Revision of Respiratory systemMechanics-changesGas Exchange- changes
State the muscles involved in the respiratory system.
Diaphragm Intercostal muscles External intercostal muscles Rectus abdominus Sternocleidomastoid Lungs
(Plural cavity) (alveoli) (Bronchus, Bronchiole, trachea,)
Easy way to remember the mechanics of respiration
Muscles, what are they doing, active contraction or relaxation.
Movement – of the ribs and sternum and abdomen.
Thoracic cavity volume, either increase or decrease which causes.
Lung volume to decrease or increase, which causes
Inspiration or expiration
MECHANICS OF BREATHING
REST EXERCISE
INSPIRATION
EXPIRATION
MECHANICS OF BREATHING
REST EXERCISE
INSPIRATION DIAPHRAGMEXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS
INCREASE VOLUME OF THORACIC CAVITY
DECREASE PRESSURE
AIR MOVES IN
EXPIRATION PASSIVE
DIAPHRAGMEXTERNAL INTERCOSTALSDECREASE VOLUME OF THORACIC CAVITY
INCREASE PRESSURE
AIR MOVES OUT
MECHANICS OF BREATHING
REST EXERCISE
INSPIRATION DIAPHRAGMEXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS
INCREASE VOLUME OF THORACIC CAVITY
DECREASE PRESSURE
AIR MOVES IN
DIAPHRAGMEXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS CONTRACT HARDEREXTRA MUSCLES
GTER INCREASE VOLUME OF THORACIC CAVITY
GTER DECREASE PRESSURE
MORE AIR MOVES IN
EXPIRATION PASSIVE
DIAPHRAGMEXTERNAL INTERCOSTALSDECREASE VOLUME OF THORACIC CAVITY
INCREASE PRESSURE
AIR MOVES OUT
INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS CONTRACT
RECTUS ABDOMINUS CONTRACTS
GTER DECREASE VOLUME OF THORACIC CAVITY
GTER INCREASE PRESSURE
MORE AIR MOVES OUT
AB
Exam Question
With reference to the mechanics of breathing describe how the cyclist is able to inspire great amounts of oxygen during the training ride.
[4]
Describe how the mechanics of breathing alter during exercise to expire greater volumes of carbon dioxide.
[4]
A B
Answer
4 marks maximum (inspire) 1External intercostal muscles
contract with more force 2Diaphragm contracts/flattens 3More muscles involved/
pectoralis minor sternocleidomastoid/scalenes 4 Rib cage lifted further up
and out 5Pressure of thoracic cavity is
decreased 6Volume of thoracic cavity
increased
1.This process becomes active
2.Due to internal intercostal contracting
3.Abdominal muscles contracting
4.Diaphram pushed up harder/rib cage pulled in and down
5.Decrease in volume of thoracic cavity
6.Causing an increased pressure within thoracic cavity
Describe how the mechanics of breathing ensure carbon dioxide is expired during the training run. [3 marks]
ANSWER
This process becomes active Due to internal intercostal contracting And
abdominal muscles contracting Diaphragm relaxes/pushed up Rib cage pulled in and down Causing a decrease in volume of thoracic
cavity Causing an increased pressure within thoracic
cavity More air pushed out of the lungs
THE RESULT
STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID, SCALENES AND
PECTORALIS MINORIS CONTRACT
DURING INSPIRATION
RECTUS ABDOMINUS CONTRACTS
DURING EXPIRATION
MOST COMMON MISTAKESCandidates often:1. Confuse the role of volume and pressure2. Say the lungs contract!!!!!!!!!!3. Forget to say that MORE air moves in and
out during exercise
State the sites of gas exchange and the gases that can transfer.
IS EITHER:
EXTERNAL = AT THE ALVEOLI
INTERNAL = AT THE MUSCLE CELL
CAN BE EITHER O2 OR CO2
EXERCISE OR REST
What’s it all about?
