CMeHa UeHbI Ha AaHHbIH HHCTpyMeHT.
TeopH.s ynpaBAeHHH Pa3pblBOM B CPOKaX HCXOAHT HM3 npeAnOAomeHHMS, t TO yMeHbleHMHe
npOgeHTHOH CTaBKH B KOHoMHMqeCKOH cpeAe Mom(eT 6bITb 6AaronpHRTHbIM AAR HHCTHTYTOB
4YBCTBHTeAbHbIX K o6s3aTeAbcTBaM (KorAa nepeoUeHHBaembie o6n3aTeAbcTBa npeBbllilaiOT nO
CpOKaM nepeoUeHHBaembie aKTHBbl) a B03paCTaHHe npo,eHTHOH CTaBKH 6AaronpHRTHo AAA
y'pe2tAeHHH, 'IyBcTBHTCAbHbIX K aKTHBaM.
YnpaBAeHHe Pa3pblBOB nO CPOKaM CAeAyeT HCnOAbSOBaTb C OCTOpOmHOCTbJO, noToMy 'ITO
OHO CTpOHTCH Ha leTbIpex AO2KHbix npeAnocbIAKax: (1) OHO HCXOAHT H3 npeAnOAOmeHHR, -ITO
BpeMR H3MeHeHHf UeHbl HBAMeTCH CaMbIM BaltHbIM q)aKTOpOM, BAHMIOU.HM Ha pHCK no
npUOeHTHOM CTaBxe. Ha CaMOM 2Ke AeAe, BpeMSI H3MeHeHHHR eHbl TOAbKO AHllb cO3AaeT
BO3MO2KHOCTb AAR H3MeHeHHH 'IHCTOH nPH6blAH no npOIaeHTam. (2) OHO HCXOAHT HS
npeAnOAOmeHHSI, 'TO B AaHHblH nepHOA BpeMeHH BCe aKTHBbl H o6sm3aTeAbcTBa nOABeprwyTcH
MsmeHeHHIO UCHbl B CTOpOHy o6ulero ABHmeHHH npoUeHTHOii CTaBKH Ha pbIHKe. OnbiT noRa3aA,
ITO BTOT BbIBOA peAKO 6blBaeT npaBHAbHbIM, nOCKOAbKy BCe aKTHBbl HAH o6m3aTeAbcTBa,
nOABePralOUWHecH H3MeHeHH*O ,eHbI B OTPeSOK BpeMeHH, KOrAa HCTeKaeT HX CpOK nOraMeHMR,
BoBce He o6s3aTeAbHo 6blAH 3a(FHKCHpOBaHbi B OAHH H TOT me nepHOA BpeMeHH. KAacc
o6s3aTeAbCTB, AeHCTByIOU.HX B TeqeHHe 30 AHeH, Mo2KeT coAepmaTb o6xsaTeAbcTsa,
nepBOHa-'aAbHbIii cpoX Ae4CTBHSI KOTOpbIX COCTaBAHA 30 AHeH, 1 roA, 4 roAa H T.A.
131
YEpelLJAew,e pyJr01orcTa H' mozAriieHHe yBC7THTAbAHOCT7 e n'epeA eaJ
YnpaBAeHHe P3apblBOM B cpoxax npeAnOAaraeT, wTO Bce aTH o6a3aTeAbcTBa 6yAyT HMeTbOAHHaKoByIo peazqaHio Ha H3MeHeHHH B npOUeHTHOH cTaBKe Ha pbIHKe. Ho eCAH 6oAeeAoAroCPO-iHbie o6a3aTeAbcTBa 6blAH BbinyujeHbl B riepHoA 6oAee BblCOXOH inpogeHTHoH cTaBKH,TorAa HX npO]2eHTHa5 CTaBXa BepOSITHee Bcero 6yAeT yMeHbllaTbCfI, Aame eCAH npOgeHTmaaCTaBKa Ha PbIHKe MomeT Bo3pacTaTb. TaKoe RBAeHHe H3BeCTHO KaK 6a3HcHblfi pHCK, H ero3Ha'eHHe 3aKAIo'IaeTca B TOM, HTO Bce UeHOBbie HHAeKcbl, HCnOAb3yeMbie npH OCeHKe aKTHBOBH o6R3aTeAbcTB He COBnaAaIOT c o6igefi TeHAeHgHeH H3MeHeHHm nlpogeHTHOH CTaBKH. (3)YnpaBAeHHe Pa3pblBOM no CpOKaM npeAnoAaraeT, 'TO HeHTpaAbHaA nO3HUHR, TO-eCThpaBeHCTBo aKTHBOB H o6H3aTeAbCTB 6yAeT rapaHTHpOBaTb yCTOH'qHBbIH A°XOA. Pe3yAbTaTbl BCoeAHHeHHb!X LLITaTax noKaSaAH, TITO HeHTpaAbHaR nOfSHUHR paspbiBa B cpoKax BepORTHeeBcero AaCT HeyCTOH'HBblH YPOBeHb 'HCTOrO AOXOAa OT IIpOgeHTHOH CTaBKH B CHAy AeHCTBHRAByx (FaKTOpOB, onHcaHHbIX BbliuIe. (4) 14 HaKOHeg, ynpaBaeHHe pa3pbiBoM no cpoKaMAeiCTByeT TaKHM o6pa3oM, 'TO OHO KaK 6bl npeHe6peraeT PHCKOM peHHBeCTHgHH. PHCKpeHHBeCTHUHH MomeT He noBAHHTb Ha nOAo2KeHHe 6aHKa B Bonpoce pa3pbiBa no cpOKaM, HOOH HMeeT 3Ha4HTeAbHOe BAHHHHe Ha H3MeHeHHe 'iHcToro AoxoAa no npOUeHTHOH CTaBKe , -mTO
lBAHeTCH Pe3yAbTaTOM HsMeHeHHR npOgeHTHOH CTaBKH Ha pbIHKe. HecMoTpH Ha aTHHeAOCTaTKH HOArOTOBKa H nepecMOTP AaHHbIx no yrlpaBAeHH1O paS3pblBOM no CpOKaMnpe4OCTaBASeT nOAe3Hy1O BO3MOM2HOCTb H3y'ieHHH qaKTOpOB, COSAa1OUMHX AA4 y'ipemAeHHR
pHCK nO npogeHTHOH cTaBKe.
B HOCAeAHHe rOAbl HaH6OAee nepeAoBbie yqpe2KAeHHH BO Bce 6OAee Bo3pacTaioigem o6beMeHCnOAb3yIOT aHaAH3 CpeAHeB3BeLCieHHoro CpOKa HenoraiuIeHHoH 'iaCTH KpeAHTa, OTAaBaH eMyrIpeAno-lTeHHe no cpaBHeHHIO C aHaAH3OM pa3pbIBa C cpoKax npH OleHKe TeKyIZeJH HnpeAnoAaraemofi nO3HUHH aKTHBOB H o6RsaTeAbcTB. AHaAH3 cpeAHeB3BeuoeHHOro cpoXaHenorameHHOH iaCTH KpeAHTa OCHOBbIBaeTCR Ha 6a3oBbIx ypaBHeHHax, yrBep2KAailoHx, 'TOpbIHO'IHaR CTOHMOCTb aKTHBOB AOA2KHa 6
blTb paBHa pbIHO'iHOA CTOHMOCTH o6s3aTeAbcTB riAlOCpbIHO-JHafl CTOHMOCTb co6cTBeHHoro KanHTaAa. BbI-IHCAeHHR cpeAHeB3BeC1JeHHOrO cpoxaHenoraieHHoA 'aCTH 3aAoA2reHHOCTH - npol5ecc CAOMHblH H o6blMHO BKAio'iaeT YCTaHOBAeHHe
nepHoAH'HOCTH ABHm2KeHHR AeHem2HbIX CpeACTB (KaK OCHOBHOrO AoAra TaX H BbIIJAaTyUIOOeHTOB ) nOpTqJeAH aKTHBOB H o6R9aTeAbcTB. TeKyujas CTOHMOCTb KamAorO TaKOrO noToxa(ABHaeHH.9) AOA2Ha 6blTb Bbl4HCAeHa H yMHoKeHa Ha -IHCAO, npeAcTaBARIoUCee nOpSRAXKOBbliHOMep AaHHoro nepHoAa BbInAaT. CyMMy, nOAyqeHHyIO B peS3yAbTaTe 3aTeM HeO6XOAHMOPaSAeAHTb Ha pbIHOHYIO CTOHMOCTb nopTVqeAs. 3sHaCHHe aHaA83a cpeAHeB3BeCineHHOro CPOKaHenoraHIeHHOH qaCTH KpeAHTa HanpHMYIO CBR3aHO C npeAnoAo2KeHHeM 0 ABH2KeHHH AeHe2KHbIX
cpeACTB H y'eTHOH cTaBKe.
CpeAHeB3BemeHHblii CpOK MO2KeT HcnOAb3OBaTbcA AAB Bbl4HCAeHHR BAHHH8R H3MeHRio1JHXcRnpO4eHTHbIX CTaBOK Ha pbiHO'iHyiO CTOHMOCTb co6cTBeHHoro KanHTaAa, TaKaR HH(popMaUHRMomeT 6
bITb nOAe3HoH, HO BO MHorHX CAy'aRx npeAnpHHRTbIe ycHAHR H 3aTpaTbi moryr HeOnpaBAbIBaTbCR peSyAbTaTaMH. 3
aTpaTbl, OAHaKO, 6yAyT yMeHbmaTbcH, eCAH AaHHbie AAR6yAyzgero aHaAH3a H nepecMoTpa nO3HUHH 6yAyT nOCTyriaTb c MeHblIJHMH TPyAHOCTRMH.
CDHHaHcOBoe ynpaBAeHHe AOA2KHO Bo3rAaBHTb onpeAeAeHHe napameTpoB pHcxa nonpoMeHTHoJi CTaBKe H cBR3aHHYIO C BTHM nOAHTHKY, Bbi6HpaH COOTBeTCTBYIOuHe npHeMbi AARaHaAH3a pHcKa no npOgeHTHOH cTaBKe, npH pa3pa6oTKe CTpaTerHH OgeHKH AAR ynpaBAeHHE
132
YHpaRew,e f mHaHCaNm
PHCKOM no npOUCeHTHOH CTaBrC H o6y4aff He-(pHHaHcoBbiX pyKoBoAHTeAeH TeOpHH H
npaKTH'ecCHM npHeMaM ynpaBAeHHH aKTHBaMH H o6H3aTeAbcTsaMH.
lpOHWOSrirHpoRa,He HpOfJCHTHOIH CTaRRH
CZHHaHCoBoe yipe2KAeHHe AOA2mHO HaMaTb nepecMoTp cBoero 6aAaHCoBoro OT'ieTa no
cAeAyio1IeH qa3e UHKAa npogeHTHOH CTaBKH eue A0 TOro, KaK 3amOHmwTcm npeAb Ayiga a3a,
nOTOMY MTO cAeAKH H onepaHHH Tpe6y[OT BpeMeHH Ha nAaHHPOBaHHe H HcnoAHeHHe. TaK,
HanpHMep, 6aHKn, OTOpbIH Bb1CTpaHBaeT cBOii 6aAaHcoBblfi OT'ieT C TeM, 'ITo6bi MaKCHMH3H-
pOBaTb AOXOAbI B MOMeHT AH6o caMoro BbICOKoro, AH6o camoro HH3Koro nOAO2feHHH IIHKAa
npOjleHTHOH CTaBKH, HHrOrAa He CMO0KT Ao6 HTbCq MaKCHMH3agHH AOXOAOB Ha nOAHOM
npOTAHKeHHH UHKAa.
cAeAoBaTeAbHo, a("eKTHBHOe ynpaBAeHHe aKTHBaMH H o6HsaTeAbcTBaMH A0A2KHo 6blTb
OCHOBaHO Ha meTKOM nporHo3e nOBeAeHHR npOUCHTHOH CTaBKH. IpOrHO3bi npOUeHTHOH CTaBKH
MO2KHO cAeAaTb Ha OCHOBaHHH aHaAH3a KpHBOH pbIHO'IHOH npH6bIAH, Ha OCHOBC ny6AHKyeMbIx
BKoHoMHMeCKHx nporHO3OB H OnHpaSCb Ha CBOH co6cTBeHHbie npHeMb1 nporHosHpoBaHHs.
KaKmm 6bM nOAxOAOM Bbl HH BOcnOAb3OBaAHCb, (PHHaHCOBOe PYKOBOACTBO HeceT pa3BHTHC 3a
meTKylo pa3pa6oTly BepHoro nporHo3a npOUeHTHOU CTaBKH H 3a o6ecne-4eHHe BO3MO2KHOCTH
peuieHHH, npHHHMaeMb!x KOMHTeTOM no ynpaBAeHHio aKTHBaMH H o6H3aTeAbCTBaMH (AAKO),
KoTopbC AOA2KHbi 6blTb B COOTBeTCTBHH c nporHo3oM.
KA3HAMEACKHE OnEPAUHH
ro mepe TOrO KaK (3YHKXHH (3HHaHCOBOrO ynpaBAeHHH B q)HHaHCOBOM yqpe=AeHHH
CTaHOBATCH BCe 6oAee CA02KHb1MH, BO3HHKaeT xieTKaH H OnpeAeAeHHaH q)YHKUaHR - onepalHH C
nOTOKaMH AeHe2KHbIX cpeAcTB, q)yYHKUHR CTaHOBHTCH Bce 60Aee Ba2KHHOH AA ynpaBAeHHR
AHKBHAHOCTbIO, pHCKOM no rPOIeHTHOH CTaBKX H 3a6aAaHcOBbIMH pHCKaMH, CTOHMOCTblO
KpeAHTOB, Aeno3HTOB, H 3aeMHbIX CpeACTB a TaK2Ke HHCTpyMeHTOM KOHTpOAS peaAmagm
nOAHTHKH ynpaBAeHH3i aKTHBaMH H o6a3aTeAbcTBaMH.
OnepagHH ynpaBAeHHH nOTOKaMH A4He2Hb1X CpeACTB OXBaTbBsalOT npHo6peTeHHe q)oHAOB,
HHBeCTHpOBaHHe B IeHHbie 6yMarH, HMelO1HC XO2KAeiHHe Ha pbIHKe, XeAmHpOBaHHe H
ynpaBAeHHe pe3epBHbIM C'ICTOM AaHHoro (HHaHcoBoro yMpe2KAeHHR B UeHTpaAbHOM 6aHKe.
3TH pa3AHxiHble onepaiAHH MOryT 6 bITb paccpeAOTOMeHbl no BCeM OTAeAaM B He6oAbMoM
qpHHaHCOBOM yqpe2KAeHHH, HO TaKaKs AegeHTPaAH.3aiH MOmeT ycnellHo 4(yHKqIHOHHpOBaTb
TOAbKO eCAH memAy BCeMH OTAeAaMH HaAam2eH 6ecnpenrTcTBeHHb1iH o6MeH HH(popMagHeH, qTO
Kam2KeTcsi MaAo peaAHCTHMHbIM B KpynHOM yqpe2KAeHHH; CAeAOBaTeAbHO peaAH3aiHs
UlrHTpaAH3OBaHHoro ynpaBAeHHR ABH2KeHHeM nOTOKOB AeHem2HbiX cpeAcTB O'IeHb Ba2KHa AAR
ycneluHoro ynpaBAeHHH pHCKOM B KpynHbIX y4pe?KAeHHHX.
HlpHo6peTeHHe qOHAOB BKAIOqaeT npOAamy pa3AH4HbIX HHCTPyMeHTOB pbIHKa AeHer
(o6HmaTeAbcTB) Ha onTOBOM HAH HHCTHTYUHOHaAbHOM pbIHKe, BKAIO'aR, HO He OrpaHH'HBaRCb,
AenOBHTHb!e CepTH(3HKaTbl, eBpOAOAAapOBbie AenO3HTbi, 6aHKOBCKHfi aKxerT, BbIKyn
COrAauieHHH (KoHTpaKToB). CIoAa mKe OTHOCHTCH Mem2t6aHKoBcxHe KpeAHTbl H 3aHiMbl B
IT eHTpaAbHOM 6aHKe. HlpHo6peTeHHe (POHAOB B OCHOBHOM COCpeAOTa'iHBaeTC5i Ha ynpaBAeHHH
133
YEpenmemme pyJoBojIrcTaa N iloaMillellEe 'qNCTRHTeAbHOCrT A nepeMezaN
pHCKOM AHKBH4HOCTH, HO OHO TaK2Ke Bam2Ho H AAR peaAH3agHH cTpaTerHHi no ynpaBAeHHIOPHCKOM no npOgeHTHOH cTaBKe.
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147
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H y4aCTByeT B PaCCMOTPeHHH PYKOBOACTBOM nAaHoB, COCTaBAeHHblX BO Bcex c)yH1qHOHaAbHbIX
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nOAHTHKe. B HTHX AeKAapaiHHx 6y4yT seTRO o6roBopeHbl 3aAaqH (HHaHCOBOrO ynpaBAeHHR
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yAyszeHHe ripogecca nAaHHOHBaHHS H BHeApeHHR, noBceMeCTHOC pa3BHTHe B 6aHKe npoMecca
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149
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CTapIHNu IJNHaHCOObMH COTpJreTNK
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150
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9 BOMAJogH AAKO B ioMMep'ieCKHX 6aHKax npeACTaBAHeT co6o0i A IBTH cTynewiaTbli
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49 AAKO - a66peBHaTypa aHrsAacxoro Asset and Liability Management Committee. [-npHM. nepeBoA.]
151
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YnpaBAeHHe qeAoBeqeCKHMH pecypcaMH B 6aHKe ripHHHMaeT (iOpMy MHOroI'HCAeHHbIXpa.Hoo6pa3Hblx CTPYKTYP H nOACTpyKTyp. Fo co6cTBeHHoMy OnbITY 3Hao, 'TO CYU4eCTBYeTOKOAO 20 cHcTeM, KOTOpbie nlpeACTaBARIOT 6oAbulyo Ba2KHOCTb B AOCTH2KeHHH nOCTaeBAHHbxgeAeH ycrielUHOCTH ynpaBAeHHH. OHH rpa4HieCKH llpeCTaBAeHbI Ha BCTaBKe 5.1. Ho xoAyH3Ao2KeHHR MaTepHaAa rAaBbI Mbi onHllieM H o6cyAHM KamAyIo HS3 8THX cHcTeM.
Bce aTH cHcTeMbi OpHeHTHPOBaHbl Ha Ae4CTBHe H AOCTH2KeHHe KOHKpeTHbIX Pe3yAbTaTOB BopraHH3aMHK, nOArOTOBKY H ynpaBAeHHe 'eAoBeeeCKHMH pecypcaMH. OHH He 3aTparHalo'TaAMHHHcTpaTHBHoH CTOPOHbl ynpaBAeHHH, He KacalOTCH TaKHX BOnpOCOB KaK BbILAaTa3apa6oTHoA nAaTbI, Ha3HaMeHHe neHcHi, yCAyrH B o6AaCTH 3ApaBooxpaHeHHi, o6ecne'ieHHe2KHAbeM, o6fee o6pa3oBaHHe H T.A. Bce aTH acneKTbI Ba2KHbl, H HeAOCTaTK.H cyigeCTBylOZJHCB Aio 6
oM H3 HHX, cnoco6CTByIOT CHH2KeHHIO MOpaAbHOrO Ayxa, meAaHHS pa6oTaTb XOpOIUO HMOryT OKa3aTbCn HCTO-iHHKOM Ccepbe3HbX 3aTpaT Ami 6aHKa. Ho OHH HecOnOCTaBHMbi no cBoeCCAOmHoCTH, no CBOHM rIOTeHUHaAbHbJM BO3MO2KHOCTRM BO3AeHCTBHH Ha ycnelUHOCTb BeAeHHRAeA, KOTOpble Moryr o6ecnCe'HTb CHCTeMbi ynpaBAeHHH, O KOTOpbiX noHAeT pe-'b B AaHHOMpa3AeAe.
UEAb 1: OPrAHmOBATb 304EKTHBHYIO PABOTY CBOHX COTPYaHHKOB
Bo MHorHx cTpaHax, HO B oco6eHHocTH B pa3HBsBaiOujHXCR CTpaHaX, rOCYAapCTBeHHb1e HApyrHe He 'aCTHbie 6aHKH o6btrHo upeAcTaBARioT co6ofi KpynHbie yRpemAeHHH C TOqKH 3peHHR'iHcAa pa6oTaoujHx B HHX. 4OBOAbHO 'iacTo BcTpeiawOTcCR 6aHKH, B KOTOpblX pa6OTaiOT OT 5
156
CoA4aiauze vetoaeqecxoro xrairiata 5aura
BCTaDKa 5.1
OcHoBHbIe phiqarH aqi43er.TKHoBo FOypaBAeHHs qeAoBeqecKcHMH pecypcamn
3 aaa Y1. OpraHBomBah 90peKrHBHyzO pa6oTy Aio4e4:
* opraHH3agHOHHa CTpyKTypa;
* onpeAeAeHHu OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH;
* CTPYKTYPHPOBaHHU pa6oqHx MeCT;
. yKoMrAelKToBaHHOCTb no Tpe6oBaHHIO.
344ava 2. Omw1AHMHBHpOBaTb ypOBeHb yKOmzAeCKTOBaHHOCTH H Na6opa HeO6xoHmNbrx
HaBbJKOB:
* 01THMH3agHA HmeioulerocH ypoBHs nepcoHaAa H HaBbIKOB B pa6oTe;
* o6ecneieHHe meminoigeroca cnpoca Ha IeAoBeMeCKHe pecypcbl.
-3 4aaYa 3. cIJOpMHpOBaNHe eo6xo,4HMbJX HaBbhIOB H uapoH3Bo.4CTBeHmOR KyAbTypbl.
* aHlAH3 Heo6XOAHMbIX HaBbIKOB;
* HHAHBHAyaAbHaR o0eHKa;
* o6y'qeHHe H nOArOTOBKa;
* pa3BHTHe HHCTHTyUHOHaAbHOH KyAbTypbl;
* Ha6Op H oT6op pa6oTHHKoB no cnoco6HocTHM.
3 4aaa 4. YrpameuHe pa6oToi m 4.ocrTHeKHH ge.Ae,i B 4amHom 6HsHece:
* pa3BHTHe AH4epCKHX q)yHKIHH;
* AeAoBoe rLAaHHpOBaHHe;
* noCTaHOBKa igeAe H pa3pa6oTKa MeponpHRTHH;
* OTCAC2tHBaHHC p3eyAbTaTHBHOCTH H HMCepeHHe pe3yAbTaTOB pa6OTbl;
* ynpaBaeHHe nOoi4peHHHMH;
. MOTHBaUHR K pa3BHTH10 KapbCpbl;
* aKTHBHoe ynpaBAeHHe.
AO 10 Tb1CH1 qeAOBeK. H KoHeCIHo, eCTb 6aHKH, HacYHTbIBaiouI4He 30, 50 H 6oAee TbICH'
pa6oTHHKoB. HeKoTopble 6aHKH HMCIOT BbICOKY1o KOHUeHTpaUHio cBoero nepcoHaAa B
ULeHTpaAbHbIX ynpaBAeHHHX. B 6oAbUIHHCTBe 2Ke 6aHKOB OCHOBHoe qHCAO pa6oTHHKOa 3aHRTO
B OTAeAeHHHX.
Bce aTo orpoMHoe KOAHieCTBO pa6oTHHKoB ACAHTCR Ha HecKOAbKo YPoBHeH
ynpanAeH-lecKHx, TeXHHMecKHX, KOHTOpCKHX H ApyrHx KaTerOpHH pa6oTHHKoB, pacCeHHHbIX
/HAH o6,beAKHeHHbIX/ BOKpyr 50 HAH 6oAee BH4OB npOAyK1HH, yCAyr H THnOB pa6oTbl. H Bce
BTO npeAcTaBAAeT co6oH AOBOAbHO IHpOKyIO H HeO4HOpOAHY10 KapTHHy. COTHU pa3AHqHbIX
THnOB onepaHgHH npoBoAaTca AAA a6ecneqeHHA pa6oTbl no BKAaAaM, BblAa1e CCyA H saHMoB,
OKa&aHHH OrlAa'HBaeMbIX ycAyr, AeACTBHH, CBS3aHHbIX C ynpaBACHHeM aKTHBaMH H
o6R3aTeAbCTBaMH, npOAYKHeCH Ka3HaqeHCKHX cAy2K6, KaCCOBbIMH Onepa1HsMH, AeHeCHbIMH
157
YKpensieaHe pYKOBOARCTra o JzoWshIIemwe qyBerCTeTAAbocT7 K izepeMenaM
paCmeTaMH, BeAeHHeM 3anHCce no AeAaM H onepaMHRM KAHeHTOB, BHyTpeHHeH H BHeiuHeCHOT'eTHOCTbIO, ynpaBAeHHeM nepcoHaAoM, 3aKynKaMH H T.A.
qauge qeM BO MHorHX ApyrHx KOMnaHHHX, B 6aHKax Ha6AIOAaeTCH MeAoe crlAeTeHHeOTHOuiIeHHH, B3aHMocBR3eH. HanpHMep, oTA4AeHHH o6ecneiHBaloT AaHHbie AAR OTAeAa y4eTa HoT'eTHOCTH /6yxraATepHM H cTaTHcTHKH/ KOTOpoe roToBHT AaHHbIe AAH cHcTeMynpaBAeHqecKoH HH4popMaUHH, KOTOpbIe nOCTaBAH1OT Heo6xOAMble CBeAeHHR pyKOBOACTBY6aHKa, KOTOpbIe OCYU4CCTBAHJOT MOHHTOpHHr AeHTeAbHOCTH H pey3AbTaTOB Ha YPOBHe rAaBHOrOynpaBAeHHH, OTAeAeHHH H perHOHOB. KpeAHTHbIii aHaAH3, nOAy'4CHHe oAo6peHHk/pa3petmeHHRHa BblAaty KpeAHToB, ynpaBAeHHe H MOHHTOPHHr MoryT ocyIgeCTBAHTbCR Ha pa3Hb1X ypOBHHXH B pa3HblX CAym6aX OTAeAeHHH, MO2KCT nPOXO4HTb 'epe3 napaAA AbHbie nlOApa3AeAeHHa HaperHOHaAbHOM ypoBHe H mepe3 CO0TBeTCTBYI0lUHe cAy2K6bi rAaBHoro ynpaBAeHHH.
H B aToH, yme ceHinac CAO2KHOH o6cTaHoBKe, Mbl MO2KCM Ha6AIoAaTb InOBCeMeCTHbIH POCTTpe6oBaHHA. PacwMpHeTcq c4pepa nOTpe6HTeAbCKHx ycAyr H BHAOB ripeAAaraemoH 6aHKoMnpO4y1KHH, KOTOpblMH npHxOAHTCH 3aHHMaTbCR nepcoHaAy 6aHKa. KaK HHAHBHAyaAbHbie, TaKH K0PnOpaTHBHbie KAHeHTbl 6aHKa o0KHAalOT Bce 6oAee BbICOKoKaqeCTBeHHbIX yCAyr.AOHAbHOCTb KAHeHTa cTaHOBHTcH Bce MeHee BbIpameHHOH H HBHOH. Bo MHorHX CAy-iaHX, rAeeCTb BO3MO2KHOCTb Bbi6opa, KAHeHTbl C roToBHOCTblo nepeBOAHT CBOH 6HwHec TyAa, rAe OHH
HaXOAHT 6oAee BbICOKHH YPOBeHb o6cAymHBaHHH, 6oAee paqHoo6pa3Hble BHAbJ YCAYF H Ay'ilmeeOTHOmeHHe K ce6e.
ToqHo TaK me Bo3paCTaloT H BHeLUHHe Tpe6oBaHHH K 6aHKy. AKIqHOHepbi 6aHKa
/roCyAaPCTBeHHbie, HHCTHTYlHOHaAH3HPOBaHHbie H HHAHBHAyaAbHbie/ omHAaioT 6oAee
BbICOKHX pe3yAbTaTOB B pa6OTe, no CpaBHeHHIo C nIIpoiAbIM nepHOAOM. CY6CHAHH yXOART BnpoJlL&oe, HHOrAa CAHWUKOM 6bICTpO H BHe3anHo. B HeKOTOPbIX CTpaHaX 3HaqHTeAbHOBo3pacTaeT CTerieHb AeperyAHpOBaHHq. OT 6aHKOB mAyT 6OAblloil CaMOCTORTeAbHOCTH.BaAaHcoBbie oTmeTbI 6aHKoB, OTqeTbI O npH6
bIAHX H y6blTKax Bce 6oAee meCTKO noABepraioTcROTKpblTOMy aHaAH3y Ha YPOBHe MeC2AyHapOAHbIX CTaHAapTOB y'eTa, B COOTBeTCTBHH CKOTOPbIMH AerKO o6Hapy2KHBaeTcH CyU4CCTBYIOU4aH HAH noTCHVHaAbHaH HenAaTe2Kecnoco6HoCTb,
a BCAeA 3a BTHM HAyT Tpe6oBaHHH npHHRTb KoppeKTHBHbie Mepbl. HeKoTopble cTpaHb1
npHHRAH BbICOKHH H nOTeH4gHaAbHo rpO3HJIJHH KOH(AHKTaMH YPOBeHb cnpoca - OHH
npoAoAKalOT BeCTH noAHTHKY HanpaBAeHHoro HAH cy6cHAHpoBaHHoro KpeAHTOBaHHH, CAep-2KHBaR pOCT npogeHTHoH CTaBKH, (HHaHCHpyR ripaBHTeAbCTBO H OAHOBpeMeHHO Tpe6yR, qT06b16aHKH 6blAH nAaTe2Kecnoco6HbIMH H npH6bIAbHbIMH. BaHKH oujyialoT ce6A xaK Meew.ll
MOAOTOM H HaKOBaAbHeH. Ho Aame TaM, rAe 6aHKH OTHOCHTeAbHO CBo6OAHbl xax oTpaCAb
6H3Heca nORBAAIOTC.R HOBbJe HOpMaTHBbi noKa3aTeAeH AOCTaToqHOCTH KanHTaAa, HaAe2KHOCTH HKaieCTBa nOpT(peA31 KpeAHTOB, H peHTa6eAbHOCTH, KOTOpbIe AOBOAbHO TPYAHO AOCTHrHyTb.
,4AA Toro 'qTo6bi 3aCTaBHTb BeCb BTOT CAO2KHbliH MXaHH3M B3aHMOCBR3aHHbIX (pyHJqHHpa6oTaTb aq"eKTHBHO H COOTBeTCTBOBaTb Bo3pacTaioiiemy ypoBHIO cnpoca KaK BHYTpHopraHH3aUHH, TaK H H3BHe, TbICRt
IH AioAeHi, KOTOpbie pa6oTaloT B 6aHKe, AOA2Hbi 6blTb
opraHH,oBaHbl, HHTerpHpoBaHbl H HageAeHbl Ha AOCTHmeHHe KoHKpeTHbIX pe3yAbTaTOB.
OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a AOCTH2KeHHe Tpe6yeMoro pe3yAbTaTa AOA2Ha 6blTb 'ieTKo onpeAeAeHa,
pa6OTHHKH Ha Ka2AoM KOHKPeTHOM MecTe AOAMHbi 6bITb opraHHSOBaHbi B CTpyKTypy, wTo6b
158
Cosa4aHHe weAoBevecxroro KaHirTaAa 6aHira
yAOBAeTBOpRTb npeAbHBAxeMbIM K HHM Tpe6oBaHHHM, BCe CTPYKTYPHbIe noApa3AeAeHHn
AOA2Hbi 6bITb yKOMn.AeKTOBaHbI Heo6xOAHMbIM KOAH'eCTBOM pa6oTHHKoB, HmeUMCOHX
aAeKBaTHble HaBb1KH AAH Toro, MTo6bi CnpaBHTbCR C 3aAa4aMH AaHHOFO noApa3AeAeHHH. Bce
aTH SaAaqH paccMOTpeHbl B coAep2KaHHH AaHHOH rAaBbi.
CTp.ITyp pNofa Nme oprasHH3afNH
XOPOIIHM Ha-aAOM AAH ynpaBAeHHH 'eAoBemecKHMH pecypcamH HBAHeTCH opraHH3agHOHHOe
cTpyKTypHpoBaHHe. 3aAama 6aHKa, ero IIIHpOKHe CeAH, pa6onHe nAaHbi oTpa2KaioT ero
CTPaTerHio H TaKTHKy, KoHKpeTHbie 3aAatH H 4eAH, a TaK2Ke nyTH peaAH3aMHH H peiueHHH
npo6AeM. B HHX 3apHKCHOBaiHbl KOAHmeCTBeHHbie noKa3aTeAH pa6OTbl 6aHKa, OnHCaHbI BHAbi
npOAyK1%HH H ycAyr, oxapaKTepH3OBaHbl pbIHKH /CM. rAaBy HAaHHPOBaHHe/. B3 aHK
OCy7geCTBAHeT CBOIO CTpyKTYPHYIO opraHH3aIHJO 4AA TOrO, 'TO6bl PCaAH3OB Tb cBolo
cTpaTerHIO H OCyU4eCTBHTb nAaHbl. Pa3AHqHble cTpaTerHH, pa3AHqHbIe BHAbI npoAyKuHH H
yCAyr, pa3AHqHble K0opnOpaTHBHbie MeAH, pa3AH%HbIC KOHKpeTHbie YCAOBHR H pa3AH-IHbie
KAio'leBble palKTopbi - sce STO onpeAeAHeT xapaKTep opraHH3aglHOHHOA CTpyKTypbl, KOTOpa.S
HaHAy'qluHM o6pa3oM COOTBCTCTByeT oco6eHHOCTaM pa6oTbl KOHKpeTHOrO 6aHKa.
B HHTepecax AH pa3pa6oTKH HOBOH CTpaTerHH HAH nepeA AHIOM Heo6XoAHMOCTH
ycoBepiueHCTBOsaTb aHXpeKTHBHOCTb 6aHKa, MHOrHe 6aHKH ym2e CTOHT HAH CKOpO BCTaHyT
nepeA HeO6XOAHMOCTbIO peopraHH3aguH. HepecTpoiKa opraHn3agHH MO2KCT H4ATH paaHbiMH
riyTRmH, Ha4HHaH OT He6OAbULIHX CKOCMeTH'eCKHXX yAyquieHHH AO KaPAHHaAbHbIX H3MeHeHHH.
IepeA 6aHKoM B pa3BHBaoujeficfH CTpaHe CTOHT CAeAyio1UHe npo6AeMbI H TpyAHOCTH:
* HeAOCTaTOMHOe BHHMaHHe, yAeAHemoe KOHKpeTHbIM pbIHKaM HAH OTACAbHb!M
KAHeHTaM;
* PaSMbITaH PYKOBOAHRIaH CTpyKTypa, 6oAee COOTBCTCTBYIOigaHR o6ujeCTBeHHOH
opraHH3aljHH, 'eM AeAOBOii, - B OTAeAbHbIX, HCKAIO'iHTeAbHbIX CAy'laRX Bce
MmeIogUHecH 10-15 OTAeAOB YnpaBAeHai H 100 - 200 OTAeAeHHH noA'qHHHIOTCH
HenocpeAcTBeHHo "CoBeTy";
* HeCeTKaR OTBeTCTBCHHOCTb noApa3AeAeHHH H OTAeAbHbIX pa6oTHHKoB, B
oco6eHHocTH oTBeTcTBeHHocTb aa pe3yAbTaTbl;
* HeKOTOpbie Ba2KHbIC (PyHKIqHH npaKTH'ieCKH OTCYTCTBYIOT, HanpHMep [IAaHHpOBaHHC,
KpeAHTHoH nOAHTHKH H KOHTPOAH, ynpaBAeHqecKoa HpH¢OpMaUHH, MapKeTHHra,
ynpaBAeHHR aKTHBaMH H o6a3aTeAbcTBaMH, onepaUHoHHoro aHaAH3a, HHorFa OHH
HeAOyKoMnAeCKTOBaHbI nepCOHaAOM, /HanpHMep B CAy'iae o6ecnemeHHR
TeXHHmeCCKHMH CpeACTBaMH/, cAym6a ayAxTa HAH peBH3HOHHaH cAym6a, oTAeAbi
nOArOTOBKH H o6yqCHHH, ynpaBAeHHHs "npo6AeMHbIMH" KpeAHTaMH;
* Ba^2Hble (PyHKIHH pa3Apo6AeHbI MC2KAY AByMh-TpeMH He3aBHCHMbIMH
nOApa3AeAeHHMMH, HMeeT MeCTO Ay6AHpoBaHHe OTAeAbHbIX (pyHKUHHl;
* oujyigaeTcR cAa6ocTb ynpaBAeHHA KpeAHTaMH no BceHi opraHH3agHH, B oco6eHHocTH
B o6AacTH KCpeAHTHorO aHaAH3a, ynpaBAeHHH H KOHTpOAR 3acMJIHKOB H ynpaBAeHHR
npo6AeMHbIMH" KpeAHTaMH;
159
YapeizACMe pyJKUOOACTBa N iombIImeo vywcTrHTeAbHocrH Nr iepememar
* MaAoB4CpKTHBHbl onepagHOHHbie CTpYKTypbl H HeHaAe2KHbl npoMeAypblnIOCAeAOBaTeAbHOCTH pa6oTbl B oTAeAeHHRX, B nIOApa4ASAeHHRX ylpaBAeHHR H BCTPYKITypHblX nOApa3AeAeHHAX;
* yCTapeBIIIHH HAH HeCOOTBeTCTBYIOJIHH YPOBeHb pyKOBOACTBa, BO MHOrHX CAyqaRXCAHIIIKOM 3aHH2KeHHbXH sTo6bi MO02HO 6 bIAO o6ecneql4Tb 8eIXFCKTHBHOCTbynpaBAeHHR HAH CAHIIIKOM BbICOKHH, 'TO 3aTpyAHieT pa3yMHbIH / B3BeIIIeHHbli, /KOHTpOAb;
* 6lopoKpaTHmecKHe npogeccbx ynpaBAeHHR, B OCHOBHOM HanpaBAeHHbie Haco6AloAeHHe npogeAyp H q)OpMaAbHOCTeH, a He Ha atJxpeKTHBHbie, peHTa6eAbHbie,OpHeHTHPOBaHHbJe Ha HHTepecbi KAHeHTa AeHCTBHH;
* HeKoTopbie Ba2KHbie ynpaBAeHieCKHe npogeccbi pa3BHTbl HeAOcTaTOqHO, HanpHMep,cTpaTerH'IecKoe H AeAOBOe riAaHHpOBaHHe, ynpaBAeHHe pe3yAbTaTaMH H OUeHKapey3AbTaTOB pa6oTbl, nocTaHOBKa MeAeH H pa3pa6oTKa MeponpH9THH, KOHTpOAbynpaBAeHHM H CBH3b.
HaMe'IeHHbie YCOBeplUeHCTBOBaHHH moryT noTpe6oBaTb, -ITo6bi BHHMaHHe B OCHOBHOM 6blAoyAcAeHO YPOBHIO OTAeAeHHH - AAM Toro, qTo6bi nOAHHTb B(JXJeKTHBHOCTb o6CAymHBaHHRKAHeHTOB Ha ypoBHe oTAeAeHHR HAH AAA OnTHMH3saHH KOAH'eCTBa OTAeAeHHH H HXpa3Me1geHHR.
MOmHO COCPeAOTO%IHTb BHHMaHHe Ha perHOHaAbHOM ypOBHe: yCHAHTb POAb perHoHaAbHOHcHcTeMbI B ynpaiBAeHHH noKa-3aTeAHMH pa6oTbl oTAeAeHHH H KOHTPOAHPOBaTb HX onepaUHH, HAHHa YPOBHe ynpaBAeHHSI - nepeCTpOHTb KAIO'ieBbie nOApasAeAeHHH, npaBHAbHO OnpeAeAHTbnpHOPHTeTbl B Ka2mAOM q)YHKUHOHaAbHOM nOApa3AeAeHHH, yCHAHTb PYKOBOACTBO,yCOBeplleHCTBOBaTb ynpaBAeHHe H KOHTpOAb HAH yCHAHTb B(NXeKTHBHOCTb onepagjHH Ho6cAyMHBaHH.H KAHeHTOB, HAH B MeAoM rio 6aHKy: paclUHPHTb H YCOBepL1eHCTBOBaTb npOUecCynpaBAeHH9, yCOBepWleHCTBOBaTb MCTOAbI KOHTpOAH, rIepeCMOTPCTb H MOAePHH3HPOBaTbYPOBeHb PYKOBOACTBa HAH YCOBeplUeHCTBOBaTb opraHHsagHIo c6opa, o6pa6oTKH H nepeAaRHHHq3opMagHH, Heo6xOAHMOH AAA PYKOBOACTBa 6aHKOM.
BoAee q)yHAaMeHTaAbHaA nepecTpoiKa rioTpe6yeT KOHMeHTpaUHH BHHMaHHH Ha KOHKPeTHbiXCYUJeCTBYIOUIHX npo6AeMax H, OpHeHTHPYSCb Ha 6yAyWee pa3BHTHe, Heo6xOAHMOCTHpa3pa6OTKH COOTBeTCTBYIOJIHX CTpaTerHH 6aHKa CTPYKTYPHbIX Tpe6oBaHHRx. MoemeT 6biTbHeO6XOAHMO npOBeCTH HCCKOAbKO THnOB AeHcTBHH.
FlpemAe Bcero, OipeAeAHTb Heo6xOAHMbIe BaMHbie AAR pa6oTbi 6aHKa KAioqeBbienoApa3AeAeHHHl, peaAH.3yloWHe ero cTpaTerHIo H ynpaBAMlO1AHe HaqaBuie*Cl nepecTpoHKOH:
* CO3AaTb noApasAeAeHHH, OpHeHTHPOBaHHbie Ha npOAyKT/pbIHOK, KoTopbie OTBeCaAH6 bl 3a co3AaHHe H ynpaBAeHHe peHTa6eAbHbIMH HanpaBAeHHHMH 6aHKoBcKoro6HiHeca B OTA4AbHbIX cAy2m6ax camoro 6aHKa c y'eTOM ero onepaHoHHOrnO rrAama,TaKHe KaK o6cAy2HBaHHe HHAHBHAyaAbHbIX KAHeHToB, MaAOrO 6H3Heca, KoMnaHHHcpeAHero pa3Mepa, 6OAblllHX KOpnOpaUHiH, rCoyAapCTBeHHbIX y-ipemAeHHH, OKa3aHHeMeC2AYHaPOAHbIX YCAyr H HcnOAb3oBaHHe npOAYKTOB 3apy6e2Hblx 6aHKoB HKa3HaqeHCTBa.
160
CoaigaH,e veAoaeveciroro ranzTraAa 6aHra
* CO3AaTb nOAPa3AeAeHHH noAAepmKH rAaBHoro ynpaBAeHHM C 'eTKHMH H HCHbIMH
xapaKTepHCTHKaMH, npaBaMH H o6H3aHHoCTHiMH /C COOTBeTCTBY1o1uHM
KBaAHuHUHPOBaHHbIM nepCOHaAoM AA BbinIOAHeHHM 8THX o6s3aHHoCTeii/ B TaKHX
o6AacTMX KaK TeXHoAormH, onepaUHOHHaR nOAHTHKa H aHaAH3, KaCCOBbie Onepa,HH
/BKAJO%IaM ynpaBAeHHe aKTHBaMH H o6fl3aTeAbcTBaMH/, yteT, ynpaBAeH'iecKag
HHq)OpMaUHH, nAaHHpOBaHHe, 6ioAmeT, saApbi, nOArOTOBKa H o6yqeHHe, mapKeTHHr,
OTHOJiueHHM C BHellHHMH OpraHH3aUHMMH, peKAaMa, iOpHAH'eCKaM cAy2K6a,
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162
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H H3BeCTHa o6bri-HaH TpaAHUH. yxoAa pa6oTHHKoB Ha neHcHio.
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Meme y noApa3AeAeHHAMH. HanpaMep, yxoA Ha neHCHIO H3 KoMnbioTepHoro oTAeAa FAaBHorOynpaBAeHHH 6aHKa momeT 6 blTb 60Aee MHOrOIHCAeHHbiM, 'eM TO me caMoe B ceAbcKoMOTAeAeHHH 6aHKa. BaHKH B pa3BHBaaioigHxcA CTpaHaX 6yAyT B BeAOM HMeTb meHbllee
KOAHYeCTBO AHU, KoTopbic y)HAyT Ha neHCHIO, 'eM B pa3BHTbIX, XOTHI caMH 6aHKHpbl 3aqacTyio
YAMBARIOTCI TOMy, KaK BbICOK npOUeHT BblXOAa Ha neHCHIO B HX 6aHKe, KOTOpblH HaXOAHTCq Bpa3BHBa}o0jeHcR CTpaHe.
loCKOAbKy nAaHHPOBaHHe pa6otiefi CHAbl HaH6OAee 8(4XpeKTHBHO HaYHHaTb C YPOBHM
noApa3AeAeHHR H nepeABHraTbCR BBepX, Ha YPOBeHb Bcero 6aHKa, TO H nporHo3 H3MeHeHHH BCOCTaBe pa6oTHHKoB AOAmeH 6blTb npoH3BeAeH Ha ypoBHe noApa3AeAeHHA. HanpHMep, MomHonpHHRTb TaKOH nOpRAOK: KamAoe OTAeAeHHC, KamAoe perHOHaAbHOe ynpaBAeHHe, KamAbliOTAeA B rAaBHOM ynpaBAeHHH. PYKOBOAHTeAH noApa3AeAeHHH Ay)Iue scex SHalOT HCTOpHIOcBoero noApaSAeAeHHR, cnegHI)HKY H CTeneHb aHaAOrHH HAH paSAHMHR C ApyrHMH
noApasAeAeHHHMH B 6aHKe B UeAoM. OHH me yBepeHHee ApyrHx MoryT cAeAaTbnpe=oAo2KeHHR OTHOCHTeAbHo 6yAyWHx H3MeHeHHH, HacKOAbKO, no HX MeHMHoH, BTO
pa3ofiAeTCR C nAaHOBbIMH nOKa3aTeARMH.
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c6aAaHcHpOsaTb InOTepH OT yXOAa pa6oTHHKOB Ha neHCHIO, a HMeHHO: o6yqeHHe, npoABHm2KeHHe,nepeBoAbl H Ha6op HOBbIX cneUHaAHCTOB. IIOTOMy 'TO Mbl XOTHM noAo4TH K o6teMaM
178
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npeAnoAaraemoro o6yCeHHH mepe3 npoiecc nAaHHPOBaHHH, XOTHM onpeAeAHTb, KaKoe
KoAH'eCTBO AoAeCH AOA2KHO 6blTb o6yqeHo, KaKoe - nPOABHHyTo no cAym6e H T.A., KaKHe
AeHCTBHR MoryT Cq)OPMHPOBaTb HAH H3MeHHTb xapaKTep TPYAOBoro KOAAeKTHBa Ha npoTR2KeHHH
aToro nepHoAa.
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npoiecca. OCHOBHOH -a4aAe 3;ecb HBAHeTCH onpeAeAeHHe pa3BHTHH noTpe6HOcTH B
KoAHweCTBC pa6OTHHKOB Ha 3anAaHHpOBaHHbliH nepHoA. HymHO onpe4eAHTb, CKOAbKO 'IeAOBeK
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nAaHHpyeMoro nepHoAa. 9 TH nporHO3bI ToŽKe cHatIaAa ACAaKITCH Ha YPOBHe nOApa3AeAeHHH,
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nporHO3HO OIeHHTb noTpe6HocTb B pa6oTHHKax, OnHpaHCb Ha HeCKOAbKO HCTO4HHKOB:
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aBTOMaTH3aUHH pa6oTbi 6aHKa, nAaH nOBblweHHA rpOH3BOAHTeAbHOCTH, MapKeTHHrOBbic nAaHbl,
nAaHbI BHeAPCHHH HOBOH npOAYKIHH H HOBbIX ycAyr, a TaK2Ke HCTOpH'eCKHe TeHACHgHH H
nOHHMaHHe AaHHbIM nOAPa3AeAeHHeM cBoeH CyAb6bl H pOAH B 2KH3HH 6aHKa, CBOHX KAHeHToB H
cBoero 6yAyujero pa3BHTHH.
