![Page 1: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
West Key Number SystemHaving Fun with the Digests!
![Page 2: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Start with Cases
A court issues an opinion in a case.
A copy of the case is obtained by West
Editors read the cases and pick out the points of law addressed in the case.
Written as a short, concise paragraph, these are called headnotes.
![Page 3: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Headnotes
One point of law for each Headnote.
Each Headnote has a Key Number
![Page 5: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Headnotes
Each Headnote will get a number before it like [1]
![Page 7: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Headnotes
Each Headnote will get a number before it like [2]
You can find what that Headnote is referring to by looking for the [#] in the body of the case.
For example, if you hit [3], it will take you to the part of the decision where that rule is
![Page 9: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Key Numbers
The Key Number System is big interactive outline that works like this:
First, the American system of law is broken down into Major Topics
there are more than 400, including things like:
Civil Rights,
Pretrial Procedure, and
Criminal Law.
![Page 11: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Key Numbers
Each of those topics is divided, in greater and greater detail, into individual units that represent a specific legal concept.
like steps in an outline.
![Page 12: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Key Numbers
Each of the lines (more than 80,000 of them) has a unique number that allows you to find it on the outline.
This number is called a Key Number.
The whole outline, along with the case headnotes classified to it, is called the Key Number System.
The Key Number System is found in the Digests.
We use the New York Digests
![Page 13: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Scenarios
1) Corpus Juris Secundum to Cases
2) Cases to Better Cases
![Page 14: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Scenario 1
PROBLEM: What are the elements of negligence in New York?
You want to find the New York elements of negligence
You can either look in
New York Cases or
Corpus Juris Secundum (You can also look in New York Jurisprudence 2d Series)
![Page 15: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Corpus Juris Secundum (CJS)
Elements of Negligence
SEARCH TERMS AND CONNECTORS:
Elements /s Negligence
![Page 16: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
1
2
3
![Page 17: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
CJS
You get 220 hits
![Page 18: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
CJS
What do you look for?
You look for the topic of “Negligence”
Scroll down
![Page 20: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
CLICK HERE
![Page 22: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
CJS
What did you get?
The essential elements for an action in negligence are that the defendant was under a duty to protect the plaintiff from injury, that the defendant breached that duty, that the plaintiff suffered actual injury or loss, and that the loss or injury proximately resulted from the defendant's breach of the duty.
![Page 24: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
CJS
The essential elements for an action in negligence are that:
1) defendant was under a duty to protect the plaintiff from injury,
2) defendant breached that duty,
3) plaintiff suffered actual injury or loss, and
4) loss or injury proximately resulted from the defendant's breach of the duty.
![Page 25: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
CJS
BINGO!
![Page 26: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
CJS
BINGO?
No exactly
Corpus Juris Secundum is a secondary source of law
You need primary
![Page 27: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
CJS
CJS to Primary
Two ways
Footnotes
Key Number
![Page 28: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
CJS
CJS to Primary
Two ways
Footnotes (there are no footnotes in this text)
Key Number
![Page 29: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
CJS
CJS to Primary
Two ways
Footnotes (there are no footnotes in this text)
Key Number
![Page 30: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
CJS to Cases
![Page 31: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
CJS to Cases
![Page 32: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
CJS to Cases
![Page 33: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
CJS to Cases
![Page 34: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
CJS to Cases
Click on the 202
![Page 35: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
105 Headnotes
![Page 43: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
From the Most Recent
![Page 44: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Which Courts are these from?
![Page 45: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Which Courts are these from?
![Page 46: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Which Courts are these from?
Appellate Division, Second Department,
2011
![Page 47: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Which Courts are these from?
![Page 48: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Which Courts are these from?
Court of Claims, 2011
![Page 49: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Which Courts are these from?
![Page 50: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Which Courts are these from?
Court of Appeals, 2011
![Page 51: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Which Courts are these from?
Court of Appeals, 2011
Court of Claims, 2011
Appellate Division, Second Department,
2011
![Page 52: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Which one should you look at?