ALL ABOUT
PARTIAL PRESSUREOF ONE GAS WITHIN AIR
EXTERNAL - OXYGEN - REST
HIGH PPO2 IN ALVEOLILOW PPO2 IN BLOOD
CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
GAS ALWAYS MOVES FROM HIGH TO LOW
EXTERNAL - OXYGEN - EXERCISE
SAME PPO2 IN ALVEOLILOWER PPO2 IN BLOODGTR CONCENTRATION
GRADIENTMORE OXYGEN ENTERS BLOOD
(ii) Explain how the performer is able to exchange greater volumes of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the blood during exercise. (4 marks)
4 marks max: 1. Gas flows from area of high pressure/concentration to
low pressure/concentration 2. Partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) is higher/increases in
the lungs/alveoli 3. Partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) is lower/decreases in
the blood 4. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) is
lower/decreases in the lungs/alveoli 5. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) is
higher/increases in the blood 6. During exercise there is a greater pressure gradient
for oxygen/ carbon dioxide/increased diffusion gradient 7. Increased blood flow to the lungs 8. Increased surface area of lungs
Have to be in the
answer
Have to be in the
answer
(i) How is oxygen exchange increased at the muscle tissues (gas diffusion) during the training run? Why is this beneficial to performance? (5 marks)
(How exchanged)
1 High partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in blood 2 Lower/decreased PO2 in muscle (cell) 3 Increased diffusion/concentration gradient 4 Increase in temperature allows increased release of oxygen from
haemoglobin/increased dissociation of oxygen 5 Bohr Effect/increase in acidity/increased CO2/carbonic acid/lactic
acid/lower pH of blood allows greater release of oxygen from haemoglobin
6 Myoglobin is used to transport/store more oxygen (to mitochondria)
(Why beneficial) (2 marks sub max) 7 Delays OBLA/delays fatigue 8 Increased energy production/increased intensity/increased duration
of exercise
Efficient respiration is an important factor for effective performance in sport. Describe in detail the process of gaseous exchange either at site A i: at site B. (4 marks)
At site A (Lungs) external respiration/alveolar-capillary membrane/exchange of gases between air
and blood/via diffusion the movement (through a semi-permeable membrane) from areas of high
pressure to areas of low pressure the partial pressure of the oxygen in the blood is less than that in the alveoli oxygen travels from the alveoli to the blood carbon dioxide travels from the blood to the alveoli the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood is greater than that in the
alveoli OR At site B (Tissues) internal respiration/tissue-capillary membrane/exchange of gases between blood
and tissues/via diffusion the movement (through a semi-permeable membrane) from areas of high
pressure to areas of low pressure oxygen travels from the blood to the tissues the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood is greater than that in the tissues carbon dioxide travels from the tissues to the blood the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood is less than that in the tissues
How is oxygen transported in the blood to the working muscles? [2 marks]
Dissolved in plasma Attaches to haemoglobin Forms oxyhaemoglobinb/Hb + 02
Carbon dioxide is a by-product of aerobic respiration.
(i) Describe how carbon dioxide is transported in the blood. (2 marks)
RCC You will need to identify the controls to the RCC.
RECEPTORS
BAROCHEM
OPROPRI
O
DETECT WHAT?INCREASE
INPRESSURE
INCREASE IN ACIDITY MOVEMENT
WHERE? IN THE BLOOD VESSELS IN THE BLOOD
IN TENDONS AND MUSCLE
FIBRES
REMEMBER THE REVERSE HAPPENS DURING RECOVERY
THE RCC
LOCATED IN THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA RECEIVES MESSAGES FROM THE
RECEPTORS SENDS MESSAGES TO THE RESPIRATORY
MUSCLES TO:
CONTRACT HARDEROR
START CONTRACTING TO ASSIST IN INSPIRATION OR EXPIRATION
INTERCOSTAL NERVE TRANSMITS IMPULSE TO
INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES
PHRENIC NERVE TRANSMITS IMPULSE TO THE
DIAPHRAGM
Explain how the respiratory centre uses neural control to produce changes in the mechanics of breathing. [2 marks]
RCC stimulated by (submax 1): Prorioceptors detect movement Baroreceptors monitor (blood) pressure! lung stretch
receptors Chemoreceptors detect changes in pH, blood chemistry!
oxygen tension Thermoreceptors detect changes in temperature
RCC responds by: Regulated by inspiratory!expiratory centres Which sends nerve impulses (via phrenic/intercostals nerves) To the respiratory muscles Increased rate and depth of breathing
Dynamics of Respiratory system Graph and chart questions. First thing to do is
not panic. Read the question (RTFQ) Ensure that you know what it wants you to interpret.
If it wants you to draw chart then ensure that you add the values on the axis.
Lets look at a few.