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CnPOC Ha npOAy4lKHIO H yCAyrH ero OTAeAa H3MeHHTCH 3a nOCAeAYlOIHH nAaHHpyeMbIH nepHOA
/yMeHbUIHTCH HAH yBeAHqHTCH/. PyrOBOAHTeAb oTAeAeHHSI, HanpHMep, MO2KCT npeABHAeTb
yBeAH'IeHHe HAH yMeHbllleHHC o6beMa HAH THrna npOAyKTOB HAH yCAyr, nOCTaBAHeMbiX ero
oTAeAeHHeM, xHCAO KAHeHToB, HcnOAb3ylOIBHX pa3AHqHbie npoAyKTb! HAH ycAyrH, o6 beM
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o6beM nepeBOAOB CyMM H T.A.. HCXOAH H3 HCTOPH'ecKoH TeHAeHUHH, onHpaHfCb Ha TJMaTeAbHO
npoAyMaHHbli onepaTHBHbliH nAaH H noHHMaHHe cBoero pbIHKa, PYKOBOAHTeAH MOryT CAeAaTb
4OCTaTOqHO HaAe2KHbli 0 nporHO3 /c T01
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HHCTpyMeHTbi onTHMH3aiHH YPOBHH AOAmHOCTeH H pa6omHx MeCT, MOryT HCnOAb3OBaTb Te 2me
caMble HHCTpyMeHTbI AAH nporHO3HOH OU,HKH CBoeH nOTpe6HocTH B pa6OTHHKax. AHaAH3
Harpy3KH MomeT 6blTb HcnOAb3oBaH AAM nporHo3a Tpe6OBaHHH K pa6OTHHKaM, HCXOAR H3
6yAyuMeA Harpy3KH Ka2KAoro pa6oTHHxa. TaKHM 2Ke nOAe3HbiM MO2KCT oKa3aTbCR aHaAH3
COOTHOIIIeHHH B Bonpocax nporHo3a 6yAytMero cnpoca H noTpe6HOcTH. MomHo HCnOAb3OBaTb H
ApyrHe noKa3aTeAH Heo6xoAHMocTH AaHHoro pa6omero MeCTa H KoAHieCTBa Heo6xOAHMblx
pa6omHx MeCT.
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KaK KOAHIeCTBO pa6oTHHKoB 6yAeT COOTHeceHO C o6beMOM npeAnoAaraemoH B 6yAyuJeM
Harpy3KH. MHoro paKTOpOB MOmeT nOBAHHTb Ha cerOAHquiHee HAH HCTOpH'eCCOe COOTHOmIIeHHe
B BTOH o6AaCTH. A BTO MomeT Bbl3BaTb Heo6xoAHMoCTb yBeAHieHHIH HAH yMeHblUeHHq -IHCAa
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179
YKpe,zAezA e pyKwoBOAcTBa H i7osbrareoHNe q1DwCTHTeA.boCTcH h nepeMeHamf
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MeXaHH3aUHH HAH aBTOMaTH3aUHH, ApyrHe (PaKTOpbI, cnoco6cTByIoWHe nOBbJl11eHHIO
npOH3BOAHTeAbHOCTH TpyAa, nOBbIlIIeHHe KyAbTypbl TpyAa, CTpyKTYPHbie H opraHHsagHOHHbie
HsMeHeHHH, H3MeHeHHH B HOPMaTHBaX O6CAy2HBaHHH.
,AAs onpeAeAeHHH nOTpe6HOCTeH B KOAH'eCTBe pa6oTHHKoB B 6yAylgeM MO2KeT 6blTb
HcnOAb3OBaH H MeTOA MoAeAHpOBaHHH. IlyTeM yTOqHeHHR H npOegHpOBaHHH MOAeAH AAR
OnTHMH3aMHH YPOBHSI KoMneTeHTHOCTH HAH KOAH'IeCTBa pa6OTHHKOB.
Pe3yAbTaToM BTOH CTaAHH nAaHHPOBaHH;i noTpe6HOcTeH B KOAH'eCTBe pa6 OTHHKOB MOmeT
CTaTb pa3pa6oTKa TaKoro me ceTeBoro rpa(pHKa, KaK yme o6cyŽiAaAocb Bbllle. CAeAyIo1HA
mnar noTpe6yeT npHMOrO CpaBHeHHH cnpoca H npeAAO2KeHHR. 3Ha4HTeAbHO o6AermHT aHaAH3 Ha
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9To6bi conoCTaBHTb AaHHbie nporHo3a cnpoca H npeAAomeHHH no roAaM, 'ITo6bi o6Hapy2KHTb
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pa3pblB, rOBop.RJIHH 0 Heo6xOAHMOCTH H3blCKHBaTb nyTH ero noKpbITHH. Pa3pblB MomKeT
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PYKOBOAHTeAb MomeT 3aMeTHTb Bo3pacTaioiiyio HeXBaTKY cAy2KmalJHx 6aHKa, OTBeYialOIIHX -3a
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'eM eCTeCTBeHHoe y6biBaHHe KOAH'eCTBa pa6oTHHKoB B AaHHOM nOApasAeAeHHH.
CeTeBoe nAaHHHPOBaHHe noTpe6HocTH B pa6OTHHKax no roAaM, HCnOAb3yeMoe
PYKOBOAHTeARMH nOApa3AeAeHHH AAH OgeHKH nporHo3a cnpoca H npeAAo2KeHHA pa6OTHHKOB,
MomeT 6blTb HCnOAb3OBaHo AAR onpeAeAeHHH AecPH!HTa H Hs6bITKa Ha Ka2KAOM YPOBHe
AOA2KHOCTeH B KamAbIH roA nAaHHpyemoro nepHoAa. H B CaMoM AeAe. TO YTO PYKOBOAHTeAH6aHKa H COTpyAHHKH OTAeAa KaApOB COBMeCTHO npocmaTpHBalOT H aHaAH3HPY1OT aTH OTqeTbI,
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nOAo2KeHHbIX pRAOM Apyr c ApyroM, Mo2KeT cyCeCTBeHHO o6AeIMHTb pa6oTy, CBH3aHHYIO C
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o6ecneYIeHHe 6aAaHca B YCAOBHHX nepeMeH. rHOCAeAHHii mar BToro npouecca npeAnoAaraeT
pa3pa6oTKy MeponpHHTHH AAH IOKpbITHH AeCHgHTa pa6oTHHKoB H pemeeHIH Bonpoca C
180
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181
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182
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MO2KeT Co BpeMeHeM BbIpaCTH B ycnelUHO (YHKUHOHHpyiOuCee npH 6 blAbHoe
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noAyqHTb BbIrLAaTy, paBHyio no cyMMe ABYX HAH 'eTbIpeXHeAeAbHoMy OKAaAy 3a
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3HaHHHM, KOTOpble AaAyT HM BO3MOmHOCTb OTKPbITb MaAOe npeAnpHffrHe, CTapTOBbIM
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nAaHOB peiueHHi npo6AeMbi, 6aHK rOTOB npHCT¶ynHTb K peaAH33aHH CBOHX nAaHOB. rHAaHbI
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183
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184
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185
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noAAep2KHBaAa 6bl BO3MO2KHOCTb BbinOAHeHHH saAaq H geAeH 6aHKa.
* IlpHrAaiIIaTb Ha pa6oTy B 6aHK AHU, KOTOpble HMeIOT O'ieBHAHbie cnoco6HOCTH K
oBAaAeHHIO Heo6xOAHMbIMH HaBbIKaMH H K BbiriOAHeHHIO pa6oTbl B yCAOBHHx
cyIeCTBYlOEUHX H pa3BHBaioigHxcH Tpe6OBaHHH.
B AaHHOM pa3AeAe Mbi o 6CyAHM, KaK Ao 6
HTbCR peaAH3agHu aTHX 3aAaq.
AHaANg HeO6Xo,4IMbMx OvabhKOB Nf OTHOIzIeHH
B opraHH3aUHH, rAe pa6oTa BbinoAHHeCTCH yAoBAeTBOPHTeAbHO, rAe ouiyuiaecTcR noCTOHHbliH
POCT H rAe CyUgeCTBy!OIHfH ypOBeHb HaBbIKOB AOCTaToMHO BbiCOK, aHaAH3 noTpe6HOCTeH MomeT3aKAIOMaTbCH B COCTaBAeHHH cnHCKa peLueHHH, KOTOpb1e MOryT 6
blTb AOCTHrHyTbl B XOAepeaAH3agHH KOHKpeTHbIX npo6AeM pe3yAbTaTHBHOCTH B pa6oTe HAH o6yqeHHR HOBbIMTexHoAorHRM. MHorHe 6aHKH B pa3BHBaiOl_qHXCH CTpaHaX, K Co0KaAeHHIO, He OTHOCHTCH KOnHCaHHOMY Bblule cAy'ialO. HMeeTCH MHOrO IpHMepOB Heo6XOAHMOCTH 3Ha-HTeAbHOrOCOBepLuleHCTBOBaHHH pa6oTbl 6aHKoB, yAyqLLIeHHH geAoro psVta onepauHH H paAHKaAbHOrOnoA0beMa ypoBHH CYLMCCTBYIOULHX HaBbIKOB, OAHOBpeMeHHoro BHeApeHHH HOBbIX BamHbIXHaBbIKOB AAm yCneiUlHOH pa6oTbl. IOaTOMY 3AeCb o6biqHO HeO6XOAHMO npOBeCTHBHHMaTeAbHblfi H TJ4aTeAbHbII aHaAHs3 UoTpe6HOcTeH 6aHKa. 3aAaqa CBOAHTCR K TOMy, qTo6bJOnpeAeAHTb nOAHblH Ha6Op HeO6XOAHMbIX yMeHHi H TOqeK 3peHHS, KOTOpbie HeO6XOAHMbm6aHKy. HHme Mbl noApo6Ho pacCMOTPHM npHOPHTeTHOCTb aTHX HaBbIKOB, HO 3HaTb nOAHDI HxHa6op Mbl AoA2rHbi c caMoro HaqaAa.
186
CoBTaHHe YeAoseYecxoro KranirTaAa 6akHwa
VIOCKOAbKy nlOAb3yKOTCH HaBbIKaMH H nlpHo6peTalOT HX OTAeAbHbiC pa6oTHHKH, O'eHb
nOAe3HO npOaHaABAHpoBaTb noTpe6HOCTH B 3THX HaBb1KaX C TOIKH 3peHHR pa6o-iero MeCTa,
q)YHK4HH, AOAMHOCTH, 3aHHMaeMOH AIOAbMH. HanpHMep, KaKHMH HaBbIKaMH AOA2eH 06AaAaTb
pa6oTHHx, OTnpaBARIOU1fHH KoppeCnoHAeHiH1o 6aHKa, KacCHp, pa6OTHHK KpeAHTHOrO oTAeAa,
PYKOBOAHTeAb oTAeAa ayAHTa, PYKOBOAHTeAb oTAeAeHHR 6aHKa, PYKOBOAHTeAb perHOHaAbHoro
ypOBH9, AHpeKTOp MeC2AYHaPOAHorO OTAeAa, AHpeCTOp (HHaHCOBOH CAym6bi 6aHKa?
HeKoTopble KOHTOPCKHe, TeXHHqeCCHe HAH ynpaBAeH'eCKHe HaBbIKH MOryT 6blTb o6U4HMH AAR
pa6oTHHKoB AaHHOrO YPOBHH BO BceM 6aHKe. KorAa Mbi OnpeAeAHM nOTpe6HoCTH KamAoro
pa6o'iero MeCTa, Kam2oHOf AOA2HOCTH, Mbi CMO21eM crpynnHpoBaTb nOTpe6HoCTH AAA 1eAeHw
o6yqeHH.H H nOArOToBKH.
HanpHMep, HHmCe npHBOAHTCR CnHCOK Heo6xOAHMbIX HaBbIKOB COTPYAHHKa oTAe4a
KoMMepCecKorO KpeAHTa, KOTOpbiH pa6OTaeT B CHTH6aHKe (CM. BCTaBKy 5.3). B HeM Mo2KHo
BblAeAHTb TO, 1TO Ha3blBaeTCH 3HaHHHMH, HaBbIKaMH H OnbITOM.
aTO M021HO paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK HaBbIKH, HeO6xOAHMbie 4AA pa6oTHUKa 6aHKa,
npHHHMaiOujerO pelUIeHHe O peCOMeHAagHH BblAax1H KOMMep'eCKOrO KpeAHTa B KaKOM-TO
KOHKpeTHOM 6aHKe, HO O'eBHAHO, 'ITO MHOrHe H3 aTHX HaBbIKOB a6cOAIoTHo Heo6xO4HMbl
PyKOBOAHTeA1O KpeAHTHOrO OTAeAa, CTaPU1HM pyKOBOAHTeA51M 6aHKa H pa6OTHHKaM,
3aHHMaiOUgHM rIOAO2KeHHe HepapXH'eCKH 6OAee HHSKOe, meM KpeAHTHblH pa6OTHHK B TOM me
CaMOM 6aHKe. HTO MO2eT CAy2HTb HAAIOCTpagHeH nIOAe3HOrO nOAXOAa K aHaAH3y
noTpe6HOCTeH, T.e. Heo6xOAHMbIX HaBbIKOB H 3HaHHH- cHaqaAa COCpeCOTO'IHTbCH Ha
OCHOBHOApa6OTe, o6ujeii AA. BCeH AHHeHHOH HepapxHH, HanpHMep, BKAYOWaIOuleH, KpeAHTHOrO
pa6oTHHcKa, ayAHTopa, 6yxraATepa HAH PYKOBOAHTeAH onepauHOHHOrO OTAeAa B OTAeAeHHH
6aHKa, 3aTeM MOAHWfH4HpOBaTb 8TH nOTpe6HOCTH AAm 6oAee BbICOKOrO ypOBHq 6aHKa, 3aTeM
AAA 6oAee HH3Koro yPOBHH 6aHKa, co6AioAaR BepTHKaAbHOCTb HepapXHH.
ECTb MHOrO HCTOYHHIKOB HHqpOpMaUHH, Ha OCHOBaHHH KOTOpOH MomeT 6blTb npoBeAeH
aHaAH3 nOTpe6HOcTeH. XopoIUo COCTaBAeHHoe OnHCaHHe AOAMHOCTHbIX o6H3aHHOCTeH
npeAOCTaBAMeT npeKpacHyio BO3MO2KHOCTb nOAyqeHHH BCeH HeO6XO4HMOH HH4OpMa4UHH
OTHOCHTeAbHO Tpe6yeMbIx AAR AaHHOH pa6oTbl HaBbIKOB. Ho o6bFqHO TaM OTpameHbI AHlb
MHHHMaAbHbie Tpe6oBaHHH AAA AaHHOH AOA2KHOCTH H, roBopSI o6 onbiTe, HMeeTCA BBH4Y
BAaAeHHe pa3AH4HbIMH HaBbIKaMH, KOTOpbie AOA2KHbl 6 blTb BCKpblTbI H onpeAeAeHbl BO BpeMH
aHaAH3a. B AOA2KHOCTHOH HHCTpYKHlHH TaKme onpeAeAHCeTCl OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb H OCHOBHbie
o6R3aHHocTH Ha AaHHOM pa6oneM MeCTe. Ha OCHOBaHHH BCeX BTHX AaHHblX MO2eT 6blTb
COCTaBAeH nOAHblIH CnHCOK Tpe6yeMbIx HaBbIKOB H yMeHHH.
HCIIOAHHTeAH pa6oTbl MOryT HMeTb H co6CTBeHHoe MHeHHe 0 TOM, KaKHe HaBbIKH HM Heo6xo-
AHMbI- PYKOBOAHTCeAb KOHKpeTHoro pa6oTHHKa Tome Mo2KeT BbicKa3aTb HeCKOAbKO 3aMe'aHHH
no BTOMY nOBOAy. OCeHKa ycnelllHOCTH pa6oTbl, eCAH B HeH OTMe'aiOTCR HaBbIKH, Tome
MO2KeT CAY2KHTb nOAe3Hb1M MaTepHaAoM AAR aHaAH3a. B nAaHe onepagHui noApa3AeAeHHR
MoryT 6blTb ynoMHHyTbl HOBbIe Tpe6oBaHHHI, UeAH H CTpaTerHH, B HeM me MoryT 6blTb
OTMe'eIHbi H Tpe6yeMble yMeHHH H HaBblKH.
HoBble HAH o6 HOBAeHHbie npolCeccbi, npoIgeAypbi, TeXHOAorHH HAH HcnOAb3OBaHHe HoBoro
o6opyAoBaHHH Tome MomeT nOTpe6oBaTb HOBbIX HaBbiKOB. Te, KTO OnpeAeCAROT xapaKTep
187
YKpezrAeHre pJTosqo,cna H i7oBMmuemoe _ _BHwrAHocTN _ lep _eHam
BcTaBKa 5.3He6xoAHmbze HaBbIKH COTpyAHHXa OTAeAa KOMmepqeCKHX KpeADTOB
CmTH6aHma
TeopeTNveCxHe SHaHHH:
* cpeAHHe 3HaHHH no y9eTy;
* KOPnOpaTHBHble qHHaHCbI;
* aKoHoMHtecKoe npaBO;
* AeHbrH H 6aHKoBcKoe AeAo;
* BKOHOMHKa;
* paSBHTaH pelb H yMeHHe teTKO H3AaraTb CBOH MblCAH nHCbMeHHO.
TeXHNYecKNe HaBMAKH:
* npOBeAeHHe BblHCHeHHH H o6cAeAoBaHHH B CBR3H C BbIAaqeH KpeAHTa;
* KpeAHTHblH aHaAH3;
* eAHHbliH KOMMepMeCKHH KOAeKC;
* 3aKOHbl H npaBHAa;
* Me2AHqHOCTHbie OTHOliueHHH;
- HHTepBbIO;
- neperoBOpbl;
- ocyigeCTBAeHHe ToproBoli cAeAKH;
- coo6u4eHHe HenpHHTHOH HHc)OpMaaHH.
3HaHH.5 6aHhKa H pM/HKa:
* MeAH 6aHKa
* KpeAHTHaH nOAHTHKa
* YCAyrH H (pyHKgHH ApyrHx OTAeAOB
OMImT:
* ce3oHHbie KpeAHTbl;
* CpO'Hbie KpeAHTbI;
* KpeAHTbI 6aHKa-areHTa;
* peLueHHe CAO?KHbIX CHTyaslH1 C BbiAaHHbIMH KpeAHTaMH;
* AHKBHAaBHOHHbie AeHCTBHR;
* rapaHTHH, npeAocTaBAHmbie YnpaBAeHHeM MaAoro 6HBHeca;
* KpeAHTbI MaAoMy 6H3Hecy;
* nOApHAHb1e 3aHMbI;
* 3aAoroBoe o6ecneneHHe Bo3o6HoBAAeMbix KpeAHToB;
* npeAOCTaBAeHHbIX Ha OCHOBe rapaHTHH aKTHBaMH npeAn4pHTHH.
188
CowjaMwe qeAoaeqecxoro icraiArraAa 6aIrca
pa6oTbi H BXOAUilyio npoAyKiHro 6aHKa, a TaKme nOAb3oBaTeAH npOAyKRHH Ha BbiXOAe4
MoryT HMeTb nOAe3Hoe MHeHHe OTHOcHTeAbHO Tpe6yeMbIx HaBbIKOB pa6oTHHKa Ha KOHKpeTroM
MecTe. HOAe3HbIM MomeT 6blTb BbicKa3biBaHHe KAHeHTOB 6aHKa OTHOCHTeAbHO HaBbiROB,
Heo6xOAHMblx B rAaBHOM ynpaBAeHHH H B oTAeAeHHH 6aHKa, KOTOpbie HCnOAbSylOTCH
HenocpeACTBeHHo npH pa6oTe C KAHeHTaMH.
BHyTpeHHHe H BHeMIIHe ayAHTopbi AOAMHbl HMeTb onpeAeAeHHoe MHeHHe no nOBOAY
Tpe6oBaHHH K HaBbIKaM Ha onpeAeAeHHbIX AOAMHOCTAX. Fo mepe npoBeAeHHR oCeHRH
Heo6xoAHMbIX HaBbIKOB, KamAbif 6aHK HaHAeT CBOH HCTOYHHKH HHMopmaUHH OTHOCHTeAbHO
o6R3aTe,AbHOCTH OnpeAeAeHHb1X HaBbIKOB.
KTO AOAMeH nPOBOAHTb 3TY O!1eHKy nOTpe6HOCTeH? FOCKOAbKy HaC HHTePeyCeT KamAaa
OTAeAbHaR AOAMHOCTb H nocKOAbKy HCTOMHHKH HHopma UH CTOAb pa3Hoo6pa3HbI, oqeBHAHo,
ITO PH3H(eCKH nepCOHaA cAym6bI KaApoB He B COCTOHHHH CnPaBHTbCH C TaKHM O6beMoM
pa6oTbl, y4HTbIBaH noTpe6HocTH B Heo6xoAMMbIx HaBbiKaX AAR KamAoro pa6onero meCTa B
6aHKe. OCHoBHaH pOAb B 8TOH pa6OTe AOAMHa npHHaHAe2KaTb AHHeHHbIM pyKoBoAHTeARM.
Pa6OTHHKH cAym6bl pa3BHTHA 'eAoBeqecKHx pecypcoB MoryT HrpaTb 3AeCb BamHyio, HO
AOnOAHHTeAbHYIO pOAb.
* PoAb COTpyN4HH.oB crAym6bN pSBHTJH ve.AoBevecKHx pecypcoB. COTPYAHHKH aTOro
noApa3AeAeHHR, KOTOpbIe HeCyT OTBCTCTBeHHOCTb 3a npOBeAeHHe aHaAH3a
noTpe6HocTeH H COCTaBAeHHe cnHcKa HaBbIKOB, o6bl4HO cTaBWT 3aAaqy, npoBoAsr
o6ymeHHe AHHeHHbIx pyKoBoAHTeAeC, KoTopble 6yAyT npHHHMaTb yqaCTHe B pa6oTe no
aHaAH3y AOA2RHOCTHbIX o6a3aHHocTei H Heo6xOAHMbIx HaBbIKOB, npHBoART npHMepbi
pe3yAbTaToB npo4ecca, noMoraloT AHHeHHblM pyKoBoAHTeAHM , eCAH aTO Heo6xoAHMo,
B UX aHaAH3e. 3HaRoMHTcSi C OTTIeToM H yTOqHfHOT pe3yAbTaTbi pa6oTbl C KafAbiM
AHHeHHbIM pyKoBoAHTeAeM.
* PoAb AHHeNHblx pyKoBpo,4TeAeR. OTo6paHHbie AAH BTOHi pa6oTbl AHHeHHbIe
PYKOBOAHTeAH COCTaBARIOT CnHCKH Heo6XoAHMbiX HaBb!KOB AAR pa6o0ero MecTa
/AOA2KHOCTH/, CAeAyH npHeMaM H npHMepaM o6pa3Uon, KoTopbIe npeAOCTaBAB1OT HM
pa6OTHHKH OTAeAa 'eAoBe'ecKHx pecypcoB. K aToiH pa6oTe CAeAyeT nPHBAeKaTb
TOAbKO peKoMeHAOBaHHbIX AAR BTOH UeAH pyKoBoAHTeAeH. IOCKOAbKy MHorHe
AOAMHOCTH B oTAeAeHHH 6aHKa nOXO2KH Ha TaKHe me AOAMHOCTH B ApyroM oTAeAeHHH,
ieAecoo6pa3Ho npHBAe'b K BTOH pa6oTe PyKoBoAHTeAeH 3-4 oTAeAeHHH 6aHKa. BaHK
MomeT cosAaTb pa6o'yio rpyrnny, COCTOHujyio H3 nIpHMepHO 10 pyKoBoAHreAei
oTAeAeHHH AAH OKoHqaTeAbHOH OgeHKH npoAeAaHHOH pa6OTbl, MTo6bI oAo6pHTb
npoBeAeHHblH aHaAH3. CHa'aAa aTa me rpynna MomeT co6paTbcH, qTo6bi o6CyAFrrb
HanpaBAeHHu aHaAH3a nOTpe6HoCTeH. Ho3AHee rpynna momeT BHOBb BCTpeTHTbcH,
qTo6bl onpeAeAHTb npHOpHTCTbl B HanpaBAeHHH H opraHH3agHH o6y4eHHR BHyTpH
camoro 6aHKa. OTo6paHHbie pyKOBoAHTeAH H3 ApyrHx noApa3AeAeHHH 6aHKa, TaKHX
KaK ayAHT, y4eT, KpeAHTbl, qeAOBe'IeCKHe pecypCbl, aAMHHHCTpaUHm, onepaguH Tome
MOryT CO3AaTb noAo6Hble rpynnb A OAAAnpeAeAeHHH CBOHX noTpe6HocTeH H npOBeAeHHR
aHlaAH3a. BoAee CneUHaAH3HpOBaHHble noApa3AeAeHHR MoryT nomeAaTb npoBeCTH CBOH
co6cTBeHHbli aHaAH3.
189
Yrpe,zAeHwe pyKro4oCcrBa o 1oomzlIeo5Ne vyBcTBNreAhHocrT K 7epememaa
KAIO'IOM K npoBeAeHHIO ycneMHoro aHaAH3a Heo6XoAHMbIX Tpe6yeMblx yMeHHH Mo2mHOCqHTaTb co3AaHHe npaKTHmecKoH MOAeAH, K napameTpam pa6oTbl KOTOpOH Mo2KHo npHpaBH3iTbcTamHapTbl H HOpMaTHBbI. HacKoAbKo nOApo 6 HbIM AOA2KCH 6blTb HTorOBblH AoKyMeHT/cnHCoK?KaK OH AOA2KCH BbirAHMeTb? Bbziue Mbi yme npHBOAHAH npHMep, KaCaiOIIHHCH Tpe6OBaHHii K3HaHHHM, HaBbIKaM H OnbITy KpcAHTHOrO pa6oTHHKa. 4R" 6OAbIINHHCTBa 6aHKoB TaKaH cTeneflbAeTaAH3agHH BnOAHe npHeMAeMa. ZLAMeHee CAO2KHbJX AOA2KHOCTeH AOCTaTO'iHblM 6yAeT HMeHee noApo6HblH cnHCOK. FOMHHTe TOAbKO 0 geAHx aHaAH3a noTpe6HOcTeH. OH npOBOAHAcRqTo6bJ CAY2KHTb OCHOBOH AAH OgeHKH AeqpHUHTa HaBbiKOB y AHMa, 3aHHmaioWero AaHHblH IIOCTa TaKme AAR onpeAcAeHHH Heo6xOAHMbix npHopHreT'OB yqe6HbIx nporpaMM. HaBepHoe, 3AeCbCTOHT nopeKoMeHAoBaTb npoCTOH npHHgHn: "He YCAO2KHqH 6e3 Heo6xOAHMOcTH
H,,raBH4yaAbmau ogeHKa /arrecragim/
lpaKTH'ieCKH B Ka2KAOM y'pemAeHHH CygUeCTBYCT Ta HAH HHaH (popMa HHAHBHAyaAbHOH
OUeHKH CBOHX pa6oTHHKOB. HeKoTopblx yCTpaHBaeT HMeiOigaHCH CHCTeMa, HeKOTOpbIX - HeT.HeKOTOpbie CHCTeMb1 pa6oTaloT ycneMnHO, HeKOTOpbie - nAOXO. B MOeM onbITe pa6oTbl c6aHKaMH B pa3BHBaiogHxcH CTpaHaX H o6HapymHA, -ITO cHCTeMa HHAHBHAYaAbHbIX OMeHOK/KOTOpaH TaKmKe Ha3blBaeTcH OMeHKa pa6oTbl, HAH OlgeHKa ycneUIHOCTH, HAH OgeHKanOTeHUHaAbHOH ycneMIHOCTH, HAH aTTeCTaUHR H T.A.1 B OCHOBHOM HHKaKOrO OTHOlueHHH K AeAyHe HMeeT. PyKoBoAHTeAH npOBOAHT KaKoH-To npogecc ogeHKH, 3anOAHHIOT KaKHe-To 6yMamKm,O pe3yAbTaTaX He coo6ngaIoT Aame caMoMy pa6oTHHKy, H nOCblAaHoT aTy OUeHKY B OTACApa3BHTHR 'ieAoBeqeCKHX peCypCOB, KOTOpblH 3aHocHT pe3yAbTaTbl B KaKoH-To 6aHK AaHHbix,KOTOpbie MO2KeT 6blTb HCnOAb3yIOTCH HHOrAa KaK OCHOBaHHe AAH noBbIImeHHH 3apnAaTbi HAHKaK HCTOIHHK HH()opMaUHH npH pelIleHHH Bonpoca O nepeBoAe HAH npOABH2KeHHH pa6oTHHKa.
A TeM He MeHee, TaKaH HHAHBHAyaAbHaf OgeHKa, HAH aTTeCTaUHH, npeACTaBA1eTCH BamHONmaCTbiO 6aHKOBCKOfi pa6oTbI C nepCOHaAOM. OpraHH3agHH Hy2KeH MexaHH3M AAm onpeAeAeHHHnoTpe6HOcTeH B nOArOTOBKe H o6y'eHHH Ka2KAoro pa6oTHHKa, AAR Toro, qTo6bi 3anAaHHpoBaTbH o6ecneqHTb o6y'eHHe HeO6xOAHMorO THna HAH rAy6HHbl HAH opraHH3oBaTb o6y'eHHe Hapa6o'ieM MeCTe. 14HAHBHAyaAbHaM arreCragmH Heo6xOAHMa AAR BbiHBAeHHH H onpeAeAeHHRAyq'UIHX KaHAHAaTOB Ha rpOABHmeHHe no CAy2K6e, Am Toro, oTO6 bi OnpeAeAHTb, KOro H HaKaKyWo AOA2KHOCTb HaBHaqHTb, coo6WHTb BTOMY pa6OTHHKy, B KaKOH o6AacTH OH Hy2KAaeTcH BAOnOAHHTeAbHOM HAH celgHaAH3HpoBaHHOM o6y'eHHH, a TaK2ie AAR Toro, -ITo6bi o6ecnecHTbo6beKTHBHyIO OCHOBy AAA onpeAeAeHHH H nOBbIlleHHH 3apnAaTbI HAH BbirIaTbl ripeMHHAaHHoMy pa6OTHHKy, I1OCKOAbKy no onpeAeAeHHIO OHH BbIriAa'HBalOTCH Ha OCHOBaHHHycnelIJHOCTH B pa6oTe. Ho3AHee Mbi o6cyAHM Bce BO3MOMHOCTH HCnOAb3OBaHHH AaHHbiXaTTecTaUHH, a ceaiqac H XOTeA 6bl ocTaHOBHTbCM TOAbKO Ha HCnOAb3OBaHHH pe3yAbTaToBaTTeCTaUHH AAM BbIpa6OTKH HeO6XoAHMblx HaBbIKOB H pa-BHTHH pa6oqefi KyAbTypblnpeAnppHaTHHi.
OCHOBHOfi gaAaqeH BCMKOfi aTTeCTagHH RBAMcTcH onpeAeAeHHe HHAHBHAyaAbHb1X HKoAAeKTHBHblX xapaKTePHCTHK H cnoco6HocTefi TpyAOBOro KoAAeKTHBa, pecypcoB HnoTpe6HocTeH B o6y'eHHH. 3Ha1HT npoBeAeHHe aTTecTagHH cAy2KHT o6UHM HHTepecaM, anpaBHAbHOe npoBeAeHHe aTTecTagHH TpyAHo nepeogeHHTb no cBoemy sHaqeHHIO. CTapuieepyKOBOACTBo 6aHKa AOA2KHo 6blTb 3aHHTepeCOBaHO B TOM, 'rTo6bl HMeTb Ha Bcex nocTax B
190
CO."aHNe leAoBe'WecKroro ranI7MTaA 6a ra
6aHKe BbICOKOKBaAHcPHUHpOBaHHbIX pa6oTHHKoB. 9
To ocHoBonoAaraiou ee Tpe6oBaHHe H
YCAOBHe o6ecneneHHH xopoiueri pa6oTbl 6aHKa. Ka=Ablf AHHeUHHH pyK0oBoAHTeAb, Kha2AblH
PYKOBOAHTeAb cAym 6 bi nepcoHaAa AOA2KeH 6bITb 3aHHTepecOBaH B TOM, qTO6bl HMeTb B CBOHX
nOAPa3AeAeHHHX TIOAHOCTbIO KBaAHPHBHpOBaHHbIX CneIHaAHCTOB. 3 To o6AeriaeT HX
co6cTBeHHyIO pa6oTy H o6ecneqHBaeT OCHOBy AAR ycnemHoi pa6oTbi 6aHKa B geAOM. KamAbdi
pa6oTHHK 6aHKa AOA2KeH 6bITb saHHTepecoBaH B COBepiuIeHCTBOBaHHH cBOHx 3HaHHH H
HaBbIKOB. B KOHe4HOM HTore 3TO AOA2KHO OTpa3HTbCH Ha ero/ee 3apa6oTHOH nAaTe,
nOBbIlmeHHH ero/ee cTaTyca B y'pe2KAeHHH, npOABH2KeHHH, nOAy'eHHH 6oAee HHTepeCHOH
pa6oTbl.
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nperITCTBHfi. B HeKOTOpbIX CAy'iaAX aTTeCTaUHH He paccmaTp4BaeTc Kaa BsamHOe
MeponpHHTHe, awKe KorAa HeaAeKBaTHbie HaBbIKH HBAHIOTCH OCHOBHOH npo6AeMoA 6aHKa.
rpOBOAHTCH orpaHHqeHHoe, HegeAeHanpaBAeHHoe, pa3pO3HeHHOC o6y-ieHHe, HHKaK He
cBH3aHHOe C oUeHKoli o6beKTHBHblx noTpe6HoCTeH, CyXgeCTBYIOI1HX B 6aHKe. 3aqacT¶yI
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aTTeCTaUHH, AaAeKH OT COBepweHCTBa. BbIBaeT H TaR. 'TO npOBeAeHHaH aTTeCTaUHR He HMeeT
HHKaKHX nOCAeACTBHH. IoaTTOMy PYKOBOAHTCAH He 3aHHTepecOBaHbI B TOM, 1To6bl TpaTHTb
BpeMH, 'iTo6bi npoAyMaTb H npaBHAbHO OpraHH3OBaTb TaKyiO aTTeCTa4HiO. B HeKoTOpblx
CAy'qaRX PYKOBOAHTeAH MaAO 3HaIOT CBOHX nOAqHHeHHbIX, He npeACTaBAHIOT, KaKHe HaBbIKH OHH
XOTeAH 6
bl B HHX BHAeTb, 'ITO HY2KHO HM AAH ycnelUlHOCTH B pa6OTe. B ApyrHx cAyqasax
PYKOBOAHTeAHM npOCTO He XBaTaeT AAH aToro MyMeCTBa. HeCOTOpble pyKOBOAHTeAH
HeO6beCTHBHbI B CBOHX oUeHKax, HIpH npOBeAeHHH aTTeCTag!HH OHH MOryT pylOBOACTBOBaTbC5I
ApyrHMH MOTHBaMH. HHorAa cyUgeCTBYIOI14a npogeAypa aTTeCTaUHH Tpe6yeT o0eHKH BCeX MepT
xapaKTepa pa6oTHHKa, a BoBce He CBR3aHa c pa6oTofi. HHorAa cyi1jeCTByiouHH npo4ecc
ogeHlcH npecAeAyeT CAHIIKOM MHOrO .seAeHi H B p yAbTaTe caM npo4ecc H oKa3biBaeTcR
nepBOH 2KepTBOH TaKoH Tpe6oBaTeAbHOCTH. HanpHMep, PYKOBOAHTeAb He XO'eT nOKa3aTb
cAa6oCTH HaBbIKOB, nOTOMY MTO aTO, no ero MHeHHIO, MO2KeT npHBeCTH K MeHbuieUH rpH6aBKe
B 2KaAOBaHHH.
ECAH MbI ynpOCTHM H pa3AeAHM Ha COCTaBAMIOUgHe TpaAHUHOHHbiH npomecc
HHAHBHAyaAbHOH aTTeCTaUHH, Mbi Mo2meM BbIAeAHTb OAHY rAaBHyIo geAb ee npOBeAeHHH:
OnpeACAHB HHAHBHAYaAbHy1o noTpe6HoCTb B BbIpa6OTKe HaBbIKOB, Heo6xoAHMbIx AAR AaHHOrO
pa6o'ero MecTa, Mbl Mo2KeM o6ecnem'iTb o6beKTHBHyIO OCHOBy AAH HHAHBHAYaAbHoro
COBepI1ueHCTBOBaHHH HaBbIKOB, AAH KOAH'eCTBeHHOH OieHKH Tpe6yeMoro o6y"eHHH, HCXOAH H3
Heo6xoAHMocTH q)OpMHpOBaHHA HH¢paCTPYKTypbl o6yqeHHR H flOArOTOBKH, a TaKHze AAR Toro,
'iTo6 bI HageAHTb BCIO AeCTeAbHOCTb no o6y'eHHIo H noAroTOBKe Ha peuleHHe 3aAaq BbICOKOH
npHOpHTeTHOCTH.
KaK MO2KeT 6bITb opraHu3oBaH npogecc HHAHBHAyaAbHOfi aTTeCTaIHH, HBgeAHHbIH Ha
Bbi.IBAeHHe H OgeHKY Heo6xOAHMbIx HaBbIKOB? 5AAH aToro HyMHO:
YcTaHoBHTh MeAb,. fJeAbiO aTTeCTaUHH RBAHCTCH onpeAeAeHme nOTpe6HoCTH KamAOro
pa6oTHHKa B COOTBeTCTBYIOUJHX HaBbIKaX AH6
o AAR ero pa6OTbI B HacTosUqeM, ecAH
BTO nppOpHTeTHO AAR AaHHOrO pa6OTHHKa, AH6o AAR ero nocAeAylou4eii pa6oTbi,
191
YAepeiueave pywoBqrocTaa o zROwueHme ICcrBCTAHTrAhHocTN Kr iepemeHam
eCAH OH HaMeteH Ha nOBbIlJleHHe, TaK wTo6 bI OH MOr npeAnpHHHTb KaKHe-TOAeHCTBHH, qTo6bi o6ecneqHTb COOTBeTCTBHe YPOBHIO Tpe6oBaHHH.
* Oupg4eAHmT, KTo JpOBO,4HT aTTecTaJwo. 3AeCb MOryT 6 bITb ABa OCHOBHbIX
yqaCTHHKa: PYKOBOAHTeAb aTreCTyeMOrO, KOTOpbli AOAmeH HMeTb nOAHOCnpe4CTaBAeHHe 0 TOM, KaKHMH HaBbIKaMH AOA2KeH BAaAeTb Ha AaHHoM pa6oeieMMecTe pa6OTHHK, H KOTOpblH iAOA2KeH HMeTb nOAHoe npeACTaBAeHHe o noKa3aTeARxpa6oTbi aTTecTyeMoro, H caM aTTecTyeMbiH, KOTOpbIH Tome AOA2KeH HMeTb 'eTKoeHPeACTaBAeHHe O TOM, KaKHMH HaBblKaMH OH AOA2KeH BAaAeTb H B qeM3aKAio'aIOTcCH ero nOTpe6HOcTH B rIOAroTOBKe.
* YCTaHOBHTh cTaHiapmbl aw aTTecTagUH. Tpe6oBaHHH K YPOBHIO 3HaHHH, HaBb1KOBH OTHOIIIeHHH 1AH OnpeAcAeHHOH AOAMHOCTH AOA2KHbl CAy2HHTb OCHOBOH AARcTaHAapTa npH aTTecTagHH. XopoLua3i AOA2KHOCTHaH HHCTpyKUIHR, eCAH TaKOBaMHMeeTcR, MO2KeT 6blTb euje OAHHM KPHTCPHeM OgeHKH npH aTTeCTaMHH.
* OJpeeAH7Tb pe3yAbTaT a77CT8aNH. OCHOBHbIM pe3yAbTaToM aTTecTalHH 6yAeTonpeAeAeHHe nOTpe6HOCTefi B nOArOTOBKe aTTecTyeMoro. rlpaKTHqecKH TaKaHHAeHTH(PHKaIH5H MO2KeT KaCaTbCH BCCX noTpe6HOcTefi B nOArOTOBAeHHOCTH K3aHHMaeMoHi pa6oTe. OnpeAeAHTb nepcneKTHBy AOArocpO'Hofi nporpaMMbI 06yqeHHRH o6o3HasHTb KOHKpeTHbie HaBbIKH, KOTOpbIMH AoAmeH oBAaAeTb pa6oTHHK B6AHmaiiIuHe 12 mecqUeB. ApyrHM Ba2KHblM PC3yAbTaTOM 6 yAeT noArOTOBKa nAaHa, BKOTOpOM 6yAyT OnHCaHbl JlarH, npeAnPHHHMaeMbJe 4AH AApemeHHA KamAoro aTanayAOBAeTBOpeHIH nOTpe6HOcTeH B o6y'ieHHH. HIocKOAbKy 6OAbmaA qaCTb nOArOTOBKHOCyJIeCTBAReTC.R Ha pa6OTe, Heo6xOAHMO BKAIOqHTb BO3MOKHOCTb HCriOAb3oBaHHRpa3HoO6pa3HbIX (OPM nOAroTOBKH H o6y'eHmH Ha pa6o'eM MeCTe, coqeTaIO1HXCH CcaMoo6y"eHHeM H nepHOAH1UeCKHMH KypcaMH, KoTopbie AOA2KeH OKOH9HTb pa6oTHHK.3 aKAio'eHHe o Heo6xoAHMbix HaBbIKaX, peKOMeHAyeMbiX (popMax 06y'eHHR H?eAaeMbIX Pe3yAbTaTaX Mo2KeT 6bITb HanHcaHo Ha OAHOM AHCTKe 6yMarH.
* 07HCaTh n'poge4ypy arrecTagiNH. HOCKOAbKy npOBOARl_qHH aTTecTagHiO HaTTecTyeMbNfi pa6oTaloT BMeCTe B TeCeHHe roAa KaK HaqaAbHHK H n1OA4HHeHHblH HnIOCKOAbKy CTapIUHfi H3 HHX 6yAeT CaM npOBOAHTb KaKHe-TO (pOpMbi o6yqeHHR HnoArOTOBKH nOAqHHeHHOrO, /HanpHMep, o6y'eHHe Ha pa6o'eM MeCTe,Bb[CKa3bIBaHHe KPHTHqeCKHX saMeaaHHfi no nOBOAY KaKoH-To pa6oTbl, BbiAa'apa6oqero 3aAaHHR, H T.A./ O4eHb Ba2KHO, 'To6bi OHH o6a npHUIAH K COrAaCH1OOTHOCHTeAbHO Heo6XOAHMOCTH COBepmieHCTBOBaHHH 3HaHHfi H HaBbIKOB aTTecTyemoroH rLAaHa AeiiCTBHHi B BTOM HanpaBAeHHH. HaAemHbiM cnoco6oM AOCTHmeHHR TaKoroCOrAaCHR RBASIeTC.R HCI1OAb3OBaHHe aTTecTyemoro AAR CaMOOUeHKH CBOHXpe3yAbTaToB. Hat1aAbHHK npeAAO2KHT CBOIO OUeHKy pa6oTHHKa. IOA4IHHeHHblHnpOBeAeT caMooMeHKy. OHH 3aTeM BcTpeTHTc.R, o6cyART pe3yAbTaTbI H npHAYT KCOrAaCHIO OTHOCHTeAbHO aTTecTa]HH, a 3aTeM BMecTe pa3pa6oTamoT nAaHnOArOTOBKH H o6yqeHHH nOAIIHHeHHoro.
* [Ipe,4CTaHTm Pe3-yAbT8aThr aT7eCTBgHJ H 1aHa8 PYKOBO,4CTBY AH A, )IpOBO4RBJUeTO
aTrecTagiNo, a TaKe B oT4Ce pa3BNTfHR YeIAOBeYeCXHX peCypCOB. PyKoBoAHTeAb
AOA2KeH O3HaKOMHTbCfl C nAaHoM H YAOCTOBePHTbC5I, qTO OH 6blA TJlaTeAbHOnpoAyMaH H aKKypaTHO COCTaB"eH. OTAeA pa3BHTHH qeAOBCe'eCKHX pecypcOB
192
Co.maHne qeAosevecxroro KramNTaAa 6aaHKa
AOA2KeH H3yqHTb BTOT nAaH C pa3AH-IHbIX TO'ieK 3peHHn. Bo-nepBblX,
yAOCTOBePHTbCB, -ITO TaKoe o6yMeHHe, B OcO6eHHOCTH Ha HaqaAbHbIX BTanaX
npHHeceT o02HAaeMoe Ka'ecTBo. Bo-BTOpbIX, qT06b1 BbIAeAHTb Ae4CTBHR, KoTopbie
MomeT npeAnPHHRTb OTAeA B OTHOiIIeHHH nOArOTOBKH aTTecTyemoro /HanpHMep,
o6yeieHHe, cMeHa xapaKTepa pa6oTbI/, H, B-TpeTbHx, 'TO6bi, co6paB BCe TaKHe
nAaHbl nOArOTOBKH, OgeHHTb 06ngyio nOTpe6HOcTb B npOBeAeHHH o6y4eHrH B 6aHKe
H HaMeTHTb, KaK aTa nOTpe6HOCTb MomeT 6blTb peaAH3oBaHa.
3 TH IruaHbi nOArOTOBKH MOryT 6blTb Ba2mHbIM HCTO'HHKOM HHq)OpMagHH AAR 6aHKa npH
pa3pa6oTKe ero nAaHOB pa3BHTHA HHq)paCTPYKTypbl o6yqeHH. H nOArOTOBKH COTpyAHHKOB.
KaK TOAbKO OTAeA pa3BHTHT 'ieAOBeqeCKHX pecypcOB onpeAeAHT, KaK OH co6HpaeTc.l
HCUOAb3OBaTb noAy'eHHbie HHAHBHAYaAbHbie nAaHbi nOArOTOBKH H aTTeCTaUHH, 6yAeT
Heo6xoAHMo pa3pa6OTaTb AOKYMCHTagH1o npogecca aTTeCTa]gHH, BKAio'aioueeH HecKOAbKO
KOHKpeTHbiX npHMepOB, 3aTeM Hy2KHO 6yAeT a6yqHTb AHHCiHbIX PYKOBOAHTCAeCH
HCnOAb3OBaHHIO aToro npoaecca. HOCKOAbKy nporpamma AOCTaTOiHO npOCTa H HMeeT
OTHOUIeHHe K HaBbiKaM, llpHMO CBH3aHHbIM C pa6OTOU, Heo6xOAHMbIM Ha pa6omeM MeCTe, BCe
yqaCTHHKH npoUecca o6y'eHHH nOAy'aT nOAb3y, H nOTOMy npoaeAypa nOArOTOBKH H
peaAH.3a!HH nAaHa AOAMHa 6bITb npOCTOM H npRMOA.
06yv'eHHe NH Jo4'FoBORKa
/to CHx nop 6aHK HcnoAb3OBaA aHaAH3 nOTpe6HOCTeH B pa6o'Hx HaBbIKaX Ha Ka2KAOM
pa6omeM MeCTe Ami onpeAeAeHHH HeO6xOAHMblX HaBbiKOB H OTHOiIIeHHA, CBSi3aHHbIX KOHKpeTHO
c Ka2KAbiM pa6oaHM MeCTOM B 6aHKe, PYKOBOAHTeAH npOBOAHAH HHAHBHAyaAbHyio arreCTagHio
CBOHX noAqHHeHHbIX H BbIHBARAH HX HHAHBHAYaAbHbie rIOTpe6HOCTH B o6y'IeHHH H noArOTOBKe.
OnmpaISCb Ha CBeAeHHR, nOAymeHHbIe B xoAe aHaAHsa nOTpe6HOCTef B Heo6xOAHMbIx HaBbIKax
Ha pa6oqeM MeCTe, a TaK2me Ha OCHOBaHHH HHAHBHAYaAbHbIX nAaHOB COBepmeHCTBOBaHUH 6aHK
Mo2KeT Ha'IHHaTb nepecTpoHKy CBoeC HHcppacTpyKTypbi o6yqeHHR H unOArOTOBKH. B HeKoTopbix
6aHKax Heo6xOAHMOCTb B TaKOM uware OqeHb BeAHKa. KaK yme ynOMHHaAOCb BblUle, MHOrHe
6aHKH B pa3BHBaoigUHxcH CTpaHax HMeIOT KpaUHe Hepa3BHTbie HH¢paCTpyKTypbi nOArOTOBKH H
o6yqeHHA CBOHX pa6OTHHKoB, npH TOM, HTO HeaACKBaTHOCTb HeO6xoAHMbix pa6o'Hx HaBbIKOB
HBAHeTCH npo6AeMofi HOMep OAHH, npeACTaBAiOuge4i caMoe 6OAbmioe npenRTCTBHe AOCTH2KeHHIO
3HanHTeAbHoro COBepuIeHCTBOBaHHH noKa3aTeAeH pa6oTbl 6aHKoB.
Mo2Ho CKa3aTb, -ITO HH(ppaCTpyKTypa nIOArOTOBKH H 06 yqeHHSi B 6aHKe BKAIO'iaeT TPH
COCTaBAIOiUjHx: yie6HbIif npoiecc, o6yqeHHe Ha pa6oqeM MecTe, ynpaBAeHHe
npO¢eCCHOHaAbHbIM pa3BHTHeM pa6oTHHKa. Ka2tAoe H3 BTHX HanpaBAeHUH (pOPMHPYeTCR TaKHM
o6pa3oM, 'ITo6 bi COOTBeTCTBOBaTb nOTpe6HocTHM 6aHKa B o6AacTH pa3BHTHR Heo6xOAHMblx
HaBbIKOB H pa3BHTUH AeAOBOI4 KyAbTypbl.