Court of Appeals, 2011
Court of Claims, 2011
Appellate Division, Second Department,
2011
![Page 53: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
LOOK FOR HIGHEST COURT
Court of Appeals, 2011
Court of Claims, 2011
Appellate Division, Second Department,
2011
![Page 54: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
LOOK FOR HIGHEST COURT
Court of Appeals, 2011
Court of Claims, 2011
Appellate Division, Second Department,
2011
![Page 55: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
CJS TO CASE
![Page 56: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
CJS TO CASE
LOOK FOR THE HEADNOTE THAT PERTAINS TO THE ELEMENTS OF NEGLIGENCE
![Page 57: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
CJS TO CASE
![Page 58: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
CJS TO CASE
CLICK ON THE [3] TO GET TO THE PART OF THE DECISION WHERE YOU MIGHT SEE THE ELEMENTS
![Page 59: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
CJS TO CASE
![Page 60: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
CJS TO CASE
Not enough: get this case
![Page 61: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Not what I am looking for
![Page 62: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
CJS TO CASES
GO BACK TO THE DIGESTS
Hold down left (back) button on your browser.
On drop down look for Digest.
Go from there
![Page 63: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
![Page 64: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
This looks promising
![Page 65: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
![Page 66: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
![Page 67: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
CJS TO CASE
To prove a prima facie case of negligence, a plaintiff must demonstrate the existence of a duty of care owed to the plaintiff, a breach of that duty, and that the breach of such duty was a proximate cause of his or her injuries ( see Pulka v. Edelman, 40 N.Y.2d 781, 390 N.Y.S.2d 393, 358 N.E.2d 1019; Gordon v. Muchnick, 180 A.D.2d 715, 579 N.Y.S.2d 745; see also Akins v. Glens Falls City School Dist., 53 N.Y.2d 325, 333, 441 N.Y.S.2d 644, 424 N.E.2d 531).
![Page 68: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
CLEAN IT UP
To prove a prima facie case of negligence, a plaintiff must demonstrate the existence of a duty of care owed to the plaintiff, a breach of that duty, and that the breach of such duty was a proximate cause of his or her injuries ( see Pulka v. Edelman, 40 N.Y.2d 781, 390 N.Y.S.2d 393, 358 N.E.2d 1019; Gordon v. Muchnick, 180 A.D.2d 715, 579 N.Y.S.2d 745; see also Akins v. Glens Falls City School Dist., 53 N.Y.2d 325, 333, 441 N.Y.S.2d 644, 424 N.E.2d 531).
![Page 69: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
CLEAN IT UP
To prove a prima facie case of negligence, a plaintiff must demonstrate the existence of a duty of care owed to the plaintiff, a breach of that duty, and that the breach of such duty was a proximate cause of his or her injuries (see Pulka v Edelman, 40 NY2d 781; Gordon v Muchnick, 180 AD2d 715; see also Akins v Glens Falls City School Dist., 53 NY2d 325, 333).
![Page 70: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
CLEAN IT UP
To prove a prima facie case of negligence, a plaintiff must demonstrate
1) the existence of a duty of care owed to the plaintiff,
2) a breach of that duty, and
3) that the breach of such duty was a proximate cause of his or her injuries (see Pulka v Edelman, 40 NY2d 781; Gordon v Muchnick, 180 AD2d 715; see also Akins v Glens Falls City School Dist., 53 NY2d 325, 333).
![Page 71: West Key Number System Having Fun with the Digests!](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cea5503460f949b5e30/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
CLEAN IT UP
The elements of negligence are:
1) the existence of a duty of care owed to the plaintiff,
2) a breach of that duty, and
3) that the breach of such duty was a proximate cause of his or her injuries (see Pulka v Edelman, 40 NY2d 781; Gordon v Muchnick, 180 AD2d 715; see also Akins v Glens Falls City School Dist., 53 NY2d 325, 333).