Dynamics of Respiratory system Minute ventilation is defined as the volume of air inspired or
expired in one minute. (4 marks) Sketch a graph below to show the minute ventilation of a
swimmer completing a 20-minute submaximal swim. Show minute ventilation: prior to the swim, during the swim, for a ten minute recovery period.
[4]120
100
80
60
40
20
0rest sw im recovery
tim e (m inutes)
m inuteventila tion(L/m in)
Dynamics of Respiratory system Prior 1. Starting value below 20 L/min 2. Anticipatory rise prior to exercise During 3. Rapid rise (60-120L/min) 4. Slower rise/plateau (60-120L/min) Recovery 5. Rapid decrease at end of exercise 6. Slower decrease towards resting value
(Refer to diagram)1 2 0
1 0 0
8 0
6 0
4 0
2 0
M in u tev en tila tio n(L /m in )
R es t S w im R ec o v e ry
T IM E (m in u tes)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Dynamics of Respiratory systemDefine minute ventilation and give
an average value during maximal exercise. ( 2 marks)
Describe tidal volume. Explain
what you would expect to happen to tidal volume during exercise. (2 marks)
Define minute ventilation and give an average value during maximal exercise. ( 2 marks)
(definition) The volume of air inspired or expired in one minute/TVxf=VE
(value) Range 80- 180 L/min
Describe tidal volume. Explain what you would expect
to happen to tidal volume during exercise. (2 marks) Description The volume of air inspired p expired per breath [1] It would increase [1]
Dynamics of Respiratory system
CRITICALLY EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF
EXERCISE ON THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
Part e – RESPIRATORY QUESTION
WE MUST CONSIDER:RESPIRATORY MUSCLES
CAPILLARISATION OF ALVEOLI
TIDAL VOLUMES
WE MUST CONSIDER:HEALTH AND
PERFORMANCEASTHMASMOKING
WE MUST CONSIDER:EFFECT ON PERFORMANCEEFFECT ON ASTHMA AND
SMOKING THEIR EFFECT ON
EXERCISE
So critically evaluate
Evaluate critically the impact of different types of physical activity on the respiratory system with reference to lifelong involvement in an active lifestyle (to include an awareness of asthma and smoking).
Respiratory Structures- External
Respiration increased surface area of alveoli increased elasticity of lungs increased capillary density around alveoli greater amount of O2 diffused in to blood greater amount of CO2 diffused in to alveoli greater gaseous exchange/ increase
pulmonary diffusion greater saturation of haemoglobin with
oxygen Respiratory Structures- Internal
Respiration increased capillary density around muscle
tissue greater amount of O2 diffused in to muscle
cell greater amount of CO2 diffused in to blood greater gaseous exchange/ increased
muscle and tissue diffusion increased a-VO2 difference increased a-VCO2 difference
Improvements to Breathing Mechanisms
strengthens respiratory muscles/ respiratory muscle hypertrophy
diaphragm, intercostals, SCM, scalenes, abdominals
increased efficiency of the mechanics of breathing
increased depth of breathing decreased breath frequency reduces or delays respiratory muscle
fatigue Increases in Lung Volumes or
Capacities increased tidal volume during maximal
exercise increased vital capacity decreased residual volume increased inspiratory reserve volume increased expiratory reserve volume
These physiological adaptations would
result in: increased VO2 max delays OBLA or lactate threshold/ increases
endurance capabilities lifelong involvement in physical activity Altitude Training reduced ppO2 / hypoxic conditions initial decrease in the efficiency of the
respiratory system BUT increase in efficiency of respiratory system
when returning to sea level Reference to any relevant physiological
response e.g increased capillary density. Choice to live high or use hypoxic tents but
train low Asthma aerobic training can trigger EIA particularly in cold / dry conditions asthma can inhibit people from taking part in
aerobic training Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) or aerobic
training can alleviate symptoms of asthma
Smoking decreases the efficiency of the
respiratory system / decreases respiratory health
decreases the efficiency to supply O2 to muscles
carbon monoxide reduces the amount of O2 absorbed in blood/
Hb has greater affinity to CO than O2 decreased gaseous exchange or
diffusion gradient increases likelihood of respiratory
diseases (e.g. shortness of breath/ coughing/
lung cancer/ emphysema etc.) damage to respiratory structures tar coats the airways and inhibits
gaseous exchange/tar builds up in lungs
impairs lung function narrowing of air passages causing
increase in respiratory resistance
THE END