Download - ) Chemistry GCSE
![Page 1: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
https://bit.ly/pmt-edu-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cc
OCR (B) Chemistry GCSE C1 - Air and Water
Flashcards
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
This work by PMT Education is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
![Page 2: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
How are particles arranged in solids, liquids and gases?
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 3: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
How are particles arranged in solids, liquids and gases?
● Solid - regular arrangement, very close together.
● Liquid - random arrangement, close together.● Gas - random arrangement, far apart.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 4: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Describe the energy and movement of particles in solids, liquids and gases
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 5: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Describe the energy and movement of particles in solids, liquids and gases
● Solid - vibrate in a fixed position, low energy.● Liquid - move around each other, higher
energy.● Gas - move randomly in all directions,
highest energy.https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 6: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
What are the names for the state changes from solid to liquid and vice
versa?
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 7: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
What are the names for the state changes from solid to liquid and vice versa?
Solid → liquid: Melting
Liquid → solid: Freezing
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 8: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Describe what happens, in terms of particles, when a solid melts
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 9: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Describe what happens, in terms of particles, when a solid melts
When heated the particles absorb thermal energy which is converted into kinetic energy. The particles in the solid vibrate more. This causes the solid to expand until the structure breaks and becomes a liquid.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 10: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
What is the term describing when a solid changes straight into a gas?
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 11: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
What is the term describing when a solid changes straight into a gas?
Sublimation
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 12: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
What are the names for the state changes from liquid to gas and vice
versa?
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 13: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
What are the names for the state changes from liquid to gas and vice versa?
Liquid → gas: Evaporation
Gas → liquid: Condensation
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 14: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Describe what happens, in terms of particles, when a liquid evaporates
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 15: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Describe what happens, in terms of particles, when a liquid evaporates
When heated, the particles in a liquid expand and some particles on the surface gain sufficient energy to overcome the intermolecular forces and evaporate. At the boiling point, all of the liquid particles gain enough energy to evaporate.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 16: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Describe, in terms of energy what happens when a liquid freezes
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 17: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Describe, in terms of energy what happens when a liquid freezes
Energy is transferred from the liquid to the surroundings. The particles have less kinetic energy so the liquid becomes a solid.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 18: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Do particles have the same properties as the bulk substance?
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 19: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Do particles have the same properties as the bulk substance?
No
The arrangement and movement of all the particles affects the physical properties of a bulk substance.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 20: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Explain the physical properties of solids
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 21: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Explain the physical properties of solids
- Fixed shape because the particles can’t move.
- They cannot be compressed because the particles are very close together so there is no space for particle to move into.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 22: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Explain the physical properties of liquids
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 23: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Explain the physical properties of liquids
- Flow because the particles can move around each other.
- Cannot be compressed because the particles are quite close together so there is no space for particles to move into.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 24: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Explain the physical properties of gases
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 25: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Explain the physical properties of gases
- Fill a container because the particles move rapidly in all directions.
- Can be compressed because the particles are far apart together with space for particle to move into.
- Flow because the particles can move around each other.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 26: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
How does a physical change differ from a chemical change?
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 27: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
How does a physical change differ from a chemical change?A physical change involves changes in the forces between particles. The particles and chemical properties remain the same.
A chemical change affects the chemical properties of the substance.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 28: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
What are the limitations of the particle model?
(Higher only)
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 29: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
What are the limitations of the particle model? (Higher only)- It assumes particles are spherical.- All particles are shown as the same size.- Gaps between gaseous atoms should be much
larger.- It doesn’t show the difference in the forces of
attraction between particles.https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 30: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Substance A melts at 42°C and boils at 107°C. What state is substance A at 50°
C?
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 31: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Substance A melts at 42°C and boils at 107°C. What state is substance A at 50°C?
Liquid
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 32: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Substance B melts at -17°C and boils at 2°C. What state is substance B at 20°C?
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 33: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Substance B melts at -17°C and boils at 2°C. What state is substance B at 20°C?
Gas
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 34: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Substance C melts at -30°C and boils at -5°C. What state is substance C at -45°
C?
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 35: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Substance C melts at -30°C and boils at -5°C. What state is substance C at -45°C?
Solid
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 36: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
What three types of evidence are there for the composition of the early
atmosphere?