Yve6mbTi npogecc. OCHOBaHHeM AAR pa3pa6OTKH y'e6Horo npoUecca HBAHeTcH nOAHTHKa
6aHKa B o6AaCTH 06 yqeHHR H U OpMHpOBaHHH geHHOCTeH H npHHUHnoB. HOAHTHKa AOAmHa
6blTb pa3pa6oTaHa TaKHM o6pa3oM, oTO6bI oHa noA0epKHBaAa 3Ha'eHHe H npIopHTeTbi
HanpaBAeHHH B a6ymeHHUH H nO4rOTOBKe pa6OTHHKOB. '4To euMe 6OAee Ba2HO, Heo6xOAHMO
pOpMaAbHO 3aq)HKcHpoBaTb nOAO2KeHHe npenoAaBaTeAeH-HaCTaBHHKOB H CAyllUaTeAeH-
o6y"aeMblx. CAHUIKOM YacTo, o6yqeHHe OTHOCHTCH K q)yHKIHRM, UHMelOUIHM HH3KyIO
193
YjrpeLIAeHNe p7EOwOACTrm N moBmIeoHHe yJcrBCBHreAbHocrTH ft mepememaa
COHaAbHY10 OgeHKy. 3 To MeCTO OTCTOH 4AH He lpORBHBI1HX ce6s pyKoBoAHTeAeii pa3HoroypOBHR. 3 To iloApbIBaeT a8)peKTHBHOCTb o6y'eHHR B 6aHKe. O6yqaeMble He OTHOCRTCHcepbe3Ho K o6yieHHIo, PYKOBOAHTeAH He CKAOHHbI OTnIYCKaTb Ha yqe6y noAqHHeHHbIX, anpHBAeCeHHe XOpOIUHX npenoAaBaTeAeH AAR BbIlnOAHeHHH BTOH 3aAaqH oqeHb TPYAHO.Heo6xoAHMo paccmaTPHBaTb yqe6Hbie UeAH KaK OCHOBHbIe MeAH 6aHKa, eCAH 6aHK HaMepeHAOCTHqb nocTaBAeHHbIX geAeH. AHaAH3 noTpe6HOcTeH B o6yqeHHH AoAmeH 6blTbHHCTHTyUHoHaAH3HpoBaH, TaK qTo6bX pyKOBOACTBO H yqe6Hbie noApa3AeAeHHH B 6aHKeAOA2mHbIM o6pa3oM oUeHHBaAH Ba2KHOCTb yqe6HoH AeRTeAbHoCTH.
Pa3pa6oTKa yqe6Horo nAaHa HBAHeTCH Ba2KHbiM uiaroM B opraiHsa!lHH o6yqeHHR B 6aHKe.CoAepmaHHe, rAy6HHa o6yqeHH. H qacToTa npoBOAHMbIX KypCOB A0A2KHbl onpeAeAHTb,HaCKOAbKo 6blcTpo 6aHKy yAaCTCH cnpaBHTbCB CO CTOJ1WHMH nepeA HHM sa4aQaMH. 3 To TaKmenomomeT OnpeAeAHTb o6'beM H 6ioAmeT AaHHOH (iYHKUHH B 6aHKe. AHaAH3 noTpe6HocTeHi Bo6yceHHH H riAaHbl HHAHBHAyaAbHOrO pa3BHTHR rioKam2Ky IIIHpOKHfi CneKTp Hy2KA o6yqeHHH.Bce 3aaqH, CTOHRiHe nepeA BTHM CeKTOPOM He CMOryT 6blTb pelOeHbl B TeqeHHe OAHOrO, ABYXHAH Aame Tpex AeT. Heo6xoAHMo 6y4eT YCTaHOBHTb npHopHTeTbl H c6aAaHcHpoBaTbnoTpe6HoCTb B o6yqeHHH, npeAAaraemom B 6aHKe, C ApyrHMH 3aTpaTaMH 6aHKa. Moii onbITroBOpHT, -ITO yqe6Hble HAaHbI H yqe6Hbie nporpaMMbI Bo MHOrHX 6aHKax HymAaxOTcH B3HaqHTeAbHOM pacHlHpeHHH, a o6yqeHHe, npOBOAHMOe B paMKaX KypcoB B CaMOM 6aHKe,AOA2KHo 6bITb 3Ha'HTeAbHO HHTeHCHcpHgHpOBaHO. HiCTOIHHKOM HHtpOpMaUHH npH paspa6oTKeyqe6Hblx nporpaMM MoryT CAY2mHTb CBeAeHHJS, roAy"eHHbie B xoAe aHaAH3a noTpe6HocTeH HHHAHBHAYaAbHbie nAaHbI pa6OTHHKOB. HHme npHBOAHTCH xapaKTepHblii AAR 6aHKoBPa3BHBa1OIHXCH cTpaH CnHCOK OTCYTCTBYOIMoHX HaBbIKOB, HMeCoIuHx B 6aHKe BbICOKY1O cTeneHbllpHOPHTeTHOCTH (CM. BCTaBKy 5.4).
Pa.3pa6oTKa KypcoB, npOBOAHMblx HenocpeACTBeHHO B 6aHKe - BTO HaBbIK, KOTOpblHHeo6xoAHMo pa3BHBaTb B caMoM 6aHKe. Pa3pa6oTqHKH TaKHX KYPCOB AOA2KHbi 6yAyT ogeHHTbBOMOfflHOCTb HCnOAb3OBaHHH Tex pa6OTHHKOB 6aHKa, KoTopbie o6AaAaIOT AocTaTo'HbIMUHaBbIKaMH H 3HaHHHMH, qTO6bi npOBOAHTb o6yqeHHe. 3 aTeM Heo6xoAHMo pa3pa6oTaTbAo6poTHbIA HaAe2KHblH KypC, HCnOAD3y3 XOpOIllYIO TeXHOAOrHIO. A Bbi6op KypCOB,opraHH3yeMbIx HAH cyUeCTBYIOIJHX 3a npeAeAaMH 6aHKa Heo6xOAHM AAR co3AaHHsBcecTopoHHero yqe6Horo nAaHa. He Bce yqe6Hbie noTpe6HoCTH MOryT 6blTb pelmeHbl CnOMOUJbIO BHyTpH6aHKoBCKoro o6yqeHHH, c nOMOlJbIO BHYTpeHHHX peCypcoB. Te, KTO3aHHMaeTcR pa3pa6oTKoH' yqe6Horo npo.Uecca, AOAKHbI BblHCHHTb, rAe B yqe6Hblii nAaHAOA2KHbi 6blTb BKAIO'eHbl BHelllHHe KypCbl, BHHMaTeAbHO H3yqHTb HX C TOqKH 3peHHHBO3MO2KHOCTH HCnOAb3OBaHHS B yqe6HoM nmaHe 6aHKOBCKoro nepcoHaAa H AoroBopHTbcR o6 HxnpoBeAeHHH. Bbi6op, ynpaBAeHHe KypcaMH o6yqeHHA H o6yqeHHe npenoAaBaTeAeH RBAReTCRrapaHTHeii ycnexa CTpaTerHH o6y'eHHR. BaHK o6H3aTeAbHo AOA2KeH HMeTb B CBoeM cocTaBeXOpOIUHX npenoAaBaTeAefi, KoTopbIe pa6oTaAH 6bM Ha nIoAHoH CTaBKe. Mx Heo6xo4HMoHCnOAb3OBaTb AAR OCHOBHbIX KypCOB. HeKoTopble npenoAaBaTeAH AOA2KHbl fIpHrAallaTbCR HaKoHTpaKTHOHi OCHOBe AAR BpeMeHHoro HcnOAb3OBaHHR no OMeHb CnlegaHAbHbIM npeCMmeTam HTeMaM. Ho OCHOBHaR Harpy3Ka npH o6y"eHHH AOAmHa naAaTb Ha AHHeHHbIx pyKoBoAHTeAefi HTeXHHqeCKHH nepcoHaA, HMeioLJHX AOCTaTOqHbie 3HaHHH H cnoco6HOCTH AeAaTb BTO. M4xHeo 6XOAHMO oT6HpaTb AAS aTofi UeAH H o6yqaTb npenoAaBaTeAbcKoMy HCKyCCTBy. 06y"eHHe
194
Cow,ja,Ne veAoseveciroro KazrITaAa 6iu,r
BCTaBKa 5.4HaBblKH, HMeOiJHe HaHBblCUHfi IpHopiHTeT A4A pa6oTHHKOB 6aHKa
YnpaBi4eHvecKHe HaBbMMH
* rAaHHpoBaHHe;
* nOCTaHOBKa geAeH;
* MOHHTOpHHr H KOHTpOAb;
* ynpaBAeHHe npOH3BOAHTeAbHOCTbIO;
* ynpaBAeHHe 3aTpaTaMH;
* BbI5BAeHHe npo6 AeM;
* aHaAH3 H peuleHHe;
* KOHTpOAb KaqeCTBa;
* ynpaBAeHHe H3MeHeHHHMH.
ctlyHKgJOHaAbHbIe HaBbMKH
* ynpaBAeHHe aKTHBaMH H o603aTeAbCTBaMH;
* KPeAHTHbIU aHaAH3;
* MOHHTOpHHr KpeAHToB;
* ynpaBAeHHe npO6AeMHbIMH KpeAHTaMH;
* ayAHT;
* HCnOAb3OBaHHe KOMnblOTepHOH TeXHHKH;
* onepaUHOHHblI aHaAH3;
* ynpaBAeHHe 'ieAOB3eieCKHMH pecypcaMH;
* ynpaBAeHqeCKiHH yqeT.
FI7pHfMHgUbr
* OpHeHTHPOBaHHOCTb Ha pe3yAbTaT;
* OpHeHTHPOBaHHOCTb Ha nOAy'eHHe npH6 blAH;
* OpHeHHPOBaHHOCTb Ha COBepIUeHCTBOBaHHe;
* OpHeHTHpOBaHHOCTb Ha KAHeHTa;
* aKTHBHOe pyKOBoACTBO;
* OTKpbITOCTb o6u1eHHH;
*coBepueHCTBOBaHHe nepCoHaAa;
* KOHCTpyKTHBHaR KpHTHKa;
* yMeHHe CnpaBARTbCR c npo6AeMaMH;
* o6IbeKTHBHOCTb;
* nlpHSHTHe BbICOKHX HOpMaTHBOB;
* HHHUHaTHBa;
* yyTKOCTb K H3MeHeHH5IM;
* npHHSTHe OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH.
195
YrpeniAeCHe p,pwoBogcTAa i moAwnreime vyBcTBoHreA.Hocrn ar aepemdeHam
AOA2HO HanpaBA.9TbCH H ogeHHBaTbcR, HX neAarorHqecKHe YMeHHR AOA2lHbl COBepiIIeHCTBO-
BaTbcH. B Tex CAy'aHX, KorAa aToro CAeAaTb He yAaeTCa, OHH AOA2Hbl 6blTb 3aMeHeHbl
HOBbIMH ripenOAaBaTeAsMH, o6AaAaIOIIHMH 6oAee BblCOKOH KOMneTeHTHOCTbiO. OT6op RnOArOTOBKa npenoAaBaTeAbcKoro COCTaBa Hs3 qHCAa AHHeHHbIX pyrOBOAHTeAeH AOAmHbI
npOBOAHTbCR Ha KOHKyPCHOH OCHOBe C y3ieTOM CnOCo6HOCTeH CaMHX BTHX AJOAeH y'HTbCR.
OT6op me o6y"aeMblx Ha Kypcax AOA2meH OCHOBblBaTbC.1 Ha npHopHTeTHOCTH Hy2tA 6aHKa.
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200
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qTo6bl BbL3BaTb aTH H3MeHeHHR B KyAbType B Hy2HOM TeMne, B HymHoe BpeMR a B
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201
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202
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203
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204
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OHH AOAmHbl PaBBHBaTb XOpOIUHe HaBbIKH H BbICOXYIO Tpe6oBaTeAbHOCTb CpeAH CBOHX
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UHpOKHX pamKax Mo2KeT noTpe6OBaTb cepbe3HbIX H3MeHeHHH B npOH3BOACTBeHHOfi KyAbType
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205
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CBOHX pa6OTHHKOB B OCHOBHOM AAA peaAH3agHH HanpaBAeHHH pa3BHTHH H AOCTH2KeHHH geAeC,KOTOpbie OnpeAeAHIOTCH CTpaTerHmeCKHMH H OnepaTHBHbIMH riAaHaMH. BaHK OUTHMH3HPYeT
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206
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OHH CTaHOBHTCH OCHOBHbIM MaTepHaAoM AAR o6Cy2KAeHHfl Tpe6oBaHHH K pa6oTHHKaM 6aHKa,
KOTOpbIe OCYlMeCTBAlIOTCH Ha YPOBHe AHHeHHbIX PYKOBOAHTeAei H pyKoBoAHTeAeH
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207
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208
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pa3pa6oTKH MeponpHHTH Ha 6oAee HH3KHX yPOBHAX ynpaBAeHHH H nAaHHpOBaHHH. B nopsAKe
o6cymAeHRH BapHaHTOB Mo0Ho npeAAomHTb npoUecc, BKAioKaiOuHH 6 CTaAHHi, KOTOpblH
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209
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npouecca nAaHHNOBaHHH H pa3pa6oTKH 6loAmeTa. B HaqaAe roAa PY1OBOAHTeAH opraHH3ylOT HpacnpeAeARioT CBOH peCypCbl TaKHM o6 pa3oM, MTo6bl BbinOAHHTb nAaH MeponpHHTHH H
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210
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cAeAyioiiem roAy. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT npHHHTOH rlpaKTHKH pa6oTbl C nepCOHaAOM B 6aHKe,
TaKaH e2KeroAHaR ogeHKa pa6oTbi nOApa3AeAeHH.9 MOmeT 6bITb HcnOAb3OBaHa KaK 3aAaqa,
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BbICOKYIO 3apa6oTHyIO nAaTy H npO'IHe AbrOTbI. ApyrHe C4HTalOT, HTO camoe xopouiee Bo3Har-
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211
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212
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213
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215
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216
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OCHOBHbIX HrpOKOB npH npOBeAeHHH B CBOHX riOApa3AeAeHHHX B 6aHKe CAeAyIOIIHX Ae4eCTBHH:
* opraHH-3aHOHHoro CTpyKTypHpOBaHHH;
* OnpeAeAeHHR OTBCTCTBeHHOCTH Ka2KAoro;
* CTPYKTYPHPOBaHHR pa6oHx o6H3aHHoCTeii Ka2KAoro;
* OnTHMH3agHH HaCTOsRnero YPOBH.9 KoMneTeHTHOCTH nepcoHaAa, nOBbIUleHHH HaBbiKOB B
pa6oTe;
* nporHO3HPOBaHHH HaBbIKOB, KOTOpb[e B CKOpOM BpeMeHH OKa82KYTCH CoBepleHHO
Heo6xOAHMbIMH AAS1 BeAeHHq 6aHKOBCKOfi pa6oTbl;
* aHaAH3a Heo6xOAHMbIX HaBbIKOB H COOTBCTCTBYIOU4HX B3rAH4OB /ieHHoCTeH/;
* aTTeCTaUHH H COCTaBAeHHH nAaHOB pa3BHTHR H o6y'eHHR oTAeAbHbIX COTPYAHHKOB
oTAeAa;
* o6yqeHHR Ha pa6omeM MeCTe;
* pa3BHTHH npOH3BOACTBeHHOH KyAbTypbl;
* OT6opa HOBblX COTpyAHHKoB;
* nepeBoAa Ha pa6oTy B ApyrHe y4pe2KAeHHH H npHeMa Ha pa6oTy nepeBoAoM;
* nOCTaHOBKH 3aAaM H pa3pa6OTKH nAaHOB Ae4CTBHq;
* onpeAeAeHHH Pe3yAbTaTOB BbInoAHeHHH cAy2Ke6HbIx o6s3aHHocTeii H ocyIeCTBAeHHe
MoHHTopHHra;
* peKOMeHAagHH HeKOTOPbIX q)OpM nOOIIpeHHR /HanpHMep, nPOABH2KeHHe no cAy2K6e,
yBeAHqeHHe 3apa60THOH nAaTbi/;
* fOBbIi11eHHIO 3aHHTepecOBaHHOCTH B pa3BHTHH cAy2Ke6HOH Kapbepbl, nOBbI1UeHHIO
3aHHTepecoBaHHOCTH pa6OTHHKa;
0 aKTHBHOMy ynpaBAeHH[o.
Bo MHOrHX CAyqaHX B onHcaHHbIX npHMepax Ae.RTeAbHOCTH pyKOBOAHTeAH cama cAy2K6a
ynpaBAeHHH H pa3BHTHH 'eAOBeqeCKHX pecypcoB Mo2KeT C03AaTb UeAyIo BCnOMOraTeAbHYIO
HH(ppacTpyKTypy, ee HHCTpyMeHTbi, MomeT o6yqHTb AHHeHHbIX pyKOBOAHTeAeH noAbb3oBaTbcH
pa3pa6oTaHHbIMH CpeACTBaMH, nOMOqb Co3saTb YCA0BHR AAR peaAH3aMHH TaKoH B03MO2KHOCTH,
KOHTpOAHpOBaTb Ka'eCTBO peSyAbTaToB. B HeKOTOpbIX HanlpaBACHHRX pOAb pyKoBoAHTeAA
cAy*6b1 pa3BHTHH 'eAoBemeCKHX pecypCOB Mo2KeT HrpaTb 6oAee Ba2KHyol pOAb, %ieM B ApyrHx,
Mo2KeT o0UyigaTbCR HX 6oAblllaH aKTHBHOCTb, npHMOH BblXOA Ha COBeT AHpeKTOpOB.
HanpHMep, B BOnpocax BHyTpH6aHKOBCKHx nepeBoAoB pa6OTHHKOB, pa3BHTHA KyAbTypbl
npOH3BOACTBa B ,eAOM, Ha6opa KaHAHAaToB H OT6opa npeTeHAeHTOB, onpeAeAeHHR Ha pa6oTy
MOAOAbIX AiOAeH, BnCpBbie nOCTynaKioIHX Ha cAy2K6 y, nOAroToBKH pyKOBOAHTeAeH,
npOABH2KeHH% no CAy2K6e H OnAaTbl TpyAa. Aio6oii 6aHK 6yAeT CTpeMHTbCSI HaHTH CBOH
Co6CTBeHHblii OnTHMaAbHbIH 6aAaHc Me2KAy POAbIO AHHeHHoro PYKOBOAHTeAH H PYKOBOAHTeAH
cA.ym6bl KaApOB. CAHIMIKOM MHOrO npaB H CHAbI c OAHOH CTOpOHbl B yujep6 ApyroH Tome
onaCHO. AHHeiiHbie pyKoBOAHTeAH AOA2KHbl BnAoTHyIo 3aHHMaTbCH pa60TOiH CO CBOHM
nepCOHaAoM. PyKOBOAHTeAb 2Ke cAy2K6bi KaApOB AOA2KeH HMeTb BO3MO2KHOCTb H cnoco6HocTb
CMOTpeTb Ha npo6AeMy 1IHpe, C TOMKH 3pCHHH HHTepeCOB 6aHKa.
218
CoEiiaNHe qeAoBevecxoro jranJIraAa 6auwa
OpraHHuagwir 0ywicgHH pagBHNTH YwAoBeYeCKNx pecypcoa
AAR TOMO, -To6bi HrpaTb BamHyio POAb B opraHHmagHH, pa3BHTHH H ynpaBAeHHH
qcAoBeC'ecKHMH pecypcamH 6aHKa cAy?K6a KaApoB AOA2KHa HMCTb AOCTaTo0Hbic 3HaHHH, OnbIT,
noAb3oBaTbcH AoBepHeM, HMeTb COOTBCTCTBYwOI4HC CPCACTBa H nepcoHaA. MHorHe (pyH1qUHHynpaBAeHHB 'eAOBeCeCKHMH pecypcaMH noKa ege nOpOH CBOAqTCH K aAMHHHCTPHPOBaHH1O,
T.C. K 'HCTO opraHH3agHoHHOH CTOPOHC AeAa. OHH He MorYT HrpaTb POAb aKTHBHOrO
PYKOBOAHTeAR ACHTCAbHOCTbIO CoTpyAHHKoB. A HMeHHO TaKOH POAH He XBaTaeT MHorHM
6aHKaM. Bo MHorHX 6aHKax CyJIeCTByeT Heo6xoAHMocTb pa3AeAHTb cIYHKUHH opraHH3agHH H
BeAeHHR 3anHCeH, T.e. o6pa6oTKH BCHKoro pOAa AOKYMeHTOB, BKAlOqaR o6pa6OTKy BeAOMOCTeH
Ha 3aprLAaTy, neHCHH, CTpaXOBaHHH, MHAHIHbIe Bonpocbil KoMaHAHpoBKH, nepeBoAbl. OHH
AOA2KHbI nepeHTH B a8cJeKTHBHbie, OPHCHTHPOBaHHbIe Ha BbinOAHeHHe KOHKpeTHbIX onepaIHH
noApa3AeAeHHH. COBeplmeHHO OTAeAbHO OT BbIUWerIepeCHCAeHHOrO Heo6xOAHMO CO3AaBaTb Hpa3BHBaTb 6oAee aKTHBHYIO cAy2K6y ynpaBAeHuH pecypcamH, OTHecH K ee AeHTCAbHOCTH
cAeAyiolgHe (fyHKIHH:
* pa3pa6oTKa nOAUTHKH H nporpaMMbl pa3BHTHH nepcoHaAa;
* nAaHHPOBaHHe pa3BHTHR CaMoH opraHH3ajHH;
* nAaHHPOBaHHe KOAHqeCTBa pa6OTHHKOB;
* aHaAH3 noTpe6HocTH B KBaAHcJHKaUHOHHOM H KaqeCTBCHHOM cocTaBe pa6oTHHKoB;
* OUCHKa pa6oTbI H BO3Mo2KHoCTeH pa6oTHHKoB;
* iAaHHPOBaHHC HHAHBH4YaAbHOrO pa3BHTHH H o6yqeHHH pa 6oTHHKoB;
* nOArOTOBKa H o6yqeHHe pa6oTHHKOB;
* pa3BHTHe IIpOH3BOACTBeHHOii KyAbTypbl;
* IIAaHHPOBaHHe H ynpaBAeHHC noou_peHHHMH.
B HeKOTOpbJX 6aHKax MO2KeT BO3HHKHyTb noTpe6HoCTb B H3MeHeHHH CTpaTerHH ynpaBAeHHH
pa3BHTHeM 'leAoBe'CcxHX peCypCOB. CAym6bl, 3aHHMaiOJijHeCC BTHMH BonpoCaMH, AOA2KHblHrpaTb, no MHCHHIO HeKOTOpbIX 6aHKoB, PYKOBOAqHgylO pOAb, HM HaAAemHT pa3pa6aTbiBaTm
UIHPOKHe nIpOrpaMMbi 6aHKOBCKoro pa3BHTHM, pa6oTaTb B pa6oqeM KOHTaKTe C AHHeHHbIMHpyKOBOAHTeA3IMH, BbIcTynaTb HX noCTOHHHblMH KOHCyAbTaHTaMH, ocyigeCTBA3ITb KOHTpOAb
xaqecTBa CeAOBeqCCKHX pecypcoB, OnpeAeAHTb pOAb AHHeCiHbIX pyKoBoAHTeAef B
(popMHpoBaHHH H 1IOBbIlIIeHHH BTorO Ka'eCTBa, OHH AOA2KHbi 6blTb B COCTORHHH OgeHHTb
JUHPOKYJO H AOArOCpOtHyiO nepcneKTHBy pa3BHTHR TPYAOBOrO KOAAeKTHBa. AIOAH, KOTOpbieMorAH 6bl OCyUeCTBAHTb aTH C.AOMHbI q)yHKIIHH, o6AaAaAH 6bl COOTBeTCTByiO%HMH HaBbiKaMH
H 3HaHHRMH, HMeAH 6bl AAR 6aHKa OqeHb 6oAbUiylo geHHOCTb.
OprawisagHru pOAH AHNeNNorO pyKo8o4HTeAHw
LHTo6bl AHHeHHblH pyKOBOAHTeAb Mor BqcJXeKTHBHO BblnOAHHTb CBOIO pOAb - pOAb
pacrpeAeAeHHH H yMeAoro HCrIOAb3OBaHHM CeAOBeCeCKHX peCypCOB, HaXOAHfIHXCH B eropacnopRmeHHH, Heo6xoAHMo, 'lTo6bi BTa ero pOAb 6bIAa qCTKO onHcaHa H XOpOIIuo nOHHMaAaCb
BceMH. ECAH HOBaq pOAb CylgeCTBeHHO OTAHiaeTCM OT TOrO, 'FTO eMy npHXOAHAOCb AeAaTb BnpOUIAOM, - a BTO BnOAHe BCpORTHO - HeKOTOpbie AHHeHHbie pyKOBOAHTeAH MOryT 6blTb
o6ecnoKoeHbl Ba2KHOCTbIO pOAH, KOTOpylO HM npHAeTCH HrpaTb B (OPMHPOBaHHH KOAAeKTHBa
6aHKa. TorAa Heo6xoAHMo 6yAeT npOBeCTH o6CyMAeHHe, BO BpeMR KOTOporo MomHo 6blAo 6 bl
219
Yxpenmemme pwo'oBocoTa N J7OuhIeHNe VyCTBAhHOCTN H nepemeHa
06 'bSCHHTb npHIHHbl TaKHX paAHKaAbHbiX nepeMeH, 3HaqeHHC 8TOH (pyH1UHH, noAo2KeHHe
pyKOBOAHTeAI, a TaK2me noAAep?KKy, KOTOpyIO BcerAa 6yAeT noAy'qaTb AHHeHHbIH PYKOBOAMTeAb
OT CBoerO BbllleCTO;iLMerO HaHaAbCTBa B 8TOM Bonpoce. HlpHAeTcM OTAeAbHO PaCCMOTPeTb
B03pa2KeHHH, KOTOpbI MOryT BO3HHKHYTb no 8TOMY BOnpOCy, H o3a6o0eHHOCTb H Aame
TpeBory. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT TOrO, HaCKOAbKO H3MeHHTCH pOAb AHHeHHoro pyKOBOAHTeAM,
momeT 6 bITb 3aAeT H Bonpoc H3MeHeHHR KyAbTypbi npeAnpHMTHM, KOTOpbIH Tome Hy2mHo 6yAeT
paccMOTpeTb 6oAee BHHMaTeAbHO H rAy6oKo, He OCTaHaBAHBaRCb Ha npOCTOM onHcaHHH 8THX
H3MeHeHHH.
B 8TOH cBoeH HOBOH pOAH AHHeHHble pYKOBOAHTeAH MOrYT CTOAKHyrbCM C HeO 6 XOAHMOCTbIO
o6yeCHH.R. OAHH AIOAH HBAMIOTCM PYKOBOAHTeAHMH no CBOHM npHPOAHbiM Ka t eCTBaM, a ApyrHe
HaytiHAHCb HAH MOrYT Hay4HTbCH 3TOMY mepe3 OnlbIT. Ho B o6yTeHHH HyvmAalOTcCS MHorHe.
BHamaAe BTO 6yAyT caMbie o6 LgHe H ILlHpOKHe BOnpOCbI pyKOBOACTBa H ynpaBAeHHH,
nOHHMaHHe KOH;enlgHH H COOTBeTCTBYIOU_He ynpaBAeHmeCKHe HaBbIKH. KpoMe o6qgHX HaBbIKOB,
MO2KeT BO3HHKHyrb Heo6xOAHMoCTb q)OpMHpOBaHHA HOBbIX HaBbIKOB, HMeKOIqHX 3HameHHe H
Heo6xoAHMbIx AAR Ka2KAorO KOHKpeTHoro 6aHKa. HanpHMep, 6aHK MomKeT c4HTaTb, 'ITO
PYKOBOAHTeAH AOA2KHbl yMeTb npOBOAHTb o6y'eHHe CBOHX COTpYAHHKOB Ha pa6oqeM MecTe,
npOBOAHTb HH4HBHAYaAbHyfO aTTeCTagHio, pa3pa6aTblBaTb HHAHBHAyaAbHbIe yqe6Hbie rAaHbi
AAM pa6oTHHKoB, npoBOAHTb B(peKTHBHy1O nOAHTHKy nOCTaHOBKH 3aAmaq H pa3pa6OTKH
MeponpHITHH nO HX AOCTH2KeHHIO. HlOBTOMy 6 aHK BKAIO'IHT STo B nporpammy o6y'eHiH
pyKOBOAHTeAeH. 4AH 3TOH AeHTeAbHOCTH AOA2KHbi 6bITb pa3pa6oTaHbl npOrpaMMbi,
CAeAoBaTeAbHO, Heo6xOAHMO pa3pa6aTblBaTb nporpaMMbl H yqHTb pyKoBoAHTeAeH BbInOAHMTb
aTH npOrpaMMbi. HIo CBoemy OrIbITy 3HaiO, 'ITO aTO He O'IeHb TpyAHO. 4AS 8TorO He Tpe6yeTcR
KaKHX-TO oco6blx yMeHHH. 3 To 'aCTb OnbITa KamAoro pyKOBOAHTeAA H, B UHlpOKOM CMbICAe
CAOBa, Bce aTH HaBbIKH B pa3HoH CTeneHH 3HaKOMbl AHHeuHbIM pyKOBOAHTeA3M.
BamHo nOAHOCTbIO HHCTHTygUOHaAHsHipOBaTb POAb AHHeHHbiX pyKOBOAHTeAeH. Hx 3aAa'H
AOA2KHbi 6bITb OTpa2KeHbI B Hx AOA2KHOCTHb]X o6siaaHHocTMx. O1eHb JP¢eKTHBHO BKAIOqHTh
8TO KaK KpuTepUHH HX O!eHKH npH aTTecTaUHH. B Kypce, pa3pa6oTaHHoM AAR o6yqeHHH
pyKOBOAHTeAei, 8TH BOnpOCbI TaKme AOA2KHbl HafiTH CBOe oTpameHHe. O6cym2AeHHA 8THX H
ApyrHX BOnpOCOB Me2KAY AHHeHHbIMH H BbimeCTOMU_HMH PYKOBOAHTeAHMH AOA2KHbI
IePHOAH'eCKH BKAIOMaTb OIAeHey H XapaKTePHCTHKY KOAAeKTHBa, pa6oTaioWero B OAHOM
noApa3AeAeHHH. HanpHMep, AOCTaTOMHO AH TaM pa6OTHHKOB, HeT AH AHIIIHHX pa6OTHHKOB,
KaKOB YPOBeHb noAroToBKH, YPOBeHb 3aHHTepecOBaHHOCTH pa6oTHHKoB, a TaK2Ke, KaKHe
Ae4CTBHM rpeAnpHHHMaeT pyKOBOAHTeAb 'To6bi nOBbICHTb YPOBeHb npocIeCCHOHaAbHbIX 3HaHHH
H KyAbTypbI CBOHX noAqHHeHHb[X.
TaKoii xapaKTep o6cy2KAeHHq BonpocoB oKa2KeT AAM AHHeHHoro PYKOBOAHTeAA
CyUgeCTBeHHyio noAAep2KKy npH OpHeHTHPOBaHHH cBoen pa6oTbl C KoAAeKTHBOM, AaCT eMy
BOSMO2KHOCTb Ayq'lle nOHMTb CBOH o6s3aHHocTH.
KaK yme OTMeCiaAOCb Bbluie, 8TO He KaKaR-HH6yAb AHUIHM pa6oTa AAR AHHeHHOrO
pyKOBOAHTeAM. 9 To H eCTb ynlpaBAeHHe. H OT aTOro AOAmHbl BbiHrpaTb Bce. FCAH pa6oTHHKH
HMelOT BblCOKYIO KBaAH(PHKaUHio, HMH Aer'e ynpaBAslTb. PyKOBOAHTeAio OCTaeTCM MeHbtue
npo6AeM AA.s peulellHi. MeHllble PHCKa cA4AaTb ouiH6Ky. Bce 3TO nomoraeT pyroBOAwreAio
220
CostaHHe veAosevecxoro JzHnTaAa 6aaHa
BbIrAHAeTb Aysine B rAa3aX CBOHX nOAsHHeHHb1x npH BbIr1OAHeHHH CBOHX 3aAaq H 3aAas
noApa3AeAeHHH. CoBepuleHHo oseBHAHo, sTO pa6oTHHKH nOApasAeAeHHR Tome noAy'aIOT
flOAb3y OT Ay'rnlero KameCTBa yripaBAeHHH 'eAOBe'eCKHM 4PaKTOpOM.
Bo MHOrHx pa3BHBaioWHXCH CTpaHax aTOMy yAeAHeTCH HeAOCTaTO'IHO BHHMaHHR HH C TOsKH
3peHHH B03MOmHOCTeH, HH C TO9KH 3peHHR pecypcoB. IlpOBeAeHHe T1jaTeAbHoro aHaAH3a
Heo6xoAHMbIx AAR pa6oTbl HaBbIKOB H Bbipa6oTKa npaBHAbHbIX B3rARAoB, cnoco6CTByJOUJHX
FOPMHPOBaHHIO pa6oseii KyAbTypbl, oMeHb Ba2KHbl AAH 6aHKa. HpoeeAeHHe HHAHBHAyaAbHOii
aTTeCTaUHH MO2KeT nOMOsb BblHIBHTb CyUgeCTByIOUIHH 4Ae4pH!HT OnpeAeAeHHb1X HaBbIKOB H
CO3AaTb nporpammy ero ycTpaHeHHH.
HepecTpoHIKa BceH CHCTeMbi o6ymeHHH B 6aHKe, pa3pa6oTKa COOTBeTCTByJoUeH
HH(3paCTPYKTYPbI TO?Ke npH3BaHbI CbirpaTb Bam2Hpo pOAb. 1HHCTHTygHOHaAbHaA KyAbTypa
6aHKa Mo2KeT CYJCCTBeHHbIM o6pa3oM H3MeHHTb AeAOBbie xapaKTepHCTHKH B pa6oTe. OHa
AOA2Ha HCXOAHTb HS AOArocpO'IHOH CTpaTerHH H 3aAas 6aHKa. IlpHrAamueHHe Ha pa6ory H
oT6op KaHAHAaTOB HCXOA$ H3 HX cnoco6HocTeii H nOTeHUHaAbHbIX BO3MOMHOCTeH noMo2KeT
nOAH$rTb YpOBeHb nOArOTOBKH H pa6OTOcUoco6HOCTH pa6oTHHKoB B geAOM. CTapmuee
pyKOBOACTBO AOA2KHO npaBHAbHO OleHHBaTb cHTyagHIO B 6aHKe, OnpeAeABTb rpHOpHTeTHbie
HaBbIKH AAH nOBbllleHHH KyAbTypbI H ycnexa 6aHKa, AOA2tHO Bo3rAaBHTb YCHAHH Bbipa6OTaTb
Heo6xoAHMbie HaBbIKH H pa3BHTb KyAbTypy B COOTBCTCTBHH C 3aAauaMH H CTpaTerHeH 6aHKa.
3aiwAjoeHHe
IO-HacTo.qu4eMy aqxpeKTHBHoHey 'ieAOBeqeCKHMH pecypcaMH - a B CHAy aTorO H
6OAee BbICOKHe Pe3yAbTaTbi ynpaBAeHseCCKHx yCHAHH Ha KOHKpeTHOM npeAnpHATHH, B geAOM,
BbIXOAHT 3a paMKH nOAHTHKH H npOrpaMMbi y9pe2AeHHH. AHHeHHb1M PYKOBOAHTeAAM H
pa6oTHHKaM CAym6b] KaApOB OTBOAHTCH aKTHBHHaH pOAb. 3Ta pOAb AOA2KHa 6blTb
HAeHTH(pHUHpOBaHa, onpeAeAeHa H sieTKO c(3opMyAHpoBaHa. AHHeiiHbIM pyKOBOAHTeAAM
OTBOAHTCH !eHTpaAbHaA pOAb B HCnOAHeHHH. 3a pa6OTHHKaMH KaAPOBOH cAym6bi OCTaeTCA
BamlHaH pOAb B opraHH3agHH H noAAepmKe. H AHHeHHbie PYKOBOAHTeAH H pa6oTHHKH
CAym6bl KaApOB AOA2KHbI cO3AaTb a4xpeKTHBHoe COTpyAHH'eCTBO npH HCnOAHeHHH CBOHX
COOTBeTCTBy1OUHHX q)yHKUHH. 4AAI ycnelUHoH peaAH3aUHH pOAH no ynpaBAeHH1o seAOBe'ieCKHMH
pecypcaMH npeAnpHRTHA AHHeHHbie pyKOBOAHTeAH Hy2KAaiOTCH B o6yseHHH H yCHAeHHH pHAOB,
a q)YHKUHH pa3BHTHA AIOACKHX pecypcoB Tpe6yeT (POpMHpOBaHHB CnegHaAbHbiX HaBbiKOB H
pa3BHTHR peCypCOB.
KAK Mbl MOMEM BbI3BATb HOAOUHTEAbHbIE H3MEHEHHR
C TOrO MOMeHTa, KaK Ha BbicUieM YPOBHe PYKOBOACTBa npHHHMaeTCH peiIIeHHe, wTo 6aHK
AOA2*eH Has'HTeAbHO yAy"lUHTb CBOIO pa6oTy, C BTorO MOMeHTa HaYHHaJOTCH nepeMeHbl. HoAHcTaHBHH MC2tAY aTHM peC11eHHCM H ero peaAH3agHeH H HHCTHTygHOHaAH3agHeii H3MeHeHHH -
Kax rOBOpHTCH, orpoMHoro pa3Mepa. BaHK AOA2KeH nepeCMOTpeTb BCe aCneKTb1 cBoeH
AeSTreAbHOCTH TaK HAH HHase - sepe3 paspa6oTKy HOBOH cTpaTerHH H onepaTHBHoro rIAaHa,
nepeCTpOHKy opraHH3aUHH, COBeplUeHCTBOBaHHe HAH Ca3AaHHe HOBOH CHCTeMy ynpaBAeHHI,
Bbipa6OTKy HOBbIX yMeHHH, COBepuIeHCTBOBaHHe Cyu2eCTBYIOI1HX HaBbIKOB, nOBbIuiIeHHe
221
YApevMeNme pJwOROqCTTRa m IORbhllreHNHe qCTRHTeAbHoCTH K epemeHlaM
KyAbTypbl TpyAa, pa3pa6oTKy HOBbIX BHAOB npoAYKIgHH H ycAyr, paUHoHaAH3aMH1O CeTC
OTAeAeHHH, coKpaUgeHHe ITaTOB, yMeHbLiIeHHe HHbIX SaTpaT, nOBbIUileHHe Ka'ieCTBa KpeAHTHoro
nopT"CAH, coBepiueHcTBoBaHHe o6CAy2KHBaHHH KAHeHTOB, yCHAeHHe aBTOMaTH3aMHH, HAH sepes
ApyrHe cepbe3Hbie ilarH. OCHOBHaM nporpamma HHCTHTYgHOHaAbHoro pa3sBHTHR Mo2KeT 3aHHTb
nrTb AeT. MeHee ImHpOKa.I, HO Bce mKe AOCTaTO'IHO OCHOBaTeAbHaH nporpamma AerEo MO2KeT
YAO?KHTbCR B ABa-TpH roAa. Ho 3aTpaTbl BpeMeHH H CpeACTB CI4C He rapaHTHpyEoT
6ecnoBopoTHbIx H3MCHeHHH. KAJo'eBaH npo6AeMa, KoTopaH CTOHT nepeA Ka2tAbiM 6aHKoM,
KOTOpblH CTpeMHTC.R BHeCTH cyU_eCTBeHHbie yAysu1eHHH B CBOIO pa6oTy saKAiosaeTcH B TOM,
KaK ynpaBARTb aTHMH nepeMeHaMH 4To6bI AOCTHsb nOCTOHHHblx nOAo2mHTeAbHbIX pe3yAbTaToB.
IlpoUecc H3MeHeHHH - 3TO npogecc TpyAHblH. CygecTeyloIHe opraHH3agHH oTAHIaIOTcH
CTa6HAbHOCTbIO, CqlOPHPOBaHHOCTbIO OTHOmleHHU. AIOAH syBCTByIoT ce6H npHBblbHO H yAo6HO,
XOTH H He BcerAa HCnblTbIBaIOT yAoBAeTBOpeHHe B cyIeCTBYIOI_gHX YCAOBHHX OT Toro, xiTO OHH
AeAaHOT, HX O2KHAaHHH seTKH H HCHbI. HsMeHCHHH BbI3OByT HapyiueHHH B pa6oTe
CAOKHBII1HXC5H CHCTCM, nOpOAHT CTpaX H HeonpeAeACHHOCTb. AiOAH 6yAyT COnPOTHBARTbC.9
nepeMeHaM c camoro HasaAa - OAHH B MCHblue1H, ApyrHC B 6oAbUIeHi CTeneHH. KorAa BrnepBbie
6yAeT BbICKa-3aHO npeAAo2KeHHe 0 HeO6XOAHMOCTH nepeMeH, HeKOTOpbie 6yAyT CTapaTbCR
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rIOMOl,qH:
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MeCTHbIMH 6aHKaMH corAaLueHHem O COTpyAHH'eCTBe HAH KOHTpaKTOM no oKa3aHHIO
nOMOJ1H B ynpaBAeHHH. B noAo6 Hblx CAy"aAX HHOCTpaHHbIH 6aHK npeAocTaBA&eT
CBOHX pa6oTHHKoB AAR noAep2KKH pa3BHTHR KAIO'ieBbIX q)YHKUHOHaAbHbiX CerMeHToB,
OTKpblBaeT AOCTyn K CBOHM cpeACTBaM o6y"eHn H noAroToBKH, noMoraeT B
pa3pa6oTKe o6u4efi nOAHTHKH H COCTaBAeHHH OriepaHOHHb]X PYKOBOACTB (HHCTPyKXHfi)
H MO2KeT Aa2Ke npeAOCTaBAHTb TeXHOAOrH10 HH(pOpMaUHOHHblX CHCTeM, 'lTo6bi cnoco6-
CTBOBaTb pa3BHTH1O yMpe2KAeHHH9.
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nOAe-3HbIM AAR 6aHKoB Ha pa3BHBaioloHXCR pbIHKxax H B nepcreKTHBe npHBOAHTb K
pa3BHTHIO AOAroCpOMHoro COTPyAHHmeCTBa HAH K HHBeCTHlHBM. OAHaKo IHHpOKOe
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KaApOBbIX peCypCOB, K 'eMy HHOCTpaHHbie 6aHKH AaAeKO He BcerAa rOTOBbI.
* KoHcaAiTHH roErc pHpMbi. 06paigeHHe K KOHCaATHHrOBbIM cIHpMaM AAR o6
ecneqeHHR
I1HpOKOrO HHCTHTyUHOHaAbHOrO pa3BHTHH BCTpe'alOTC.R iaule Bcero. HeKoTopble
50 BbiAO nIpH3HaH (HanpHMep, B floAbiue), MTO AHarHoCTHqeCKHe HCCAeAOBaHHR RBAmoTCR BamHbimy'ie6HbiM npogeccoM CaMH no ce6e, BbI3bbIax npHSHaHme KpHTH4ecKofi noTpe6HOCTH B HHCTHTygHOHaAbHOM
pa3BHTHH KOHKpeTHOrO 6aHxa.
229
YKpeCIeINe pyJovoxcrBa m IzoBbrieHme VyvcrCKTeAbhocrT K HinpemeJmeam
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KaK ynpaBAeHHe PHHaHCOBOH AeATeAbHOCTbIO, KpeAHTHbie onepalHH H cTpaTerHYiecKoe
nAaHHpOBaHHe, HO H BO BHeApeHHH 3HaqHTaAbHbIX HHCTHTYUHOHaAbHb1X H3MeHeHHH H
ynpaLBAeHH.1 HMH. K HeAOCTaTKaM nOAXOAa OTHOCRTCR AOpOrOBH3Ha H BO3MO2KHOCTb
noAy'!eHHH HeAOCTaTOMHbIX HAH AaMe OTPHUaTeAbHbIX pe3yAbTaTOB, nOCKOAbKy He Bce
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6bIA cAeAaH He oqeHb rpaMOTHO.
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ApyrHe CTpaHbl, TaKHe KaK FaHa, 6bIAH npHBee3HbI HHOCTpaHHbie CnegHaAHCTbI AAA
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nlpHBAeKaeTCH B Ka'eCTBe COBeTHHKa lpe3HAeHTa HAH aM, rAe Heo6xOAHMO yKpenAeHHe
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Heo6xOAHMbI B ynpaBAeHHH 6aHKaMH B pa3BHBaIO.HXCH CTpaHax. B HeKOTOpbIX
CTpaHax, TaKHX KaK KHTaH, 6aHKH OTnpaBARIOT CBOHX CnegHaAHCTOB 3a rpaHHBy Ha
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c'iHTalOT HaH6OAee geAecoo6pa3HblM. HOAo6HbIfi noAxoA paC'iHTaH Ha AAHTeAbHOe
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AaTb 6oAblue HHCTHTYBHOHaAbHOMY pa.3BHTHIO, ieM paBHbIK HAH Aa2me 6oAbimHe
BAOmeHBR CO CTOpOHbi naCCHBHOrO ((PHHaHcOBoro) HHBeCTOpa.
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cyu4eCTBYlOT o6uMHe BonpocbI, KOTOPbIC Heo6xOAHMo aHaAH3HPOBaTb B Ka2KAoii nporpaMMe.
230
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3 aAa,qH 6aHKa MOryT OXBaTbIBaTb TaKHe BOnpOCbI, KaK HHCTHTYIHOHaAbHOC 06HooAeHHe,nOArOTOBKy nepcoHaAa, TeXHOAOrHH nepeBOAoB, yBeAHieHHe KanHTaAa H 6oAbuwo aBTOHoMHIO.
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OueeKa. MHoroqHCAeHHbie MeTOAHKH, HCnOAb3yeMbIe fpH npHBaTH3aUHH, CnOCo6HbinOMOqb B onpeAeAeHHH nOAHOH CTOHMOCTH 6aHKa H Ha6opa napaMeTpoB ogeHKH. K HHMOTHOCHTCH qHCTaH CTOHMOCTb aKTHBOB, OTHOi11eHHe npH6blAH K KanHTaAy, AHCKOHTHpOBaHHblH
AeHeMHblIH nOTOK, CpOK noraiueHHH H pbIHO'lHaH CTOHMOCTb. CTOHMOCTb (ppaHmUHSbl, XOTR H HeIBAReTC T CTporo MeTOAOM aHaAH3a, MOmeT 6
bITb BKAIO9eHa B geHy.
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pecypcoB, a Tame npeAocTaBAeHHio 6oAee Ka'eCTBeHHbix 6aHKoBcKHx ycAyr.
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nOArOTOB3Ka K npnBaTHsaBNH pacnaAaeTcH Ha Heo6xoAHMylo H Ao6poBoAbHyIO H qiacToBKAIOqaeT:
* AKgHOHHpOBaHHe, KOTOpOe HBAHeTCH 2KeAaTeAbHbIM H -3a'acTyio nepBblM uiaroM
npHBaTH3agHH;
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AAR Alo6oro (pHHaHCOBoro peCTpyKTypHpoBaHHH;
231
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KpeAHTOB, eCAH TOAbKO roKynaTeAH He HcnyraAHCb PaCXOAOB H y6blTKoB, CBR3aHHbiX C
nAOXHMH aKTHBaMH;
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HHCTHTY%HOHaAbHOe pa3BHTHe AOA2KHO npeAiu1eCTBOBaTb npHBaTH3alHH. ECAH aKipHH
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6yAeT no BCeH BHAHMOCTH yMaCTBOBaTb B TpaCH¢opmaUHH yqpe2KAeHHH. IlIo2aAyH,
HHCTHTYUHOHaAbHoe pa3BHTHe - oAHa Hs rAaBHbix npH-IHH oco6oro oT6opa HHBecTopa.
* O6HoBAeHHe TeXHOAorHH, 4TO TaK2Ke He o6H3aTeAbHo.
B CAyqae, eCAH aKUHH 6yAyT npoAaBaTbcR OTKpbITO, TO pbIHOK KaniHTaAOB Heo6xOAHMO
nOAOOTOBHTb peKAaMoH H MapKeTHHroBb1MH KoMnaHHRMH.
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npaBHTeAbCTBO coxpaH3eT KOHTpOAbHbIH naKeT, BO3HHKaIOT ABa Ba2KHb1X Bonpoca:
aBTOHOMHOCTb 6aHKa B Bonpocax KpeAHTOBaHHH H Ha6opa nepcoHaAa, H CTpyKTYpa H pOAb
AHpeKTOpOB. Be3 aBTOHOMHH H CoBeTa, cnoco6Horo pYKOBOAHTb, Bce npeHMYWeCTBa
npHBaTH3saHH nponaAyT.
