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    Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

    Chapter 1

    Exploring Life

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    What is life???

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    Lifes basic characteristic is a high degree of order

    Each level of biological organization has emergentproperties

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    Concept 1.1: Biologists explore life from the

    microscopic to the global scale

    The study of life extends from molecules and cells to

    the entire living planet

    Biological organization is based on a hierarchy

    of structural levels

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    A Hierarchy of Biological Organization

    1. Biosphere: all environments on Earth

    2. Ecosystem: all living and nonliving thingsin a particular area

    3. Community: all organisms in an ecosystem

    4. Population: all individuals of a species in aparticular area

    5. Organism: an individual living thing

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    A Hierarchy of Biological Organization (continued)

    6. Organ and organ systems: specialized bodyparts made up of tissues

    7. Tissue: a group of similar cells

    8. Cell: lifes fundamental unit of structure andfunction

    9. Organelle: a structural component of a cell

    10 Molecule: a chemical structure consisting ofatoms

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    A Hierarchy of Biological Organization (continued)

    11. Atoms

    12. Elementary particles

    13. Quarks

    14. ??

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    Two Main Forms of Cells

    Characteristics shared by all cells:

    Enclosed by a membrane

    Use DNA as genetic information

    Two main forms of cells:

    Eukaryotic: divided into organelles; DNA innucleus

    Prokaryotic: lack organelles; DNA notseparated in a nucleus

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    LE 1-8

    MembraneCytoplasm

    EUKARYOTIC CELL PROKARYOTIC CELLDNA

    (no nucleus)Membrane

    1 mOrganellesNucleus (contains DNA)

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    The Three Domains of Life

    At the highest level, life is classified into three

    domains:

    Bacteria (prokaryotes)

    Archaea (prokaryotes)

    Eukarya (eukaryotes)Eukaryotes include protists and the kingdoms

    Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia

    LE 1 15

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    LE 1-15

    Bacteria 4 m 100 m

    0.5 m

    Kingdom PlantaeProtists

    Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom FungiArchaea

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    Concept 1.4:

    Evolutionaccounts for lifes unity anddiversity

    The history of life is a saga of a changing Earthbillions of years old


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