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 37: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
What three types of evidence are there for the composition of the early atmosphere?Volcanoes - modern volcanoes release CO2 and water suggesting the early atmosphere was mostly made up of these compounds.
Ancient rocks - iron sulfide is only found in rocks formed before oxygen was in the atmosphere. Rocks with iron oxide need oxygen to form. Dating rocks suggests when oxygen was first in the atmosphere.
Fossils - life processes affect the atmosphere. Early plants suggest how oxygen was added to the atmosphere.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 38: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
How did oceans initially form?
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 39: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
How did oceans initially form?
Condensation of water vapour from volcanoes.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 40: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
How did the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere decrease after oceans
formed?
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 41: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
How did the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere decrease after oceans formed?
Carbon dioxide dissolved into the oceans so the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere decreased.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 42: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
How did the oxygen-rich atmosphere develop?
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 43: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
How did the oxygen-rich atmosphere develop?
The growth of early plants used carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and released oxygen. This increased the amount of oxygen and decreased the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 44: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
What is the main source of carbon monoxide and carbon particulates?
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 45: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
What is the main source of carbon monoxide and carbon particulates?
Incomplete combustion
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 46: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
What are the problems with carbon monoxide?
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 47: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
What are the problems with carbon monoxide?
Carbon monoxide is a toxic gas.
It is colourless and odourless and if breathed in can cause death by preventing the red blood cells from carrying oxygen around the body.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 48: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
What is the problem with carbon particulates?
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 49: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
What is the problem with carbon particulates?
- Causes breathing problems- Blackens buildings- Can block appliances and cause fires
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 50: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
What is the main source of sulfur dioxide?
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 51: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
What is the main source of sulfur dioxide?
Combustion of sulfur impurities in fuel.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 52: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
What is the problem with sulfur dioxide?
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 53: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
What is the problem with sulfur dioxide?
Sulfur dioxide reacts with water in clouds to form acid rain.
Acid rain:
- Corrodes metal structures. - Damages stone buildings and statues.- Damages the waxy layer on leaves.- Increases the acidity of aquatic environments such as lakes.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 54: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
What is the main source of oxides of nitrogen?
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 55: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
What is the main source of oxides of nitrogen?
Oxidation of nitrogen at high temperatures (i.e. when fuels are combusted in engines) followed by further oxidation in the air.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 56: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
What is the problem with oxides of nitrogen?
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 57: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
What is the problem with oxides of nitrogen?
- React with sunlight to form smog- Toxic- Causes bronchitis / lung diseases- React with water to form acid rain
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 58: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
List three ways the emission of atmospheric pollutants can be reduced
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 59: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
List three ways the emission of atmospheric pollutants can be reduced
- Use catalytic converters- Use lower sulfur fuel- Use gas scrubbers
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 60: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Describe how a catalytic converter reduces emissions of atmospheric
pollutants
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 61: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Describe how a catalytic converter reduces emissions of atmospheric pollutants
Nitrogen monoxide and carbon monoxide are converted to nitrogen and carbon dioxide which are less harmful.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 62: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Describe how gas scrubbers reduce emissions of atmospheric pollutants
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 63: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Describe how gas scrubbers reduce emissions of atmospheric pollutants
Reduces emissions of sulfur dioxide in flue gases from power stations.
An alkaline slurry (calcium oxide and water) or sea water are used in wet scrubbing.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 64: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Use chemical symbols to write the formula of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and
methane
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 65: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Use chemical symbols to write the formula of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and methane
Carbon dioxide - CO2
Nitrogen - N2
Methane - CH4
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 66: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Write the word and balanced symbol equations for the combustion of methane
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 67: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Write the word and balanced symbol equations for the combustion of methane
Methane + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 68: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Describe the test for oxygen
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 69: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Describe the test for oxygen
A test tube of oxygen will relight a glowing splint.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 70: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Describe the test for hydrogen
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 71: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Describe the test for hydrogen
A lighted splint placed in a test tube of hydrogen will make a squeaky pop.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 72: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Describe the test for carbon dioxide
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 73: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Describe the test for carbon dioxide
Turns limewater (calcium hydroxide) from colourless to cloudy as calcium carbonate precipitate is produced.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 74: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
In terms of oxygen, what is meant by oxidation?