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peryAsrrHBHaH 6a3a, paSHO KaK H AOCTOHHbie CTaHAapTbl yweTa H ayAHTa. TaM, rAe OMHAaeTcR
AH6epaAH3aiHsI B3a, UeH H npeACTOHT peqpOpMbi BaAIOTHOH CHCTeMbi, OHm A4OA2rHbi
ripeAuIeCTBOBaTb npHBaTH3agHH C TeM, 4To6 bl HX BAH9HHe Ha 6aHK
6 blAO nOHHlTHO. HI HaKOHeU,
rLAaTe2Kecnoco6HOCTb 6aHKa 2KH3HeHHO Ba2KHa AA npHBaTH3aUHH. KaK nOTeHCHaAbHb1e
noKynaTeAH, KpynHble 6aHKH no'TH HaBepHHKa rpoH3BeAyT olleHKY nOPT(PeAA AAm
nOATBep2KAeHHA Ka'eCTBa aKTHBOB. TaM, rAe aKJgHH npOAaiOTCI '1aCTHbIM AHMaM, sAaCTH
AOAMKHbi 6blTb OcO6eHHO OCTOpo2KHbl.
06yreHne N HHCTHTNNHOHaAbHOe paBHNTNe
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MHOrHX Pa3BHBaIOUHXCsI qpHHaHCOBbIX pblHKaX, oco6eHHO B CTpaHaX BocTcqHoii EBponb! H
6blemero CCCP, CKYAOCTb KBaAHHUHPOBaHHbliX KaApOB CTaHOBHTcH FAaBHbIM npenUTCTBHeM
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Cne1MHaAHCTOB npeACTaBAAIOT Oco6eHHO THMKY1O AHAeMMy. C OAHO CTOpOHbl, o6yqeHHe
HaH6oAee aB|KpeKTHBHO, KorAa OHO CTPOHTCHI Ha OCHOBe TOiHO OnpeAeACHHbiX KaAPOBb1X
nOTpe6HOCTeH, a c ApyroH - BO MHOrHX cAy'aRx HAeHTHMHKKaUHH nOTpe6HOcTeH euje He
npOM3ouLAO.
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o3HaKoMAeHHIO HX C TeXHH4eCKHMH HAH ynpaBAeH'ieCKHMH npoUeAypaMH, HeO6xoAHMbIMH ASA
paHee YCTaHOaAeHHbIX c(pep AeHTeAbHOCTH, noA KOTOpbie yme CyUgeCTBYIOT OCHOBbi cTpaTerKH
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o6ytieHHIo, nOCKOAbKy MHOrHe H3MeHeHHH B nOAHTHKe, npogeAypax H onepagHiax 6aHKoB 6yAyr
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232
Ha izyi' rK jiporpamme HHCTHJTfNOHHaAIHOAr pee OpMM
nporpamma HHCTHTYI5HOHaAbHoro paB3HTnH OnpeCAeAAeT HOBbJe pa6o4He mecTa B 6aHKCax, AAsKOTOpbIX npeACTOHT rOTOBHTb CnelUHaAHCTOB H ynpaBARIOU4HX, nOCpeACTBOM tieroYCTaHaBAHBalYOTCH eAH H OCHOBHoe cOAep2KaHHe o6yqeHHR.
O6y'ieHHe B cpeAe, noABepraioWeAcH H3MeHeHHRM AOA2fHO 6bITb HHTepaKTHBHbIM. 1AAH erollpOBeAeHHS1 nOTpe6yiOTCH HaBbIKH H rH6KocTb. IepBOHa'laAbHo yqe6Hble nporpaMMbi 6yAyTnOKpblBaTb TOAbKO OCHOBHbie nOTpe 6
HOCTH B 6a3oBoM 6aHKOBCKOM o6pa3oBaHHH, 'ITOnO3BOAHT nepcoHaAy pa6oTaTb 6oAee aqxeKTHBHO. HOAy'eHHble HaBbJKH nO3BOAHT 6aHKHpaM
6oAee nAOAOTBOPHO y"aCTBOBaTb BMecTe C HHOCTpaHHbIMH aKCnepTaMH B npoBeAeHHHHHCTHTYlHOHaAbHOrO pa3BHTHH, paBHO Ka H UrOArOTOBHT nepcoHaA 4AH pA3BpasBBaoUXC
qpHHaHCOBbIX PbIHKOB. KpaiiHe Ba2KHbl yqe6Hble npOrpaMMbi B o6AaCTH KXpeHTHOrO aHaAH3a HynpaBAeHHH PHCKaMH, q1HHaHCaMH, pa6oTbl Ha AeHe2HOM pbIHKe H pbIHKe KanHTaAOB,BaAIOTHbIX onepagHH H mapKeTHHra (CM. nepeqeHb OCHOBHbIX nporpamm B npHAo2meHHH K BTOHrAaBe.)
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pyKOBOAHTeAH 6aHKoB BHAST B HH(POpMagHOHHOA TeXHOAorHH CpeACTBO npHAaHHfAOlnOAHHTeAbHoro yCKOpeHUH 6blCTpOii MoAePHH3agHH H cnewuaT BHeApHTb cHCTeMbi,cnoco6Hble nOBbICHTb Ka'eCTBO npeAocTaBAReMbix 6aHKaMH yCAyr, nOAyqaTb OCHOBHYIO qaCTbnoTpe6HoA ynpaBAeHqecKoH HHfOPMaUHH H yBeAHHHTb aq4eKTHBHOCTb AeMTeAbHOCTH.HeB3Hpaa Ha 3Ha'eHHe TeXHOAOrHH, HHPJOpMaUHOHHbli 6HSHec cam no ce6e Tpe6yeTynpaBAeHH9, YTo6bi o6ecne'IwTb ycneilHoe AOCTH2KCHHe nOCTaBAeHHbIX BeAei.HHqpOpMagHoHHaH TeXHOAOrHH AOAKHa nOAKCpenAHTb npogecc ynpaBAeHHq, HO He o6roHsTb eropasBHTHe. He CAeAyeT TOPOnHTbCH C TeXHOAOrH'eCKHMH peiueHHRMH, KOTOpb1e MOryTOKa3aTbCR HeonTHMaAbHbIMH - eCAH He Boo6 We HenpHAomHMbIMH K peaAbHOH npaKTHKe - AOToro KaK 6yAeT onpeAeAeHa BO BCex acrieKTaX noApo6 HaA nporpamma HHCTHTYUHOHaAbHOropa3BHTH..
lpoUeCcC BHeApeHHS HHpOpMaUHOHHOA TexHOAorHH B AeHTeAbHOCTb 6aHKa TeCHO CBHsaH Co6ujefi nporpaMMoH ero par3BHTHH. HH(POpMaUHOHHaA TeXHOAOrHH nipHHeceT HaH6OAbJiyOnoAb3y, eCAH 6yAeT CAy2KHTb onopoii cTpaTerHH, H 6 H3Hec-nAaHa 6aHKa, nIPOAYKTOB6aHKoBcKoi AeHlTeAbHOCTH H ycAyr, npeAOCTaBAReMbiX 6aHKoM: eCAH ee KoHqHrypagjHnCOOTBeTCTBYeT HOBOU opraHH3aUHOHHOH CTpyKType: eCAH noTpe6HOCTH B HHcpOpMauHH
onpeAeAeHbl AHHeHHbIMH PYKOBOAHTeARMH C HCHbIM npeACTaBAeHHeM 0 TOM, KaKaR HMeHHOHHqPOpMaIUHsI nOTpe6Ha AAm ynpaBAeCHH AeAOM, KOHTpOAH H perYAHPOBaHHH YPOBHei pHcKa Bcqepe HX KoMnIeTeHUHH.FIOCKOAbKy noApo6Hble nIpOrpaMMbI HHCTHTyl&HOHaAbHOrO pa3BHTHI,KaK npaBnAO, 1o aTHM BOnpOcaM OpHeHTHPOBaHbl caMH Ha ce6, BaHamHo, 'T06bi cTpaTerHuHcnoAb3oBaHHS HHq)OpMaUHOHHOH TeXHOAOrHHH o6ecne'HBaAa noTpe6HocTH, onpeAeAeHHbie Bnporpammax coBepLueHCTBOBaHHR ynpaBAeHHR. HpHAomeHHe 4 K AaHHOMY TOMY IIOA Ha3BaHHeM
l14HqpopMaUHaHHaA TeXHOAOrHR B 6aHKOBCKOM AeAe OXBaTbIBaCT npo6AeMbl npHAO2KHMOCTHHHpOpMaUHOHHOiH TeXHOAOrHH K 6aHKoBcKoMy AeAy,ynpaBAeHHIO H OpraHH3aUHOHHbIM
233
YJrpeirAewie pJwoBo,AcTBa m JzoBmurneHre 'yBcTrmemAzocTN Kr mepememam
BonpocaM: npoUeCC BHeApeHHH ee BAeHTeAbHOCTb 6aHKoBcKHx yqpemAeHHH, a Ta12Ke
HeKoTopbIe TexHH'iecKHe acneKTbi, HanpHMep, npoeKTHo-KoHcTpyKTopcKoe ooopMAeHHe,
npHKAaAHoe npOrpaMMHoe o6ecneeMeHHe H apxHTeKTypy annapaTHoll qacTT. BCTaBKa 6.2,
npHBeAeHHaR HHme, HAAIOCTPHPYeT CBH3H Me2Ay OpraHH3aUHOHHblM pa3BHTHeM H
HHqHopMagHOHHOA TexHoAorHeH.
O'bMT MEPP o lgeAe HHCTI HNONaAbHorO paauNHNJ
3 IXeKTHBHoe H cTa6HAbHoe HHCTHTYUHOHaAbHoe pa3BHTHe He MO2KeT HMeTb MeCTa B
He6AaronpHsRTHoH cpeAe. Cos3AaHHio npeAnocblAOK AAR cTa6HAbHoro HHCTHTYUHOHaAbHOro
pa3BHTHR CTaAH yAeAHTb OCHOBHoe BHHMaHHe B 8 0-x r.r. HporpaMMbi, noCTnoeHHbie 6e3 y'eTa
MaKPOBKOHOMHmecKorO H HHCTHTYUHOHaAbHoro KoHTeKCTa, He npHHOCHAH nOAO?KHTeAbHbIX
pe3yAbTaTOB. HpHMeHHTeAbHO K KOMMePmeCKHM 6aHKaM YCTOH'qHBOCTb HHCTHTYUHOHaAbHbIX
peq)opM 3HaxHTeAbHO B03paCTaeT npH HaAHqHe CTpaTerHH H HHCTHTyIHOHaAbHb1X OCHOB,
cnoco6cTBy1ouHHx noRBAeHHIO a"eeKTHBHblX, 6e3y6blTOaHbIx, 2rHsHecnoco6Hb1x 6aHKOBCXHX
yqpe2KAeHHH. IOA nOAo6HbIMH HHCTHTYIHOHaAbHbIMH OCHOBaMH noApa3ymeBaioTci CTa6HAbHaH
B MaKpoBKoHoMH'eCKoM CMbICAe cpeAa: pa3yMHaR AeHe2KHO-KpeAHTHaa nOAHTHKa; HaAHqHe
npoAymaHHoro 3aKOHOAaTeAbCTBa 0 KOMemeeCKoH AeRTeAbHOCTH (BXAIOiaH 3aKOH O
6aHKpOTCTBe), 3aKOHoAaTeAbCTBa o 6aHKax, KOHTpOAe H ynpaBAeHHH HX AeHTeAbHOCTblo;
Heo6xoAHMbl TaXme HHCTHTyAHoHaAbHbie cpeAcTBa, cnoco6Hble o6ecne'HTb peaAH3aglUo
ynomMRHyTbix nOAHTHKH (cTpaTerHH), 3aKOHOB H ycTaHoBAeHHH. HaKoHeU AAS 6aHKoBcKoro
AeAa Cy3_qeCTBeHHbl HaAe2KHbIe npogeAypbi 6yxraATepcKoro y'eTa H nposeAeHHe peBH3HH, a
Tam?e xBaAH(3HHpOBaHHbie KaApbl.
PeKoMeHAyeTcsI nOAb3OBaTbCS1 ABYMR CTPYKTYPHbIMH aHaAH3aMH, BbilnOAHeHHbIMH HeAaBHO B
CBH3H C nPoeKTaMH MBPP H OTAHqanioIJHMC5[ TujaTeAbHOH npopa6oToHi o6igHx npo6AeM
HHCTHTYUHOHaAbHOF0 pa3BHTHR.5 1 HeKOTOpble Ba2KHbie BbIBOAbI AaHHbIX pa6oT npHAo0HMbi K
nporpammam pam3ThfR KoMMepqecKHx 6aHKoB. B cmaToM BHAe peMb HAeT o CAeAYMliHX
peKOMeHAaUHmx:
* Oupe4eAeHHe KOHTCXCKTa. 4T06bi HMeTb AOArocpoMHyio nepcneKTHBy, HanpasAioujy3o
pa3pa6oTKy npOeKTOB, Heo6xOAHMO pacnoAaraTb CneI HHqeCKHMH AAR CTpaHb1
BapHaHTaMH CTPaTerHH noceKTopHorO HHCTHTYUHOHaAbHorO pa3BHTHI.
* AHaAH-N B3a1MOSaBICHMOCreH H paspa6oTIa npoeKToB. YrAy6AeHHblii AHarHOCTH'iCcKHH
aHaAH3 HHCTHTyUHoHaAbHbIX OCHOB HBAEeTCH HenpeAOmHblM npeABaPHTeAbHblM
YCAOBHeM AAR HaqaAa pa3pa6oTKH npoeKTOB.
* HapaTjBaHrne YCTOkYiBOCTH paSBHrw. XoTH peaAH3a;IHH npoeKToS HMeeT 6oAbuxoe
3HaqeHHe, Ba2KHee YCTOHqHBOCTb pa3BHTHR, 'eMy -3aqacTyio yAeAReTCH MaAO BHHMaHHH.
51 HoA 1990; BbiomrK 1991.
234
Ha ,iy,w r iporpamme NOONO O peOpMM
BCTaBKa 6.2 CTpaTerHqecicoe ynpaBAeHHe TexHoAorHei,KAolieave sowpocM PewyuTarm
Kaxoe nporpaMHoe
o6ecrieqeHHe?
* IaKeT
POAb ciTeAhi s a TiAyuaeMROA*'eCHN crpaTerw TK
* YcAyrm KAHeHTaM? KaKoe annapaTHoe* CHmHuie pacxoAoB? I o6eccneqeHHe?* IloBbiueHHe AOXOAOB? * IeHTPaAH3OBaHHOe IdHTerpH-* HHqOpMawmHR * PacnpeAeAeHHoe pomwHH=
* OTAeAbHoe TeXHOAOrH-
* OCHOBHoe 'ecKHH3aAa'H H cTpaTerHR "IrEn . MHHH nIA
6aHKa 0(paapu) * FIepcoHaAbHoe
jocraro-mocrb rcyIgecrByIo4gmx cNCrem KaKuie KOMMYHHKaI4HH
* HoAAepmxa cTpaTerHU? Heo6XOAHMbI?
- fIoMoub noAb3oBaTeASM? _ B peaAbHOM BpeMeHH* CoAepmaHHe? * Ha KoHeL AHH
* Ha KoHeU Mecsqa
* MeuHmaAbHbie b
* Me2AIyHapoAHbIe
KaxHe
opraHH3aWIHoHHbie CHcTeMbi,
H3MeHeHHR Heo 6 xoAHMbi? onpeAeAR-
* CTpyKTypa 3BM embie* HaBbnKU nepcoHaAa 3aAaRaMH H* FIOAHTHKa H CTpaTerIHei
npoleAypbl B 6aHKaoTHoiIIeHHH 3BM
KaK yripaBJATb
TexHoAorHeHi?
* YqacTHe rioAb3oBaTeAeA
* YqacTme BblCmlero
pyKOBOACTBa
kIc7rjimf: Bys-AAeH H raMHAbTOH.
235
YzrpeIIAeNu'e pjwoDogcTrm m mommurIcHNe IyRcTBmTeAbHocTm AJ epej,emar
* rI6KoCTb B gpogecce peaAH3aJJHH. KoMnAeeKCHbie, OXBaTbiBaiolgHe geAbie ceKTopa
6aHKoBcKoro AeAa npOrpaMMbl HHCTHTyUHOHaAbHOrO pa3BHTHR Tpe6yIoT npR HX
peaAH3QUHH TugaTeAbHorO Ha6AioAeHHR H rOTOBHOCTH KoppeKTHPOBaTb KyPC B
3aBHCHMOCTH OT KOHKpeTHbIX o6CTOHTeAbCTB.
* rapMOHHsagim MeCrHbMX H BHeLiHHX BBO4OB B mporpaMmy. B nOCTaHOBKce
HHCTHTYUHOHaAbHOrO AHarHo3a H pa3pa6oTKe npOeKTOB AOAKHbi npHHHMaTh yIacTHe
Te, KTO HenoCpeACTBeHHO 3THM 3aHHMaeTCH.
lIocTpoeHHe MOJIHbiX 6aHKoBcKHx HHCTHTYTOB, cnoco6Hblx BbICTORTb Ha H3MeHRioigHxcx
PbEHKaX - CAOMHblU H AAHTeAbHbIHl npo0ecc. Aame Ha BbICOKOpa3BHTbIX UHHaHCOBbiX pblHKax,
HeKoTopbie 6aHKH He ClOCo6 Hbl c aTHM CnIpaBHTbCR. He cyu4ecTByeT o6pa3UoBof nporpaMMb
H3S-Sa pa3HHUbl B ypoBHe pa3BHTHn yqpemAeHHa, COCTOHHUH BKOHOMHKH H pblHKa, a TaK2Ke
AOCTYnHbIX KaApOB. BHeApeHUe H3MeHeHHA, KOTOpbIe MOryT 3aiacTyio npHBOAHTb K C6o0M,
Tpe6yeT y6emAeHHH B TOM, 'TO H3MeHeHHR HeO6xOAHMbI. 2UH3HeHHO Ba2Hbl pellU1MoCTh
cTapmerO HCnOAHHTCAbHOrO AHpeKTOpa H 2teAaHH cTapiiero pyKOBOACTBa. OCHOBbl
I1paBHAbHOrO 6aHKOBCKoro AeAa BeCbMa llpOCTbl. 3TOT TOM HUAAIOCTpHpyeT Ay-imuHe MeTOAHKH
ynpaBAeHHR caMbix BamHbIX pa3AeAOB 6aHKa, KoTopb1e npHo6peTaloT memAyHapoAHoe
npH3HaHHe. OnbIT nOKa3biBaeT, 'ITO BHeApeHHe nporpaMMbi HHCTHTY1HOHaAbHbIX nepeMeH
MomneT 3aHHTb Ao nHTH AeT. HacTaAo BpeMH npHcTynaTb.
FlIpAomKeHme A: OCHOBHas nporpaMMa
OCHOBHaH nporpamma COCTOUT H3 (pHHaHCOBOro y'eTa, KpeAHTa H KpeAHToBaHHR. 3 To
OCHOBHb1e TeMbi 6aHKOBCKHx npo)ecCHOHaAbHbIX y'ie6Hblx nporpaMM. Kypcbl no
nAaHHPOBaHHO0, COCTaBAeHHio 6ioA4neToB H H3MepeHHIO pe3yAbTaTOB AeRTeAbHOCTH, a Taxre no
ApyrMm TeMaM (PHHaHCoBOro MeHeAmMeHTa, TaKHM KaK ynpaBAeHHe aKTHBaMH H
o6S3aTeAbCTBaMH, TaKme Heo6xOAHMbI AAR Toro, 'jTo6bi nepeopHCHTHPOBaTb ynpaBAeHHe
6aHKoM B COOTBWTCTBHH C Tpe6oBaHHSMH AH6epaAH3ajHH HHaHHCOBb1X pbIHKOB. AyAHTopHui
KYPCOB ynpaBAeHHH (UHHaHCaMH 6yAeT B xaKoU-TO CTeneHH 6oAee orpaHHIeHHOH. 06uJHe
Kypcbi, TaxKe KaK, BBeAeHHe B AeHbrH H 6aHKoBcxoe AeAo, q)HHaHcoBbie pbIHKH, MapKeTwur,
ynpasAeHue KaApaMH H UHHaHCHpOBaHHe TOprOBAH 6yAyT HMeTb npeAno'TeHHe.
Kpe.Aumoe o6yrezae
06sop yvera/tDHHaHcoBbrf aBH&aAH
* 0 63op 6a3oBb:x, noAy'qHBUIHX me2AyHapoAHoe npH3HaHHe KoHiengHH 3PeTa;
* PacnpOCTpaHeHHe (HHaHCoBOH OTTqeTHOCTH;
* KAIO'eBble noKa3aTeAH, HHTepnpeTaUHa COOTHOIueHHH, aHaAH3 TeHAeHuplH,
XapaxTepHCTHKa OTpacAeH no ceKTopam;
* TeXHHKa aHaAH3a q3HHaHCOBOH OTqeTHOCTH;
* AHaAH3 noToKoB HaAHqHbIX H AeHeC2HbIX CpeACTB; paccqLeTbi, ocHoBaHHbie Ha
6aAaHce H cmeTa npH6blAeH\y6blTKoB;
* CZHHaHCOBOH aHaAH3 Ha KOMnblOTepe;
236
Ha IIy7H Kr J1pOFpaMMC HHCTIHTyIJIOHaAU5HOiY pefoOpMMr
|* IpOrHO3HpOBaHHe AeHe2lHbiX nOTOKOB; aNaAH3 'IyBCTBHTeAbHOCTH;* BsioAHbiii KypC KopnopaTHBHoro (pHHaHcHpoBaHHH; noqemy KOMnaHHH 3aHHMalOT
AeHbrH H KaK OHH noraiiialoT AoAr; Bbl6opbI (PHHaHcHpoBaHHn; UHKA o6opoTaaKTHBoB; Ae6HTopcKaH 3aAOA2KeHHOCTb H 3anacbl TMU.
* MeToAbi OgeHKH KaqeCTBa q3HHaHCO3OH HHH0opMaUHH; cnoco6bi nepecocmamemn(PHHaHCOBO'H OTqeTHOCTH.
rIpHHMgHIIb Kpe4HTa
* KpaTKOCpOqHoe HAH AoArocpoqHoe CTPYKTYPHPOBaHHe KpeAHTa; OnpeAeACHHenoTpe6HocTeH KAHeHTa;
* flporHO3HpoBaHHe 6yAynJHx flOTpe6HoCTeN KAHeHTa B cpeAcTBax;* OnpeAeAeHHe KpeAHTHbIX pHCKOB;
* OnpeAeAeHHe npo6AeMHblX KpeAHTOB, paHHHX npusHaKOB yXyAJiieCH, npaBHAbHbieAefiCTBH B aTOH CHTyaiHH, OTCAeC2HBaHHe yxyAiUaiojHxcR Rpe4wroB;
* CTpaTerHH pa6oTbl C npo6AeMablMH KpeAHTaMH H cnaceHHe cHTyaUHH;* KpeAHToBaHHe fnoA HM5I HAH rOA alHaAH3 AeHem2Hbix rIOTOKOB;* OTpacAeBoH aHaAH3/cneIHaAH3HpoBaHHoe KpeAHToBaHHe/aHaAH3 CeKTOpOB;* AAMHHHCTPHPOBaHHe KpeAHToB;
0* 6ecneteHHe H 3aAor; MHq)bI H peaAbHOCTb;
* KpeAHTHblH npoUecc C MoMeHTa BbiAaqH A0 noraineHHm;* bi6op 3aeMIHKoB; aHaAH3 pb!HKa; MCTOAbl MapKeTHHra.!HepecTpYW7ypHpOBaHHe NOpiIOpaMIH
IlpoliHe KypcbI:
* YnpasAeHHe (3HHaHCaMH
Ka3HaqefiCTBO
YnpasAeHHe aKTHBaMH H o6R3aTeAbCTBaMH
YYnpaBAenHe BaAIOOH
BHyTpeHHHH ayAHT
OnepaJHoHHbli H cpHHaHCOBblfi KOHTPOAb* HAaHHpOBaHHe
* YnpaBAeHHe KaApaMH
HaBbikH HaA3opa
MeToAbl onpeAeAeHHR Hy2IHbIX HaBb1KOB
OnpeAeAeHHe Pe-yAbTaTOB AeHTeAbHOCTH H CHCTeMa nooUpeHHHiPa3BHTHe Kapbepbi
* HlpHeMbi MapKeTHHra H "1POAaMH
* Me2KyHapoAHaH H HaMHoHaAbHbie CHCTeMbi nAaTemeH* 1HH)OpMagHoHHaq TeXHOAorHH B 6aHKax* CHCTeMa ynpaBAeHqecKoH HHqOpMpaHH
* Toprosoe pHHaHCHpoBaHHe
* IloAroToBKa npenoAaBaTeAef
237
IIi
I
I IPA O2KEHHE 1.E030P Y17PABAEHHfJ AKTHBAMHI 17OBIMIEHHOMO PHCKA
CO,aEPmAHHE
B AaHHOM HpHAOmeHHH oniHcaHa MeTOAOrHH, KOTOPOH peKoMeHAyeTcH npuHAep2KHsaTbc Bpa6oTe oTAeAaM no KOHTpOA10 3a KpeAHTaMH 5 2 B 6aNKe npH npOBeAeHHH peBH3HH H aHaAH3aKpeAHTHOrO nopT"TAH H ynpaBAeHHR pHCKaMH B cBoeM OTAeAe HAH (pHAHaAe. MeToAoAorHHocHoB8Ha Ha PyKOBOACTBe, KOTOPbIM B AeHCTBHTeAbHOCTH noAsb3ylOTCR MmOHrHe KpynHb1e 6aHXHCWJA.
YnpaBAeHHe aKTHBaMH riOBbim11eHHOro PHCKa AOA2KHO Y0OBAeTBOpHTb 3 geARM:
* O6ecnemeHHR AOArocpoiHbix geAeH nOAy 1IeHHH npH6bJAH xoMnaHHH nyTeM BbiAeAeHHRaKTHBOB nOsBbIUeHHOrO pHCKa H ynpaBAeNHH3 HMH.
* rapaHTHH AOCTaTOHO Bb1COKorO KaqecTBa nOpTcpeAeH aKTHBOB no0BbieCHHoro pHCKanyTeM pa3pa6oTKH 'eTKHX npoUeAyp, 061JHX 4AH Bcex 6aHKoB H Bcex pblHKOB.
_* HHTerpagHH AHHeHHOrO ynpaBAeHHH, ynpaBAeHHH KpeAHTHOM nOAHTHKOH, KOHTpOAH HCnepecMoTpa aKTHBOB.
Oj n'caa'e upogecca yIpamehw. pOCsOM m onpegeJAefH xawecraaHop*eJJAH
YnpaBAeHHe pHcKaMH oxBaTblBaeT BeCb noTOK AeqTeAbHOCTH, CBwmaHHOH C C03AaOHeM HYfnpaBAeHHeM aXTHBaMH noBbiujeHHoro pHCKa. Ka'eCTB3o nOpTtAR aKTHBOB nOBblieHHOropHCKa onpeAeAAeTCR, B OCHOBHOM, o6ecne'HBaioUgHMH ero npoMeccaMH. Hlpomecc ynpaBAeHHHpHCKaMH npeACTaBAseT Co6oH 4ieAeHanpaBAeHHbe Ae4HCTBHR H COCTOHT Ha Tpex 1HpOKHXKaTeropHH:
* O6blqHoe ynpaBAeHHe nOpTcpeAeM, BKA1o'1aKoHIee TpaAHUHOHHYIO nOCAeOBaTeAbHOCTbMeTbipex BHAOB AeHCTBHH - onpeAeAeHHe geAeBoro pbIHKa, rlOArOTOBKY KpeAHTa KBblAaqe, aHaAH3, AoKyMeHTa8gHH no KpeAHTy H (paKTH-eCxoe npeAOCTaBAeHHe KpeAHTa,ynpaBAeHHe pHCKaMH H KpeAHTaMH - HapHAy c co6AioAeHHeM AOnOAHHTeAbHbIXaAeMeHTOB, KOTOpbIe MO2KHO CrpynflHpOBaTb noA TaKHMH o6igHMH HasBaHHHMH xaKrnoAHTHKa, npaKTHKa, npOgeAypbl H BbiHBAeHHe npo6AeM.
* YnpasAeHHe, HMeEogee cBoeH geAb1o noMOyb B co03aBmueHcs CHTYa3HH, npeACTaBAAReTco6oA caMocToRTeAbHbliH BHA AeTeAbHOCTH, KOTOpblH KOHUeHTpHpyeTCR HaHcnpaBAeHHH HeAoCTaTKOB, BCTpeqaioujHxcC B XoAe o6bxsHoro ynpaBAeHHH nopTqIeAeM.
* OpraHH3agtHl H noA6 op nepcoHaAa npeACTaBAReT co6ofi 'eTbipe BHAa AeRTeAbHOCTH:OpraHH3aHHJO H pa3MeigeHHe cAy2K6 (oTAeAeeHHA) 6aHKa, nOA6 op COOTBeTCTBY0OUCeronepcoHaAa, o6ecneqeHHe npeeMCTBeHHOCTH a pa6oTe nepcoHaAa, noAroToBKa Ho6yTeHHe nepcoHaAa. KpHTHqecKaH pOAb BTHX BHAoB AeRTeAbHOCTH 06 bl-NHOHeA0OJeHHBa8OTCH B y1pasAeHHH pHCKaMH.
52 TaoHi OTrAeA MOMT HaSbIBaTbCJ no-pasHoMy: oTAeA Ha6AJUAeHHR sa COcTOqHmeM Kpe4HTOB, OTAeA O0eHKHaKTHBOB InOBbluIIeHHOro pHCKa, OT4eA KOHTpOAR KpeAHTOBaHHR, OT4eA Ha6AwAeHHx sa KpeAHTaMH.
239
YXpeCiAe,N8e p,wOBOxCT5ta jiOrHBMICeNHe IyBCTBiITeAbHOCTN K izepemeHam
KaqeCTBo nOpTcjeAR OgeHHBaeTCH C Tpex TOqeK 3peHH.I:
* C TOqKH 3peHHR oKpymaioqjeA cpeAbI. OgeHKa HHAHBHAYaAbHblx rpeAHTOB H Bcero
nlOPT"CAR B KOHTeKCTe MeCTHbIX H 0611HX BKOHOMHqeCKHX yCAOBHH H yCAOBHH MeCTHOH
nOAHTHqecKoH o6cTaHoBKH H peryAHpoBaHHR.
* C TOqKH 3peHH5I COCTaBa nOTp3AH. OgeHKa HHAHBHAyaAbHbIX KpeAHTOB B KOHTeKCTe
CooTBeTCTByioIIero pacnpeAeAeHHH KaqeCTBa, AHKBRAHOCTH H pa3AH%IHOH CTeneHH
KOHleHTpaU,HH (no CeKTOpaM, OTpaCARM aKOHOMHKH, THnaM BaA1OT H T.A.).
* C ToqKH 3peHH.9 oTAeAbHbIX KpeAHTOB. OieHKa OT4eAbHb1X onepaUHH, BbIHeceHHe
Cym2AeHHH 0 B03MO2KHOCTH B03Bpa9ueHHH BblAaHHbIX CpeACTB B COOTBeTCTBHH C SapaHee
ycTaHoBAeHHbIMH yCAoBHHMH.
KaqeCTBO nOpTe He qBAReTCR TOAbKO (PyHKqHeH npeAnpHHHTibX AeHCTBHH H npHHS1T1X
peJneHHH B npOIMlAOM. ctaKTOpbi cpeAbl TaKme oma3blBaiOT BAHRHHe Ha AeAOBCO CPaTerH1O H
KaIeCTBo nopTq H OKa3blBaIOT npHMOe BO3AeHCTBHe Ha Tpe6oBaHHq, B COOTBeTCTBHH C
KOTOpblMH npoBoAHTca OgeHKa KaMeCTBa noPT(eAR H ynpaBAeHHe HM.
IepecmoTp KAaCCNIPKagMHH a mTNBOR
KOHUenUHH nopT"peA H KaseCTBa ynpaaAeHHH pHCKOM o6ecne4HBa1OT OCHOBY AAR
nepecmoTpa KAaCCHcpHKaUHH aKTHBOB nOBbIlueHHOrO pHCKa. C nOMOUbIO He3aBHCHM0rO aHaAHa
B03MOMHO:
* OMeHHTb npoIleAypbI H npaKTHKY AHHeHHOrO ynpaBAeHHH H CTeneHb HX BbinOAHeHHR
CyIgeCTBYlOU4HX HOpMaTHBOB H nOAHTHKH ynpaBAeHHH aKTHBaMH nOBbliueHHOrO PHCKa H
AeAOBbIMH pHCKaMH B geAOM.
* onpeAeAHTb Ka'eCTBo aKTHBOB nOBbIlIIeHHOrO pHCKa, Heo6xOAHMOCTb Co3AaHHR
COOTBeTCTBYIOJHX pe3epBOB H BepORTHOCTb y6blTKoB.
* CAeAOBaTb - BMeCTe C AHHeHHbIM PYKOBOACTBOM H, HCXOH H3 HnpaKTHKH KpeAHTHoH
IIOAHTHKH H npaKTHKH HOHTpOAH, - KAaCCH(PHKaUHH aX(THBOB H Pe3ePBOB H BbInOAHHTb
Tpe6oBaHHA no cnHcaHHIO AAH Toro, MTo6 bl B Ka2tlAOM cAy'ae 6blAH npeAnpHHETbi
COOTBeTCTBYlOUHe AeHCTBHR.
noPTcPEAbHblIH AHAAM3 H KA1IECTBO
BBe,4eNNHe
onpeAeAeHHe KaqeCTBa nOpT(peAH Tpe6yeT Ha6AioAeHHR H OgeHKH COCTOHHHH OTAeAbHbIX
KpeAHTOB AAR BbIqBAeHHR BepORTHOCTH nOTCHUHaAbHbIX y6bITKOB. Cos4amHe qPOHAOB H
Heo6 xoAHMOCTb CnHcaHHH, KOTOpbie MOryT RBHTbCR CAeACTBHeM OgeHKH BepOsrTHOCTH y6blTKOB
no AaHHOMy nopTcpeAlo MoryT 6blTb yCTaHOBAeHbI Ha OCHOBaHHH KOAHqeCTBa H COCTaBa
HHAHBHAyaAbHbIX KAaCCH¢HlIHpOBaHHblX KpeAHTOB, qpOpMHpy1OU4HX ero.
COCTaB nopTq (HanpHMep, KOHUeHTpaUHH HHAHBHAYaAbHb1X HAH npoMbImLIAeHHO-
OTPaCAeBb1X KpeAHToB, xapaKTepHCTHKH COCTOSHHHR AeAoBoH cpeAbl H TeHAeHUHH MoryT
He6AaronpHsrrHo BAHRTb Ha OTAeAbHbIe KpeAHTbi, TeM caMb1M yBCAHqHBaR noTeHUHaAbH)Y1
BepoRTHOCTb y6blTKOB no AaHHOMY nopTq)eAio.
240
IHPHiA O fEHHE 1. 064op ywpamRemms aoNaMIw HobhureHHoro pHchxa
BR,4M 6H3Heca
C pa3AHqHbXMH BHAaMH 6H3Heca cBH3aHbI paSAHiHbIe cTeneHH pHcKa. HopMaTHBblKpeAHToB H y6boTKOB, ycTaHOBACHHbie PYKOBOAHTeAHMH KOHKpeTHbix ripeAnpHRTHH, oTpa2KalOTpa3AHqHble XapaKTePHCTHKH pHCKa Ka2KAoro 6H3Heca. Pa6OTHHKH, npOBOA$i1JHe Ha6AioAeHHe 3aCOCTO0RHHeM nOpTcpC AoA2KHbI yMeTb HaXOAHTb H nOHHMaTb aTH pHCKH.
AHaAs
063op KpeAHTOB He o6o3HataeT nepecCoTp peweHHH 0 ripeAocTaBAeHHH KpeAHTa. CKopee,8aTo npoyecc, cBR3aHHbIH C oyeHKOH COCTORHHH BbiAaHHbIX 3a onpeAeAeHHbIH, oTpamaeMbJii Bo6sope nepHoA BpeMeHH KpeAHToB. Heo6xoAHMo o6paTHTb oco6oe BHHMaHHe Ha BbliBAeHHecAa6blx MeCT, TCHAeHgHH, pHCKOB H T.A., H onpeAeAeHHe aAeKBaTHOCTH npeAnPHHfTbIX Mep3a1AHTbI, HanpHMep, HaAHqHe 3aAora, cneJHaAbHOrO YCAOBHR B COrAameHHH, cyUgeCTBOBaHHeaAbTepHaTHBHbIX HCTOqHHKOB noralueHHH KpeAHTa. IOCKOAbKy HHAHBHAYaAbHbie 3ar1HCKH,(PHHaHCOBbie OT'ieTbl H Kpe4HTHbIH aHaAH3 He o6ecneqHBalOT yAoBAeTBOPHTeAbHOrO HAHAOCTaTOqHOrO MaTepHaAa Ami 3aKAioqeHHH 0 Ka'eCTBe KpeAHTa HAH BO3MO2KHOCTH c6opanpeAocTa3AeHHbIX cpeACTB, STH HeAOCTaTKH AOA2KHbl KOMneHCHPOBaTbCR nyTeM BbiRCHeHHHCOOTBeTCTBYlOU4HX pa3AeAOB B 6eceAe c pa6OTHHKaMH 6aHKa, HBAHIOgHMHCH OTBeTCTBeHHblMHsa CBR3b C KAHeHTaMH HAH CTapIIIHMH PYKOBOAHTeAqMH AHHeHHbIX CAym 6 . B 6oAee mHpOKOMKOHTeKCTe TaKHe 6eceAbi oqeHb cyujeCTBeHHbI AAH ogeHKH KaqeCTBa pa6oTbl cOTpyAHHKa,OTBeqa1ouIero sa CBRsb c KAHCHTaMH H AAH1 OCO3HaHHR AeHCTBHH, KOTOpbhe Heo6xoAHMonpeAUPHHHMaTb no ynpaBAeHHIO pHCKaMH, nOCKOAbKy OHH HMelOT OTHOieHHe K aCneKTaMopraHH3aUHH pa6oTbI H CTpyKTypbi 6aHKa H Ka'eCTBa nepCoHaAa.
|HpH npoBeAeHHHH TaKHX o63opOB no KpeAHTaM MoryT oKa3aTbCR nOAe-3HbIMH cAeAylojHePYKOBO4)lgHe rlpHHHnblI:
* Kpe4gHmbfe cpe.gcrBa N tpmawCOBbie cpe4cTBa wOMnaNmH. B pasyMHbmX AH npeAeAaxrIpeAOCTaBASIIOTCH KPCAHTHbie cpeACTBa, y'HTbIBalOTCR AH ApyrHe HanpaBAeHHRAeHTeAbHOCTH KoMnaHHH, ee CBR3H c ApyrHMH 6aHKaMH HAH C ApyrHMH oTAeAaMH Torome 6aHKa, AocTaToqHo AH yqHTbXBaeTCR yeAb HcnOAb3OBaHHm STHX cpeAcTB, xapaKTep6H3Heca, KOTOpbIM 3i1aHHMaeTcH KOMnaHHH? 5 BARIOTCA AH npeAOCTaBAReMbieKpeAHTHbJe CpeACTBa npqMo HAH KocBeHHO (qepe3 XOAAHHrOBb1e KoMnaHHH)nOA'HHeHHbIMH ApyrHM? fIBAAIOTCR AH STH cpeACTBa "HCTbIMH HAH 3aBHCHT OTKOMnAeKCHoH 6e3onacHocTH HAH AOKyMeHTaMHHd AocTaTo4HO AH qeTKH HCOOTBeTCTBYIOT AH CTaHAapTaM MeAb H cTpyKTypa onepaUHH no npeAOCTaBAeHHIOKpeAHTa?
* HCTO YHHKH foralLeHHH 3aeMHbIx cpe4cTB. OnpeAeAeHbl AH H o6ocHoWaHbl AMHCTO4HHKH noraiueHHM 3aeMHbIX CpeACTB? CyIIeCTByIOT AH BTOpbJe H TpeTbH nyTHBbIxoAa HS3 flOAomeHHR? IBARIOTCq AH OHH B3aHMo3aBHCHMbIMH? IloATBepmAaeTCR AHyBwpeHHOCTb B HaAe2KHOCTH HCTOqHHKOB CpeACTB AAR nOrauieHHH KpeAHTa CBeAeHHRMHo npo1AoM onbiTe pa6OTbl C HHMH? OnpaBAbIBaAHcb AH nporHo3bl HX ABHmeHHRHaAH%IHOCTH no c'ieTaM B npOWAOM? IpOBOAHACq AH, rAe STO Heo6XOAHMO, aHaAH3IYBCTBHTeAbHOCTH (A qTO 6yAeT, eCAH ...?)? KaKaH CTelneHb yBepeHHOCTH ocHoBaHa HapeKoMeHAaTeAbHbIX nHCbMaX HAH rapaHTHRX TpeTbHX AHU, H HacKOAbKO OHH peaAbHbl?
241
YArpeuAeHwe pyKOBOCTrBa O JoirbIrJremme f yf1rJ'DrCTeSbHocCN r irepememax
* K3ka Ye KAeHTa. OTpameHbl AH B "nanKe KAHeHTa nOHHMaHHe ero (pHHaHCoBOii
AHHaMHKH, nOA02KeHHe B CBoeH OTpaCAH, ero xapaKTepHCTHKH? HacKoAbKo OTKpb1Ta
CpHHaHCOBaR HHqpOpMaUHH? HacKoAbKo 3HaKOMa BaM AaHHaH OTpaCAb HHAYCTpHH, KaK
BTO noBAHRAO Ha oAo6peHHe KpeAHTa? CyUgeCTByIOT AH oco6ble XaparTePHCTHKI
peryAHPoBaHHH B aTOU OTpaCAH? CyujecTByeT AH BKOHOMH'eKaR UHKAH%1HOCTb,
KOTOPYlO CAeAyeT y'eCTb? CyuJecTByeT AH AoKyMeHTa,HHS noATBep2mAaio1gaH KOHTaKTbl
C PYKOBOACTBOM KoMnaHHH (maCTOTa BcTpe', HX rAy6HHa, xapaKTep, H T.A.)?
IlpoBeAeH AH aHaAH pa6oTbl pyKoBOAHTeAeH KoMnaHHH? MO0KHO AH no BeAeHHIO
C'ieTOB YBHAeTb npHeMAeMOCTb YPOBHU H HaAe2KHOCTb OxHaTa (HHaHCOBOro nOAO2eHHR
3aeMU4HKa H pa6oTbl pyroBOACTBa?
* 9 ,KoHoMH'ecKaH uOATrmKa H pHcK, CyIffeCrByIOJgHH B crpaYe B MeAOM. qyBCTBHTeAbHbl
AH 3aHBKH Ha nOAyIeHHe KpeAHTa K BKOHOMH'ecKoMy COCTOHHH1O CTpaHbl, 3aBHCHT AH
OHH OT TaKHX, HanpHMep, Beu1eH KaK roCyAapCTBeHHa1 nOAHTHKa B OTHpOUeHHH
nAaTemHoro 6aAaHca? BblHBAeHbl AH H nOABeprAHCb AH OUeHKe HaAemHOCTH
OTAeAbHOrO 3aeMUJHKa pHCKH, KOTOpbIe cBH3aHbl C COTOHHHeM BKOHOMHKH B OTAeAbHb1X
perFoHax CTpaHbl B geAoM? KaK OTCAem2HBaAHCb H o0|eHHBaAHCb aTH PHCKH
pyKOBOAHTeAeM CAy2K6bi 6aHKa no CBH3HM C KAHeHTOM? KaKHe miarH npeAnpHHHMaeT
PYKOBOAHTeAb 6yxraATepHH AAA ynpaBAeHHH PHCKaMH no aKTHBaM, nOAy'HBU.HM TaKyio
KAaCCH(PHKaUH1o, OTpam2eHHbIM He B 6aAaHCax KoMnaHHH, a B ApyrHx AoKyMeHTax?
* IpeaNHrHaa 4oKyMeHraHgH. KaK noBAHRAa o6AacTb 3aHMa Ha COCTaBAeHHe
AoKyMeHTaUHH C TOMKH 3peHHS onpeAeAeHHH CTpyKTYPbI 3aiMa, npaBOBbIX HOpM,
oAo6peHHA Ha BblAamy H HaAe2KHoCTb?
* O7xAewHBaHzre KpeaHTa. Bce AH KpeAHTHb1e yCAOBHH, CriegHaAbHbie YCAOBHH
corAaUIeHRn H CpOKH noraumeHHH KpeAHTHbIX CpeACTB co6AxoAaioTcH B CPOK H
npaBHAbHO? PeryAHpHo AH OHU OTCAemHBaiOTCH? KanHTaAH3HpOy1OTCSI AH npo0eHTHbie
BblnAaTbl? lpaBwAbHO AH Oq)OpMAHIOTCH H BcerAa AH BbiAaiOTCMH pa3peCIleHHH Ha
ripeBblUieHHe cpeACTB no KpeAHTHOH AHHHH H no OBepApaqry (H3bTrrHio 6oAblllX
CpeACTB Co ctleTa, qeM pa3peuieHo yCAOBHSMH)? MmelOT AH MeCTO nOBTOpeHHH
npeBblUueHHH H3bIMaeMbIX CyMM (OBepApaqpTOB)? CBoeBpeMeHHO AH nocTynaioT
(pHHaHCOBbie H aHaAHTH,eCKHe AaHHbie? COOTBeTCTByIOT AH COBpeMeHHOMy COCTOSIHHJO
AaHHbie no OTPaCAH B jeAoM? rHpHHMalOTCR AH COOTBeTCTByIojHe KoppeKTHBHbie
Mepbl, eCAH 3aMeCeHbl HeAOCTaTKH B XOAe (pyHK HOHHpOBaHHx KpeAHTa?
CnzNcoir oco6oro uoHmaMNJfR
TaKoi CnUCOK HBAHeTcH o6RH3aTeAbHoA qaCTbIO CHcHTeMbI o63opa COCTO.IHHHH KpeAHTOB B
onpeAeAeHHOM 6aHKe, OH AOAmHe 6blTb npoAyKToM pa6oTbi no coBAaHHIO cHcTeMbI paHHero
OnOBeCgeHHH H camoperyAHpoBaHHH nOpT42AR. Io onpeAeAeHHIO, BCe OpraHHBalHH,
BKAIO'qeHHbie B TaKOK CnHCOK, HBAHIOTCHI TeKyUgHMH, T.e. TaKHMH OT KOTOpblX CBOeBpeMeHHO
nOCTynalor CpeACTBa B norarueHHe KpeAHrroB.
06bIqHO ocHoBaHHeM AAH COCTaBAeHHsI TaKoro cnHcKa HBAHeTcA H3MeHeHHe B qHHaHCOBOM
COCTORHHH 3aeMliHKa, npeAnoAaraeMOM HAM UMeiOu4eM MecTo, npuH TOM 3Ha'eHHe BTHX
BSMeHeHHU He HCHo. CyIjeCTBy1OT H ApyrHe npH'HHbI CyUgeCTBOBaHHR TaKHx cnHcKOB
Ha6AIoAeHHH sa o6beKTaMH, BKAIo'l-iOugHX TaKHe o6cToirreAbcTBa KaK HaAH'He
242
FIPHAOPIEHHE 1. 063op ympaRAeHmf aicTBHaMI ORMAWeHomor pEcKa
cneUHaAH3sHpoBaHHoii CTPyKTypbl 3aHMa H npogecc MOHHTOpHHra KpeAHToB, KOTOpblii s1AMeTcHHeTHrIHqHbJM AAM 3aHMOB, COCTaBAH10lgHX nOpTcIeAb KpeAHTOB, ynpaBAMeMblii AaHHbIMnoApa3AeAeHHeM. llpHMepbi MaTepHaAbHbzx H3MeHeHHH B npeAocTaBAeHHoM KpeAHTe BKAioqa3o,HMe1OlgHe MeCTO HAH npeAnoAaraeMble H3MeHeHHH1 B: a) cTpyKType HAH xapaKTepe oTpacAH BMeAOM; 6) CTpyKType HAH (qH3HHeCKOii CMeHe ynpaBAeHHR; B) BAH9HHH Me2fAyHapOAHbIX HAHBHyTpeHHHX nOAHTH4eCKHX TeHAeHUHHi HAH YCAOBHii; r) xapaKTepe OTHOiueHHii KpeAHTOpa H3aeMu4HKa; A) (paKTHqecKHx nOKa3aTeAHx pa6oTbl 3aeMJAHKa, oTAHqaIOJMHXCH OT 6
1oA42eTa HAHnporHo3oB; e) xapaKTepe corAauleHHii HAH OTHOlueHHiH no COBMeCTHbIM npeAnpH41THRM.
KAaeccN0Kcgpm Kpe4HTOB
PeryAiHpoBaHHe qpeAepaAbHoro 6aHKa B CLLIA npeAnoAaraeT cyUJeCTBOBaHHe nRTH
KAaCcH(PHKaMHfi, CXOAHbIX MemAy co6o0 H HMenlOIgHX geAbIo:
* BbIAeAHTb npo6AeMHble KpeAHTbl H npHBAeMb K HHM BHHMaHHe AAM npOBeAeHHR
CBOeBpeMeHHbIX MeponpHRTHHi Ha Bcex COOTBeTCTBYIOIJHX YPOBHSX.* OipeAeAHTb Hpo 6
AeMHbie KpeAHTbI no KaTeropHRM B COOTBeTCTBHH C cepbe3HocTb,opeaAbHblx HAH flOTeHUHaAbHbIx pHCKOB y6
blTKoB.
* HcnoAb3oBaTb o6 Ijy1o MeTo4oAorHIo H TepMHHoAorHo AAR o onpeAeAeHHRnpo 6
AeMHbIx KpeAHToB H ynpaBAeHHH HMH.
* IoABeprHyTb npo6AeMHble KpeAHTbl peryAHpHoMy AonOAHHTeAbHOMy aHaAH3y Ha6
OAee BbICOKOM ypoBHe 6aHKoBcKoro ynpaBAeHHR AAR o 6
ecneqeHHRCOOTBeTCTBYIOJgHX KOppeKTHBHbIX MepOnpHHTHrH.
* O6ecne4liTb aAeKBaTHoCTb 061JHX pe3epBoB 6
aHKa Ha CAyqaA noTepb, cBR3aHHbIX CnpeAOCTaBAeHHeM KpeAHTOB.
KAaccH#pHKiagqoHHbIe ollpegeAeNHH, H rpe6onaHaw
IPH Heo 6xOAHMOCTH KAaCCH(pHKagHH KpeAHTa 0OA2KeH 6blTb npHMeHeH OAHH H3
CAeAy1ou.Hx ypOBHeii KAaCCH?FHKaUHH:
IA (Apyrne aKTHBbl, BacAyMHBaioWHe oco6oro ynoMHHaHnH)
OIpe,4eAeHHe; KpeAHTbI, o6Hapy2KHBaioIuHe cAa6ocTb qHHaHCOBoro 3aeMn4HKa HAH ero
KpeARTHOii HaAe2KHOCTH, TaK2Km KpeAHTbl, HMeJOiIHe HepeaAHCTH1HyIO nporpaMMy norallmeHHH,TaK2e KpeAHTbl, He HMe1ongHe HaAe2KHoro 3aAora, HH(pOpMaUHH 0 KpeAHTe HAH KpeAHTHOHiAoKyMeHTaMHH. ECAH OAHO H3 3THX yCAOBHii npOHBHAOCb H CoxpaHaeTCR AOCTaToqHo AOAroeBpemR, Heo6xoAHMo npOBeCTH yXyAiulaiouyio KAaCCHFHKaUH1o 4aHHbJX KpeAHToB. Heo6xoAHMono BO3MO21KHOCTH 6
OAee paHHee KOHgeHTPHPOBaHHe BHHMaHHR Ha HHX, BKAIOlqaR Cepbe3HbIeneperoBopbl c 3aeMUJHKaMH Ami HcnpaBAeHH3i nOAo2eHHH.
Tpe6oBaNjiR: IOCAe KAaCCHPHKaUHH aTH KpeAHTbi nepeAaioTCR Ha 6oAee BbICOKHiH YPOBeHbAAm oAo6peHHR H pa3pa 6
oTKH 6y4yu4eH CTpaTerHH AeHCTBHii B OTHOllleHHH C AaHHbiM
SaeMIJHKoM, BKAioqaR Heo6xoAHMOCTb nepeKAacCc HKagHH Heo6xOAHMO npeAycMoTpeTb noKpaHiHeHi Mepe emeKBapTaAbHobIfi OT4eT no COCTOHHHIO AaHHblx KpeAHTOB H ynpaBAeHHro HMH,npeAcTaBAReMb!H B nHCbMeHHOii cpOpMe OAHHM H3 CTapln3Hx PYKOBOAHTeAeii KpeCHTHoro OTAcAa.
243
Yxpeiwesoe pyIcoa,gwcrma N moBmrermNe qBCTrBmwA.bmoCTfw ih Hepememam
11 (HeKoHAnUHOHHbie)OrIpeAeAeHHe: KpeATrbi, no KOTOpbIM HOpMaAbHOe noraineHHe OCHOBHOB CYMMbl AOAra H
ccyAHblfi npogeHT moryT 6bITb HiAH yme nocTaBAeHbi noA yrpo3y, BCAeACTBHe pa38HTHR
cepbe3HbIX He6AaronpHsTHbIX TeHAeHUUH pa3BHTHa co6bITHA (iHHaHcoBoro, ynpaBAeHqecKoro,
BKoHoMH'ecKoro HAH noAHTHqecKoro xapaKTepa HAH B pe3yAbTaTe cepbe3HbIX HeAOCTaTKOB no
CaMoMy KpeAH'Ty HAH no 3aAory. B aTOM cAy'ae nOTepH eCge MaAopeaAbHbl, Ho yme
CyulCCTByCT HeO6xOAHMOCTb cepbe3HoA pa6oTbl c 3aeMu4HKOM. Tpe6yioTcq OnepaTHBHbie
KOppeKTHBHbie Ae4CTBHS AAJR YCHAeHHR noH3uHH 6aHKa KaK KpeAHTOpa, Ami yMeHblueHHH pHCKa
CO CTOpOHbI 6aHxa H AAR o6ecneqeHHA npoBeAeHUH aAerBaTHblX KoppeKTHBHbIX Mep Co
CTOPOHbl 3aeMujHKa.
Tpe6owiHIf: AAR AIo6oro AaAbHefiuiero yBeAHmeHHH KpeAHTHbIX CpeACTB Heo6XO4HMbL
KOHCYAbTaUHH no KpeAHTHOH nOAHTHRe 6aHKa. Tpe6yeTcq nOAroTOBKa e2KeMecwiHbJx
nHCbMeHHbIX OTMeTOB 0 COTORHHH KpeAHTOB H 0 iuarax no ynpaBAeHH[O HMH, KOTOpbIe AOA2Hbl
6blTb noArOTOBAeHbi OAHHM H3 pyKoBoAHTeAei oTAeAa KpeAHToB.
III (COMHHTeAbHbie)
Onpe4eAeHIe: KpeAHTbi, BO3MOmHOCTb nOAHoro norawieHIH KOTOpbIX, Ha OCHOBaHHH
HMeloujeciiS1 HHqpOpMaUHH, npeACTaBAAeTCR COMHHTeAbHOfi, H KOTOpb1e no aTofi npHqHHe
npeAnoAaraloT BO3MO2mHOCTb HeKOTOpbix nOTepb, cTeneHb KOTOpbIX - no o6beMy cpeACTB H BO
BpeMeHH - eige nOAHOCTbIO He S1CHa. Heo6xoAHMbl cepbe3Hbie AefiCTBHH C ,eAb1o H36em2aTb
HAH MHHHMH3HOEBaTb y6blTKH.
Tpe6omw,,m: Te me, qTO H B cAyqae c KpeArTaMH 11 Xuacca, sa HCKAioIineHHCM TOrO, 'qTO
CyMMbi 3aAOAmeHHOCTH AOA2KHbl OCeHHBaTbCH B AeHe2KHblX CpeAcTBax, B KOTOpbie AOAMHbI
6blTb BKAio'eHbl BCe HaqHCAeHHbie, HO HenoAy'leHHbie CyMMbi no CCyAHoMy npoUeHTy. CyMMa
OCHOBHoro AoAra AOAmHa 6blTb OTHeceHa B pe3epB HAH cnUcaHa, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT TOrO, %ITO
npeACTaBA.SeTcR 6oAee BepOaTHbIM.
IV (HoTepH)OrIpe4eAeHme: KPeAHTbI, KOTOpbie paCCMaTPHBaiOTCS KaK HeBo3BpaigaeMbie.
Tpe6&Bamlwq: Aio6ai cyMMa, KAaCCH(pHUHpOBaHHaR KaK HeBO-3BpagiaeMblA KpeAHT, AOA2KHa
6blTb HeMeAAeHHO cnHcaHa, a npeABaPHTeAbHO HaqHCAeHHbie HO HeynAa'ieHHbIe npoMeHTbi
AOA2lHbi 6blTb aHHyAHpOBaHbl. 3 a-iHcAeHue KpeAHTa B KAaCc IV BoBCe He o3Ha'aeT, 'TO
COBepHeHHO He cyIjeCTBYeT HHKaKOfi HaAeC2Abl nOAy'IHTb B KOHexiHOM HTore KpeAUTHbie
CpeACTBa. rIpeAnoAaraeTcS, 4TO COOTBeTCTBYlOUlHe nOApa3eAeHHHR AOA2KHbi npOAOA2aTb
SqXCeKTHBHbie nOnbITKH Bo3BpaTa CpeACTB A0 TeX nop, noxa He CTaHeT a6coAmoTHo oqeBHAHbIM,
YiTO HCKAIO'eHbl BCRKHe HaAemAbI Ha norameHme HAH HSbSTHe KCpeAHTOBaHHb1X CpeACTB.
Heo6XoAUMO BBeCTH npaKTHKy no KpafiHeH mepe noAyroAoBbIX nHCbMeHHbIX OT'eTOB 0
COCTOIHHH aTHX CnHCaHHbIX CpeACTB. KorAa 6yAeT pewleHo, 'TO AaAbHeHiUIHe nonbiTXK
6eccMblIcAeHHbl, AOA2KeH 6bITb nOArOTOBAeH AoKyMeHT o nperpageHHH B3bicKaHSR cnHcaHHb1x
CpeACTB (FIB).
244
JiPHA OAEHHE 1. O6sop ympauAeHwz aKTNEaMN HOHbrmieHHOO pmcra
KAaccpmiarJW,OHH,e xapaKTepI,CTEH'
CAeAyIOujHe XapaKTepHCTHKH, XOTH OHH H He RHBAIOTCH HCqepnbIBa1OUjHMH, npeAOCTaBARIOTOCHOBy AAR KAaCCH(pHxaUHH KpeAHToB, C KOTOpOH HaqHHaeTCH OTHeCeHHe KpAHTOB, no KpaiHeii
Mepe, K KAaccy IA. rpaBHAbHa1 KAaccH(PHKaUHR ripeAnoAaraeT: (a) yCTaHOBAeHHe pa3AHq'HH
Me2KAy cHMnToMaMH (HanpHMep, pa3MbIBaHHe Map2KH) H HX npH-IHH (HanpHMep, H36blTOK
npeAAomeHHH, ycTapeBaHHe npOAyKUHH, B03pacTaHHe CTOHMOCTH); 6) oUeHKa B03MOmKHOCTH
3aeMflHKa HCnpaBHTb co03AaBueec.1 nOAO2KeHHe B pa3yMHbiH nepHOA BpeMeHH; H B)
paccmoTpeHHe aAbTepHaTHBHbIX BapHaHTOB Ami 6aHKa AAR YAY3IlleHHS cBoero IOAO2KeHHR KaK
KpeAHTopa.
IA (4oaasaTeAbcTBa He6AaFoIoAyHKR§)
* OKpy2maloiMas cpeAa H onepagaHH 6 aHKa
- qeTKoe CBHAeTeAbCTBO He6AaronpHHTHblx H3MeHeHHH, nepe'iHCACHHbIX B cnHCKe
Ha6AioAeHHH 3a o6beKToM;
- OTCYTCTBHe KOHTpOAf (XaAaTHoe BCAeHHe AeA Ha npeAnpHRTHH, saCTbie HecC'aCTHb1e
CAyqaH, He6pe2KHoe BeAeHHe yqeTa);
- npo6AeMbl C nepCOHaAOM;
- CAa6oCTb rAy6HHbI ynpaBACHHR HAH yrlyigeHIH B OCHOBHblX ynpaBAeH'qeccKHX
AeHCTBHHX;
- noAco6HbIe H BcnomoraTeAbHb1e CAy2K6bl, ABARIO1UjHeC.1 BbICOKO 3aTpaTHbJMH;
- U3AUIIIH npHBH3aHHOCTb K OAHOMY BHAY npOAYlCgHH (0,AHomy nocTaBUjHKy,
3aBHCHMOCTb OT OAHoro hAHeHTa);
- nOABep2KeHHOCTb npOAYKUHH BbICOKOH KOHKcypeHgHH HAH PHCKY TeXHH1 ecKoro
yCTapeBaHHR;
- H3AHUIHRR 3aBHCHMOCTb OT HMnlOpTa HAH aKcnopTa, onpeAeAeHHOrO THna BaA1OTbl,
nOABepm2tHHOH 3HaqHTeAbHOMY pHCKy AeBaAbBaUHH;
- He6AaronpHaTHbie o6 CToRTeAbCTBa B o6AacTH AeAoBoH cpeAbi, peryAHpoBaHHs,
8KOHOMHUeCKOfi HAH nOAHTHUeCKOHi cHTyaUHH.
* CD3HHaHCOBbie nOKa3aTeAH.
- He6 AaronpHsTHble TeHAeHUHH B npoAa2Kax H noAy'eHHH Bblpy'IKH;
- pa3MbIBaHHC Map2mH npH6bIAH;
- ripoMe2KyTotfHbie noTepH;
- KOHTpaKTbI C IHKcHpoBaHHOii AeHOH B YCAOBHEX BbICOKOH HHcAHH.
* YXyAlueHHe 6aAaHCoBoro oTqeTa.
- AeBepeA2Ka no OTHOILIeHHIO K InpOIIIAbIM nepHoAaM, no cpaBHeHH1O C nAaHOM,
HOpMaTHBaMH no oTpacAH, H T.A.;
- Hs6bITOK UeHHOCTeii Ha cKAaAe H 6 OAblllOH o6beM Ae6HTOpCKoii 3aAoA2KeHHOCTH
(npo6AeMbl B o6AaCTH aBToMaTH3HpOBaHHbIX HHq)OpMagHOHHb1X cHCTeM AAA
PYKOBOACTBa H B o6AaCTH KOHTpOAH);
- 3aAepuKKH c noraiuJeHHeM ToproBoro KpeAHTa.
* B OTHOiueHHH onepaynii.
245
YJicpeAiHCHH pyKWODO4CTBa N HOBrIErCHNHC q"CTDNHTAbNOCTN K "iepe naM
- OTCYTCTBHe HTOrOBbIX onepaUHH noAsHuja1oujHx pesyAbTaTbi BpeMeHHOrO OTpesKa,
nOCT0SIHHbie H nPOAOA2HTeAbHbie H3bflTHR CyMM, npeBbllaIOgJHX AOnYCTHMbie
HOpMbI;
- HapyMeHHe YCAOBHH no CPO-HbIM onepagHHm (BHeceHHe nonpaBoK, yKAOHeHHe OT
HCnOAHeHHB H T.A.);
- (PHHaHCHpOBaHHe AOAroCPOsHbIX HymA KpaTKOCPOsHbIMH HHCTPYMeHTaMH;
- HepeaAHCTHqeCKHi rpaPHK norauiIeHHA CCyAbl;
- OTBAemeHHe CpeACTB, nOAy'IaeMbIX B qpopMe CCyAHoro npogeHTa Ha ApyrHe HymAbl,
OTAH9ailoUHeCR OT sapaHee onpeAeAeHHbIX.
* Ilpoqee.
- OTCyTCTBHe KOHTaKTa c KAHeHTaMH, HenocegeHHe npeAnpHHTHri;
- cAa6biH KOHTpOAb 3a OnepaijHRMH H 3a q)HHaHCaMH H cAa6ocTb BHyTpeHHeH CHCTeMbi
ynpaBAeHqecKoH HHPOpMaUHH H KOHTpOAA;
- HeaAeKBaTHbie HAH ycTapeBenHe (HHaHCOBbie AaHHbie;
- KBaAHPHUHpOBaHHoe ayAHTOpcKoe 3aKAio'eHHe;
- cyAe6Hbie pa36HpaTeAbCTBa.
11 (HeKOHAHUHOHHbIe)
* To me, 'ITO H B npeAbiAyUgeM cAy'ae, TOAbKO cHTyaUHE npeACTaBAeTc 6oAee
Cepbe3HOH, 9eM B CAy-Iae C KpeAHTaMH KAacca IA.* nIposec.
- saMOpamHBaHHe KpeAHTHbIX AHHHH BCAeACTBHe nOAHTHseCKOro AaBAeHHS HAH
IOpHAHxieCKHX OCAOmHeHHHi H T.n.;
- npeKpaugeHHe pa6oTbl 6aHKa no KpeAHTOBaHHIO H3-3a HeAOCTaTKa aAbTepHaTHBHbNX
HCTOsHHKOB (pHHaHCHpOBaHHI;
- HeBcIeKTHBHa5i KOOP4HHaaHS KpeAHTOpOB;
- 3aAor aKTHBOB;
- H3MeHeHHe CTpyKTypbl AoAra;
- 6aHKpoTcTBo, 3aKpblTHe HAH BbIHymAeHHaA AHKBHAagHH.
III (COMHHTeAbHble)
FepcneKTHBa nOTepH KpeAHTHbIX CpeACTB BbI3bIBaeT Heo6XOAHMOCTb xAacCHpHUHpOBaTb
3aeM KaK KpeAHT III rpynnbl. XapaKTepHCTHKH 6oAee He6AaronpHsrHble 9eM xapaKTepHCTHxH
II rpynnbi, K TOMY me cpeAH HHX MoryT 6bITb H CAeAyoloUHe o6cToRTeAbcTBa:
* OT3blB ayAHTopa H KBaAH(PHKxaHR cHTyaUHH KaK HemH3Hecnoco6HoA.
* HeonpeAeAeHHaH 3aAoroBaH rapaHTHH.
* OTpH4aTeAbHaJ1 sHCTaS TeKyljaH CTOHMOCTb H OTpHiaTeAbHaR BeAHsHHa o 6 opOTHblX
CpeACTB.
* 3
aMopomeHHbie TOpFOBbIe KpeAHTbI.
* 3aBHCHMOCTb BO3MOmHOCTH Bo3BpaTa nOAHOrO KpeAHTa OT HeBepOSITHb1X
o6CTOnTeAbCTB.
* Heaq8XeKTHBHOCTb KoppeKTHBHbIX Mep, npeAnpHHRTbIX 3aeMUJHKOM HAH KpeAHTOPOM.
* IOCTORHHaR nOBTOPIOWaRHCJ9 HecnoCo6HOCTb BblnOAHeHI o6sI3aTeAbCTB.
IV (Y6blTmIH)
246
UPIAONEHH E . O6sop yiiparAeN.ff aETEBaMm iIoMIr1IemHoro pwcxa
CyMMbI y6bITKOB Onpe4eACAIOTCM:
* KOAH'ieCTBeHHbIM BblpameeHHM HeAOCTaTO-iHOCTH 3aAoroBoro o6ecneqeHHH;
* O6Wei CyMMoH npeTeHsHHH H cyAe6HbIx cnopOB, KoTopbie orpaHH'HBalOT CyMMy
npH6bIAH K nOAyqeHHio.
HaYaAo KiaCCmmwKag!KHI
3 a KAaccH¢HKxaHIO KPCAHTOB OCHOBHyIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb HeceT pYKOBOACTBo 6aHKa.
HOArOTOBKa o6sopa COCTOAHHH aKTHBOB nOBbIlueHHoro PHCKa MOmeT 3aKoHqwHTbci
KAacCH¢HKaUHeH KpeAHTOB HAH Bbl3BaTb Heo6XOAHMOCTb CMeHbi KAaCCHcpHKaUHH B xoAe BTOH
nIOArOTOBKH. BaMHO, 'To6bI B BTO BpeMH 6bIAH npeAnpHHMTbI BCe YCHAHM AOCTHqb COrAamleHHM
C pyKOBOACTBOM o6 onpeAeAeHHH KAaccH(pHKaUHH AAR Ka2KAOFO yqpe2KAeHHM. ECAH TaKoro
COrAaCHH AOCTH4b He yAaeTCM, TOrAa OIeHKa, AaHHaH B 0630pe COCTOIHHH aKTHBOB
nOBbIII1eHHOrO pHCKa, OCTaCTCH KaK rAaBHaHI O!eHKa (B TaKHX CAy'IaMX MOKeT OKa3aTbCfl
noAe3Hb1M BbIHeCTH o6cymAeHHe Ha 6oAee BbICOKHH ypOBeHb).
AHAAM3 H KAMECTBO YnPABAEHHH PHCKOM
BReeieHHe
YnpaBAeHHe pHCKOM npeACTaBASeT co6oH Ha6op CAeAyioHiiHH AeHcTBHH:
* HpH o6bIqHOM ynpaBAeHHH:
- onpeAeAeHHe ,eAeBoro pbIHKa;
- nOArOTOBKa H aHaAH3 KpeAHTa;
- AOKYMCHTaiHM H cJaKTHmeCKOe npeAOCTaBAeHHe cpeAcTB;
- aAMHHHCTpaUHM KpeAHTa H PHCKa;
- BbIRBACHHe pHCKa, nOpTq)eAb H npogecc;
- UOAHTHKa, npaKTHKa H npoleAypbl.
* KoppeKTHBHoe ynpaBAeHHe nOpTIpeAcM H npo,ecc ynpaBAeHHH.
* OpraHH3agHm H nOA6op nepcoHaAa.
- opraHH3aUHA H pa3MeigeHHe;
- aAeKBaTHOCTb noA6HpaeMoro AAA pa6oTbl nepcoHaAa, BKAIOqaH BCnOMOraTeAbHbie
cAym6bl;
- npeeMCTBeHHOCTb H COXpaHeHHe uITaTa COTpyAHHKOB;
- nOArOTOBKa H o6yleHHe nepcOHaAa.
06sopbi COCTOHHHH KpeAHTOB noBbiuLieHHoro pHCKa OgeHHBaiOT H paH2HpyIOT KaAbliH BHA
AeHCTBHH. PeiiTHHr OnpeAeAMeTC.R KaK o6o6igeHHoe cpeAHeB3BCeIeHHoe AAR onpeAeAeHHH
o6nlero peuTHira npoUecca, ocyWecTBA3iemoro AaHHbIM noApasAeAeHHeM.
Pa3AKqHble AaHHbIe, HaKanAHBaembie npH nOArOTOBKe o63opa, AOAMHbi 6 bITb
HHTerpHpoBaRbI B c6aAaHCHpOBaHHyIO H o6beKTHBHyIO ogeHKy npogecca ynpaBAeHHH pHCKOM B
AaHHOM noApa3AeAeHHH. Ha STY OgeeHKy, CpeAH iinpOHX caKTOpOB, HeH36e2KHo oKa2KyT
BAHRHHe HOpMaTHBbl, npHHMTbie B AaHHOM yqpe2KAeHHH, H orpaHHqeHHOCTb co6cTBeHHoro
onbiTa AHUa, npoBoAugero TaKoH o63op COCTORHHH aKTHBOB. O0eHb cyi1eCTBeHHO,
CAeAoBaTeAbHO, qTo6bi Cy2KAeHHH aHaAHTHKa noATBep2KAaAOCb 6bl aXKTaMH Ha BeeM
247
YxpelmeaHe pmWooxCTBa H HOBbIIIeHHe hf' TyNCTBTeAbHOCTN K HepemeHam
npOT,R2KCHHH pa6oTbi no COCTaBAeHHIO UlHpOKOrO, BCeoXBaTbIBalOu4erO H XOPOIIO
AOKyMeHTHPOBaHHOrO o63opa COCTORHHHH aKTHBOB nOBbimIIeHHOrO pHCKa. KaK npaBHAO, meM6oAbiue AeAOBOH PHCK norIpa3AeAeHHH HAH opraHH3aMHH, TeM 6oAee PaAHKaAbHbIM AOA2KeH
6blTb npoMecc ogeHKH.
HopMaAbHoe yHpa&ieHHe
FIOCTORHHOe qpOpMHpOBaHHe, ynpaBAeHHe H, B KOHe4HOM, HTore AHKBHAaUHH aKTHBOB
nOBbliueHHOrO pHCKa H ynpaBAeHHe AeAOBbIMH pHCKaMH B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3aAaxiaMH H nAaHaMH
opraHH3agHH npeACTaBAReT co6oH HOpMaAbHOe ynpaBAeHHe".
UJeAeDo,i pbImOic
3 aAo2KeHHaA B nOHRTHe geAeBOH pbIHOK KOHUHengiH OTpamaeT AHCUHnAHHy 6H3Heca H ero
H36HpaTeAbHOCTb. OnpeAeAeHHe AeAOBoro nOTeHUHaAbHOFO nOTCHUHaAa opraHH3aUHH,
BblHBACHHe 2KeAaeMbIX BO3MO2KHOCTeH H HpHBep2KCHHOCTb 3aAa8aM H CTpaTerHH MapKeTHHra
npeACTaBAHIOT co6oii KpHTHqeCKHe acneKTbI AaHHOrO npogecca. FOAXOA K pbIHKy 6es
AOAMHOH KOH;geHTpaUHH YCHAHH H HHTepecOB MOMeT AaTO B P.3yAbTaTe He3anAaHHPoBaHHyio
KOHMeHTpa]Hio aKTHBOB, HMelOIIHX pa3Hoe KaqeCTBO, npH BbIAeAcHHH HCaAeKBaTHOrO saAaqamKOAHqeCTBa pecypcOB B BHAe nepcOHaAa. CAeAoBaTeAbHo, KaRecTBo aHaAH3a geAeBoro pbiHKa
BAHHeT KaK Ha npogecc q)OpMHpOBsaHH TaK H Ha KaqeCTBO nOpT.eAsi.
[lAaHHPOBaHHe Pa3BHTHH geAeeoro PbIHKa He HBAReTCA TeOpCTHmeCKHM ynpa2KHeHHeM,
npOBOAHMbIM pa3 B roAy. OHO npeAcTaBA&eT co6o0i HenpepblBHblIH 8BOAIOllHOHHbiH npogecc,
OXBaTbIBaioJiHH pa3BHTHe H HaKOnAeHHe aAbTepHaTHBHb]X AeAOBbIX cTpaTerHfi. HAaHbi
pa3BHTHR geAeBoro pbIHKa AOA2KHbI CyIeCTBOBaTb B nHCbMeHHOH q)opme H AOA2KHbl
COrAaCOBb!BaTbCR C CyuIeCTBYIOUHMH nAaHaMH pa3BHTHH 6H3Heca B MeAoM, ynpaeBAHHH
6HsHecoM, c rIAaHaMH nOAy4eHHA KpeAHTOB U ripOBeAeHH.R onepagaHH.
AorHKa AoKyMeHTaAbHOH pa3pa6OTKH H nOCAeAOBaTeAbHOCTb B BbinOAHeHHH riAaHOB
pa8BHTHR MeAeBoro pbIHKa AOA2KHbI CTaTb npeAMCTOM HCCAeAOBaHHH. CTpaTerHH AOA2KHbl
COOTBCTCTBOBaTb CYUgCCTBY1OIIHM BHCIHHHM orpaHHHBaloLgHM qaKTOpaM pa3BHTHS, C
BO3MO2KHOCTHMH H BHyrpeHHHMH pecypcaMH opraHH3aUHH. Bblcmeii ripOBepKOH aToro HBAHeTCR
TeCT Ha TO, KaK COCTaB rIOpTcpeAs H npOqlHAb PHCKa OTpa2KalOT aTH HHHUHaTHBbl C TOqKH
3peHHH BbITCCHeHHH cTaporo 6H3Heca H 3aMeHbi ero HOBblMH BHAaMH.
HopMaTHBbl AaHHOH rpynnbi npoUeccoB MeHRIOTCR B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT AeAOBbIX PHCKOB H
npHOpHTeTOB, HO KaK npaBHAO BKAioqafOT CAeAyiougee:
* Mc CcAg4OBa7bCKAre o6sopht. YKa3aHHS1 Ha TO, 'ITO 6 blA HCCAeAOBaH BeCb pbIHOK H
BbIABAeH BeCb BO3MOmHbIH nOTeH%HaA AaHHOrO BHAa 6H3Heca. KaKHe CyjgeCTBYIOT
pHCKH H BOSMOMHOCTH nOAy'eHHA AOXOAOBd C KeM? ZAA KaKHX BHAOB npOAyKIHH?
* AEraAH.N N pa36op. HoATBepKACHHC Toro, 'TTO CyWeCTBYIOT KpHTepHH AOnyCTHMOrO
pHCKa aKTHBOB, C KOTOPbIMH MomHO pa6oTaTb, ITO aTH KpHTepHH nepeAaioTcs H
noHHMmalOTC BO BceH opraHH3aUHH H HCnOAb3ylOTCH AAA InpOCBe4HBaHHR" pbiHKa C
TOqKH 3peHHH cTpyKTypbI. TaKaH AonyCTHMOCTb YPOBHH pHcKa no aKTHBaM AoA2KHa
y'IHTbIBaTb pHCK OTHOUIeHHH H !eAAH (B OnpeAeAeHHbIX BpCMeHHbIX paMKaX),
248
IPHA O EHHE . 06sop y7pa&oAeHHIw aAETHDamN I1ooilIcoNoro pHcera
ynpaBAeH-IeCKHe H CPHHaHCOBbie xapaKTCpHCTHKH 3aeMJiHKa, cOaHaAbHoe, FIOAHTHweCKOe
H BKOHOMH'lecKoe 3Ha'eHHe, COCTaB nOpTcPeAH H T.A. O0IeHb BamHO, qTo6bi 3aHBKH Ha
nOAyqeHHe KPCAHTa 6blAH corAacOBaHbl C KpHTepHHMH "npocBeHBaHHH (wmy-eHHA).
KpHTepHH AOnYCTHMOCTH pHCKa no ripOAYKHH AOA2tHbl "pMYAHpOBaTbCH H noAyqaTb
oAo6peHHe no mepe pa3pa6oTKH HOBbIX BHAOB npoAyKUHH.
* Fpmoparemm. HepCrIKTHBbI pa3BHTHH AOA2tHbi 6
blTb paH2HpOBaHbl B riopsAe
AOrH'IeCKOH npHOpHTeTHOCTH B COOTBCTCTBHH C HCnOAb.3yeMbiMH noKa.3aTeAnMH
Hsy'eHHR. CoAepmaHHe nOA60pKH AOKyMeHTOB (BKAJomIOaJOHX naMRTHbIe 3anHCKH,
MeMopaHAyMbi, (IHHaHCOBbie OTMCTbI H T.A.) AOA2Hbl nOATBep2AaTb o6ocHoBaHHocTb
Bbi6opa MeAeBoro pbIHKa.
FepcneKTHBbI H onepaIHH, oTBepraeMbIe opraHH3agHeH, AOA2KHbl OTpam2aTb HcnOAb3OBaHHe
KpHTepHeB OUeHKH AOnYCTHMOCTH pHCKa B OTHOiIIcHHH aKTHBOB.
* HepcneirmBb. (aiaHA nepCneKTHB AOA2KeH CBHAeTeAbCTBOBaTb o6 HMelOJHXCR
BO3Mo0mHOCTHX H qpHHaHCOBoM nOTeHUHaAC H noKa3biBaTb, qTO nOA6HpaeTcR,
PaCfflHPHeTCH H nOAAep4KHBaCTCH 6a3a AaHHbIX no 3HaxlHMbiM nepcneKTHBaM.
* 3
ZaNNHHH. FIepCnenKTHBHbIe oppraHmagH C paCHCbiBalOTCH no COOTBeTCTBYIOI1HM
COTpyAHHKaM. OTBeIaiOUgHM 3a CBR3H C KAHeHTaMH H nAaH pa3BHTHR geAeBoro pb!HKa
nepHOAH'ICCKH o6HoBAAeTcH H nepecMaTpHBaeTCH.
* YCTpaHeHHe. 4OA2KHa 6bITb pa3pa6oTaHa H BHeApeHa nporpamma npopemKHBaHH B
OTHOIIICHHH opraHH3agHH, He BXOASIEHX B Kpyr nepCneKTHBHOrO pa3BHTHR (3a
HCKAIO'IeHHeM HeMHOrOMHCAeHHbIX H CneUHaAbHO OrOBOpeHHbIX HcKAIO'IeHHM). OHa
AOAMHa BKAIO'aTb AaTbl peaAH3agHH nepCneKTHBbl.
* BMro70AHHeHe. 4OA2KHO CygieCTBOBaTb noATBepmKAeHHe TOrO, 'TO HOBbiH 6H.3Hec
npHAepmHBaeTCH HAH BbInOAHHeT rnAaH pa3BHTHR pbbHKa H 'rTO r?pHMeHeHHe KpHTepHeB
npHeMACMOCTH pHCKa B OTHOIIIlHHH aKTHBOB HBAHeTCH npaKTHKoH, a He BbinOAHSeTCsi
AHlIb nOTOMy, 'ITO 8TO M02KHO BbinOAHHTb.
* CKAIOVelNHH. HCiKAIo'eHHH ieAeBoro PbIHKa AOAHKHbi 6
blTb OnpaBAaHHbIMH KaK no
o6bemy, TaK H no KOAH'ieCTBy, AOA2KHbI nOAyaTb npaBHAbHoe BHHMaHHe, oAo6peHHe H
COOTBeTCTBYIOIIYIO AOKyMeHTaUH10. AOA2KHa CyIgeCTBOBaTb rH6KOCTb AAH y'eTa
opraHH3agHOHHbIX coo6paŽIeHHfi H HeCTaHAAaPTHb]X BO3MO2KHOcTeH pOCTa.
* OpraHnisagHil. YpOBeHb KOMnAeKTOBaHHII UITaTaMH, OnbIT nepcoHaAa AOA2KHbl
y'iHTbiBaTbCR HapHAy C 06y1eHHeM npaKTHKe pa6oTbl C KpeAHTaMH AAR AOnOAHeHHH H
paCiIHpeHHrI nAaHa pa3BHTHR pbIHKa.
* oJHHMaHHC. Pa6OTHHKH y-ipemAeHHR AOA2KHbI y'iaCTBoBaTb, nOHHMaTb H OAo6prTb
npogecc pa3BHTHA MeACeoro pbIHKa, Tpe6yioJI4HH nepeopHeHTalHH HX HaBbiKOB H
YCHAHH. HpOBepKOii 3AeCb M02KCT CAym2HTb CAeAyiOHi4HH TeCT: HMeeT AH MeCTO TaKOe
noAo2meHHe, ITO pa6OTHHKH opraHH3agHH Bce BpeMS CO3AalOT TaKoe HanpaBAeHHe
6H3Heca, C KOTOpbIM BbIHy2KAeHbi 60pOTbCS H KOTOpblH BblHy2AeHbi '3apy6aTb" HX
pyKOBOAHTeAH? YnpaeAionjHe cAy2K6aMH CBR3H C KAHeHTaMH B HAeaAe AOAMHbl Taxme
OTBe'iaTb 3a nOArOTOBKY H o6HoBAeHHe AaHHbIX, HcnOAb3yeMbix npH nOArOTOBKce
o6 3opoB o COCTORHHH OTpaCAH aKOHOMHKH, OnpeAeAeHHH KpHTHICCKHX qJaKTopoB
ycnexa OTpaCAH, TCM CaMbIM pa3pa6aTblias KOHKpeTHbie KpHTepHH npHeMAeMOCTH
249
YzDpeILAeDne pyroBOeTcTBa N JIOBhIileINHe f yWCTaHreAbHOCTN Jr iepeMeIaM
pHCKa no aKTHBaM, nOABepMeHHbIM nOBbJllleHHOMY pHCKy AAR oTpacAeH
npoMbiiuAeHHOCTH AAH oAo6peHHs BTHX KPHTepHeB Ha 6oAee BbICOKOM ypOBHe. 3 To
RBAAeTCM AeMOHCTpagHeH rAy6HHbl npOHHKHOBeHH HsAeH MeAeBoro pbIHKa B
OpraHHsaUHIO H TOT (PaKT, MTO CMHTaeTC9, 9TO geAeBoA pbIHOK 06bl'IHO Co3AaeTCR
CHH3y BBepx, nO KpaHHeH mepe TaK npHHRTO cqHTaTb.
HCCAeAoBaHHH no aeAeBbIM pbIHKaM AHHaMH4Hbl no xapaKTepy, noABepraioTca nOCTOJJHHbIM
yTO-iHeHHHM no Mepe TOrO, KaK opraHH3agsH CTaHOBHTCR 6oAee 3peAoi, KaK HaKanAHBaeTCH
HHq)OpMaMHR HAH no Mepe TOrO KaK MeH5ieTCR xapaKTep pHCKOB, THnbI npOAYKIHH H
oKpy2Kaiou;an cpeAa. KpHTePHH npHeMAeMOCTH PHCKa AAA aKTHBOB, pyKOBOACTBO, B paMKax
KOTOpOrO H3y'aIOTcH pbIHKH (3aeMugHKH, CAeAKH H onepagHH), AOA2KHbl OTpamaTb KaK
KpeAHTHble, TaK H pbIHO4Hbie HHTepecbi. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT o6CTOHTeAbCTBa OHH AeAHTCJ Ha
CAO2KHbie H npOCTbie. AHHeiiHbie PYKOBOAHTeAH OnpeAeAHIOT CBOH co6CTBeHHbie 3aAa4H B
6H3Hece, paBHO KaK nOHHMaHHe H peaAH33agHio nOAOm?eHHH pyKOBOACTBa B OTHOIJIeHHH
CeAeBoro pbIHKa, KpHTepHeB npHeMAeMOCTH pHCKa no aKTHBaM H KpHTepHH AOrIyCTHMOCTH
pHCKa no HOBbIM BHAaM npoAyK,HH.
fogromoRa mpexNra N aHaAHs
3TOT pa3AeA OXBaTbiBaeT O,eHKy, aHaAH3 H OAo6peHHe (yraepmAeHHe) OTAeAbHb1X
onepaHgHH, BKAio-iaH H ApyrHe q)OpMbl BAeMeHTOB pHCKa, npHHOCM11HX npH6 blAb. HO4ArOTOBKa K
BbiAa'1e KpeAHTa BKAIO'jaeT n1pHHHTHe pemueHHH 0 B03paCTaHHH pHCKa (pacMHpeHHe, pOCT,
nepecTpoHKa, pa3BHTHe HOBblX HanlpaBAeHHH H e2KerOAHbie HAH nepHoAHqeCKHe o63opbi,
o6ecne'iHaaJogjHe Bo3o6HoBAeHHe KpeAHTHbIX AHHHH, CpO'IHb1X 3aHMOB H T.A.). CIo4a Tazme
OTHOCHTCH c6op nOAHOH HHq)OpMaUHH, (PHHaHCOBbiH aHaAH3 H ApyrHe 9AeMeHTbl npogecca,
BeAyigero K BbinOAHeHHIO pemiieHHH. OgeHKa pHCKa - BTO nOCTOqHHbIH npo,ecc, He
orpaHHqHBaioHicHHCM nepecMOTPOM o6cToRTeAbcTB H YCAOBHH pa3 B roA.
HloAroTOBKa KpeAHTOB H aHaAH3 HOpMaTHBOB MeHRIOTCH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT cermeHTa
6H3Heca, npoAYKUHH H pbIHKa. COOTBeTCTBHe TaKHX HOpMaTHBOB o6AaCTH A4HTeAbHOCTH
OpraHH3aUHH AOA2KHO nepecMaTpHBaTbCH peryARpHO. XapaKTepHCTHKH onepaUHH, Ka4eCTBO
3aeMujHKa, npo6Aembi OKpyYaiou0eU cpeAbi a TaK2Ke HMel0oJ_HeC$ pHCKH, - Bce oKa3biBaaor
BAHRHHC Ha 4IOpMHpOBaHHe BAHHHHH no BOnpOCy BbinOAHeHHH opraHH3agHeH yCTaHOBAeHHbIX
HOpMaTHBoB.
CAeAymou_He coo6panKeHHH cAymKaT OCHOBOHi, B pamKax KOTOpOU o6o3peBaTeAb MomKeT
BbIHOCHTb cy2KAeHHH 0 Ka4ecTBe nOArOTOBKH KpeAHTa (o6paueHtm 3a KpeAHToM) H aHaAH3e
npeAOCTaBAHemorO KpeAHTa.
Ipofecc o0.o6peoxr irpe.NToB
Fo mepe AeUeHTpaAH3aljHH BAaCTeH, peiuaioiiHx BOnpOCbI 0 KpeAHTaX, geAeBbie pblHKH
pacu1HpmIoTcR, a BpeMR peaK%HH Ha HX nOHBAeHHe COKpagaeTcm. 3aAaIH CAy2KaigHx,
HaXOARHUJHXCR Ha BbICOKOM YPOBHe H npeAOCTaBARHiojHX BblCIIHU ypOBeHb oAo6peHHR,
CTaHOBRTCH Bce 6oAee TpyAHbIMH. 3 To oco6eHHo cnpaBeAAHBO B OTHOiIIeHHH noAy4eHHR
oAo6peHH9 npH 3HaJHTeAbHOH pa36pocaHHocTH yqpe2KAeHCH, COOTBeTCTBeHHo, BHHMaHHe
HCCAeAOBaTeAR AOAMHO KOHgeHTPHPOBaTbCH Ha:
250
IPIAOhi%EHIHE 1. 06Bop ylpaaiemwf aiKTAraMN HoIosrmIeIHoro pNcra
* AOAyMeHTaAbHOM nOATBepMACHHH npamoro y'acTHH no KpaHHei mepe OCHOBHbIM
pa6oTHHKoM, npHHHMaiOUIHM pellieHHe 0 BbJAaqe KpeAHTa. OHO AOA2HO BKAIOqaTb
KOHTaKTbl C pyKOBOACTBOM KoMnaHHH KAHeHTa, o6yqeHHe, BonpOCbl H OTBeTbl B
nHCbMeHHOM BHAe no KpeAHTaM, 3aMeqiaHHH no Mapme H T.A. H pacnpocTpaHeHHe
npoMemyroqHoro memopaHAyma no KpeAHTaM, Aaiougero peKOMeHAagHH TeM, KTO
npHHHMaenT peUleHHHI OTHOCHTeAbHO pa3BHTHR npoeKTOB.
* XapaKTep H CTeneHb yMaCTHH BbICluerO pyKOBOAniero COCTaBa, AOCTaTOYHOCTh
HHq3OpMaaHH, H3AomeHHOH B memopaHAyme no KpeAHTaM, c6aAaHcHpoBaHHocTb noAass
BTOH HHq)opMaUHH, y'acTHe KAHeHTa B noAy'eHHH KpynHbIX KpeAHTOB, - Bce am
npeACTaBAReT cqpepaMbi, KOTOpbIe OXBaTbIBaeT o630p. XapaKTep oAo6peHHs TaKmKe
3aCAy2KHBaeT HCcAeAOBaHHH 'iTo6 bi o6ecne4HTb acI4eKTHBHoe HcnOAb3oBaHHe BbicICerO
nepCoHaAa, HMeiOigero COOTBeTCTByIOUJHH OHbIT. FlpeAnoAaraeTcR, tiTO KOHTaKTbI c
KAHeHTOM 6yAyT npOxOAHTb B o6cTaHoBKe, rAe YHHKaAbHOCTb H CAOMHOCTb KpeAHTa
Tpe6yeT HenocpeACTBeHHoro 3HaKoMCTBa c KAHeHTOM H 3HaHHA ero.
PeoreHNm nio NHHgHRKxyaAbHhIm mpexHNTMm
OMeHKa opraHH3saHef oTAeAbHoH onepagHH AOA2KHa 6bITb 'eTKoH H HcqepnbiBalou;ei H
AOAmHa oxBaTbiBaTb Bce cAa6bie H CHAbHbie CTOpOHbI. HpHBOAHMbIe HHme OCHOBHbIe
npHHUHnbi nO3BOAAIOT o6o3peBaTeAIO COCpeAOTO'IHTbCH Ha KAIO'eBbiX qpaKTOpaX npH
PaCCMOTpeHHH OgeHKH KpeAHTa.
IjeAb. HClOAb3oBaHHe CpeACTB neTKO OnlpeAcAeHO H onpaBAaHo (HanpHMep, Ha o6opoTHbie
CpeACTBa - HeAoHyCTHMaS OpMYAHpOBKa geAH).
CTpylnypa aKTHBOB HOBbJLUeHHOrO pHCxa. CTpyKTypa oTpamaeT KpeAHTHbl PHCK H
3algH84aeT opraHam OT ApyrHX KpeAHTOpOB. COOTBeTCTBy0 He yCAOBHR B corAameHHH
o6ecne4HBalOT AOCTaTo4Hoe BpeMH AAA npOBeAeHHH KoppeKTHBHbIX Ae4CTBHf B ckyqae
BO3HHKHOBeHHH TpyAHocTeH. AHaAH3HpyIOTCq TaKmAe ApyrHe HenorauleHHble AoArOBble
o6n3aTeAbCTea Ha CAy'aH HaCTynlAeHHH HerlAaTema, YITO MOrAO 6bl noBAeYb 3a co6o0i MenHyio
peaKUHIO CIAOIIIHbIX HapymueHHfi B o6AacTH TOprOBAH H onepagUH B OTHpoHeHHH rpaqtHKa
norameeH8H 3aeMHbIX cpeACTB. O6paTlrTe oco6oe BHHMaHHe OCHOBaHHIO H ynpaBAseH-o
HeaMOPTH3HPYeMbIMH onepasHAMH (HanpHMep, cAyiaHHbie HAH BpeMeHHbie H3bHTHr AeHer Co
C'IeTOB B CyMMaX, npeBbiUjaIOJHX AOrIYCTHMbie HOPMbl (OBepApaPT), aBaHcbi no TeKYUHM
C'eTaM, 3afMbi Ha npeAbHBHTeAH H 3aHMbi, norauiaembie B KOHae CpOKa OAHoi cyMMOH.) HAH
Bo3o6HoBAeHHe HAH peBOAbBHPOBaHHe KpeAHTa. ToYIHO TaK me, BHHMaTeAbHO H3y'IHTe
AAHTeAbHbie AbrOTHbie nepHOAbi no KpeAHTaM H CpOKH HX HCTe'eHHA. OnepaUHH TaKoro THna
OKa3blBalrTCH B 'IHCAe CaMbiX 4aCTbIX HapyJIIeHHH.
cNHHaHcoBbJh aHa4Hs/FIorarLLeHHe. AHaAH3 pa3pa6aTblBaeTcH B COOTBeTCTBHH C o6beMoM H
rAy6HHOH onepaUHH, conpooBmAaeTcq 'eTKOf HAeHTHPHKagHeH H ogeHKOH pHCKOB H
COCpeAOTa%IHBaeTCH, B OCHOBHOM, Ha:
* 063ope AeATeAbHOCTH 3a HCTeKIUHHH nepHoA.
* qeTKOH OUCHKC nporHO3HpyeMbiX pe3yAbTaTOB pa6oTbl Ha 6yAyu4H8i nepHOA.
* KOHKpeTHOM OHnpeeAAeHH H OlleHKe aAbTepHaTHBHbIX cnoco6oB norameHe HAH
cnoco6oB pemeeHxH cHTya,HH.
251
YxpenieHHe PfJWOBO4cT=a H HOBMIIICeHHe 'yBCTBITeAbHOCTN K iepeMeHaM
* OnpeAeAeHHH MyBCTBHTeAbHOCTH rpa(PHKa norauleHH. 3aeMHbIX CpeACTB K lpaKTOpaM
PHCKa (8KoHoMH4ecKHM, npaBOBbIM, KoHKypeHTHblM H T.A.).
* 3 HaHHH COCTOSIHHH oTpaCAH H ee nepcneKTHB.
ICaceCTBeHHhbe pHCKH. CIDHHaHCOBbHi aHaAH3 nlpeCCTaBAReT co6oii AHlllb OAHH aCneKT
KpeAHTHoro aHaAH3a, ApyrHe cBH3aHHbIe C HHM HeKOAHMeCTBeHHbie acneKTbl BKA1o0alOT:
* OTpaCAb: KOHKypeHTHOe nOAO2KeHHe 3BaeMHKa B OTpaCAH H nfoAomeHHe, KOTOpOe
OTPaCAb saHHTMaeT B perHOHe HAH B CTpaHe.
* IpaBEHeAbCTBO: BepOHTHOCTb BMeLuaTeAbCTBa HAH nOAAep2KKH; BAHHHHe COCTOIHHR
nAaTemHoro 6aAaHca CTpaHbl; Mepbi no 3aSgHTe HaUHoHaAbHoHi BaAlOTbl (HanpHMep,
HaAor, TOprOBbie 6apbepbI H HaAHYHe H AOCTYnHOCTb HHoCTpaHHoHi BaAlOTbI).
* Ay4HNTOP: KaqeCTBO (HHaHCOBOH HH¢OpMaUHH H penyTagHH ayAmTopa.
