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PCV2 impact on early stage of gestation in sows: experimental results
Giuseppe Sarli
3rd Merial Forum – Malta - April 15th 2011
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Target …..
• Results of a study conducted in 2009
CONVENTIONAL SOWS INSEMINATED WITH PCV2 INFECTED SEMEN
• IPVS Meeting 2010• ESPHM Meeting 2010
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Objectives of the study
• Assessment of pathological consequences of PCV2 infection in conventional sows by infected semen
• PCV2 distribution and tissue lesions– sow genital tract– placenta– fetuses
1. Field condition2. Schmoll et al., 2008
(18.2% semen samples positive)
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Experimental designControl PCV2
infectedSamplesanalysis
D0 AI
PCV2 semen
10 ml
PCV2 semen
10 ml3.2*105TCID50/ml
Cervix, nasal, rectal swabs and blood sample every week
D29 Ultrasonography
D30/D47 Euthanasia of empty sows
Sow: uterus, lymph nodes placenta; Fetus: lung, amniotic fluid, heart, liver
RtPCRHistology, IHC
D52 /D56
Euthanasia of pregnant sows
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Experimental design
• Daily recordings (2/day)– body T°– clinical signs
• Weekly sampling– nasal, rectal, cervix swabs
• -2, 7, 14, 21, …. DPI• PCV2, PPV, PRRSV
– blood• -2, 7, 21, ……. DPI• PCV2, PPV, PRRSV, P4 titration
• Ultrasonography at 28 DPI
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Results
• Infected group (6 sows)– 3 not pregnant – 3 pregnant
• Control group (3 sows)– 3 pregnant
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Results: progesterone profiles
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
-2 7 21 28
DPI
P4 (n
g/m
l)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
-2 7 21 28 35 42
N°33 N°27 N°32
Pregnant sows Not pregnant sows
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Results: anti-PCV2 antibodies
Infected group
Control group
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Infected Control
Pregnant Not pregnant Pregnant
Sow 25 26 29 27 32 33 28 30 31
Number of fetuses 16 11 7 0 0 0 11 0* 8
PCV2 antibodies before AI 1/102 1/103 1/103 1/104 1/104 1/103 1/103 1/104 1/104
Viremia at DPI 21,35 - 21 7 28 - - - -
Tonsil - - - + - - - - -
Uterine left lymph node (LN) + - - - - - - - -
Uterine right LN + - - + - - - - -
Tracheo-bronchial LN + - - - - - -
Cervix - - - - + - - - -
Fetuses (/tot.) 10/16 - 3/7 - - - - - -
Amniotic fluids (/tot.) - 1/11 - - - - - - -
Fetus and left uterine tract 7 - - - - + - - -
Fetus and right uterine tract 1 - - - - - - - -
Results
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Results: tissues PCV2 viral load
• Sows– 103 to 5.4 x106 copies/ml
• Fetuses– a peak of 4x108 genome
copies/ml (sow 25, fetus n°16)
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Results: histology
• Histology: placenta fetus n°16 sow 25– multifocal coagulative necrosis of
epithelium of chorion
• IHC placenta and liver, fetus 16, sow 25– multifocal, mild positivity of
chorion cells– multifocal, light positivity of
hepatocytes
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• 3 out of 6 infected sows were not pregnant
• 4 out of the 6 infected sows developed viremia
• Viremia was longer in the sow with the lowest anti-PCV2 antibody level
• In at least one organ of the six infected sows PCV2 was detected
• The sow with the lowest anti-PCV2 antibody titre showed the higher number of positive tissues and fetuses
Summarizing the results …..
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• In case of positive PCR results in the litter, a variable number of fetuses were positive
• PCV2 does not replicate only in foetal tissues
multifocal necrosis in chorionic epithelium
Summarizing the results …..
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Conclusion
• PCV2 infection by intra uterine route– Conventional sows– Low anti-PCV2 levels viremia
• PCV2 infection close to AI– fertility
• Cervix swabs– not a relevant method
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Conclusions
• PCV2 replicates in chorionic epithelium
• Placenta lesions
• Fœtal viral load
• Not all fetuses are PCV2 whole litter to be sent to the lab!
Fetus damage
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Acknowledgments
• Dept. Veterinary Medical Science – Bologna
– Ostanello Fabio– Morandi Federico– Bacci Barbara– Panarese Serena– Fusaro Laura– Ferrara Domenico– Bacci Maria Laura– Govoni Nadia– Galeati Giovanna
• IZSLER
– Dottori Roberto
– Bonilauri Paolo
– Cordioli Paolo
– Lelli Davide
• Merial – Joisel Francois
– Thais Vila
Reggio Emilia
Brescia
Infectious diseases LS
Pathology LS
Physiology LS
Lyon
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Thank you for your attention
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Giuseppe SarliDepartment of Veterinary Medical Science
www.unibo.it