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 75: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
In terms of oxygen, what is meant by oxidation?
Gain of oxygen
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 76: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
What is an example of a common oxidation reaction?
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 77: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
What is an example of a common oxidation reaction?
Combustion
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 78: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
What do the terms exothermic and endothermic mean?
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 79: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
What do the terms exothermic and endothermic mean?
Endothermic - a reaction that takes in energy from the surroundings.
Exothermic - a reaction that gives out energy to the surroundings.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 80: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
During a chemical reaction, the temperature of the surroundings
increases. Is this reaction exothermic or endothermic?
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 81: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
During a chemical reaction, the temperature of the surroundings increases. Is this reaction exothermic or endothermic?
Exothermic - energy is released during the reaction.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 82: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Draw and label a reaction profile diagram for an exothermic reaction
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 83: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Draw and label a reaction profile diagram for an exothermic reaction
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 84: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Draw and label a reaction profile diagram for an endothermic reaction
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 85: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Draw and label a reaction profile diagram for an endothermic reaction
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 86: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
What does the term activation energy mean?
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 87: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
What does the term activation energy mean?
The minimum energy required for a reaction to occur.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 88: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
In terms of bond energies, what happens during a chemical reaction? Describe
exothermic and endothermic reactions in terms of bonds breaking / forming.
(Higher only)
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 89: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
In terms of bond energies, what happens during a chemical reaction? Describe exothermic and endothermic reactions in terms of bonds breaking/forming. (Higher only)Energy is needed to break bonds and is released when bonds are made.
Exothermic: Energy released from breaking bonds is greater than the energy used to make bonds.
Endothermic: Energy released in forming new bond is greater than the energy used to break old bonds.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 90: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
How can the energy change of a reaction be calculated from bond energies?
(Higher only)
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 91: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
How can the energy change of a reaction be calculated from bond energies? (Higher only)
Energy change (kJ mol-1) =
Total energy of bonds broken - total energy of bonds made
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 92: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Using the table below, calculate the energy change that takes place when methane is combusted (Higher only)
Bond Bond energy (kJ/mol)
C-H 413
O=O 498
C=O 805
O-H 464
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 93: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Using the table below, calculate the energy change that takes place when methane is combusted (Higher only)
1. Balanced equation: CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O2. Bonds to break: C-H (x 4), O=O (x 2)3. Energy in: (4 x 413) + (2 x 498) = 26484. Bonds to form: C=O (x 2), O-H (x 4)5. Energy out: (2 x 805) + (4 x 464) = 34666. Energy change: energy in - energy out = 2648 - 3466 = -818 kJ/mol
Bond Bond energy (kJ/mol)
C-H 413
O=O 498
C=O 805
O-H 464
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 94: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Describe an experiment to investigate whether a reaction is exothermic or
endothermic (Chemistry only)
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 95: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Describe an experiment to investigate whether a reaction is exothermic or endothermic (Chemistry only)
Place a thermometer into the first reactant, and record the initial temperature. Add a second reactant and mix, observing the temperature change. A temperature rise means the reaction is exothermic. A fall in temperature means it’s endothermic.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 96: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
How can a chemical cell be set up to produce a potential difference?
(Chemistry only)
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 97: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
How can a chemical cell be set up to produce a potential difference? (Chemistry only)
Two different metals are placed in salt solutions of their own ions. The metals are connected by a wire.
Electrons flow through the wire from the more reactive metal to the less reactive metal. This flow of electrons produces a potential difference.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 98: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
When does a chemical cell stop producing a potential difference?
(Chemistry only)
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 99: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
When does a chemical cell stop producing a potential difference? (Chemistry only)
When the reactants have been used up.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 100: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
What are the advantages of using hydrogen fuel cells in vehicles?
(Chemistry only)
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 101: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
What are the advantages of using hydrogen fuel cells in vehicles? (Chemistry only)
- No pollutants produced (only water) so less air pollution
- Reduces carbon dioxide emissions- Reduces use of fossil fuels
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 102: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
What are the disadvantages of using hydrogen fuel cells in vehicles?