YnrpaBAeHYecKHR aHlaAHN. HpOBOAHTCH9 nOCTOHHHO, C 'ieTKHM o6baCHeHHeM nlpHIHH H
OCHOBaHHH AAR ogeHKH. YnpaBAeHteCKHHi aHaAH3, TaM rAe BTO BO3MO2iHO, AOA2KeH OXBaTbIBaTb
He TOAbKO rpynriny q)HHaHCOBOrO ynpaBAeHHH (OH AOA2KeH npeAYCMaTPHBaTb BO3MO2KHOCTb
BepTHKaAbHorO aHaAH3a Co CTOpOHbl lpHHaHCOBoro ynpaBAeHHH, a ropH3OHTaAbHoro - Co
CTOpOHbl BCex CAy2K6 H BCeX (IYHKlHHi 6aHKa). AOAKeH o6ecneqHBaTb, rAe 3TO Heo6xOAHMO,
o63op COCTOHHIH nporpamm nOArOTOBKH nepCoHaAa, ero TeKyqeCTb, cnoco6HocTb ynpaBArTb
nepeMeHaMH, cnoco6
HOCTb BsaHMoAeHiCTBOBaTb C TCMH, KTO OnpeAeAAeT peryAHPOBaHHe B
AaHHoHi o6AacTH. Oco6eHHo Ba2KHO cAeAaTb ynop Ha xapaKTePHCTHKH H BO3MO2KHOCTH
KAIO'eBbIX pa6oTHHKoB B Tex CAy'Ia9X, KorAa orpaHH4eHa rAy6HHa aHaAH3a. B aTH ogeHKH
AOA2KHbI 6blTb BKAioieHbI BbIBOAbI o CaMbIX OnbITHbIX pa6oTHHKax aHaAH3HpyemMOO
noApa3AeAeHHR.
KoHTaKT C rcAHeHTaMH. OTMeTHM peryAHpHOCTb, rAy6HHy, Ka9eCTBO, MIHpOTY (BKAoqI8a
Bble3AbI Ha MeCTO) H pe3yAbTaTbI BCTpC' C KAHeHToM, BAHRHHe TaKHX BCTpeC Ha
CpOpMHpOBaHHe 6a3b1 CBeAeHHH o6 ynpaBAeHHH KOMnaHHCH H o CaMofi KoMnaHHH. CyueCTByeT
AH nOCTOHHaH nporpamma CHCTeMaTHieCKHX BCTpeM C KAHeHTOM? IBAHIOTCH AH TaKHe BCTpe9H
84)qJeKTHBHb1M KOMnOHeHTOM o6u4eii ogeHKH KpeAHTa? MmeeT AH PYKOBOACTBO 6yxraATepcKHx
cAy2K6 'leTHKoe nOHHMaHHe (pHHaHCOBOrO nAaHa KAHeHTa H pOAH 6aHKa? ECTb AH nOHHMaHHe,
AOKYMeHTHPoBaHHe H OTcAe2KHBaHHe co6cTBeHHblx mep no opraHH3agHH npoH3BoAcTBa?
HpHHaAAemHT AH HHHgHaTHBa pa3BHTHR OTHOuieHHfi 6aHK-KAHeHT KAHeHTy? Y9aCTByMOT AH BO
BCTpe'aX C KAHeHToM cTapulHe pa6OTHHKH H BeAyiqHe CneUHaAHCTbi o6eHx CTOpOH?
JpOEepwK Jpe=HTa. BKAio'eHHe npOBepOK B KpeAHTHbie npeAAO2KeHHR H aHaAH3 Ao6oH
oTpHi2aTeAbHoA HH(popMaUHH. 2KeAaTeAbHO, 'ITO6bi OXBaT H cOAep2KaHHe npOBepOK noApo6Ho
pa3pa6aTbiBaAHCb B oTAeAbHbIX MeMopaHAyMaX H BKAioiaAHCb 6bl B COOTBeTCTBYlOwHe
pa3ACAbl KCpeHTHOrO AeAa. MaCTO HCq)OMaAbHbie paCCAeAOBaHHH, npOBeAeHHbIe Ha pbZHKe,
OKa3biBsaOTCR 6oAee Ba2KHbiMH, 9eM q0oMaAbHbie 6aHKoBcKHe npoBepKH, nOaTOMy OHH AOAmHbi
nepHOAH'leCKH AoKyMeHTHpoBaTbCR.
EwemIrgHbze o6s9opMr. CBoeBpeMeHHOCTb H KaqeCTBo eC2erOAHbIX o6SOpoB npeAocTaBAeHHb[X
KpeAHTOB H KpeAHTHb1X CpeACTB, BKAio9aioJiHe Bce BAeMeHTbi npo!ecca nOArOTOBKH K BbNAane
KpeAHTa. Oco6oe BHHMaHHe CAeAyeT yAeAHTb cpaBHeHHIO q3aKTHMeCKOrO noAO2KeHHR C
252
I PHA OAKEHHE 1. 0630op yHpam9emiN aiwKraMN o0RIirieNHHoro pHcxa
npeAnoAaraeMbiMH OIeHKaMH, Heo6xoAHMo BCKpblBaTb npHqHHbl pacxo2KAeHHH, eCAH OHO HMeeT
MeCTO.
TpaCToBaH H areHrCmaH o6HzsaHHocrb. AHaAH3 Aio6oro nOTeHUHaAbHOrO KOH(PMHKTa Me2KAy
o6H3aHHOCTHMH TpaCTa HAH areHTa, BbiCTynalOUgHX npeACTBHTeARMH HHTepecOB KAHeHTa, H
HHTepecaMH 6aHKa KaK npqmoro KpeAHTopa.
04o6peHHe H nepeKpecTHaHL npoBepKa. COOTBeTCTByIOUgHiH YPOBCHb nOAyiqeHHH oAo6peHH.R,
oAo6peHHe reorpatpHqecKoro HAH CyBepeHHoro rocyAapcTBeHHoro pHCKa, COCTOHHH KOHKpeTHOH
OTpacAH, KOHCyAbTalHH, B cAy'ae Heo6xoAHMoCTH HAH 2KeAaTeAbHOCTH, co6A.oAeHHe npoueAyp
6yxraATepcKoro yqeTa H OTMeTHOCTH B opraHH3agHH a TaKme Aio6bie ApyrHe Ba2KHbIe
KOHCYAbTagHH aKCnepToB. HaCTO xopoluo npOAyMaHHa5i KOHCyAbTagHR CTaHOBHTCH Ba2HbIM
noKa3aTTARM 6AaronOAyqHOCTH CHTyaUHH.
JOKYMCHTHpoRaHwe H HpeIOCTUaRAHHe cpe4'crn
KAioMeBbIM BAeMeHTOM AaHHoro pa3AeAa HBAHeTCH Ka'eCTBO AoKyMeHTaIHH no aHiMy;
CHcTeMbi, o6ycAaBAHBaioigHe nOAHOTY AoKyMeHTaUHH, CBoeBpeMeHHOCTb H XOpOIUIHH KOHTpOAb;
a Taime B3aHMOCBH3b MemAy npaKTHKOH npeAoCTaBAeHHSI CpeACTB H HaAH4He nOAHOTOH
AoKyMeHTagHH. OgeHKa npoMecca COOTBCTCTBY1Oigero KOHTpoAR Co CTOPOHbl ynpaBAeHH3i
AOA2KHa CTaTb OCHOBOH o630pa. OTBeTcTBeHHocTb 3a co6AioAeHHe HOpMaTHBOB
AOKyMeHTHpOBaHHH AemHT Ha pYKOBOAHTeAe, OTBeqaiowem 3a OTHOluleHHI C KAHeHTaMH, BHe
3aBHCHMOCTH OT Toro, HBAHeTCH AH HenOCpeACTBCHHaH pa6oTa c AoKyMcHTaMH o6R3aHHOCTbIO
AHHeHHoro PYKOBOACTBa AaHHorO roApa3AeAeHHH.
CTaIIrapTmI .4'0IyMeHTaMHH H Hpogegypbr lOKy0MeHIlpOBaHNH
PYKOBOACTBO Ka2A2iOH OTpaCAbiO 6aHKoBcKoro AeAa AOAMHO pa3pa6oTaTb KOHKpeTHble
Tpe6oBaHH.I K Ka2lAOMy BHAy IpOAYKXHH, AAH Toro 'iTO6bi 6blAO BO3MOmKHO BCKpblTb
XapaKTePHCTHKH CBH3aHHOrO C AaHHblM npOAyKTOM pHCKa. HaH6oAee BsaHbie acneKTbI aToro
cAeAylolHe:
* FpaBOBoE. HopMaTHBHbie AOKyMeHTbl, yrBCPmAaembic PYKOBOACTBOM (OTKAOHeHHH
AOA2KHbi 6blTb C paspetUeCHHH KaK PYKOBOACTBa AaHHOrO noApa3AeAeHHR, TaK H
KpeAHTHOrO KoMHTeTa, eCAH 8TO Heo6xoAHMo); Ha3HaqeHHe, oAo6peHHe H OCeHKa
KOHKpeTHOrO opraHa, OTBenalou;ero aa aTy pa6oTy; HHCTpyIKUHH no cocTaBAeHH1O
IopHAH'IecKoro OT-ieTa, Heo6xOAHMoro AAA npA4OCTaBAeHHH KpeAHTa; HHCTpyKUHH C
yKa3aHHeM MHHHMaAbHOrO Ha6opa AOKyMeHTOB, Heo6XoAHMoro AAA KamAOH onepaUHH.
* HpoBepoYHbJh AHCr oi7epagHH H HeSABwCHmOe Ho4mrepPI(4eHHe. KamAaaH onepauHR
AOAMHa HMeTb nlpoBepOtHbiH AHCT Heo6XOAHMOH AoKyMeHTagHH; He3aBHCHMOe
nOATBCPMACHHe Toro, MTO AoKyMeHTbi 6 bIAH nOAyieIHbi A0 (paKTHqecKoro
npeAOCTaBAeHHH KIpeAHTHbIX CpeACTB H 6blAH npaBHAbHO O0oMpAeHbi (HanpHMep, ZITO
OHH HMeIOT npaBHAbHbie noAnmcH, perHCTpaUHI0, MapKH o6 yrAaTe noUAHH,
COOTBeTCTBYIOUJYIO iOpHAHMeCKylO opMy) H COOTBeTCTBYIOT Tpe6oBaHUHM H
HOpMaTHBaM YCAOBHH.
253
YmpeAeirNe pyEoBoxcra N irombmueHNe cyRcTBNTeAbHocrN hr nepeMeHam
* HeSamBCHMziR KOHTpO4b H 0ocAe .4y0JHe 4geNfCBhi. CPOXH HCTeqeHHR o6HasTeAbcTB
(cTpaxoBoro nOAHca, rapaHTHH H np.); AOKYMCHTaAbHOe noATBep2KACHHe HCKAIoqeHHH,
CAeAaHHbIX BO BpeMH1 npeAOCTaBAeHHR cpeACTB H o6HapymeHHblx noS3AHee B xoAenOCAeAYIOUJHx npOBepOK. TuaTeAbHoe H3yqeHHe H TO'qHOe OTpa2KeHHH co6AioAeHH.u
Bcex o6s3taTeAbHblx nOCAeAy1OigHX npogeAyp.
* HHcamemNpoBaHHe. ICepHoAHqecKoe nOATBepmAeHHe (He peme 1 pa3a B roA) HaAH'IHs
H nOAHOTbI HMeioUgHxcH B AeAe AoKyMeHToB C OTMeTKOH pyKOBOAHTeAA cAy2K6bi no
CBH3H C KAHeHTaMH. HlHcneKgHH MO2KeT npOBOAHTbCS1 OAHOBpeMeHHO C nOArOTOBKOH
roAoBoro oT"eTa HAH, npH onpeAeAeHHbIX o6CToRTeAbCTBax, npoBoAHTcR
OAHOBpeMeHHO no BCeMy KPCAHTHOMy nopTcpeAio, HO H B BTOM cAy4ae OTBeTCTBeHHbIM
3a npOBeAeHHe ee HBAneTC.R PYKOBOAHTeAb cAy2K6bi no CBH3.qM c KAHHTaMH.
YBeAoMAeHHe 0 AonyujeHHbIX HcKA1oieHHMX H nepHOAHqecKoe HX OTCAe2KHBaHHe C
nepeAaqeu HH(POpMaUHH Ha CaMbi14 BbICOKHH COOTBeTCTByIOIIHH YPOBeHb AAA noAy'eHHH
oAo6peHHH .
CooTrwerTcrHe HopmaMwHam H Hpofe,4ypam
COOTBeTCTBHe OTCAeMHBaeTCH nyTem o63opa COCTOHHHH oTAeAbHbIX KpeAHTOB H H3yqeHHRCHCTeMbl nOAAep2KKH, TaKoH KaK noApa3AeAeHHe no KOHTpOA1O sa AoKyMeHTaMH.
PeKoMeHuagHH AAA pa6oTHHKa, rOTOBqsuerO TaKOH o63op, BKAIo'ialOT:
* .s3y'eHHe nocAeAHerO HesaBHCHMOrO OT'ieTa 0 COCTOHHHH AOK_MeHTaUHH H/HAH
nocAeAHero OTqeTa 0 COCTOHHHH CBH3aHHOrO C AaHHbIM KpeAHTOM pHCKa; AaAbHeHmeeOTCAe2HBBaHHe OTAeAbHbIX 3aMemaHHi4 HAH OTKAOHeHHH OT HOpMbl AAA BbIRBAeHHR
KOppeKTHBHb1X AeHCTBHH H, eCAH Heo6XOAHMO, yBeAOMAeHHe Bblu1eCTOH1MerO opraHa OCOCTOHHHH AeA.
* lpoBepKy noCAeAHero oTieTa pa6OTbi noApa3AeAeHHH, OTBeTCTBeHHoro sa nOAIrOTOBKY
H ocpopMAeHHe AOKyMeHTOB.
* OTieT 0 COCTORHHH npOrpaMMb1 "lOpMaAbHOrO H HeCOpMaAbHOrO o6yqeHHR H
nOArOTOBKH nepcoHaAa no BOnpOCaM npaBosoro, lOpAHHecKOrO H npOlOeCCYaAbHOrO
acneKTOB npH nOArOTOBKe AoKyMeHToB. KaKHe noco6HHR H/HAH PYKOBOACTBa Ha aTy
TeMy HMeCOTcH B OTAeAe H KaKHe Tpe6yiOTcR?
* FpoBepKa ABoHHoro KOHTPOAH, AocTyn K OpHrHHaAbHblM AoKyMeHTaM. lpoBepKaKpeAHTHoro AeAa Ha npeAMeT Heo6XoAHMocTH Bo3o6HoBAeHHS cTpaxoBaHHR HAH
npoAAeHHH rapaHTHH H T.n.
* IpoBepKa COOTBeTCTBHR Tpe6oBaHHH K KpeAHTaM, o6ecneqeHHblM saAoroM.
* HaAHqHeiH BceH Heo6xoAHMoH AOKyMeHTaUHH H ee aAeKBaTHOCTb AOA2KHbl
nOATBep2KAaTbCR B XoAe npOBeAeHHM He3aBHCHMOH HHCneKlKHH no COCTORHHIO
AOKyMeHTaIlHH a TaKme B rOAOBOM OT'EeTe, KOTOpblIH rOTOBHTCR pyKOBOAHTeAeMcAym6bi no CBH3H C KAHeHTaMH.
* IOAHOTa. npoBepKa nOAHOTbI HaAH'qHR AOKyMeHTOB, HalqHHaR C KpeH4THOrO
3aMBAeHHH, npOBepKH no AHCTy KpeAHTHOrO AeAa, KBHTaHUHH o npMeme 3aAora H T.n.
MomeT cyUjeCTBOBaTb nOArOTOBAeHHblH pa6oTHHKoM no CBRSH C KAHeHTOM
MeMOpaHAyM c nepe%iHCAeHHeM Bcex rioAy'eHHbIX AOKYMeHTOB H CBHAeAbcTB. TaKofiAOKCymeHT AOA2KeH nepHOAHMeCKH o6HOBAMTbCR, BKAIo'jaR B ce6H nocTynaioUIHe HoBble
254
1JPHA ONEHHE 1. 06iop yupaseHmNH aAETEramK mosmrheImNmoro pscJra
AOKyMeHTbi (nonpaBKH K nepBOHamaAbHOMy AorOBOpy, H3MeHeHHR YCAOBHH. lpoBepKe
noAAef2KaT TaKme CpOKH HCTe'eHHH AeHCTBHR nputAom2eHHbIX AoKyMeHroB. IpoBepbTe,
XOpOUIO AH opraHH3OBaHbl AOKyMeHTbl, AerKO AH nOAy'IHTb K HHM AocTyn, HaAe2KHO AH
OH xpaHHTCSI.
* AAeKBaTHOCTb npaBoBoro o6ecneqeHHH KpeAHTa. MaAo KTO H3 Hac RBAAeTCH iOpHCTOM.
rOTOB.RWHi o6 3op MomeT YAOCTOBepHTbCH npH npOBepKe B cy1jeCTBOBaHHH
OTKAOHeHHH OT AeHCTByIOIIJHX 3aKOHOB H noAI3aKOHHbix aKTOB, eCAH OH HX 3HaeT. I1PH
npoBepKe CAeAyeT o6paTHTb oco6oe BHHMaHHe Ha BbIHBAeHHe ToroF, ero xoTeA
Ao 6HTbCH pa6oTHHK, roToBHRiIHH BblAasy KpeAHTa, H C BTOH TOMKH 3peHHR o0eHHTb
aAeKBaTHOCTb AoKyMeHTaUHH B AeAe H MeTOAbi ee o6ecne'ieHHH.
- HpoBepbTe no AAOKYMCHTaM KAioxieBble yCAOBHR rapaHTHHH, 3aAoroB (THun H
coBeplmeHCTBO), AoroBopbi noIAqHHeHHOCTH H T.n., -{To6bi yBHAeTb, ITO OHH
COCTaBAeHbI B COOTBeTCTBHH C OCHOBHbIMH YCAOBHRMH BbIAa'lH KpeAHTa. CTpyKTypa
3aHMa (oco6bie YCAOBHH H ApyrHe oroBOpKH) o6cymAaloTcA B pa3AeAe
"IOArOTOBKa KPeAHTa K BbiAa t e H aHaAH3".
- KTO HMeeT iOpHAHMeCKHH H (PH3HmecKHH AOCTyn K 3aAory? 5 IBAHeTcR AH 3aAor
HCKAIOMHTeAbHblM npaBoM OAHOro HAH HeCKOAbKHX KpeAHTopoB? He cyUjecTBYeT AH
YCAOBHHi B COOTBeTCTBHH C KOTOpbIMH npaBo 6aHKa Ha 3aAor MomeT 6blTb
aHHYAHpOBaHO ApyrHMH KpeAHTOpaMH? HpaBoBaH
orpaHH'eHHOCTb/HeorpaHH'eHHOCTb HcnOAb3OBaHHA rapaHTHU H ycAOBHH ApyrHx
AOKyMeHTOB o6ecnexieHHs.
- HMeIOTCH AH B AeAe 3aKAlo'1eHHR IOPHCKOHCYAbTa 6aHKa H IOpHCTKOHCYAbTa KAHeHTa?
- Bce AH KoHKPeTHbie iopHAH'eCKHe Tpe6OBaHHI yAoBAeTBopeHbl, BKAlOtIaR, HailpHMep,
TaKHC KaK UeAb npeAOCTaBAeHHI BHyrpeHHero 3aHMa, o6ecne'eHHoro MeHHb1MH
6yMaraMH KOMnaHHH, perHCTpaUsHi rapaHTHmi AAA co6AioAeHHR o6R3aTeAbcTB 3a
npeAeAaMH rpaHHl CTpaHbI, H T.A.?
- Bce AH opraHH3ag,HOHHbie Tpe6oBaHHI (HanpHMep, CyBepeHHbIH HMMyHHTeT/npaBOBaR
1OPHCAHKUHH AAAH rOCyAaPCTBeHHb[X KpeAHTOB) yAoBAeTBOpeHbl?
Ilpe4ocTaBAeHHe Cpei4CTB
B oTqeTe Heo6xOAHMO:
* CAeAaTb o63op npoleAyp H nepcoHaAa no onepagH.M Ha OCHOBaHHH co6eceAoBaHHuR C
HHMH AAI BO3MO2mHOCTH OMeHKH co6AioAeHaH H nOHHMaHHH Tpe6oBaHHH.
* YCTaHOBHTb, qBASeTCR AH o6blqHOH npaKTHKOH BblAa'a CpeACTB 6e3 HaAHqUR
COOTBeTCTByIOIUeH A OI(yMeHTaUHH.
* OnpeAeAHTb, 'iaCTbI AH OTKAOHeHHH OT OCHOBHbIX Tpe6oBaHHA.
* 1H3yqHTb B?IXeKTHBHOCTb H UeAeCoo6pa3HOCTb CneUHaAbHb!X 3anHceH-npHMeqaHHi AAA
noCAeAyioIIHx npo]BepOK no KpeAHTHOMY AeAy.
* IpOBepHTb peFyAApHOCTb OTteTOB nepeA CTapI1HM PYKOBOACTBOM 0 AOnyl%eHHbIX
HcKAioteHHH9X H OnpeAeAHTb, HaCKOAbKO OnpaBAaHbi TaKHe HcKAioqeHHH.
255
Y,rpeHAeaze pyicoiroac7a H HoIbrhieHHe qIyCTBrHreAbHOcrT K H.epeMCHam
CocTaBHTeAH TaKoro oTseTa AOA2KHbI nOATBepAHTb (PaKToM oT'IeTa, 9To y6blTKH
saperHCTpHpoBaHbl He noSAHee 'leM B Tel'eHHe Mecmiga, cAeAyiouero sa MecHgeM o6HapymeHHh
nOTepb (perHCTpalgH npOBOAHTCH AH6o pyKOBOACTBOM, AH60 AHUOM, npOBOAHBIIHM rPOBePKY
COCTOBHHHH aKTHBOB).
ArerrcKHe HAH rpacroBbIe o6wsaHHOcm. 06ecnesHTb, 'iTo6bl BbinOAHHAHCb npogeAypbl,
o6ecneIHBaMouHe BbrliOAHeHHe o6R3aTeAbcTB areHTOB HAH AOBepeHHb]X AHM rio TpacTy.
oIroToBma oieTOE 4AH pywoBO4crTa. PeryARpHO AH OTpa2KaiOTCH B oT'eTax AAsi
pyKOBOACTBa HenorameHHbie CCYAbl H HepeaAH3OBaHHbie o6H3aTeAbcTBa? HacKOAbKO TO9Hb!
TaKHe CBeAeHH.R
YcraHo&ueiHe irpo6Aem
nOpTEpeAb. BblaBAeHHe npo6AeM, OTHOCHIIHXCH B OCHOBHOM K CnocO6 HOCTH nOApa3AeAeHHa
npeABocxHIjaTb, o6HapyŽKHBaTb H npH3HaBaTb 3HaMHMOCTb npo 6 AeMbi, cBH3aHHoH C
OTAeAbHbIMH aKTHBaMH nOBbIlUCHHorO pHCKa, H, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, CTaBHTb pyKOBOACTBO B
HSBeCTHOCTb o6 ee cyujeCTBoBaHHH KaK M02mHo paHbllIe. CHCTeMHblii nofXOA,
pa3pa6aTblBaeMblii B 6aHKe, K npo6AeMaM nOpTcpeAH, noCTOHRHHbIH OT'eT 0 COCTOHHHH BTHX
npo6AeM AOAffeH CTaTb 06 blIHOH npaKTHKOH BO Bcex noApa3AeAeHHtx 6 aHKa. I eAb1O Aio 6 oHCHCTeMbi paHHero OnOBCIeIHHH qBAAeTCH B03MO2HOCTb pemieHHH npo6AeMbl, HCnOAb33yH
pa3AH-'HbIe cygueCTBY1OJHe aAbTepHaTHBHbI cnoco 6 bI, o6ecnesHTb MHeHHe O COCTOBHHH
npo6AeMbx IIOMHMO 3aKAiomeHHH pyKOBOAHTeAH cAym 6 bi no CBH3H C KAHeHTaMH H
COOTBeTCTBYlOJgero noApa.3AeAeHHR. IOAXOA pyKOBOACTBa K pelDeHHIO AaHHO npo6AeMbl HAH
npHHHTHIO KOppeKTHBHbIX mep o6cy2KAalOTCH HH2me B pa3AeAe KoppeKTHBHoe ynpaBAeHHe".
nlpozecc. Eue OAHH aCneKT npH3HaHHH nlpO6AeMbi - 3TO I1pHMeHeHHe aHaAH3a K
npogeccaM B CaMOM KpeAHTHOM noApa3AeAeHHH. llpeABHAlHT AH H npH3HaeT AH PYKOBOACTBo
nOTeHUHaAbHO-npo6AeMHbie o6AacTH YXYAUICHHR npogecca KpeAHToBaHHH (TeKy"ecTb
nepcoHaAa, CTPYKTyPHaH MaTpHga, Heo 6 xoAHMoCTb BHeApeHHR HOBOH npaKTHKH H npogeAyp)?OBAaAeBaeT AH nOAPa3AeAeHHe HOBblMH Heo6xoAHMbIMH HaBbIKaMH, (BeAeT AH o6yseHHe
CyugecTyio~gero nepCoHaAa, np"rAaLwaeT AH HOBbIX pa6oTHHKoB, BAaAeioLHX aTHMH HOBblMH
HaBbiKaMH), AO BbIXOAa Ha HOBbie PbIHKH HAH 3anycKa HOBOH ripoAYK4HH? HIpoBeAeHHe
e2KeKBapTaAbHoro peHTHHra onpeAeAeHHbJX BHAOB npOAYKWHH H onepagHoHHblx 6AoKoB
CIHTaeTCR HOAeSHbIM HHCTpyMeHTOM AAR paHHero o6Hapy2eHHA npHH3HaKOB yXyAIeHHH
AeRTeAbHOCTH.
llpo6Aembi 13CKpbITHR HeAOCTaTICOB H OTqeTHOCTH nO HHM
,jeficTEmw uo4paaeAeHRw - HlpH3HaHHe npo6AeMbl - aTO npeAnOAOmeHHe B
coBHaHHH: A sTo ecAH?, - KoTOpoe AOA2HO HaXOAHTb CBoe OTpameHHe BIHPKYARPaX H naMHTHbIX sanHCKax, OUeHKe KpeAHTOB, B HHTepBblo C pa6oTHHKOM,
OTBeqalOU4HM 3a CBRHb c KAHeHTOM. KaK o6bPIHo pearHpyeT nopApa3AeAeHHe Ha
paaAH4Hble co6blTHR: yAHBAHeTCR HM KaK ciopnpHsy HAH HeMeAAeHHo npeAnpHHHmaerT
KaKHe-AH6o OTBeTHble AeHCTBHR? HlpHiHaeT AH OHO rIOTeHUHaAbHbIe pHCKH,
3zAofeHHbIC B 6H3Hece H KOHKpeTHblx onepagHHsx BToro 6H3Heca? Pa3pa6aTblBaeT AHOHO CUeHaPHH peaKUHH Ha HenpeABHACHHbie o6cToRTeAbCTBa ( HeMITaTHbxe cHTyaUHH )?
258
H7PHAO OffEHHE I. 06sop yiipa,&eHHu aAKTNBavMm MORbUIeInHOF pJJCea
O'eHb Ba2KHblM AAA AaHHOH KOHgaenlUHH SBAHeTCH npaBHAbHbli AHarHo3, T.e. He
o6HapymeHHe CHMrrroMOB, yKa3bIBaloWHX Ha cyUgeCTBOBaHHe npo6AeMbl (Ho euje He
HBAHIOU4HXC9 caMoH 6oAe3Hb!o), a BbiABAeHHe npH'IHH npo6AeMbl.
* IpoBe4eHHe AHHeCHbrX ay.4RMpCHX npomepoK - rpynnbl, OTAeAbl H T.A. MoryT
OpraHH3OBaTb npoBeAeHHe CBOHX co6cTBeHHblx BHyTpeHHHx ayAHTOPCKHX npOBepOK AfAR
HHueCToRUgHX nOApa3AeAeHHH. B HAeaAe TaKHe ayAHTopCKHe npoBepKH AoA2r.Hbl
npoBOAHTbcA pa6oTHHKamH, HMeCioUHMH OnbIT B KOHKpeTHbIX BHAax onepaIHH, HO
CTPYKTYPHO pa6oTaiou4HMH B ApyroM noApa3AeAeHHH. H1oApaAeAeHuHA, 3aHHMaiou,iHecC
ogeHKoi PHCKa OnpeAeAAIOT, HBAHIOTCH AH CYUJHOCTb H qaCTOTa ayAHTOPCKHx HpOBePOK
COBMeCTHMbIMH C xapaKTepOM AeHTeAbHOCTH AaHHOrO nOAPaSAeAeHHH, H OUeHHBalOT
Ka'eCTBO npoBeAeHHoro ayAHTa.
• 063op COCToHHHH Hop7TpeAR - OpraHH3OBaHHafI CHCTeMa 6blCTporO BepTHKaAbHOrO
(cBepxy-BHH3) o6sopa COCTOHHHH nopTHeAA AAA ynpaBAeHuH BOSAeHCTBHeM nepeMeH B
8KOHOMHmeCKOU/npaBOBOU cpeAe Ha COCTO9HHe OTAeAbHbIX CHeTOB npeACTaBAHeT
oco6ypo BamHOCTb B yCAOBHHx 6bICTpO MeHioujeICHcR o6CTaHOBKH.
* JepHognvecxoe paHHpoBaHHe nOprvpeA - He HBASHCb o6A3aTeAbHoii onepauHeH,
npOBeAeHHe paH2mHpoBaHHR HAH peHTHHra BceX KpeAHTOB no cTeneHH PHCKa
(HanpHMep, no rpynnam A,B,B) Ha e2KeKBapTaAbHoH OCHOBe UAH maige no 2eKaSHHO
MomeT 6blTb npeKpaCHbIM HHCTpyMeHTOM o6Hapy2meHrH5 yxyAmaionjerocH Ka-eCTBa
KpeAHTOB H MOMeT HBHTbCH asqXpeKTHBHbIM cnoco6oM AOKyMeHTHPOBaHHS nepHoAH'ecKH
nPOBOAHMOrO BHyTpeHHerO ayAHTa.
* AHCT o7TCei)HBaHHH - MaTepHaAbHble H3MeHeHHH HAH npo6AeMbI c HeOnpeACACHHbIMH
KpeAHTaMr MHomeT BbI3BaTb K 2KH3HH noRBAeHHe AHCTa OTCAe2mHBaHHR B AOIIOAHeHHe K
cHcTeMe KAaccHqHKaUHH KpeAHTOB. ECAH nOAPa3AeAeHHe HcnOAb3yeT TaKoH AHCT
OTCAemHBaHHS, Heo6xoAHMO 'ieTKO onpeAeAHTb KpHTepHH, o6ecnesmTb aKTHBHoe
HcnOAb3OBaHHe Bcell CHCTeMbi OTCAe2KHBaHHI H nepecmoTpa oCeHOK COCTOAHHUH He
peme pa3a B KBapTaA. Heo6xoAHMo AOKYMCHTaAbHO 3a(PHKCHPOBaTb npH'sHHbl AAA
BHeApeHHS TaKOrO nposepoqHoro AHCTa OTCAe2KHBaHH$I, MOmHO CtlHTaTb yMeCTHOH
pa3pa6oTKy nAaHa AeHCTBHH, eCAH HameqaeTca Heo6xOAHMOCTb npHHHaTHR KOHKpeTHblX
KOppeKTHBHbIX Mep. H1OApa3AeAeHHe AOA2KHO YCTaHOBHTb MaKCHMaAbHbIU nepHOA, B
TeCeHHe KOTOporo 3aeMUJHKH AOA2KHbI 6blTb noA KOHTPOACM Ha AHCTe oTcAemHBaHHHS,
nOCAe KOTOporo KOHKpeTHbluI 3aeMIIHK AH6 o CHHMaeTcA C TaKorO AHcTa, AH6o
BblAaHHaH eMy ccyAa KAacCHPHUHpyCTCH KaK npo6ACMHaH. FpoMeAypbi BHeCeHHR
KAHeHTa B AHCT OTCAe2HHBaHHA CBS3bIBalOT C paHmHpoBaHHeM/peHTHHroM oTAeAbHbIX
KpeAHTOB, KaK BTO OnHCaHO Bblille.
I I4aCCHtpHKcaLHH - Ono3HaHHe CyyueCTByiOujeH npo6AeMbl OpraHHqeCKH npeAiuCcTByeT
CBoeBpeMeHHOH KAaCCH(PHKaUHH H oTseTy o6 yxyAIueHHH HAH yAysoleHHH COCTOAHHR
Ka'IeCTBa aKTHBOB nOBbliuIeHHOrO pHCKa. OnpeAeAeHHe H ynpaEAeHHe npo6AeMoii 6e3
HHqOpMHpOBaHHA 0 HeH pyKOBOACTBa 6oAee BbICOKOrO YPOBHH HenpHeMAeMo.
AHHeiiHbie pyKOBOAHTeAH AOA2KHbI HHHUHHpOBaTb npogecc HOBOH KAacCHlPHKaUHH HAH
BHeCTH H3MeHeHHH B y2Ke cyWeCTBYIOI1YIO CHCTeMy, KaK BTorO Tpe6yeT cHTyaLuH.
KAaccHq)HKaHRHH AOAmHa 6
blTb npoBeAeHa Ha COOTBeTCTBylOJueM ypOBHe. Oco6oe
BHHMaHHe npH KAaccH(HKaUHH CAcAyeT yAeAHTb cAy'!aRM ABoHHoro npbilmKa
259
YixpeHAeHie pyORO4oTcTRra H jzobrhIreINe vyBcCTBtHeAbHocrH K IHepemeHam
(nepexoAa H3 OAHOH KaTeropHH B KaTerOpHIO, OTCTOHIUYIO OT npeAbiAygeU Ha 2cTyneHH), a TaK2me CAyqaRM nOnbiTKH "ynpaBATbm KAaCCH(IHKaMHefH CCyA UAH
CnHCaHHH. YCTaHOBHTe, 6blAa AH KAaCCH(pHKagHR Ha YpOBHe noApa3AeAeHHR npoBeAeHa
PYKOBO4HTeAeM cAy2K6bi no OTHOUeCHHRM C 3aeMJgHKaMH H pyKoBoAHTeARMH
noApa.34eAeHHH (T.e. IlAa CHH3y BBepx) HAH BbICIIIHM pYKOBOACTBOM opraHH3aMHH
(cBepxy BHHS).
A\Hlia rOTOBHI1He o6 30p, TaKme AOA?KHbl OeHHTb CBR3b memAy KAaCCH(pHKa;.HeH H
CHCTeMoH paHHero onoBeueHHR, pa3pa6oTaHHoH B noApa3AeAeHHH. CBoeBpeMeHHbl AH 8TH
onoBeqjeHHH? IBAHIOTCSI AH OHH o6blqHOii npaKTHKoH HAH noAcKa3aHbl KaKHM-TO 3aMeqaHHeM
B peryAHPHOM o63ope? H XOTH KAaCCH(PH KaUHA aKTHBOB nOBbIlUeHHOrO pHCKa, opraHn3yeMaa
Ha YPOBHC nOApa3AeAeHHH, RBAReTCH pa3pellueHHOH npaKTHKOH, Heo6xoAHMo npHHHMaTb BO
BHHMaHHe ee xapaKTep H o6cTosITeAbcTBa npoBeAeHHH.
* Y6bIrH n7o CCy,4aM - KaK OTMeqeHO B pa3AeAe OpraHH3agHH ynpaBAeHHS KpeAHTaMH
H PHCKaMH , npH YCTaHOBAeHHH noTepH cyMMa y6bITKa HeMeAAeHHO AOA2KHa 6blTb
cnHcaHa HAH nepeHeceHa AAH cpOpMHpOBaHHH pe3epBa. 0 Aio6oM HapymIeHHH AaHHOH
nOAHTHKH AOA2KCH 6blTb HeMeAACHHO nocTaBAeH B H3BeCTHOCTb pyKoBoAHTeAb oTAeAa.
* HoveHgHaAhHbmN xOHpAHKT HHTepeCOB - Aio6a3i HmpOpMagHm O nOTeHUHaAbHOM
KOH(pAHKTe HHTepeCoB, co3AaBaeMoM AOBepeHHbIMH AHIaMH HAH areHTaMH KAHeHTa,
KOTOPaH BbIHBAReTCH Ha CTaAHH nOArOTOBKH KpeAHTa, AOA2KHa o6HOBAHTbCH He peme
pa3a B roA.
* FIpoCpoveHHbIe o6skaTeAbcma H .4e6HTopcKaH sAaOAweHHOCTh - 3 TH BHAbI aKTHBOB
AOA2KHbI YqHTbIBaTbCR KaK B03MO2KHbie noKa3aTeAH npeAynpe2KAeHHs, nOaTOMy
Heo6XOAHMbI HeMeAAeHHbIe KOppeKTHBHbie Mepbl.
* PaspeuemNe Ha BbI4wavy ¶Vpe4HTa, BbI4aBaeMoe ,4pywMH ro,4tpa,4#eAeHHJMH - TaKoii me
npogecc paHHero onoBeigeHHH H co6AIoAeHHi llpHHHTOH B 6aHKe nOAHTHKH AOAKeH6 blTb pa3pa6oTaH AAR TaKHX ccyA, no KOTOpbIM AOAmHo 6blTb noAy3eHo
cBoeBpeMeHHOC yBeAoMAeHHe KOHTpOAbHbIX lOApa3AeAeHHH AA nIOAyqeHHRHeo6xOAHMoro pa3peJiIeHHH.
Bbi.IBAeHHe H AolKymeHTHpoBaHHe npo6Aem, cBBRaHHbIX C upoaeccouIperAOCTaBAeNHH KpeAHTa
CHCTeMaTH"qecKoe BHHMaHHe PYKOBOACTBa K noKa3aTeARM, xapaKTepH3ylOgHM npOgeCC
rIpeAOCTaBAeHHH KpeAHTOB H npH3HaHH9 pHCKa, BCKpOeT 6 OAbDIJHHCTBO BO3HHKaiouIHx npo6AeM.
HlpHMepoM MOryT CAYMHTb HeCBOeBpeMeHHbIe AHHeHHbie peBH3HH, HeCHCTeMaTH1 eCKHe OTqeTbi,
HapyHueHHe nporpaMMbI BH3HTOB K KAHeHTy, HeOTperyAHpOBaHHbe pacXOmAeHHSI B
AOKyMeHTaUIHH, HeaKKYPaTHoe BeACHHe KpeAHTHbIX AeA, npo6eAbl B nporpamme o6y'ieHHR
KpeAHTHbIM onepaUHaM, yCTapeBwiue (pyHKUHH 6yxraATepcKoro yqeTa H o6ecnemeHHH
noAAep2KKH.
COCTaBHTeAH OTqeTOB AOA2KHbl OTpa3HTb, HaCKOAbKO AHHeHHOe pyKOBOACTBO OTCAe29uBaeT
COOTBeTCTBy1OJIHe BHAbI npoAyKUHH, 3a6oTScb o KaqeCTBe, noKaBaTeAJx KOHTpOAR (T.e.
nOTeHUHaAbHO B COCTOHHHH o6HapyKwrb H KOppeKTHpOBaTb BO3HHKaIoJHe npo6AeMbl B CBN3H
c npoUeccom npoXOmAeHHH KpeAHTOB), H qTO npo6AeMbl, noCAe Toro KaK OHH BCKpblTbl,
npaBHAbHO AOKyMeHTHpyIOTCH H peCiIaiOTCR.
260
F7PIAOPEHHE 1. 06sop ywpaimemNA ammNBamN InosbrmeHooro pn'cAwa
lOAIrTJrKa, 178grNaMra H Mipoffegyph
KpeAHTHbiH npogecc ogeHHBaeTcR no 06 U4HM HOpMaTHBaM AaHHoro yHpe2KAeHHR, xoTopble
MOryT npHHHTb (pOpMy KOpnOpaTHBHblX HOpMaTHBOB ('HpaBHAa BbiAa4H KpeAHTOB"),
OpraHH3agHOHHbIX HOpMaTHBOB (HHCTpyJ1UHH, cyEecTByIOH B AHHeHHbIX opraHH3aU,HSX H
H3AO2KCHme nOAHTrHKH rpynnbl) H HOpMaTHBOB ApyrHx noApa3AeAeHHA. BamHbJM KOMnOHeHToM
AaHHoro 6AoKa npogecCOB qBAReTCR co6AioAeHHe ripaBoBbIx HopMaTHBoB.
AAR npoBeAeHaH o6sopa pa6oTbl AaHHoro 6 AOKa cAeAyeT pYKOBoACTBOBaTbcR CAeAylou HMH
OCHOBHblMH HanpaBAeHRHMH:
* HMCelOTCH AH B opraHH3agHH HHCTPYKXHH no BblAaqe KpeAHTOB B CeAoM no
KopnopalHH H AHHeHHbie? COBpeMeHHbI Al OHH, peryApRHO AH o6HoBAHIOTC.I?
HOHHMaIOTCH AH AHHeHHbIMH pa6oTHHKaMH? HlpHAep2KHBaeTCH AH AHHeiHaR
opraHH3afaUH nOAOmeHHu AaHHbIX noco 6HH B pa6oTe?
* Hy2KHbI AH (popMaAbHbic npogeAypbI B pa6oTe AaHHoro noApasAeAeHHH AAR
OCyUgeCTBAeHHA mapKCTHHra U ApyrHx onepagHfi 6H.3Heca? ECAH TaKHe npogeAypbi
CyIXeCTByIOT, HBAHIOTCH AH OHH AOKYMeHTHPOBaHHbJMH (CyuecTByIoT AH noco6lH H
nHCbMeHHbie HSA02CHHR OCHOBHbIX nOAO2KeHHfi), HaCKOAbKO OHH aAeKBaTHbl H
YTBePMAeHbI AH OHH Ha COOTBfTCTBylOUgeM ypoBHe cTapiiiero pyKOBOACTBa,
o6HOBAHIOTCH AH OHH, IHHpOKO AH pacnpOCTpaHeHbI B noApa3AeAeHHH H nOHHMalrTCR
ero pa6oTHHKaMH? OTpameHbI AH B HHX cyu4eCTBY101He B npaKTHKe AaHHOH
opraHH3aUHH KpeAHTHbWe orpaHH'eHHH (HanpHMep, cyujeCTBYIOujHe B MeCTHOUi npaKTHKe
orpaHHlieHHH Pa3MCPOB H c(pep HCnoAbsoBaHHH KpCAHTOB)? ECTb AH KaKHe-HH6yAb
pa3pblBbl, HenocAeAoBaTeAbHocTb B npoUeAypax AaHHorO KOHKpeTHoro noApa3AeAeHHM
HAH B acneKTax KpeAHTHoro npolecca, KoTOpble Heo6xOAHMo (qopMaAH3oBaTb?
* qBAAHIOTCH AH HCKAIoqeHHM CHCTeMaTHqeCKHMH HAH OHH cropee npCACTaBAHIOT co6o0
HBAeHHe o6bl'qHoe? HanpHMep, no3BOARIOT AH MeCTHbie npo0eAypbI HMeTb HCKAiO4eHHH
B AOKyMeHTaX npH nOAyqeHHH CpeACTB no KpeAHTy, eCAH BTO pa3peuieHHe Ha
HCKAiOSeHHe noAnHCaHO MAaAIMHM, a He CTaPLUHM pyKoBOATreAeM KpeAHTHoiU CAy2K6 bi,
HAH aTH CAY"aH HeAOrIyCTHMbl? IBASIOTCH AH CHCTeMaTHieCKHe OTxAOHeHHH OT
HOpMaTHBOB, npHHHTbIX B opraHH3aglHH, OTpa2KeHHeM HapyiueHUH npOCeA.YpblB
nOAPa3AeAeHHRX C ripaBHAbHblM Oq0pOMAeHmeM Ha 6oAee BbICOKOM ypOBHe ynpaBAeHHH?
B Tex cAywaS1X, KorAa nOApaSACAeHHe CqHTaeT, %ITO 2KeAaTeAbHO BHeCTH H3MeHeHHH K
Tpe6oBaHHHM KpeAHTHOUi nOAHTHKH, Heo6xoAaMo nOAy'IHTb paspeineHHe Ha AaHHoe
HCKAIOIeHHe OT nlpaKTHKH llpHHRTOU npogeAypbi OT COOTBeTCTByIOugerO KOMHTeTa no
KpeAHTHOfi nOAHTHKe. HIoAroToBbTe o6Wee KpaTKOe H3AO2KCHHe Bcex npo6AeM,
oTMeCqeHHbIx BO BpeMH [lOAroToBKH AOAaAa (o63opa).
* HaCKOAbKO KOHCTpyKTHBHO pa6oTaeT AaHHOe noApasAeAeeHHe c nOApa3AeAeHHRMH
KpeAHTHOfi nOAHTHKH H cneUHaAH3HpoBaHHbix nOApa3AeAeHHH 6aHKa He TOAbKO TOrAa,
KorAa aTorO Tpe6yloT o6 CTORTeAbCTBa, HO BCKHXU pa3, KorAa TaKoe COTPYAHHqecTBO
MO2KeT oKa3aTbcn nOAe3HbIM? HAH AaHHoe nOApa3AeAeHHe BcerAa 3aHHMaeT
npOTHBOnOAOHYlO nosHHllo HAH nblTaeTCdl BCTaTb B nOAOmeHHe Heo6xoAHMOCTH
3aUBHWaTb CBOIO TOIKy 3peHHH C KOHcyAbTaHTaMH, nbITaRCb AOCTH'b cBOHX CeAeC Ha
pbiHKe?
261
YKpemmeOw pywOmOA4CTBa N aOubriuOe qyBCTBNTeAbNOCTR ir appeMeCaM
* 4ocTaToiHo AH HaAemHO XpaHRTCR B noApa3AeACHHH KOHqPHAeHUHaAbHbie CBeAeHHR
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OTHOCRIJHeCR K (JHHaHCHpoBaHHIO, KpeAHTOBaHHIO H OCHOBHbIM cpOpMaM AesrTeAbHOCTH,
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AaHHOM iioAp3AeAeHHH, HO H B 6aHKe B geAOM, KorAa aTO Heo6xOAHMO. OHH 'eTKH HnoApo6Hbx no H3AO2KeHHIO (B oco6eHHocTH B TeX CAylaqX, KorAa Tpe6yeTcsIKOOPAHHaUHM HAH COTpyAHH'eCTBO c ApyrHMH noApa3AeAeHHSlMH. OHH peaAHCTH'Hblno YCAOBHM nOpT(PeA H cBR3aHbl C COCTOqHHeM camoro npo6AeMHoro KpeA.wa H
262
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HaHaxieHHbie OTBeTCTBeHHbIMH 3a pellieHHe KOHKpeTHbIX npo6AeM, 3HaiOT o6 BTOM H B
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no pyKOBOACTBY COCTOHHHHMH BTHx aKTHBOB, a TaKme AOCTHrHyTbie pe3yAbTaTbl.
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263
YEpeaLIeNe pNywoKBOcCT o movaOr eIooe vIHN cTjrmHeAbHocrH K oepemCHaN
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OBeHHBaTbCR C TOYIKH speHHR KaqecTBa H nOCAeAOBaTeAbHOCTH nAaHa Bo3BpaBgeHHR CpeACTB.
14A1 qaCTHqHbIX CnHCaHHH r1AaHbl AeHCTBHH AOAMHbI CTaTb nAaHOM TeKyqjen pa6oTbl no
ynpaBAeHHio aKTHBaMH nOBbILleHHoro pHCKa. TaM, rAe CnHCbiBaeTCH nOAHoe CaAbAO 3aeMHbIX
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meponpH.9THr no BO3MeiqeHHIO cpeACTB HAH, B TeX CAyqaRX, KOrAa AeAO CqHTaeTCR
3aKpblTblM, BbinHCaHHOe CBHAeTeAbCTBO 0 3aKpbITHH Kpe4HmOrO Aa
Hlpogecc. HIpHHUHnbi nopTqHeAR B paBHOH CTeneHH npHMeHHMbI K n1pHHUHnlaM pa6oTbl
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npOaeCCOB.
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cyWeCTBYMOI4HX npo6AeM H HapyuleHHH npoUeCCOB. HoKa3aTeAH OT ApyrHX
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COOTBeTCTBYIOJHe yKa3aHHH H XapaKTePHCTHKH AAH PYKOBOACTBa, KOTOpbWe nO3BOARAH
6bl 3aMeTHTb nporpecc HAH cAeAaTb Heo6xoAHMyIo ogeHKY COCTORHHH AeAa.
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nOArOTOBAeHbi Pa3ACAbHO AAA nOPTc H H AAH pa3pa6oTKH nAaHOB KOppeKTHBHbIX
AeHCTBHH.
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opraHH3aMHH, nepcoHaAa H ApyrHMH 6AoKaMH npogecca. 4oAmHa co6AioAaTbcR
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ocyiecTBAHnoujero BTOT npollecc (ApyrHMH CAOBaMH, OgeHKa npogecca AOA2KHa yBH3blBaTbcH c
oigeHKOH opraHH3atHH H nepCOHaAa, H Hao6opoT).
1 4 eTbipe KOHKpeTHbix 6 AOKa, CBH3aHHbIX C opraHHsagHeH H nepcoHaAoM, paccMaTpHBaioTcsC
H OgeHHBalOTCH no oTAeAbHoCTH:
* opraHH3aUHH H pasMeugeHHe;
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npHHHM&IOTCH HMH, XOPOUIO AH OHH HcnOAHRIOTCR? CyIjecTByIoT AH B nHCbMeHHOM
BHAe H o6HOBAHIOSTCH AH OT'eTbI, npOAyKUHH, npoigecc H (pyHKXHH KOppeKTHBHbIX
264
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AeHCTBHH? AeHCTBYIOT AH CHCTeMbI nOAAep2KKH OTHOUeHHH? IOO4pRHYTCSI All TaKHe
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noApa3AeAeHHHMH, ApyrHMH opraHH3aUHHMH, yIaCTByeT B HHHUHaTHBaX cBoeH OTpaCAH
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COOTBeTCTBYIOT AH 3aAaHHH no HX nOArOTOBKH o6igeMy YPOBHIO KBaAH(PHKaUHH
opraHH3agHH?
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CTpaTerHH H KpeAHTHOHi H onepaUHOHHOH CAO?KHOCTH C4eTOB. HH2Ke nepe'HCAeHbI HeKOTOpb1e
|paKTopbi, KOTOpbIe AOA2KHbi 6blTb yqTeHbI B BTOM Bonpoce:
* YpoBeH, )TepcofaAa. CyigeCTByeT AH aAeKBaTHOCTb YKOMriAeKTOBaHHH nepcoHaAa B
opraHHsagHH AAR peiueHHR eC2IeAHeBHbIX TeKyujHx npo6AeM H 3aAaqi? COOTBeTCTByeT
AH Harpy3Ka no Cx1eTaM OCHOBHOMy HanpaBAeHHIO AeHTeAbHOCTH AaHHOro
nOApa3AeAeHHH ?
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3aHHMaioL,qHxcH Ha PbIHKe TeMH me npo6AeMaMH?
* 3 HaHmH. H4MeeTCH y nepcoHaAa AOCTaTO'iHbIii OnbIT B KOHKpeTHOH o6AaCTH,
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KOHKpeTHblx HAH TexHH'IeCKHX 3HaHHU, TeM 6oAee Bam2HbIM CTaHOBHTCR HaAHqHe B
KOAAeKTHBe KOHKpeTHbIX CneHHaAHCTOB H TeM 6oAee Ba2KeH 06 igHH ypOBeHb 3HaHHII H
OnbITa Bcex pa6oTHHKoB.
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aKTHBHOCTH Ha PbIHKe opraHHagHA noAy'qHT 6blCTpblHi pOCT H paClUIHpeHHe c'eTOB H
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paCTH -IHCAO H CAOMHOCTb npo6
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265
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AaHHaH OpraHH3saHH IIPOAeMOHCTPHPOBaAa onepe2KaioWee I1AaHHpOBaHHe pOCTa
noTpe6HoCTH B pa6oTHHKax.
He nyTaliTe aAeKBaTHOCTb yKOMnAeKTOBaHHOCTH ulTaTOB H pacnpeAeAeHHe nepcoHaAa.
AAeKBaTHoCTb OTBeqaeT Ha BOnpOC, AOCTaTOIHO AH y BaC HMeeTCH AIOAeH H COOTBeTCTByIOJ1HX
3HaHHH AAs pa6oTbl. Pa3MeujeHHe OTB3e1aeT Ha BOnpOC, HaCKOAbKO Bqc(PeKTH1HO HcnoAb3ymOTcR
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JpeemcmeHHocTh HepcomaAa
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OpraHH3aUHH, TaK H B COXpaHeHHH KOHKpeTHbIX AHR, pa6oTaioujHX C KOHKpeTHbIMH cqeTaMH.FepeMeHbi caMH no ce6e He HBAHIOTCH He2KeAaTeAbHbIM HBAeHHeM, TeM He MeHee
nlpeeMCTBeHHOCTb onlbITa KaK B KOHKpeTHOH o6AaCTH, TaK H Ha PbIHKe HAH B OTHOUIeHHHX c
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npeAnoAaraloTC3/He npeAnoAaraoyrcs H3MeHeHHH H T.A.? acXperKTHBHO AH aAaFITHpyeTC.R KH3MeHeHHHM opraHH3agHm? YAaqHo AH npeABHA$TcR AaBAeHHH KOHKypeHTHoro pblHKa Ha
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(HanpHMep, cyI1eCTByeT AH H pa6oaeT AH cxema noAAep2KKH B BeAeHHH CqeTOB H BbinoAHeHHH
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266
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267
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6oAbmle OnHpaTbCH B pa6oTe Ha ynpaBAeHme o6a3aTeAbcTBaMH. OHH AeAaIoT BTO AAR TOro,
oTO6bi MHHHMH3HPOBaTb CBOH aKTHBbl B OpMe BbICOKOKaqeCTBeHHbiX, HO HH3KO npH6blAbHblX
AHKBHAHbIX HHCTpyMeHTOB. B nepHOAbl Heo6xOAHMOcTH BTH 6aHKH co6HpaHor AOnOAHHTeAbHoe
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AHKBHAHOCTbIO o6H3aTeAbcTB npeAnOAaraeT, B OCHOBHOM, paCIuHpeHHe, AHBePCH(HKaUH10 H
KOAHMeCTBeHHYIO OBeHKy HCTO%IHHKOB AOrOAHHTeAbHOrO (jHHaHCHpOBaHHH. YBeAHqeHHe iHCAa
Tex, KTO rOTOB npeAOCTaBHTrb ()OHAbI, 3HaKoM c 6aHKOM H xoTeA 6 bl HHBeCTHpoBaTb B
AeHe2Hbie HHCTpyMeHTbi 6aHKa, MOmeT pacmplHHTb BO3MO2KHOCTb 6aHKa nOAyqaTb CpeACTBa
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nOCTaBu HKOM CpCACTB AAA 6aHKa.6 2 KOAHqeCTBeHHOe onpeAeAeHHe (HHaHCHpoBaHHR C
nOTeHUHabADHOrO AeHemHoro pbIHKa HBAS!eTCA HeOTbeMAeMOH 'iaCTbIO HsMepeHHA9 AHKBHAHOCTH B
TaKHx y'lpemAeHHflx. BaHKH B pa3BHBaJOUJHXC3! CTpaHax, KOTOpbIe OnHpaioTcH Ha ynpaeAeHHe
o6s3aTeAbCTBaMH, AOAffHbl HMeTb O'ieHb ocTpoe nOHHMaHHe nOTeHEHaAbHOH XpynKOCTH KaK
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BTHX pbIHKaX.
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AAR KamKAOrO THna BaAIOTbl, c KOTOpOH pa6oTaeT opraHH3aUHR. Pa6oTas B HagHOHaAbHOH
BaAIoTe, opraHH3magHn acTo 6yAeT HMeTb BO3MO2KHOCTb cTy"aTbCR B ABepH UeHTpaAbHOrO
6aHKa AAA pemeHHH Cepbe3Hb]X npo6AeM, CBR3WHHb!X C HeOmHAaHHOH nOTpe6HOCTb!O B
AHKBHAHbIX CpeACTBaX AH6o, o6ecne'HBas 3aeM nOAXOAAR1UHM 38AoroM, AH6 o npHo6peTaH
3aeMHbIe cpeACTBa 6e3 o6ecne'eHHH. 3 Ta cpyHKUHH UCHTpaAbHOrO 6aHKa - BbiCTynaTb
KpeAHTopoM B nIoCAeAHeH HHCTaHUHH - peAKO AOXOAHT A0 BO3MO2KHOCTH !IpeAOCTaBAeHHR
CpeACTB B HHOCTpaHHOH BaAlOTe. ECAH HagHOHaAbHaA BaAoTra He RBAHeTcH cBo6oAHo
61 HanpHMep, aKTHB MomeT 6blTb npeAAo2KeH B KaHecTBe 3aAora AAsi o6ecneqeHnH saHMa.
62 Yc0AuH no o6ecmne4eHHIo cTa6HAbHOcTH (PHHaHcHPOBaHHji AOAmHbl rpHSHaBaTb, 'ITO BKAAAbl HaCeAeHHR
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AenosHThi H IpHHaHCHpOBaHHe 4epe3 AeHeC2HbIe pblHKH OT KAHeHTOB, KOTOpble HMelOT ApyFHe OTHoiIeHHR c
AaHHblM yqpemAeHHeM, npONBARIOT TeHAemfnio 6blTb 6oAee cTa6H.AbHbiMH HeM cpeAcTBa, nocTynaioigne oT
KIAeHTOB, KoTopble HHBeKcTHpyIoT TOAbKO Ha ocHOBaHHH npoUeHTHoH CTaBKH.
276
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cnoco6bl ynpaeAeHHs AHKBHAHOCTbIO.63
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TpyAHyIO wama'y npeAcTaBAHeT co6o0 ynpaBAeHHe AHKBHAHOCTbia B HecTa6HAbHofi
o6cTaHoBKe.64 HTo6bi 6bITb rOTOBbIM Ko BCHKoro poAa Heo2KHAaHHOCTAM C AHKBHAHOCTblO B
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CAyqafi ipe3BbiqaHiHbIX o6cTo3TeAbCTB. B TaKHX nAaHaX paCCMaTpHBalOTCR BapHaHTbi XyAJllero
cUeHapHH H pa.pa6aTbIBaioTci CTpaTerHsi peUIeCHHH noAo6HblX CHTyaUHHi.
lOMHMO pa3pa6OTKH nAaHOB Ha CAyqaH qpe3BbIlaAHbIX o6CTOaTeAbCTB Te, KTO ynpaBAHeT
aKTHBaMH H o6HsaTeAbCTBaMH, MoryT nPeAnPHH3rrb npO(pHAaTHeCKHe AefiCTBHR no
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OAHaKo, 'laCTo 6biBaeT, 'TO CAy2K6a ynpaBAeHHi alKTHBaMH H o6H3aTeAbcTBaMH y3HaeT O
cepbe3HbIX TPyAHOCTHX, BO3HHKalOI1HX B CBH3H C KpeAHTaMH Bcero AHUlb 3a HeCKOAbKO AHeH
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OTBeTCTBeHHbie 3a COCTOHHHe KpeAHTHOrO nOpTtpeAA, AeHCTBYIOT TaKHM o6pa3oM, 'qTo6bi
3aTeMHHTb CHTYalIHI C YXYAUleHHeM KamecTSa KpCAHTOB AO TeX nop, noKa aTa CHTyaUHH He
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64 HecTa6HAbHOCTb MoHmeT ABHTbcR cAeAcTBHeM ycAoBHii MaxpODKoHomweCoro Hm MecTHoro pbIHKa.
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(PyHKUHoHHpywoWan H He&4q4eKTHBHaR cHcTeMa nAaTe2meH. BoAee cepbe3Hag HecTa6HAbHocTh M02xeT 6biTb
BbisBaHa qpaHamcoBbIMH npo6AeMaMH B CaMOM 6aHKe. B caMbix cAomHbIx cwryaunx HecTa6KAbHocTm
npOABASeTCR KaK B 6aHKe, TaK H BHe ero, rTO RBABCTCR He TaIoCH y2x 6oAbiuoa peAKOCTmIO B pa3BHBawoiMHxCR
CTpaHax.
277
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cyUgeCTByio0IeMy B AaHHbliH MOMeHT Kypcy o6MeHa CUOT H Tpe6yloiHe o6MeHa BaA0T B
onpeAeAeHoe BpeMH, o6blqHO He nO0AHee 'eM 'epe3 HeAeA1o nOCAe AaTbi KoHTpaKTa, T.e. AaTbl,
B KOTOPYIO KOHpareHTbi AorOBapHBal1TCH 0 cAeAKe. KoHTpaKTbi, oxBaTb1Ba1uJHe 6,Aee
AAHTeAbHblH oTpe30K BpeMeHH, o6bIqHO Ha3biBaioTCH ipopBap4HbIMH Ba10oTHbiMH 0oNTpmKm H
H OCY1JeCTBAR1OTCH no ipBap4H0My Kyocy H MoryT noTpe6oBaTb cpH3HqecKorO o6MeHa BaAlOT
B TeqeHHe OTpe3Ka BpeMeHH A0 roAa H 6oAee.
65 BbhAep2KU HS pa6oTbi CxoTTa (1991).
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4,rHaHcoBbie cpeACTBa, npIHHMaTb AenO3HThl, noKynaTb HAH npoAaBaTm HHoCTpaHHYlO BaAIOTY B 6yAyqMeM.
67 BKIo'asI aKTHBo-noAo6Hbie sa6aAancoBbie o6xSaTeAbCTBa, TaKue Kar CnOT- H 41OpBapAHbie o6nsaTeAbcTma
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npoAame BaAioThi HAU o66RaTeAbcTBa BSIITb 3aeM B nHHoCTpaHHOU BaAJOTe.
279
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BbipameHHOH B HHOCTpaHHOH BaAIoTe, Ha yCAOBHRX geHHOCTH HagHOHaAbHOH BaAioTbI 6aHKa.OnacHocTb nOTepH B03HHKaeT H3-3a npouecca nepeogeHKH nO3HI&HH B HHOCTpaHHOH BaAJOTe BHaIHOHaAbHY1O BaAIOTY B CTOHMOCTHOM BbipanKeHHH. 6 9 KorAa 6aHKH HMeKOT OTKpbDTYlOnO3HUHIO B HHoCTpaHHOH BaAioTe (npH KOTOPOH aKTHBbl B BaAIOTe He paBHbl o6a3aTeAbCTBaM BaToH me BaAioTe), npogecc nepeoieHKH o6 bIqHO co3AaeT AH6o npH6blAb, AH6o nOTepH.HpH6blAb HAH nOTepH - aTO pa3HHija Me2KAy o6 o6ujeHHbIMH H3MeHeHHRMH Bbipam2eHHR BHagHOHaAbHOH BaA1oTe jeHHoCTeH aKTHBOB, o6H3aTeAbcTB H KanHTaAa, BbipameHHbIX BHHOcTpaHHoH BaAloTe.
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B3 yxraATepcKoe o6palUeHHe c npH6blAHMH HAH nOTepSMH 6aHKa, KOTOpbic HBAHIOTCHpe3yAbTaTOM nepeo]eHKH BaAJOTbI, MO2KeT 6blTb pa3HbIM. HepeogeHKa 6aAaHcoBbix nO3HIHHo6blqHo paCCMaTPHBaeTCH KaK PeaAH3OBaHHa npH6blAb HAH noTepH, B TO BpeMH KaKnepeogeHKa 3a6aAaHcoBOH nO3H]HH o6blHo apaccmaTpHBaeTCH KaK "HepeaAH30BaMax".O6bI'HO TpaAHMHOHHaH npaKTHKa 6yxraATepcKoro yqeTa Tpe6yeT, qTo 6 bJ peaAH3oBaHHbxenpH6bLAH H nOTepH H HepeaAH3oBaHHbie lpH6blAH 6blAH OTpam2eHbI B AOXOAaX H TeM caMb1M BKanHTaAe. ApyrHe 6yxraATepcKHe npaBH.Aa Tpe6yIoT, qTo 6 bJ Bce peaAH3OBaHHble HHepeaAH3OBaHHbte npH6blAH H nOTePH 6bIAH OTpameHbl B AoxoAax. CorAacHo HeKOTOpbIM6yxraATepCKHM npaBHAaM, pa3peluaeTcR He OTpa2KaTb HeMeAAeHHO HepeaAH30BaHHbie npH6blAHH noTepH. B AaHHOM cAyqae, B TOH CTeneHH, B KOTOpOH MO2KHO He oTpa?KaTbHepeaAH3OBaHHbie noTepH, Mo2KHo noKa3aTb 6oAee BbICOKHe 3HaqCHHR AOXOAOB H KanHTaAa.
IlpaBHAa 6yxraATepcKoro y'ieTa AAH nepeoUeHKH nO3HUHH no HHOcTpaHHOH BaA1oTe o6blqHOTpe6yiOT, qTo6bi 6aAaHcoBble aKTHBbl, o6sIsaTeAbcTBa H KanHTaA7 0 6
blAH nepeogeHeHbl,HCnOAb3Sy TeKygiiHH Kypc o6meHa CnOT AaHHOH BaAIOTbi. 54AR CTaTeli, nepeoUeHeHHblx no
69 BaHKoBcKHe q(HHaHcoBbie oT9eTbl BeAyTcR B HaIHOHaAbHOH BaAIOTe, C riepeBoAom aKTHBOB B HHOCTPaHHoiHBaANoTe, o6JI3aTeAbcTB, KanHTaAa H sa6aAaHcoBbIx CTaTeH B HaIHollaAbHYIO BaioTy B COOTBeTCTByJOWgHXBKBHBaAeHTaX. BaHKH AOAM2Hbl nepHoAHqeCKH nepeoUeHHBaTb CBOH nOsUjHUHH B HHOCTpaHHOiH BaAiOTe, HCnOAbsyJTeKyiUHH Kypc o6MeHa AA BblNHCAeHHR BaAIOTHbIX 9KBHBaAeHTOB CTOHMOCTH. laMeHeHHJ B Kypce o6MeHa coBpeMeHH npeAbiAyiJeH nepeoJeHKH 6yAyT Bbi3blBaTb HaMeHeHHA B 6aAaHcoBoH CTOHMOCTH noSHjAH BHHOCTpaHHOH BHajoTe.
70 Muorme HopMaTHBbi 6yxraATepCKoro yqeTa He Tpe6yIoT, oTo6bi nepeoUeHKe noABepraAHcb ocHoBHbieq)OHAbl H/HAH KanHTaAOBAo2KeHHH, eCAH TOAbKO STO He HaHOCHT nOCTOAHHOrO yWyep6a CTOHMOCTH.
280
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HHOCTpaHHOi BaAIOTbI, C ApyrOH CTOpOHbl, HacTo nepeoCeHHBaioTcE C HCnOAb3OBaHHeM
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AAR BTHX HHCTpyMeHTOB HMseHeHHH geHHOCTH HX OTHOCHTeAbHO HagHOHaAbHOH BaAIOTbi
OTpaa2KIOT He TOAbKO ABH2KeHHe Kypca o6MeHa, HO TaK2e H ABH2KeHHR npOUeHTHbIX CTaBOK B
Ha4HOHaAbHOH H HHOCTpaHHOU BaAIOTaX. 71
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Kypca o6MeHa Aui geHHOCTH B 8KBHBaAeHTe B HasUOHaAbHOH BaAmOTe BCeX nO3HUHA B
HHOCTpaHHOH BaAIOTe. HAH, rOBOpH 6oAee KOHKpeTHO, pyKOBOACTBO 6aHKa AOA2KHO OTBeCaTb
3a o6beM H npeAeAbI nOTeHuHaAbHbIx nIOTepb HHOCTpaHHOH BaAIOTbl, BHe 3aBHCHMOCTH OT TOrO,
AOA2KHbl HAH He AOAmHbl aTH nOTepH 6bITb npH3HaHbl H OTpameHbl B COOTBeTCTBHH C
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orpaHH'ieHHH nO3H%HH no HHOCTpaHHOH BaAlOTe Co CTOpOHbl peryAHpyKouHX opraHoB. BaH K6yAyr 3aHHMaTb nOsHMHJO no HHOcTpaHHoH BaAIOTe no CBoemy 2KeAaHHIO, npH HaAHqHHaAeKBaTHOrO KanHTaAa AA! noAAePmKH nowtUHH. Ho TaKHe Tpe6oBaHHsl K XanHTaAy HeCHH2airOT HeO6XOAHMOCTH npaBHAbHO (PHKUHOHHpylO_HX BHyTpeHHHX orpaHHiqeHHH nO3HMHH.
290
IIPHAOKEHHE 4.OHEPAgHOHHbIH H 0PHHAHCOBblIH KOHTPOAb
am 6aHKoB mH3eHHO BamHO HMeTb aBt1peKTHBHbli sHyTpeHHHH KOHTpOAb Am
o6ecneReHHH ()HHaHCOBOA geAOCTHOCTH, AAR 3ayUHTbl aKTHBOB BKAaA4HKOB H AAM 6e3OnaCHOCTH
npOTHB MoIIIeHHHqeCTBa. CAomHocTb CHCTeMbI BHyTpeHHero KOHTpOAA 6 yAeT MeHrrbCJ B
3aBHCHMOCTH OT pa3MepOB 6aHKa, ero OpraHH3aUHOHHOH CTpyKTypbI H CAOMHOCTH, HO
CylgeCTBYIOT HeKOTOpbie Ba^2Hbie aAeMeHTbi, KOTOpbie o6s3aTeAbHO AOAlHbi nlpHCYTCTBOBaTh B
A106011 cHcTeMe. lpaKTHqecrH KamAaa npOBeAeHHaR 6aHKoBcKaSR CAeAKa HMeeT acneKT
KOHTpOAR.
BaHKOBCKHe (YHKUHH MOMHO aHaAH3HpOBaTb C ynpaBAe'ecKoKH nepCnCKTHBbl H C TOuIH
3peHHR KOHTpOAH. B ynpaBAemecKom nlOAXO4Ae nOAiepKHBaeTCx CTpaTerHR, BbInOAHeHHe H
pesyAbTaTbi, a TaK2me OTMeC'aiOTCA peKoMeHAyeMbie qOpMbl KOHTpOAR. TaKaa nepcnexTHBa
AHHaMHqHa. lepcneKTHBa KOHTpOAH KOHUeHTpHpyeTCA Ha COXpaHeHHH aKTHBOB H o6ecneqeHHH
TOYHblX H HaAe2HbIX AaHHbIX no c1 eTam, co6AboAeHHH aqxfpeKTHBHOCTH onepaUrni, BblnOAHeHHe
npHHRTOH nOAHTHKH H npoIeAyp. 82
B AaHHOM lpHAO2KeHHH o6cynKAaioTca 3aAa'H BHyTpeHHero KOHTpOAR H OnfHCbi3alOTCR
npHeMbl TaKOro KOHTpOAH H COOTBeTCTBYlOUlHe OpraHH3agUHOHHbie OTHpOuieHHR. HpHAaraeTcx
npoBepOsHbli AHCT AAM OnpeAeAeHHR ax4peKTHBHOCTH BHyTpeHHerO rOHTpOAH.
3a,gauM RHTrrCNHerO JorHTPO
BHyTpeHHHf KOHTpOAb RBAMexTCR OCHOBHblM MexaHH3MOM 3a14HTbi npOTHB nOTeHmIAbHbiX
OHIU6oK, nOTepb H HapymCeHHH BCIKOro poAa. OH Heo6xOAHM AAR o6ecneqeHHR HaAemHOCTH,
6e3onacHocTH, aB4eKTHBHOCTH H 3aKOHHOCTH 6aHKOBCKHX onepaUHi. TaKHM o6 pa3oM, CHCTrMa
KOHTpOAA 'peBBbiqaHHo Ba2KHa AA xopomiero 6aHKoBcRoro ynpaBAeHHJ.
AMepHKaHcKHA HHCTHTyT AHnAOMHpOBaHHb1X CneUHaAHCTOB no 6yxraATepcromy y'ieTy AAM
aNKHOHepHbIX H rOCYAapCTBeHHbiX npeAnpHHTHH CAeAYlOUIHM o6pasoM onpeAeAHel T BHyTpeHHHH
KOHTpOAb (BayaH H YOAKep, 1978 r):
BiyjrpeHHmN7 OHToArpoAz 14pe,4Crammr Co6o0 rmaH opratHHm3aN m scex CErOOp4HHNpOwImx
MeTO.40B H MCp, JTNHJHRX B ,4aHHO OAFoHaHM3UHN (6NSHeCe) AAR MM,, vmr6w (1) OXpai7Vb
CBOH aKHBmb; (2) IpoBepClrb TOYHOCrb H HA4ewHocrb oTeVwHbrx 4aHHrx; (3) cnoco6crosaaT
JASBBHTHIO &eKnWBHoCTH onepagHi. (4) nooujpjzm co6AI0o4eHe pCKOMCH4OBRaHHO
yIpa&IeHvec.Om J7OAIf7wKm.
Aio6ax CHCTeMa BHyTpeHHerO KOHTpOAH9 HMeeT MHO?eCTBO 3aAaq. 3
aAaqH pHHaHcOBoro
KOHTPOA.9 COCPeAOTa4HBaIOTCR Ha BOMOMHo 6oAee nIOAHOM AOCTH2reHHH (PHHaHCOBbiX eAefi
npH OAHOBpeMeHHOH MHHHMH3aUHH pHCKOB, Ha pa3BHTHH aBqXqeKTHBHOCTH AeRTeAbHOCTH s
pamKax npHHSToH IOAHTHKH BeAeHHR onepagHi H Ha o6ecneieHHH HaAeMKHOCTH, TOnHOCTH H
82 TarKHM o6pa3oM, xOr iB xHHre ynpaaeHHe KpeAHTHbIMH pHCKaMH R 4iaHcoom ynpanAexe
paCcMaTpHmamOTcB K&ax BceoxBaTaiaaiole ynpau3AeH4ecKHe npoi2eccbi, npHA02KeHHe OTHOCHTrC TCAbKo X aCneKTy
KOHTPOAJI KpeAHTHOrO H qHHaHCOBOrO ynpaBAeHHI.
291
YKpenieHHe p ooo,CTRa oJ 'lyDCTBNTeAbHocr K nepexesax
CBOeBpeMeHHOCTH (PHHaHcOBOU HHq)opMajUHH, HCIOAb3yeMoH B OTCienTHOCTH H AAHf npHHHTHR
pelueHHH.
Ip,exIr BH)TpeoHero KOHrpOAJH
BHyTpeHHHUi KOHTpOAb 6aHKa AOA2eH OXBaTbJBaTb OCHOBHbie (pyHKUUHH H "pOMbl
AeHTeKAbHOCTH 6aHKa: onepagii no o6pa6oTKe AaHHbIx, BeAeHHe o6ujero mypHaAa y'eTa,cHcTeMy npHmeHeHHHI HHwOpMaUHH, BeAOMOCTH K onAaTef, KpeAHTOBaHHe, HHBeCTHgHOHHbXeMeHHbie 6ymarH, TOprOBY1I AeRTeAbHOCTb, AenO3HTbi, 3aeMHbie Cpe4CTBaB, xeA2uHpoBaHHe,TpaCTOBCKYIO AeHTeAbHOCTb, AeRTeAbHOCTb B H HTepecax BAaAeAbUeB CpeACTB a TaK2Ke
onepaHuuH C HaAHqHOCTblO.
OcHoBHbIe npHeMbI BHyTpeHHero KOHTpOAR BKAio'ialoT:
* pa3AeAeHHe (PyHKHH';
* o6 3op cAeAoK;
* OTieTbl 0 Pe3yAbTaTaX;
* BeAeHHe 3anHcH o6 onepagHix H CAeAKaX;
* o6yqeHHe;
* o6ecne-eHHe 3a%UHTbl AaHHbix/3auHTHbie yCTpOHCTBa H MeXaHH3MbI;
* flpHeMbi 3aIAHTbl OT OIIIH6 0K nepCOHaAa;
* KOHTpOAb 3a OIIIH6KaMH B paCqeTax.
Pa.a4eAeune qpyrNKqlN npeACTaBAffeT co6oA CaMbIU OCHOBHOH HHCTpyMeHT, HCnOAb3yeMblHnpH pa3pa6oTKe CHCTeMbI BHyTpeHHero KOHTpOAff, nOCKOAbKy OHO o6ecneqHBaeT 'eTKoeyCTaHO&AeHHe ypOBHeH H AHHHH nOA4qHHeHHOCTH, COOTBeTCTByiOIjee AeAerHpoBaHHe
nOAHOMOqHH H (HKCHpOBaHHbie o6R3aHHOCTH. KaK npaBHAo, opraHH3aUHOHHaR cTpyKTypa
AOAo2KHa o6ecneqHBaTb BO3MOKHOCTH pa3AeAeHHR HecOBMeCTHMbX o66R3aHHocTef noBbInOAHeHHJO OnpeAeAeHHb[X (pyHKUHH H pa3peuieHHIo HAH 3anHCH onepagHH H CAeAOK,
ABAHIOJ4HXCH OTnpaBAeHHeM AaHHOH EpyHKUHH, a THKme xpaHeHHe HAH AOCTyn K aKTHsaM BAonoAHeHHe K BeAeHHIO perHcTpaIHH AaHHbix aKTHBoB.
060Bop MO2iKeT HMeTb MeCTO AO H nOCAe npoBeAeHHR KOHKpeTHoi onepagHH.FlpeABapHTeAbHblii o6 3op onepaRuH nomoraeT npeAyripeAHTb HenpaBHAbHyJO HAHHeCaHKMHOHHpOBaHHYIO onepaUHio0, nOCKOAbKy AH4O, rOTOsaiiee o63op 3HaeT o cCeAKe. 0 6 30pnocAe COBepu1eHHR onepafHH He MOKeT npeAynpeAHTb OCyLUeCTBAeHHe HeCaHKUHOHHpOBaHHOionepalgHH, HO OH MO2KeT BCKpbITb ee npoBeAeHme. HanpHMep, o6 3op 6aHKoaBcKHxcorAacOBaHHH OTqeTHOCTH MO2IeT BCKpblTb HeCaHKMHOHHpOBaHHoe HCnOAb3OBaHHe 6aHKOBCKHX
cqeToB. 4 o6ecneqeHHH a 4XeKTHBHOCTH KamAoro o63opa Heo6xoAHMo, mTo6bi o6sop 6biAAOCTaTO4HO T.aTeAbHbIM H nOAHbM IATo6bI BCKPbITb oUH6KH HAH ynyujeHH.I, a AHgO,rOTOBsJIee TaKoH o6
30p, AOA2KHo 6blTb HeC3aBHCHMbIM OT AHUa, 'IbM AeffTeAbHOCTb RBAIHeTCSICoAep2aHHeM AaHHoro o63opa.
OTqeTHOCTb o6ecneqHBaeT HHcOPMagHio 0 nOKa3aTeARx pa6oTbl yqpe2KAeHHH, cHHaHCOBbIe
YCAOBHSI H OTKAOHeHHH OT 6ioAmeTa H cTpaTerCHecKHx nAaHOB. KpoMe Toro, OnepaIHOHHb1eOT'eTbl OTACAOB npeACTaBAAIOT co 6 o0 noATBep2KAeHHe CAeAOK H onepagHHi H o63op,
AOnOAHRI0OgHHi AeRTeAbHOCTb aHyTpeHHero KOHTpOAH.
292
HP7PAOAEHHE 4. OIIepagmNoHMN N JNOHaHCORiPjN KONTpoAh
CooTBeTCTByIFDyHe BaanIcH Ipe3BbiNaHHO BamHbl AAR o6ecne9eHHH BHyTpeHHero KOHTpOAS.
OHH o6AerqalOT o6 30p CAeAOK H pa6OTY BHyTpeHHerO H BHeEIHerO ayAHTa. OHH cyuCcTBeHHO
Ba2KHbl Ami noAAep2KH HH¢OpMaUHOHHbIX OTMeTOB BHYTpH OpraHH3agHH.
O6yqeHre paciUHpHeT BHyTpeHHHH KOHTPOAb 3a c%IeT Toro, 'TO o6ecneqHBaeT 3HaHHe
Ka2KAblM COTPYAHHKOM CBOHX o6R3aHHocTei! H OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH. TaKoe o6yqeHHe AOA2KHO
BKAio'aTb o6bEcHeHHe CBB3H BbinOAHeHHR HHAHBHAyaAbHbIX o6sI3aHHocTefi pa6oTHHKa c
o6!JJHMH 3aAiaiaMH H nOAHTHKOH 6aHKa, TaK oTo6bi pa6oTHHKH meTKo nOHHMaAH B3aHMOCBR3b
BbInOAHeHHR HHAHBHAYaAbHbIX H KOAAeKTHBHblX 3aAaq.
OxpaHa AaHHbIX Tpe6yeT KOHTpOAH cH3HHeCKorO AOcTyna, KOHTpOAR aACKTPOHHoro
AocTyna H oxpaHy AaHHbIX npH nepeAaqe. OxpaHHb!e yCTpOHCTBa, TaKHe KaK S3anHpaiou Hec
CeHi(pbi C HaAHqHOCTbIO, nOABaAbi-XpaHHAHula, coopy2KeHHC CneHHaAbHblX ABepeH H yCTaHOBKa
Kamep o6ecneMHBaIoT .3aWHTy OT HeCaHKcHOHHpOBaHHoro AocTyna H/HAH OT
HecaHKgHOHHpOBaHHb!X onepagHHH, H AOAmHbl HcnOAb3OBaTbCR AAR oxpaHbl qrnSH'eCKHX H
qIHHaHCOBbiX aKTHBOB Be3Ae, rAe BTO BOSMOKHO.
HlpneMbi BaUIgTbl OT OIUH60K nepcoHaAa cnoco6cTByloT coBepueHcTBosaHHIo
BHyrpeHHero KOHTpOAR 3a c'eT o6ecne'eHtM TOMHOCTH npH 3anHcH-oTqeTe o npoBeAeHHbIX
onepagHfx H npo¢HAaKTHKe HenpeAHamepeHHbX oIuH6OK. OHH BKAoIiaioT MexaHH'ecKHe
yCTpOHCTBa (KaAbKyAHTOpbl, KaCCOBbie annapaTbi, 6yxraATepcKHe MaHHHbl) a TaKme
HeMexaHH'IeCKHe yCTpOHCTBa, HanpHMep, BeAeHHe ABOHHOH 3anHCH B 6yxraATepcoKM y'ieTe,
He3aBHCHMbiH nepeclieT pe3yAbTaToB.
KOHTPOAb OMH60oHOCTH pacqeTOB OTHOCHTCH KaK K nepcoHaAy TaK H K KAHeHTaM.
BHyTpeHHHe ayAHTOpbl, BHeUHHe ayAHTOpbl H nOCTORHHbie npoBepSHoq.He npOBepHIOT H
OTCAem2HBaioT a X eKTHBHOCTb CHCTeMbI BHyTpeHHerO KOHTpOAA 6aHKa. 3 TH rpynnbi rOTOBST
OTqeTbl, OTMeqail HeAoCTaTKH, Tpe6ypouHe HCMeAAeHHbIX H TUIaTCAbHbIX AeHCTBHH Co CTOPOHbI
pyKOBOACTBa, onpeAeAHiOT Heo6xOAHMOCTb npHHHTHH mep AAR nOBbllleHHH YPOBHR BHyTpeHHerO
KOHTpOAR. CDHHaHCOBOe ynpaBACHHe nPeACTaBAHeT co6oiu npaBHAbHO Bbi6paHHylo TO%IKy
OCHOBHOro noCToHHHoro B3aHMoAe4CTBH3 (HHTepeuica) BCeX He3aBHCHMbIX KoMnoHeHTOB
ayAHTOPCKoro npoUecca 6aHKa.
HoAAep2KaHHe 8qXfeKTHBHOCTH BHyTpeHHerO KOHTpOAH Tpe6yeT nOCTOflHHOrO BHHMaHHR K
H3MeHM101oqHMC.R o6CTOSITeAbCTBaM H MeHAIOioeHCH OnlepagHOHHOH cpeAe, BKAIOlaR POCT
HCnOAb3OBaHHH HHqOpMmaHOHHOH TeXHoAorHH, KOTOpaR MOmKeT CAeAaTb YCTaPCBUIHMH H
6ecnoAe.3HbIMH CyUMeCTByIOUJHe qOpMbi KOHTpOAH H noTpe6oBaTb pa3pa6oTKH H BHeApeHHR
HOBbIX. OT HMCHH CoBeTa AHpeKTopOB pyKOBOACTBO AOA2tHpO npOBOAHTb peryAMPHb!C 0630pbl
COCTOSHHS¶ CHCTeMbl BHyTpeHHero KOHTpOAR, He3aBHCHMO OT Aio 6 of ayAHTOpCKOH AeHTeAbHOCTH
H BHOCHTb COOTBCTCTByIOIIHe KOppeKTHBbi AAA o6ecneneHHA noAAepmaHHR o6uyero BblCOKOrO
YPOBHH KOHTpOAR, COOTBeTCTBylOlCerO HOpMaTHBaM 6
aHKoBcKoi nOAHTHKH.
CpaRHeNHe eBHyrpeHHerO ay,gra NT BHyRTpeoserO ICOHTPOAN
OTAeA BHyTpeHHero ayAHTa oTBemaeT 3a npoBeAeHHe o63opa CHCTeMbI BHyTpeHHerO
KOHTPOAR H onpeAeAAeT, B KaKOH qpOpMe co6ioAIoAaeTca BHyTpeHHHi KOHTpOAb. BHyTpeHHHii
ayAHT TaKme o6ecneqHsaeT, YTo6bI BCe pa3pa6oTaHHbie npoUcAypbi Ami o6 pa6 oTKH onepaJumi -
293
YxPemuAeOme pywrO8oCTBa O moBbzorleHHH 'lyBCT8rIIeAbHOCTH K iIePeMeaff
T.e. nepeBoA nAaTe2Kefi, KalllHpOBaHHe 'IeKOB, BbAliaqa npeAOCTaBAeHHbIX KpeAHTHbIX CpeACTB -COAep2laAH aAeMeHTbl BHyTpeHHero KOHTpoAH. FIOMHMO aToro oTAeA BHyTpeHHero ayAaHTHMeeT 2KH3HeHHO Ba2KHyio AAA 6aHKa (JyHKgHIO npOpHAaKTHKH H o6Hapy2HeHHA moJIeHHHqecKHXAeHCTBHH H coSAaHHe CHCTeMbi COKpaJi_CHHH BO3MO2KHOCTH MO11IeHHHqeCTBa B CaMoM 6aHKe.
B leAoM H OCHOBHOM, oTAeA BHyTpeHHero ayAHTa OTBe'iaeT 3a coxpaHHOCTb 6aHKoBcKaHxaKTHBOB, HX q)HHaHcoByio MenAocTHOcTb, H, TeM CaMbIM, oxpaHy Ao6poro HMeHH 6aHKa. Ho8TOT OTAeA TaKme AOA2KCH OTBeqaTb H 3a aq4peKTHBHOCTb HCnOAb3OBaHHH Bcex 6
aHKoBCKHXpecypcoB. :Ta HanpaBAeHHOCTb Ha CHH2KeHHe ce6ecToHMocTH H nOBbilmIeHHe peHTa6eAbHocTHMo2KeT 6
blTb Ha3BaHa orepagHOHHbIi ayAHT H AOA2KHa ocyUgeCTBARTbcR COBMeCTHO CnpOBeAeHHeM (pHHaHCOBOrO ayAHTa. CAeAoBaTeAbHo o6H3aHHocTH BHyTpeHHero ayAHTopa (KaKBTO KpaTKO HT3AaraeTCH B MaTepHaAaX HHCTHTyTa AHnAOMHPoBaHHbIx 6yxraATepoB-peBH3opoB,(UHTHpyeMbix BbiLIIe no BayBHy H YoAKepy, 1978) CBOAHTCH K CAeAyiOgeMy:
* o6 3op COCTOHHHH H OleHKa HaAe2NHOCTH, aAeKBaTHOCTH H npHmeHeHHH 6yxraATepcKoro,qJHHaHcOBorO H ApyrHXBHAOB onepagHoHHoro KOHTpOAH H crioco6CTBOBaHHe pa3BHTHio8q4peKTHBHOrO KOHTpOAH, OCYUJCCTBAHeMOrO npH yMepeHHbIX SaTpaTax.
* onpeAeAeHHe CTCneHH co6A0oAeHHA npHHRTOH nOAHTHKH, nAaHOB H npogeAyp.* onpeAeAeHHe CTeneHH yMeTa aKTHBOB KoMriaHHH H CTeneHH HX OXpaHbl OT BC^KOrO pOAa
nOTepb.
* onpeAeAeHHe HaAemHOCTH ynpaBAeHqecKHx AaHHbIx, noAyqaeMbIX B CHCTeMe camoro6aHKa.
* oMeHKa Ka-ieCTBa HcnOAHeHHH o6H3aHHOCTeH H 3aAaHHH.
* peKoMeHAaU5HH opraHHsagHoHHoro COBepICeHCTBoBaHHR.
,4AH o6ecneqeHHA o6beKTHBHOCTH BHyTpeHHHH ayAHTOp B HAeaAe AOA2IeH nOAqHHBThbCSHenOCPeACTBeHHO CoBeTy AHPeKTOPOB 6aHKa, KOTOpbliH BAAeTC3i rAaBHbIM opraHoM,OTBeCqaioUWHM 3a 6e3onacHocTb H (3HHaHCOBOe 6AaronoAyqHe 6aHKa. BHyTpeHHHe ayAHTOpcKHenpoBePKH BCKpbIBaIOT BBCHKy1O Heo6xoAHMocTb npoBeAeHHH KoppeKTHBHbIX MeponpHHTHH Ho6ecneMHBaIoT HX peaAH3agHio noA KOHTPOAeM CoBeTa H/HAH PYKOBOAHTeAR 6aHKa. locAeaToro HH)OpMa&gHq, co6paHHaq cAy2K6o01 BHyTpeHHerO ayAHTa, AOA2Ha 6 blTb nepeAaHaKBaAHc)HUHpOBaHHoMy He3aBHCHMOMY AHnAoMHPOBaHHOMy 6yxraATepy-peBH30py, KOTOpbiHnIpOBOAHT emeroAHbIH BHeMllHHH ayAHT 6aHKOBCKHX onepagHH (CM. PHCYHOK A4.1 BHYTpeHHHiKOHTPOAb).
KonrpoALb plera: Me2r0NAHaAhbHbMe o Mem6aKORcOsKe cirepi
MHorHe 6aHKH B pa3BHBailoMHxcH cTpaHax IlPOBOAIT corAacOBaHHe Me2K6aHKoBCKHX CqeTOBTOAbKO B KOHCe qpHHaHCOBOrO roAa, B TO BpCMH KaK Me2KOTPaCAeBble cqeTa jacTo Boof61e HecOrAacOBbiBalOTcR. Ho nOCKOAbKy 'aCTO Ha6AIoAaiOTcH 3aAep2KKH BO BpeMeHH o6bflBAeHHRCAeAOK memxy 6aHKaMH H Me2KAy (pHAHaAaMH AaHHOrO 6aHKa, HeH36emtHO BO3HHKaioT3Ha'IHTeAbHbie PaCXO2KAeHHH 8 6aAaHcax.
TeopeTH'ecKH, aTH pa3AH4HR BAHHIOT TOAbKO Ha 6aAaHcoBblA oTqeT. OAHaKo, BpeaAbHOCTH HeKoTOpbie pasAcAb1 MOrYT OKa3blBaTb BAHHHHe Ha C'eT npH6blAeH H y6blTKoB HAHMo2KeT BbI3bIBaTb OUIH6KH. B)e3 peryAHpHoro COrAaCOBaHHR cqeToB AAH o6bScHCHHS HHcnpaBAeHHR BTHX CMeTOB MO2KCT CO3;aCTbCH nOAO0KeHHe, KOrAa oUIH6KH MOryT OCTaBaTbCs
294
HPHAOIWEHHE 4. Onepa ,ornwi JW NOHaHCOBMN KOgrpOAh
BcTaBnia A4.1 BHyTpeHHH'H KOHTpOAb
|BKOHTPOHb |
He3aBHCHMblfi mexaHHSM/ MexaHHim yHpaBAeHHS AAR
cnoco6 o6ecneqeHHR AOA2KHoro KoHTpoAR sa noBceAHesHoMAeSrreAbHOCTb[O, BKAIOtIaH:
KOHTpOAR, MHHHMaAbHbIX PHCKOB * HOAHTHKy H flpoge4Ayb
H cBoeBpeMeHHoro o6HapymeHHRni * Fa3jzeAeHHe o6siaaHHocTeA
HeaCqXeKTHBHOCTH pa6oTbl BO* HlOAHOMOQUHS
BpemsBepoK Ha MFCT lpo0eAYpbl npOBepoK
T He T K Ha m HaA3op 3a noBceAHeB-
* He Ha mecTe HbIMH CAeAKaMH H y-ieT
* KOHTpOAb 6ioAmeTa
1c7,ovHmjK By3-AAeH H raMHAbTOH.
295
YxpeILuemwe p rOaOmgCTaa N nORMAIIeHNh1 vscTwedbnocm K nepMhfe
He3aMmeeHHbIMH B Te4eHHe 3HaqHTeAbHOrO nepHoAa BpeMeHH. TaKaH CHTyagUH npeAOCTaBAHeT6AaroAaTHyio nOqBy AAH BCWleCKHX HapyuleHHH. HeAb3Hq CqHTaTb a6COAlOTHO HeCAbiXaHHoH
npaKTHKy 6aHKa, B xoAe KOTOpOH 6aHKH Ha pa3BHBaiouHxcM pbIHKax HMeloT HeCorAaCOBaHHbieMeM(pHAHaAbCKHe cqeTa, KOTOpbIe npeBbUhlaloT HX KanHTaA. B KOHeCiHOM HTore, HX OCHOBHaR
cyMMa I0oAeA2HT C11HCaHH10 B qpopMe y6blTKOB.
TaKHM o6pa3oM MomHo ciHTaTb o0eHb ?KeAaTeAbHbIM, qTo6bI 6 aHKH npOBOAMAH CBOHMe2K(pMAHaAbCKHe H MCm6aHKOBcKHe CorAaCoBaHHM no KpaHHei mepe e2KeMeccqHo, a c'eTa CBbICOKHM o6beMoM HaKOnAeHHbIX cpeACTB AOA2KHbl corAacOBbIBaTbCH H B3aHMO3aqHTbIBaTbCR HepemKe pa3a B HeAeAio, a Mo2KeT 6bITb H e2KeAHeBHo.
KoHnpoAz 6e onacHocTN
a4xpeKTHBHaR (PH3HiecKaR 6e.3onacHocTb HBAAeTCSI BaMHbIM BAeMCHToM CoXpaHeHHKOHq)HAeHUHaAbHOCTH CBeAeHHH KAHeHTOB 6aHKa H OXpaHbi aKTHBOB. HloABaAbl-xpaHvAHiga,
nepeBsoa HaAHqHbJX CpeACTB, BeAeHHe sanHceH, AOKyMeHTHPOBaHHe, KOMnblOTepHbWe
ycTaHOBKH AOA2KHbl o6ecneiHBaTbcR CHCTeMoH BHyTpeHHero KOHTPOAA.
Col6uo,i'e,we
CHCTeMbi co6AioAeHHA BbInOAHeHM HMelOT cBoeH 3aAaqeg o6ecneqHTb, qTo6bi opraHHUaxHaAeHCTBOBaAa B paMKax 3aKOHHOCTH.CHcTembI co6AIoAeHHR 3aKOHHOCTH MoryT Ae4CTBOBaTbriapaAAeAbHO HAH KaK saCTb 6aHKOBCKOH CHCTeMbi BHyTpeHHerO KOHTPOAA H BHeui1Hero ayAHTa.OAHaKO, OCHOBHoe BHHMaHHe B 9TOM BHAe AeATeAbHOCTH yAeAAeTC9 co6AioAeHHIo 3aKoHOB,nOCTaHOBAeHHH H saKOHOAaTeAbHblx aKTOB, a He oxpaHe aKTHBOB, HaAe2HOCTH HHop0pMaUHH,B4(PVKTHBHOCTH onepagHH HAH co6AioAeHHe nOAHTHKH, 'TO MBAHeTCA BaMHbIM AAR ApYTHXacrieKTOB BHyTpeHHero KOHTpoAR.
17epcomAs
IoAHbie CBeAeHHB 0 nepcoHaAe AOA2KHbl xpaHHTbCA H o6 HOBARTbCA Ho mepeHeo6XoAHMoCTH. 4OA2KHa 6blTb BBeAeaH KoMnbiTOTepH9A CHCTeMa coCTaBAeHHH BeAOMoCTeH,nocAe 'ero npoBepKa COCTOHHHH 3apa6oTHofi r1AaTbI AOAKHO npoBepATbCR e2KeMecRqHoPYKOBOAHTeAeM (MHAHaAa. MomHo CqHTaTb npaBHAbHbIM AAA 6aHKa riOOIgpRTb CBOHl nepcoHaAOTKpblBaTb 'eKOBbie cieTa C TeM, 'rTo 6 bi 3apa6oTHan nAaTa MorAa 6 bl HenocpeACTBeHHOnepeCuHCARTbCR Ha HX C9eTa BMeCTO Toro, MTo 6 bl BbiAaBaTbCq B KOHBepTe.
CAeAyioUgM cnoco6oM npOcfHAaKTHKH 3AoynoTpe6AeHHH nepcoHaAa HBAReTCHaAMHHHCTpaTHBHblH pacnopnmeme o HeBbIXOAe Ha pa6oTy B Te9eHme no KpaMHeH Mepe AByxHeAeAb AH6o nIoCpeACTBOM 3aMeHbI yXOA)U.HX B OTrlyCK, AH6o nepeBOAOM BpeMeHHO Ha Apyry'opa6oTy CpOKOM He MeHee ABYX HeAeAb.
296
17PHAOMEHHE 4. O,wpagpioHjw of m wHHaircoBI KoBTpoAh
KOHTPOAb 3A KA3HAMEACTBOM
Y,ipaJUeHHe AHWRB,MHOCThMO
2KeAaTeAbHO, 4To6bi Ka3HaqeHCTBO rAaBHoro ynpaBeAHHR 6aHKa KOOpAHHHpOBaAO
yripaBAeHHe AHKBHAHOCTbIO B 6aHKe. HIPH HCIIOAHeHHH BTOH (pyHKIIHH Ha ypOBHe cFHAHaAa oHa
oKa3biBaeTcH MaAOa8)XeKTHBHOH, InOCKOAbKy KatAbiH pH.AHaA MO2IeT BHAeTb TOAbKO
co6cTBeHHyIo AHKBHAHOCTb, He npeACTaBAHS AHKBHAHOCTH 6aHKa B MeAOM. HpIH TaKOH
q)parmeHTHPOBaHHOCTH CHCTeMbi ynycKaioTc.R cepbe3Hbie Bo3MOm2HOCTH nOAytieHHH AOXOAOB.
YnpaeirNe pHCKOM I1pOgeEHTOg CTaBdK. KuHaMeHCTBO AOA2eH nlOAyqaTb HHq)OpMaUH10 OT
Bcex AHHHH HanpaBAeHHA pa6oTbl B 6aHKe. 3 Ta HHcpOpMaUHR AOA2KHa arrperHpoBaTbcH AAR
Bcero 6aAaHcoeoro oT4eTa H AOA2KHbI BKAio'iaTb:
* CyMMbI KpeAHTOB H Aeno3HT0B nO BtAaM BaAioTbI;
* AaTbl BHeceHuH H H3bHTHH;
* npOUCHTHbie CTaBKH H OCHOBaHHH AAH pacMeTa npolleHTOB;
* AaTbl BbIlnAaTbi npOgeHTOB;
* AaTbl OKOH'iaTeAbHOA BbinAaTbi.
HMeL TaKY1O HHqopMaIAHIo, Ka3HaeCeHcTBo AOA2KeH OCeHHTb PHCK H ynpaBARTb HM H
pHCKOBOH no3HgHel 6aHKa, KaK aTo onHcaHO B rAaBe 4.
KoinTPOAb Epe4'HToro yIlpaemAeHfX
YnpaBAeHHe KpeAHTHbIMH PHCKaMH o6cy2KAaeTCR B rAaBe 3. HHme KpaTKO nlepeiHcAeHbl
OTAeAbHbie acneKTbl KOHTpOAH.
CHCTeMa OmeHKH KpeAHTa. B3 aHKH AOA2KHbl HMeTb y ce6si cHcTemy OCeHKH KpeAHTHOrO
pHcKa AA.R onpeAeAeHHR BO3MO2KHOCTH npCAOCTaBAeHHR 3aHMoB a TaaKme AAR oTcAemHBHHR
HX. 4AR Toro -ITo6b! co6AIOCTH OAHHaKOBOCTb npHMeHCHHR aTOH CHCTeMbl, KpeAHTHbie
npoUeAypbi 6aHra AOA2KHbI BKAiotaTb AeTaAH npHMmeHeHH CHCTCMbI KpeAHTHOH OUeHKH H
AOA2KHbi npOBOAHTb nepHOAHqecKyio OUCHKy BblAaHHbIX 3aUMOB.
AHIWHTbl CaHIC8HOHHpOBaHHN KpeAHTa. YpOBeHb YCTaHOBAeHHOrO AHMHTa AOA2KeH
ytiHTbIBaTb pa3Mep (HAHaAa UAH OTAeAeHHR, onblT PYKOBOAHTeAA HAHaAa UAH OTTAAeHHR H
Ka'!ecTBO H onbIT nepcOHaAa, KOTOpbI yqaCTByeT B npoiecce peUTHHra SaMMOB.
OgeHKa Baaoro. B TaKOi4 CTeneHH, B KaKOH 6 aHKH npHHHMa!oT 3aAorH noA BbiAaBaeMbie
KpeAHTbl, OgeHKKa TaKoro 3aAora AOA2KHa 6blTb COBpeMeHHOH H npeACTaBARTb HOpMaAbHYO
pbIHO'HylO OUCHKY B YCAOBHSX npoAa2KH aKTHBa B He6AaronpHRTHbIx yCAOBHaX. UeAb
3aKAiO,iaeTCR B TOM, qTo6bi OnpeAeAHTb UeHHOCTb, KOTOpaR AY'IIUHM o6pa3oM COOTBeTCTsyeT
BepoATHofi BblpyqKe, noAymeHHOH npri npoAame 3aAoroBoro o6ecnemeHRu B cAy'ae
HeBbinOAHeHHR 3aeMJ1HKOM CBOHX o6ba3aTeAbCTB. BCAH4HHa BblpyqKH OT n1pOAa8H
onpeAeAAeTCA Ha OCHOBe BblqHCAeHtM CTpaxoBoH CTOHMOCTH HAH 6aAaHcoBOf CTOHMOCTH
3aaoBoro o6ecneqeHRs. OAHaKo, 6oAee yAOBAeTBOpHTeAbHOUi C9HTaeTCR He3aBHCHMaR OUeHKa
.a"ora IIpO@eCCHOHaAbHbIM OCeHJUHKOM.
297
YJxpeA.eiAnHe pFxoBo49CrTa H HORAUUeLI qyBCTBIITeAbHOCTN H epeMVHaM
floAHoTa AoKyMeHTaiRRH no npe,OCTaBAeHHOMy aaiMy. B 6oAbLmHHcTBe 6aHxoBPYKOBOAHTeAb OTA4AeHHS HAH qcHAHaAa HeceT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a o6ecneqeHHe HaAHiH.R scexAOKYMeHTOB B KpeAHTHOM AeAe Ao nOAy-4eHHH oAo6peHHq Ha BbiAaqy KpeAHTa. OAHaKo, BpeaAbHOH 2KHSHH 3aeM qaCTo npeAocTaBaMeTcH AO Toro, KaK 6aHK noAyqHT Bce Heo6xoAHMbie6yMarH no KpeAHTy; nOCAe noAy'eHHa oAo6peHHR KpeAHTa 6aHKy 6blBaeT AOBOAbHO TPYAHOAOnOAy'qHTb HeAOCTalOUgYTO AOKyMeHTagHio.
FlpoBepo'HbIH AHCT ynpoigaeT aTy npogeAypy, nOCKOAbKy C nOMOublO AaHHOIO AHCTaMOmeT npOBepHTb HaAHqHe Bcex AoKyMeHTOB B KpeAHTHOM AeAe, AerKo o6HapymHTbHeAOCTalOlgHe 'iaCTH AeAa H nOAYqHTb HX AO BbIAa t IH pa3peineHHe Ha cpaKTHqeCKOerCpeAOCTaBAeHHe KpeAHTHbIX CPeACTB.
OTcAemHBaHHe co6AioAeHHH fIOAHTHKH. BaHK TaK2Ke AOA2KeH HMeTb aAeKBaTHbie npogeAypbiOTCAe2KHBaHHH BblAaHHOrO KpeAHTa, MTo6bi rapaHTHpOBaTb, 'ITO KpeAHTHaH nOAHTHKa 6aHKa[OAHOCTbIO peaAH3yeTCsi Ha BCeX YPOBHRx 6aHKa, qTO npo6AeMHble KpeAHTbl o6Hapy2HBaIoTcRAOCTaTO'IHO 6blCTpO H pa6oTa C HHMH HaqHHaeTCH eise Ha paHHeH CTaAHH noralueHHH.OcHoBHble o6AacTH BHeApeHHH CHCTeMbi a3(peKTHBHOro OTCAe2KHBaHHH AOA2HbI BKAIOqaTb:
* H3AHIUIIHH KOHIeHTpaUHM 3aHMOB B ceKTOpe 8KOHOMHKH;
* H3AHIIIHHH KOHUeHTpagHR saHMoB, npeAOCTaBAeHHbIX cBR3aHHb1M Mew.Ay co6of3aeMlUHKaM;
* KOHeHTpaHH SaAOBoro o6ecne'ieHH.R;
* o6a3aTeAbcTBa no 3a6aAaHcoBbIM onepagHRM.
CTaH4apTHblIi KOHTPaKT no saiiMy. BaHKH 'ieTKO COXpaHHiOT 3a co6oi npaBo oT3biBaTbnpeAocTaBAeHHbIe KpeAHTbl, eCAH KAHeHT He RBAH.eTc 6oAee KpeAHToHaAe2KHbIM, H aTo npasono'TH BcerAa 3anHCbIBaeTCH B CTaHAapTHOM KOHTpaKTe Ha npeAoCTaBAeHHe 3aHMa. KpoMeToro, B KoHTpaKTe o6R3aTeAbHO COAep2mHTCR yCAoBHe, KOTOpoe nO3BOAHeT 6aHKy HMeTb AocTynK 6yxraATepcKoH OTTieTHoCTH H AOKyMeHTaM 3aeMUJHKa AAA TOrO 1To6bJ rapaHTHpoBaTbCOCTOAHHe KpeAHTocnoCo6HOCTH 3aeMU4HKa.
B KOHTpaKTHOM COrAaineHHH HHOrAa TaK2Ke COAep2HTCR yCAOBHe, B COOTBeTCTBHH CKOTOpbiM KCAHeHT AOA2IeH coo6UjaTb 6aHKy 0 Bcex Cepbe3HbIX H3MeHeHHRx B CTpyKType ero6H3Heca HAH B onepaHgax.
KOHTPOAb BaAOFOBbIX 4oKyMeBToB. Bce AoKyMeHTbI no 3aAoroBomy o6ecne-IeHHToAOA2lHbl nOCTOHHHO XpaHHTbCSI B cegq)e 6aHKa, mTo6bi MHHHMH3HpOBaTb BepOrTHOCTb HXnoTepH, nepeKAaAbIBaHHH B Apyroe MeCTO HAH npe2KAeBpeMeHHoro yHH-ITO2KeHHM. ECAH HXHeo6xoAHMo nepeMeCTHTb B Apyroe MeCTO, BTOT nepeHOC AOA2KeH 6blTb oTpameH B OCHOBHOM2KypHaAe, a 3anHCH B 2KYPHaAe AOA2KHbi nepHOAH'ieCKH corAacoBblBaTbcA C AOKyMeHTaMH no4aAoroBomy o6ecneYeHHIO, HaXOASU4HMHCH B ceiicpe 6aHKa. TaKaR CHCTeMa o6ecneIHBaeT, YTOMeCTOHaXOmAeHHe AOKyMeHTa!lHH no 3aAorOBOMY o6ecneqeHHIo H3BeCTHO BcerAa H HX nponamaMo2KeT 6blTb 6blCTpO o6Hapy2meHa.
OgeeHKa Cpe,iHTOB 4pyrHMH 6aHICaMU. 4OAmHa 6bITb paspa6oTaHa OH!HUHaAbHaB
I1OAHTHKa B OTHOIneHHH KpeAHTOBaHHH ApyrHx 6aHKoB, HaXOARI_qHXCR xax B CTpaHe, rAe BeAeTCBOH onepaJHH 6aHK6
TaK H 3a ee npeAeAaMH. B paMKax BTOH nOAHTHKH AOAXHbi 6blTbpaccMoTpeHbl TaKHe npo6AeMbl KaK ogeHKa KpeAHTocnoco6HocTH Apyroro 6aHKa, CBSaHHbIlH C
298
ZPHRA OMEHHE 4. OHepagp,omzroi N IpmHaHcoBMH KRoTpOAb
aTHM AHMHT pHCKa H npoieAypbi oAo6peHHm npeAocTaBAeHHH KpeAHTa. 3 TH npogeAypbl
no3BOAHIOT xpeA4Try1ou4eMy 6aHKy OTCAefmHBaTb H KOHTPOAHPOBaTb CBOH KpeAHTHblM PHCK B
AaHHOH o6AaCTH CBOHX onepagMHM.
FIpO,epOvrb[NJ ANCT OCHJKH
CHCTeMy BHyrpeHHero KOHTpOAf 6 aHKa MO0HO ogeHHTb, 3aAaB CAeAYIOU4He Bonpocbi:
I. COOTBeTCTByIOT AK CTpyKTypa CoBeTa AHpeKTOPOB H ero Ae4STeAbHOCTb 6aHKy?
Pa3pa6oTaA AH COBeT AHpeKToPOB neTKyIO CHCTeMy BHyTpeHHero KOHTPOAA H
onpeAeAeHbl AH 3aAaqH BTOH CHCTeMbi? EmeMecHqHO AH 3aceAaeT COBeT?
2. HMelOTCJI AH B 6aHKe nHCbMCHHoe H3AO2KeHHe nOAHTHKH, HOpMaTHBOB, npo0,eAyp,
cyijecTByeT AH onepaglHOHHbIH 6ioA2meT? KaK OTHOCHTCR PYKOBOACTBO K xopolweMy
KOHTPOAIO?
3. CyuIeCTBYeT AH nOApa3AeAeHHe B KaCCOBOM oTAeAe, oTBetiaiougee 3a ynpaBAeHHe
6aHKOBcKofi npogeHTHO cTaBKOH H ynpaBAeHHe npeo6pa3oBaHHeM CpOKOB co3peBaHHH
o6HiaTeAbcTB? HMeeT AH 6aHK CHCTeMy ynpaBAeH'iecKOH HHq)OpMaaHH, aAeKBaTHYIO
Hy2KAaM AaHHOrO OTAeAa?
4. CyujeCTByioT AH AOA2KHPOCTHbie HHCTpyKUHH AAA BCex ITaTHbIX AOA2KHOCTefi B 6aHKe?
CyUJeCTBYIOT AH B nHCbMeHHOM BHAe HpaBHAa BHyTpeHHero pacnopRAKa? BeAyTcH AH
nOAHbie, peryAHpHO o6HoBAHeMbie 3anHCH B AH-Hb[X AeAax nepcoHaAa? HMeloTCSI AH
AOKyMeHTbi no npoCeAypam cAeAOK H o6pa6oTOK B pyKOBOACTBe no npoBeAeHHio
npogeAyp, KOTOpbiM Mor 6bl nOAb3OBaTbCH KaK cnpaBO'IHHKOM nepcoHaA H KOTOpbIM
MO0Ho 6bIAo 6bl nOAb3OBaTbCH npH npOBeAeHHH BHyTpeHHerO ayAHTa? CyIecTByeT AH
seTKoe pa3rpaHH-leHHe o6SI3aHHoCTefi?
5. HIOA4HHReTCR AH BHyTpeHHHfi ayAHTOP HenOCpCACTBeHHO COBeTy 6aHKa HAH
npe3HAeHTy 6aHKa?
6. Pa3pa6oTaHa AH H BHeApeHa AH CHCTeMa OgeHKH KpeAHTOB? HpHMeHse'rcR AH OHa Ha
Bcex ypOBHBX H BO Bcex CAy2K6ax 6aHKa? CyujeCTByeT AH cTporas HepapxHR
CaHKUHOHHpOBaHHR AHMHTOB KpeAHToBaHHH? PeryAApHo AH rAaBHoe ynpaBAeHHe 6aHKa
3HaKoMHTCH H COCTaBAReT OTqeT 0 COCTORHHH KpeAHTOB, KoTopbhe HaXOAHTCR B PaMKaX
CaHK,HOHHpOBaHHb1X AHMHTOB pa3mepa KpeAHTOB no AaHHOMY (pHAHaAy?
7. CyUJecTByeT AH npoBepoMHbIH AHCT, oXBaTbiBaoU4Hfi BC10 AoKyMeHTaUHMo,
OTHOCR1YIOCR K OAHOMY KOHKpeTHOMY 3aHiMy? HlpeAocTaBAuuoTcR AH CpeACTBa no
3afiMy Ao HAH nOCAC noAy4eHHH Bcefi Heo6xoAHMoHi AoKyMeHTagHH?
8. IMeeT AH 6aHK nOAHTHKY OrpaHHqeHHH o6beMa KpeAHTOB, npeAOCTaBASieMbIX
OTAeAbHOMY 3aeMiIgHKy, onpeAeAeHHOMY CeKTOPY BKOHOMHKH HAH rpynne CBR3aHHbIX
MemAy co6ofi 3aeMU4HKOB?
9. CylIeCTByeT AH npoieAypa OgeHKH pHCKa, npHcyuero 3a6aAaHcoBbIM onepaxHRM M
06R53aTeAbCTBaM?
10. Tpe6yeT AH 6aHK B COOTBeTCTBHH CO CTaHAapTHb1M KpeAHTHbIM CorAaLuleHHeM, rro6bi
KAHeHT coo6 ujaA 6aHKy O Aio6bix cepbe3Hbix H3MeHeHHRX B CBoeM 6H3Hece?
11. Bce AH AOKyMeHTbi no 3aAoroBoMy o6ecneqeHHIo KpeMHTa XpaHHTCs B HaAemHO
3anepToM MeCTe?
299
Yxrpen'AeHHe pyEOBOy'cTRa Nf IIOR IeHIeA 87HNTCAhNOCT IlepeMeaMr
12. OTCAemHBaeT AH 6aHK KpeAHTHYIO HaAe2HOCTb ApyrHX HaIHOHaAbHbIX H 3apy6e2KHblX
6aHKOB?
13. OCylgeCTBAAeT AH Ka3HamieHCTBo rAaBHoro ynpaBAeHHH 6aHKa UeHTpaAH3oBaHHoe
ynpaBAeHHe 6aHKOBCKOA AHKBHAHOCTblO?
14. CyHjeCTBYIOT AH peaAHCTH'HbIe KOAHqeCTBeHHble riapaMeTpbi AAR ogeHKH noKa3aTeAeMpa6oTbl PHAHaAa 6aHKa?
15. ArrperlpyeTcq AH KAio'eBaH HHq)OpMagHA AAA 6aAaHcoBoro oT'eTa scero 6aHKa?H4MeeTcH! AH B KaCCOBOM OTAeAe Heo6XOAHMaR CHCTeMa ynpaBAeHqecKoH HH4JOpMaUHH
AAH MoAeAHPOBaHHR 6aHKoBcKoro PHCKa H CTeneHH pHcKoBaHHOCTH nOf3H%HH 6aHKa?16. O6ecne'IHBaeT AH 6aHK noAAep2KaHHe CBOHX YCTaBHbIX pe3epBOB?
17. 5 IBAHIOTCR AH 6yxraATepcKHe AaHHbI COBpeMeHHbIMH, COrAaCOBaHHbIMH H TOHbIMH?18. FpoBOAHTCs AH corAacOBaHHe Mem2KiHAHaAbCKHX H Me2K6aHKoBcKHx c'ieToB peryAApHo,
c nepHOAH9HOCTbIO He peme pa3a B MeCHg?
19. AAeKBaTeH AH KOHTPOAb 6e3onacHocTH?
20. ECTb AH noATBepmAeHHe, 'TO npaKTHKa BHyTpeHHero ayAHTa CKpblBaeT TaKHe o6AacTHKaK: onepagHH, 6yxraATepHnl, (PHHaHCOBbie cAeAKH, o6ecneqeHHe oxpaHbl AaHHbIX HomH6KH B pacleTax?
21. CyujJeCTByeT AH B 6aHKe nLAaH pa3BHTHH, (PHHaHCOBblH nAaH H rOAOBOH 6ioAme¶r?KaKOBbi npogeAypbi o63opa COCTOAHHH ycieIHOCTH AeHTeAbHOCTH 6aHKa H coo6u eHHmo6 OTKAOHeHHHx H Hapy1ueHHSIX HOpMaTHBOB?
300
J7PHAOWEHHE 5.HH0OPMA4LJOHHbIE TEXHOA OFHH B BAHKOBCKOHHH,JYCTPkIk
Xa.XHipa H4 KpaMyAAaK
M4H¢OpMaUHOHHbJe TeXHOAOrHH (HT) MOMHO OnpeAeAHTb KaK aBTOMaTH3agH1O npogeCCoB,
KOHTpOAb H noAyqeHHe HH"OpMa2HH C nOMOIlblO HCnOAb3OBaHHR KOMnbJoTepOB, TcAecBH3H,
nporpaMMHoro o6ecnemeHuH H BcnoMoraTeAbHoro o6opyAOBaHHH (HanpHMep,
aBTOMaTH3HPOBaHHb[X KaCCOBbiX MawIIHH, Ae6HTOBbIX KapTOqeK H T.A.).
MT noAy'iaIOT Bce 6oAee mHpOKoe np1H3HaHHe KaK o6a3aTeAbHblii acneKT 6aHKoBcKoro
AeAa, eCAH 6aHKOBBCKaH HHAYCTPHH XOqeT COXpaHHTb CBOIO KOHKypeHTHOCTb H npeAAaraTb
IIIHpOKHH Ha6op 6aHKoBcKofi npOAYKUHH H CBOBpeMeHHbIX ycAyr. BeAyuJHe (HHaHCOBbie
y"pemAeHHm OTKpbIAH qpHAHaAbi HAH COTPYAHHxiaIOT B paMKaX COBMeCTHbiX npeAnpHHTHH MTo6bl
C03AaTb KoppecnoHAeHTcKyio CCTb B pa3BHBalOU%HXCH CTpaHax. POAHTeCAbCKHe 6aHKH o6binHo
COSAalor HH(POpMaUHOHHble H npOgeCCYaAbHbie CHCTeMbi B CBOHX (pHAHaAaX H OTAeAeHHIX
noAo6Hbie TeM, KoTOpb1e CcyeCTBYIOT B IUTa6-KBapTHpe 6aHKa. llaCTO 3TH KpHTHqeCKHe
CHCTeMbi (BeAerHe CMWTOB KAHeHTOB, BeACHHe o6IIero 2KypHaAa (6oAbMlOHi KHHrH), ynpaBAeHHe
KpeAHTOM H pHCKOM H T.A.) KoMnblOTepH3OBaHbl H cepbe3HO OpHeHTHPOBaHbl Ha o6cAyKHBa4HHe
KAHeHToB. aAR Toro qTo 6 bi npeAAO2KHTb TaKOH 2Km YPOBCHb o6cAy2HBaHHH, BeCTH onepaUHH C
HaHMeHb111HMH 3aTpaTaMH H COXpaHHTb KoHKypeHTocnoco6HoCTb MeCTHbic 6aHKH maCTO
BblHy2IAAeHbl BKAaAbIBaTb CpeACTBa B pa3BHTHC MT. 3 To nOATBep2KAaeTcC npHMepaMH 6aHKoB
B CTpaHaX Co CA02KHbIMH TeXHH4eCKHMH YCAOBHHMH (Bpa3HAH., 9lpHonHR, KoTOpbie
xapaKTepH3yoTcH O'ieHb OTAHmaiOUgHMHCH OT pa3BHTblX CTpaH YCAOBHHMH TeAeKOMMyHHKaIHH,
BO3MO2KHOCTHMH HHBeCTHPOBaHHH H HaAH'iHeM 3HamHTeAbHO oTAH'aiOIIuerocm 11o o6pa3oBaHHIO H
HaBbiKaM nepcoHaAa), KOTOpbIC BBOAHT y ce6a KOMnbIOTCpH3OBaHHb1e HHPOpMagHOHHbie
CHCTeMbi. B AaHHoM nprHAo2KHHH paccmaTpHBaIoTCJ HeKoTopbje nOAomeHHH H npo6AeMbI,
OTHOCRUiHeCR K MT B qpHHaHCOBOM ceKTope pa3BHBaio1UHXCR CTpaH.
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301
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CBH3H C KoppecnoHACHTCKHMH 6aHKaMH H o6pa6OTKH onepaElHH C HcnOAb3OBaHHeM
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conpoTHBAeHHe. BBeAeHHe aBTOMaTH3agHH o6bl%IHO Tpe6yeT cepbe3HblX H3MeHeHHH B
HH4POpMaUHOHHOH KyAbType H Bbl3blBaeT ConpOTHBAeHHe. AAR npOTHBOCTORHHR 8TOMY
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302
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o6MeHY HHOCTpaHHOH BaAIOTbie, ynpaBAeHHe nopTcpeAeM.
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303
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nPOBOAHTbCR BpyqHyFO COBMeCTHO C KoMnblOTepHOHI nOAAep2KKOH, o6HOBAMHCb H
o6pa6aTblBaRcb nocAe pa6o0ero AHH no npHH&Hny KycToBoro o6cAy2KHBaHHH.
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304
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,4AM Ka2KAOH CHCTeMbl OpraHHagH AOA2KHa npeAycMOTpeTb Co3AaHHe o6a3aTeAbHoii 6asblAaHHbIX, onpeAeAHTb HHKOBbIH H CpeAHHH o6beM Harpy3KH Ha KamAbiH yseA o6pa6oTKHAaHHb1X onepagH (uBKAiomasl o0popMAeHHe H BCKAeHHe AenO3HTOB, H3bHTHe CpeACTB,yAamHBaHHe pa3HorAacHH no cqeTam, OTBeTbI Ha 3anpocbl, nepeBoAbi CpeACTB H T-A.);AoA2KHbl6blTb orOBopeHbl q)opMaTbl AoKyMeHTagHH TaKHX AOKYMeHTOB KaK nAaH CXeTOB, cTpyKTypaC-eTa KAHeHTa, Tpe6oBaHHSI K o6pa6oTKe AaHHbJX, nepeqeHb OCHOBHbIX OT4eTHbIX AoKyMeHTOB COCHOBHbIMH KaTerOpH.HMH AaHHbIX B Ka2tAOM H3 HHX. ECAH Heo6xoAHMo npeo6pa3oBblBaTbKOMnbloTepHble (pafHAbl, AOA2KHbi 6blTb orOBOpeHbl YCAOBHH BeAeHH$1 OCHOBHbIX (paHAOB aTaKmKe KaK Mo2KHo HHTerpHpOBaTb HMeioigeecH o6opyAoBaHHe H MaullHHbI B HOBy1O CHCTeMy.Bce AeTaAH AOA2KHbi 6bITb meTKO H3A02feHbl B AOKyMeHTe, KOTOpbIH Ha3biBaeTC.1 CTpaTerHeHiaBTOMaTH3agHH, B KOTOPOM TaKmKe AOA2KHa 6aTb oTpa2KeHa HH(POpmaUHOHHaH CTpaTerHR.KOHl eayaAH3auHf Bcex AeTaAHH B caMoM HaqaAe peaAH3aHH nporpamMMb1 nO3BOAHTnoAb3OBaTeARM, PYKOBOACTBY H nepCOHaAy oTAeAa o6pa6oTKH AaHHbIX npHATH K corAacHIo BOTHOlUlHHH CBOHX HHorAa pa3HOPOAHbIX Tpe6oBaHHM. BcH nOArOTOBAeHHaSI HH(POPMaUHS AaCTB03MO2HOCTb 6yAyWemy npoAaBUy o6opyAOBaHHfl npeAAo2HTb AyqlIlyIO KOH(PHKypagHio,HaH6oAee COOTBeTCTBYoI1OUYO nepe'iHCAeHHbIM geAfRM no (PyHKIHs1M, BpeMeHH Ha o6pa6oTKy,THna o6opyAoBaHHR, yT04HeHHR aAeMeHToB o6cAy2KHBaHHa9 a TaKme TOMHO oripeAeAHTbcMeTHyio CTOHMOCTb pa6oT H o6opyAoBarHHR. HacTb 6yAyngHe noKynaTeAH HamHHaioT C Bbi6opao6opyAoBaaHRl no cneUHq)HKaMHHM 6es yKa3aHHq npeAnoAaraeMblx BHAOB ero HcnoAbsOBaHHR.3 To MO2KeT npHBeCTH K H3AHIIIHeH KOMnbIOTepHOH MOIJHOCTH B yPqpe2KAeHHH H Bce 2Ke MoKeTHe nOKPbITb Bcex Tpe6oBaHHH 6yAyiMero noAb3oBaTeAR.
Ba2KHbIM pa3AeAOM TeHAepHblX AOKyMeHTOB 9BAReTCA pa3pa6bOTKa MeTOAOAorHH OueHKH.
OHa AOA2KHa 6bITb -CTKo CTPyKTypHpOBaHHoH H nOHR'THOH, B HeH AOAKHo 6bITb oTpa2KeHO,
KaK pa3Hbie KPHTepHH OCHOBHbIX BAeMeHTOB o6opyAoBaHafl H nporpaMMHoro o6ecnemeHii
6yAyT ogeHHBaTbCl H KAaccHcjH_HpOBaTbCH. 9Toro MO2O2H AOCTHqb, HcnOAb3yR CHCTeMy
OgeHKH B oqKax, 3aTeM corAacoBaHHfl 3THX AaHHbIX C 3aTpaTaMH Ha npOTRlmeHHH Bcero2KH3HeHHoro UHKAa (5 AeT) npH BbIAeAeHHH 3HaqlHMOcTH KOMnOHeHTOB no CpeAHeB3BelueHHb1MnpOnOpHqHHM. 3HaYeHHe AaHHb1X no CTOHMOCTH SIBAAeTC.R onpeAeAAO1ioHM MOMeHTOM npHnpo10Hx paBHbIX yCAOBHS1X H 3aHHMaeT OT 50 AO 75 npo;geHToB OmeHKH OTAeAbHb1X
KoMnOHeHTOB B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT o6 beMa AoroBopa H xapaKTepa o6cAymHBaHHHn. OnpeAeAeHHe
OUeHO-1HbIX KPHTepHeB H BeCOBOH 3HaqHMoCTH KoMnoHeHToB B caMoM HaqaAe nO3BoAHTOpraHH3agHH npOAYMaTb H OnpeAeAHTb CBOH npHOPHTeTbI H noAAep2KaTb 6ecnpHcTpacTmylo,
nOHATHYIO H KOMneTeHTHyIO OUeHKy Bcero npeAAo2KeHHH.
310
HPHAOPIfEHHIE 5. HmePopMaMgoHHhIe TeXHOAOiwH B 6aHxo8cxoi NHHYCTPNH
CTONMOCT1 YCTaHOBKH 060PY4OBaNHMH H BpeMHW oiepeWeHHH
O6beM pa6oT 6yAeT 3HaqHTeAbHO BapbHpoBaTbCH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT nOTpe6HOCTeH
opraHH3agHH. B HH2HeM KOHye cneKTpa - YCTaHOBKa HecKOAbKHX MHKpoKoMnbioTepoB, MomeT
6blTb CBH3aHHbix Me2KAy co6oH B CeTb, c naKKCTOM 6aHKoEWKHx nporpamm MomeT CTOHTb OT
50 oA 250 TbIC.Rq AoAAapoB. YCTaHOBKa 1-2 MHHHKOMnblOTepoB B LuTa6-KBapTHpe yqpemAeHHH
MomeT nOTpe6oBaTb OT 800 TbICHq Ao 3 MHAAHOHOB AOAAapOB. Ha BepXHeM KOHCe ulKKaAbl,
rAe pacnOAO2KeHbl KpynHbIe MaluHHbl BbICOKOH MOUHOCTH H CKOpOCTH o6pa6OTKH HHq)OpMauHH,
8-10 CBH3aHHbIX B genH MHKpoKoMnbIOTepoB a TaK2me o6ecneMeHHe nOMOUiH no npoeKTy 0noA
KAion MO2KeT InOTpe6OBaTb KaIIHTaAoBAo2KeHHH OT 5 Ao 20 MAH AOAA. 3 TH oUeHKH npe4no-
AaraIoT npHo6peTeHHe naKCTOB 6aHKOBCKHX nporpamm H onpeAeAeHHYIO cTeneHb
HHAHBHAyaAH3aUHH KOMnAeKCa o6opyAoBaHHH 4AH rapaHTHH XOPOIUIHX pe3yAbTaTOB. OAHaKo,
eCAH CHCTeMa 6biAeT pa3pa6aTblBaTbcH HenocpeACTBeHHo B yqpe2KAeHHH, 3aTpaTbi MoryT
BO3paCTH Ha 2 - 20 MAH AOAAapoB, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT O6beMa H CAO2KHOCTH CHCTeMb1
(HanpHmep, BKAIOqeHHe pa3pa6OTKH pqAa (PyHKgHH, BO3SMOKHOCTb pa6oTbl B pem2HMe
peaAbHOrO BpeMeHH, ACeeHTpaAH3OBaHHbIe onepaUHH, aAeKTpOHHaA nepeAama AaHHbIX,
CaMOHaCTpOHKa H o6HoBAeHHe 6a3 AaHHbIX H T.A.).
06blqHO Ha 3aKynKy H YCTaHOBKY MHHHKOMnb1OTCpOB H KpynHb1X MaullHH Tpe6yeTcH 6oAee
10 MecHieB. aTo Bpemq pacnpeAeAHeTCq CAeAyiolHM o6pa3oM:
* ABa-TpH MeCHAa MemKAy nOAyMeHHeM npHrAalI1eHHR AAA yqaCTHH B TeHAepe H rOAa4iH
TeHAepHOro npeAAo2KeHHH;
* OAHH-TpH MecRgga AAH OU,HKH npeAAO2KeHHH H H3y"eHHH cnegH(pHKaUHH H yCAOBHH;
* OAHH-ABa MeCAga Ha yTO-HeHHe H Aopa6oTKy KoHTpaKTa;
* ieTblpe-BoceMb MecH5geB Ha nOCTaBKY o6opyAoBaHHq;
* H, HaKOHeg, OAHH MeCCR Ha YCTaHOBKY H 3a11yCK CHCTeMbi.
3 TH ojeHKH, BKAioqa1OT npeAnoAaraeMble CBoeBpeMeHHbie AeHCTBHH 3aeMUJHKoB,
TujaTeAbHYIO ogeHKy BceMHpHoro 6aHKa, caMOAeTHYEO AOCTaBKY o6opyAoBaHHH H nOAHYIO
KOH(pHrypagHio CHCTeMbI. OAHaKo, 6oAee peaAHCTHqHOH BbirAH4HT oieHKa BpeMeHH B 12-18
MecHfgeB CO AHR BblAaqH npHrAalleHHH Ha y'aCTHe B Toprax. IoaTomy H3roToBAeHHe
CnegHaAH3HpoBaHHOro nporpaMMHoro o6opyAoBaHHH, HMeiOigerO geAb1O COOTBeTCTBOBaTb
noTpe6HoCTAM noAb3oBaTeAq, AOA2mHO HamHHaTbCH cpaay me nocAe nOAnHcaHHH KOHTpaKTa, ero
He CTOHT OTKAaAbIBaTb Ha BpeMH, KorAa 6yAyT YCTaHOBAeHbl MalmHHbI.
06yr,eHHe H paRBMTHe reAoBeqecKHx pecypcou
IlporpaMMa pa3BHTHR Heo6xoAHMbIx HaBbIKOB, y"e6Hbie qacbi, KypCbI, ceMHHapbi Ha
pa6oneM MecTe A0A2iHbI HamaTbCH HeMeAAeHHo noCAe yTOMHeHHA KoHTpaKTa. 06y1eHHe
AOA2HO CKOHMeHTPHPOBaTbCH Ha KOHKpeTHbIX MaiuHHax, KOHKpeTHbIX nporpaMMax H AOA2HO
OXBaTbIBaTb noAb3oBaTeAeH, nepcoHaA no o6pa6oTKe AaHHbIX H3 pa3AH'IHbIX (PyHKtIHOHaAbHbIX
OTAeAOB opraHH3aMHH. O6y'eHHe no 0611HM KOMnb1OTepHbIM BOnpOCaM MO2KeT 6blTb
npOBCAeHO npOAaBllOM HAH CnegHaAbHO no KOHTpaKTy npHrAaluaemblmH CnegHaAHCTaMH
(nporpaMMHpoBaHHe, CHCTeMHbiH aHaAH3 H T.n.). aTo Mo2KeT 6bITb opraHH3oBaHO Ha pa6oqeM
MecTe. HpO4aBeg Ha co6CTBeHHOfi TePPHTOPHH npOBOAHT 3aHHTHA Ha KOMnb OTepaX, o6y eHHe
OCHOBaM nOAb3OBaHHR, T.K. 8TO Ayqlue 3HaKOMo emy H y Hero HMeioTCH B03MO2HOCTH AAA
311
YKpeHAemme p)7(ORoxCTBa H IORbIrreIHmH y,7RCTvHTeAbHOCTH N zepememamr
opraHH3agHH TaKHX 3aHffTHH. 4ARH fpOBC4CHHH BTHX 3aHHTHH MO2KeT noTpe6OBaTbcfl HCnegHaAbHO npHrAauaembiH nepcoHaA. HarpHmep, 'ITo6 bi pa6oTaTb C MaiuHHaMH pa3AHqHOHKOH(PHrypaUHH H nOCTaBIHKaMH MHHHKOMnblOTepbi MOryT noTpe6oBaTb HCnO.Ab3oBaHHe OAHOrOpa6oTHHKa Ha qaCTb pa6oqero BpeMeHH, a AAH Toro 'ITo 6
bI pa6oTaTb c 60AblHMH MalIIHHaMH
noTpe6yeTcx zo 6 onepaTopoB H CnCgHaAHCT CHCTeMIIHK. HeKOTOpbie THllbI 6 OAbIBHX MaInHH,oco 6
eHHOCTH HX HCnoAb3oBaHHH, CBH3b CO CpeACTBaMH TeAeKoMMyKaHH Mo2KeT rIoTpe6oBaTb
HCnOAb3OBaBHHA CnegHaAHCTa, KOTOporO TpyAHO HaHTH B caMoH cTpaHe. Oco6o CTOHTnoA'iepKHyTb 3Ha'HMOCTb o6y"eHHH Ha pa6oxeM MeCTe B KoMnaHHH.
B TeX CAyqaqx, KorAa 6aHKoBcKoe o6opyAoBaHHe pa3pa6aTbIBaeTCH cnegHaAbHo no 3aKa3yq1HpMbI, B pa3pa6oTKe nporpaMM AOAmtHbI npHHHMaTb "MaCTHe pa6OTHHKH OTAeAa o6pa6oTKH
AaHHbIX, 4To6bl HaCKOAbKO 3TO BO3MO2KHO o6AerqHTb 3aAamy o6yqeHHR B KoMnaHHH Hapa6o'eM MeCTe, YnPOCTHTb nepeAa4y TexHoAorHH H nOAy'qHTb H3 UePBOHCTOHHKa 3HaHHH onpaBHAaX, AorHKe H CTPYKType nporpaMMHoro o6ecneqeHHH. aTO nO3BOAHT HM cTaTbcaMoAoCTaTOsHbIlM KOAAeKTHBOM BnOCAeACTBHH npH pacWHpeHHH nporpaMMHoro o6ecneqeHHA HnPH nPOBeAeHHH npo(pHAaKTHieCKHX H 3KcriAyaTagHoHHbix pa6oT.
KaK TOAbKO opraHH3aUHA oipeACAHT KOHKpeTHYIO nporpamMy H ee BO3MO2KHOCTH, eenpogeAypHoe o6ecneqeHHe, CAeAyeT HaIHHaTb pa6oTy no oTAa2KHBaHH[O H yTO4HeHHIO py'HblXrlpogeccOB, (fOpM, KOAOB AAH o6eCnle4eHHH BblKHBaeMOCTH aBTOMaTH3MHpOBaHHOH CHCTeMbi.YTOSHeHHe npogeAyp H o6yqeHHe noAb3oBaTeAeH (KaK AAA ynpaBAeHqecKoro nepcoHaAa, TaK HAAA TeX, KTO HenocpeACTBCHHO 3aHHT Ha onepagHHx, AOA2KHo 6bITb HaqaTO A0 HCnoAb3oBaHHHnporpaMMHbIX MoAyAeH B peaAbHblx nporpammax 6aHKa. HlOArOTOBKa nOAb3OBaTeAeH oco6eHHoBa2KHa TaM, rAe 6yAyT BBOAHTbCH HOBbIe TeXHOAorHH (TaKHe KaK onepaUHH B peaAbHOMBpeMeHH, o6HoBAeHHe q4aHAOB, H3bRTHe HHqpopMaUHH H3 CqeTOB KAHeHTOB). 4acTTo BTOTKpHTHt
IecKHH acneKT o6y4eHH5H HeAOOeHHBaeTCq, B pe3yAbTaTe 'lero oTcTaeT rOTOBHOCTb
nOAb3OBaTeAefi H 3aTPYAHReTCH BHeApeHHe HOBOH TeXHoAorHH.
HeKorophIe samegaHHrH Ho peaH3affHH
lporpaMMa aBTOmaTH3agHH 0AŽMHa 6bITb pa36HTa Ha CTa4HH 4To 6bi o6ecneqHTb
npOBeAeHHe nporpaMMbi nepenoArOTOBKH H BOCnPHHTHe H YCBOeHHe HOBoro CTaAH 6blrlpHeMAeMbIMH B opraHH3agHH. HlepcoHaA OTAeAa o6pa6oTKH AaHHbIX, KaK H3BeCTHO, BcerAa
BbICTynaeT 3a peCueHHe ripo6AeM C nOMOIIbIO Bbl4HCAHTeAbHOH TeXHHKH, npH aTOM HXBapHaHTbl Bbi6
opa TeXHHKH CTpaAaIOT nOpOH H3AHuIHeH CAOMHOCTbJO H He corAacypoTcn CopraHH3aUHoHHoH KyAbTypOH H XapaKTepOM onepaUH9. Hpe3BbiiaaHHo CAOH2HbAC rpOprpaMMbi CTO'KH 3peHHH 3aTpaT, nAaHOB H aM6HUHH Mo2KeT CO3AaTb AOnoAHHTeAbHOe npoTHBOAegCTBHe
nepemeHam H Mo2KeT He6AaronpHATHo nOBAHHTb Ha HX npHHHTHe riepCOHaAOM, Ha rOTOBHOCTb InepexoAy Ha pa6ory C nOMOUgbIO KoMnbIOTepOB KaK MOMHO cKopee.
Bo.Mo2KHaH cTpaTerHA pa3AeAeHHq npoeKTa Ha aTanbi 3aKAionaeTCH B TOM, qTo6bi cHa'aAaBbinOAHHTb OCHOBHbie q)yHKUHH TeXHHmecKoro oCHaIgeHHH BcnoMoraTeAbHbIx noMeIeHHH HonepauHHii (aeAeaHe o6u4ero nmypnaAa, C'leTa c6eperaTeAbHbrx 4eHOeHTOB, Be OMOCTH H T.4.) BIDTa6-KBapTHpe 6aHKa. lIOCAe Toro, KaK OHH Ha'HyT ycneiLIHo (1yHK!HOHHPOBaTb, aTHAeHCTBHH MoryT 6
blTb nepeHeceHbl Ha (PHAHaAbl. 9TO MO2KHO CAeAaTb nyrem noo'iepeAHOro
OCHaJeHHH Ha MeCTaX.
312
JlPI-A OJiEHHE 5. HH.rpopmaymHi,rbe TexHoAorHH 6a&HoRRcRoi NRA'yCTPMH
KOHNenHNK nHAoTHoro npHMeHeCHH Ka2KAOA onepagH S3HNaHTeAbHO coxKpajaeCT o6jNH|
pHCK HeyCnelIIHOCTH BBeAeHH.P MT. O6blHo BHemaAe TaKOB BKCnepHMeHT npoXxOAHT CTaAHIO
HcUbiTaHHu HAH onpo6oBaHHs , B TeMeHHe KOTOporo npOx3OAHT HaCTpOAKa H oTAamHBaHHe
yCTpOACTBa, noKa He 6yAeT AOCTHrHyT yAoBAeTB0pHlo01IHf Bcex pe3yAbTaT. 3 aTeM BTOT
Pe3yAbTaT 3anyCKaeTCH KaK CepHHHbIU .
OrpaHH4eHHbIH noAxoA, npeCAeAyIogIiHH ]eAH CHH2KeHHH 3aTpaT, HcnOAb3OBaHHe peeeHHH,
nOAylqeHHbIX Ha MHKpoKOMnblOTepax, MO2meT 6bITb nOAe3eH B HeKOTOPbIX opraHH3aHHAx, rAe
HeT npeAbIAyigero onbITa pa6oTbl C KoMnbloTepaMH H aBToMaTH3agHeH. TaKofi noAxoA
npHBeAeT K pa3BHTHIO KOMnbIOTepHOH rpaMOTHOCTH H pa3pa6oTKe CTaHAaPTHbiX npogeAyp
noAb3oBaHHR HMH. B HymKHoe BpeMH 8TOT npoMe?KyTO'iHblH BapHaHT M02KCT 6 bITb 3aMeHeH Ha
OKoH'iaTeAbHbIf, B KOTOpOM 6yAyT HcnoAb3oBaHbl MaalIHHbI COOTBeTCTBy1oigeH MOuHOCTH C
HOBbIM iporpaMMHblM o6ecne'ieHHeM, YAOBAHTBOPH1O1JHM noTpe6HoCTH 6aHKa. K BTOMy
BpeMeHH opraHH3agHH y2Ke 6YAyT HMeTb H OnbIT H Heo6xOAHMbIe HaBbIKH AAR pa6oTbl.
MHKpoKoMnbloTepbl H nporpammHoe o6ecneMeHHe nepexoAHoro nepHoAa AerKO MoryT 6biTb
HHTerpHpoBaHbN B 6oAee IlUHPOKYIO cxeMy AA, TOrO, MTo6bi CoXpaHHTb cACAaHHbie HHBeCTHUHH.
ECAH oripeAeAeHHbIe (3YHKUHH (HanpHMep, BeAeHHe c6eperaTeAbHblx CmeTOB)
aBTOMaTH3HPYeTCH anepBbie, AoAmHa 6bITb yCTaHOBAeHa AaTa oKoH'iaTeAbHoro nepexoAa Ha
HOByio npaKTHKy. C KoHga pa6onero AHM, o6o3HameHHorO KaK AeHb nepexoAa, CaAbAO no
Ct eTaM KAHeHTOB AOAKHbl
6bITb BBeACHbI B KOMnblOTepHYiO 6a3y AaHHbIX. H1 noKa He 6yAeT
3aKoHtieH BBOA AaHHbIX, Bce onepaUHH AOAKHbi 6yAyT BbInOAHHTbCH Bpy4HylO H BCe
cAeAaHHble 3a aTO BpeMH H3MeHeHHH B cieTax3 AOA2KHbi 6blTb coxpaHeHbI AAA o6HoBAeHeH
HH@OpMaiHH Ha KOMnbloTepH3HpOBaHHbKX c4eTax. 3aTeM AOAmHo 6bITb npoBeAeHO
corAaCoBaHHe KoMnbioTepHb[X AaHHbIX H py'qHbIX 3anHceA B cqeTax. BTO CAO2KHaH onepaisHH,
Tpe6yioiga TecHoro COTPYAHHIeCTBa Me2KAy nepcoHaAoM oTAeAa o6pa6oTKH AaHHbIX H
riepCOHaAOM nOAb3OBaHHH H ayAHTopaMH.O6beM aToH1 onepalQHH 3aBHCHT OT HHCAa CieTOB B
KaMAOM (pHAHaAe H MHCAa pa6OTHHKOB B pHAmaAe, o6ugero o6beMa onepagHA H KOAH'eCTBa
ouIH6OK B AanHcHx.
Bo MHOrUX CAy'aHX cPHHaHCoBbie opraHH3aqHH cHaiaAa nepexoAHT Ha aBTOMaTH3agHmo
noAAep2KHBaIo0IHx onepagHH, o6 ugHx AA.H rOAOBHoro 6aHKa a saTeM yme BbIHOCRT ee B
cpHAHaAbi. peaAH3agmH aBTOMaTH3agHH MO2KCT 6blTb ocylgeCTAeHa AH6o no (pyHKUHqpM
(oTAeAaM) AH6 o no mecTy, HHOrAa HCnOAb3yeTCH CMeCluaHHbli nOAXOA. Bo scex CAy'aHX BcerAa
2KeAaTeAbHO HaqaTb C cO3AaHHB nPOTOTHna 6yAyugHx pa6oMHx aBToMaTH3HpOBaHHbIX MeCT a
3aTeM nepeHeCTH OnbIT Ha BeCb UHKA o6pa6OTKH, WTO M02KHO OCylgeCTBARTb OAHOBpeMeHHO C
COXpaHeHHeM PYLHbIX onepagHi. KaK TOAbKO aaBepinaeTcH OTAaAKa onepaH,Hus OCyWeCTBAmeTCB
nepexoA Ha KoMnblOTepHble onepallHH. BpeMeHHble paMKH npogecca aapbpHPYOTCH B
3aBHCHMOCTH OT o6,beMa 3anuceu, KOAHqeCTBa onepaUHA, CAeAOK, xapaKTepa q)yHKUYHH.
HanpHMep, KOHBepTHUOBaHHe OCHOBHbIX (POHAOB npeACTaBAHeT AOCTaTOMHO AerKylo 3aAatiy,
6AaroAap.i CTaTHMHOMy o6beKTy; o6opOTHbMe me cpeAcTBa, Hao6opoT, BeCbMa aKTHBHOC
CpeACTBO H co3AalOT 6oAbiuHe TPYAHOCTH npH KOHBepTHpOBaHHH. OHH Tpe6yloT BHHMaTeAbHOro
OTCACMHBaHHS H meTKoro onpeAeAeHHH BpeMeHHoro rpacpHKa. 06biiHo CpeAHHH 6aHK,
HMe1o1Hu 20-30 q)HAHaAOB, r1OAHaiq aBTOmaTH.3aH Bcex (yHKUHA Mo2eT 3aHRTb OT 3 40 5
AeT Aame npH yCAOBHH HcnOAb3OBaHHH nporpamMHoro naKeTa.
313
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319
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