(Chemistry only)
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 103: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
What are the disadvantages of using hydrogen fuel cells in vehicles? (Chemistry only)● Hydrogen is produced by electrolysis which uses
electricity (pollutants produced when burning fossil fuel).● Difficult to store hydrogen.● Fuel cells and electric motors aren’t as durable as
petrol/diesel engines.● Very expensive.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 104: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Describe the greenhouse effect
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 105: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Describe the greenhouse effect
- Electromagnetic radiation passes through the atmosphere and is absorbed by the Earth, causing the Earth to warm up.
- The Earth releases energy as infrared radiation (IR).- Some IR goes into space but some is absorbed by
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This warms the lower atmosphere.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 106: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
How does human activity cause climate change?
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 107: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
How does human activity cause climate change?
- Burning of fuels releases carbon dioxide.- Raising livestock releases methane which is
a greenhouse gas.- Deforestation limits the amount of vegetation
absorbing carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 108: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
What is the trend between carbon dioxide concentration and use of fossil
fuels?
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 109: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
What is the trend between carbon dioxide concentration and use of fossil fuels?
As fuel consumption increases so does the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 110: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Why are there uncertainties in the evidence used to look at the causes of
climate change?
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 111: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Why are there uncertainties in the evidence used to look at the causes of climate change?
- It is hard to model the complex idea of global climate change.
- Evidence is largely based on simplified models.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 112: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
What are the effects of increasing levels of carbon dioxide and methane in the
atmosphere?
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 113: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
What are the effects of increasing levels of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere?
- Extinction of species.- Melting of polar ice caps leading to rising sea levels.- Flash flooding - impacting crop yield.- Extreme weather.- Fewer places suitable for growing crops.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 114: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
How can the effects of increasing levels of carbon dioxide be reduced?
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 115: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
How can the effects of increasing levels of carbon dioxide be reduced?- More carbon dioxide sinks to absorb CO2 (reforestation of
rainforests).- Lower vehicle emissions: Discourage car use with taxes, have
more efficient and affordable public transport or improve engine efficiency.
- Decrease power station emissions by reducing electricity consumption. Use carbon capture or different methods to generate electricity.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 116: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
How can the effects of increasing levels of methane be reduced?
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 117: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
How can the effects of increasing levels of methane be reduced?- Reduce emissions from landfill by encouraging composting
and incineration or by capturing methane for use as fuel.- Reduce farming emissions by decreasing livestock numbers
and by spreading manure on fields (where it doesn’t release methane).
- Use anaerobic digester to store and capture methane produced by waste.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 118: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
What is meant by potable water?
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 119: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
What is meant by potable water?
Water that is safe to drink.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 120: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Describe the main steps involved in treating groundwater
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 121: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
Describe the main steps involved in treating groundwater
Groundwater has passed through layers of rock and sand so has already been filtered. The water must be chlorinated to kill microorganisms and make it potable.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 122: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Describe the main steps involved in treating wastewater
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 123: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Describe the main steps involved in treating wastewater1. Sedimentation: Large insoluble particles sink to the
bottom after the water is left still for a while.2. Filtration: Removes small insoluble particles by
passing the water through layers of sand and filters.3. Chlorination: Kills bacteria and microorganisms
which are too small to be removed by filtration.https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 124: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
What is the name of the process used to remove salt from water?
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 125: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
What is the name of the process used to remove salt from water?
Desalination
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 126: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
Describe two methods that could be used to treat salt water
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 127: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Describe two methods that could be used to treat salt water
Distillation - filter the sea water, boil it, water evaporates and collects in condenser.
Membrane filtration - extremely fine membranes allow water molecule to pass through but not dissolved salts.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 128: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
Why is chlorine added to water? What is the problem with chlorine?
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 129: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
Why is chlorine added to water? What is the problem with chlorine?
Adding chlorine to water to kill microorganisms.
Chlorine is toxic but reduces the risk of waterborne diseases. Only a small amount is added to water so most countries believe the benefits outweigh the risks.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 130: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
Describe the test for chlorine
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu
![Page 131: ) Chemistry GCSE](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060505/6295b508a0699b7f7c1772c7/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
Describe the test for chlorine gas
Insert damp blue litmus paper into a test tube of gas. If chlorine is present, the litmus paper turns red then fades to white.
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cchttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu