Download - 03-22-12 Medically important bacteria
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03-22-12Medically important bacteria
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Chemoorganotrophs (fermentation)
• Variety of end products (acids and gases)
• Ex. Clostridium species - form endospores
• Ex. Lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus)
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11-4 Clostridium tetani (23.8)
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Muscular spasms in an individual with tetanus (23.7)
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Streptococcus pyogenes stainedwith fluorescent antibody (24.2)
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Streptococcus pyogenes growing on blood agar (22.6)
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Lactobacillus species (11.3)
Produce lactic acid; aerotolerant anaerobe, obligate fermenter.Metabolizes glycogen in the vagina, low pH protects against infection
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Aerobic Chemoorganotrophs
• Obligate aerobes
• Facultative anaerobes
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Obligate Aerobes
• Large variety of bacteria
• Ex. Mycrococcus species
• Ex. Mycobacterium species
• Ex. Pseudomonas species
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Micrococcus luteus (11.11)
Airborne, common contaminant in petri dishes,recognized by yellow pigments
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Pseudomonas species (11.12)
Pigmented Gram-negative rods, diverse biochemical capabilities, important in bioremediation, P. aeruginosa is a common opportunistic pathogen in hospitals
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum from a tuberculosis patient (24.17)
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Stained lungtissue showing a tubercule(a granuloma containinginflammatory cells) andlung X-ray from atuberculosispatient (24.18)
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Facultative Anaerobes
• Ex. Corynebacterium species
• Ex. Enterobacteriaceae family
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Corynebacterium (11.13)
Gram-positive pleomorphic rods (coryneforms) C. diptheriae causes diphtheria
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Enterobacteriaceae (11.14)
Enterobacteria, Gram-negative rods, reside in intestinal tract Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Proteus are part of normal flora, Shigella, Salmonella, some E. coli stains, Yersina pestis cause disease
E. coli O157:H7 inuncooked burgerscaused gastroenteritisepidemic in WashingtonState in 1993
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Thriving in Terrestrial Environments
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Endospore – formers (11.15)
Bacillus anthracis Clostridium tetani
Gram-positive rods
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Aquatic Bacteria
Vibrio cholerae - cholera
Vibrio parahaemolyticus - gastrointestinal disease
Legionella pneumophila - Legionaire’s diseaseGram-negative aerobes that use aa’s
Leptospira interrogans - leptospirosis
Treponema pallidum – syphilis
Borrelia burgdorferi - Lyme disease
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Legionella pneumophila, stained with a fluorescent antibody (24.20)
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Scanning EM of Vibrio cholerae attached to intestinal mucosa using pili (25.12)
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11-26 Mode of action of cholera toxin (25.13)
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Spirochetes (11.26)
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Syphilitic chancre, the entry point forTreponema pallidum (22.12)
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11-31 Scanning EM of Borrelia burgdorferi (22.13)
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Life cycle of theDeer Tick (22.16)
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Animals as Habitats
• Skin
• Mucous membranes
• Obligate intracellular parasites
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Skin
• Ex. Staphylococcus aureus. Gram-positive cocci,
catalase positive, causes wound infections,
food poisoning
• Ex. Staphylococcus epidermidis (normal flora)
Can cause disease in individuals with
other medical problems
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11-37Staphylococcal toxic shock in the U.S. (25.6)
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Mucous Membrane• Ex. Bacteroides. Anaerobic, Gram-negative rods and coccobacilli, 30%
of bacteria in feces
• Ex. Bifidobacterium. Anaerobic, Gram-positive rods, common intestinal flora in breast fed infants, may provide protective function
• Ex. Campylobacter and Helicobacter. Gram-negative rods, microaerophiles, C. jejuni causes diarrhea in humans Helicobacter pylori causes stomach ulcers
• Ex. Haemophilus. Small, Gram-negative coccobacilli,love blood, H. influenzae causes ear infections,respiratory infections and meningitis in children
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Otis media(24.8)
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Streptococcus pneumoniae in spinal fluidfrom a meningococcal meningitis patient (27.4)
Meningitis is alsocaused by:
Haemophilus influenzae
Neisseria meningitidis
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Mucous Membrane
• Ex. Neisseria. Gram-negative diplococci, grow on mucous membranes, N. gonorrhoeae causes gonorrhea, N. meningitidis causes menengitis
• Ex. Mycoplasma. No cell wall, small pleiomorphic cells,M. pneumoniae causes “walking pneumonia”
• Ex. Treponema and Borrelia. Spirochetes, T. pallidiumcauses syphillis, Borrelia species cause Lyme Disease,
relapsing fever
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae growing on agar (11.27)
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Obligate Intracellular Parasites
• Cannot reproduce outside a host cell
• Transferred by blood-sucking arthropods
eg Rickettsia rickettsii causes Rock Mountain
Spotted Fever
• Can form a sporelike structure (Ex. Coxiella) Q fever
• Person to person transmission (Ex. Chlamydia)
C. trachomatis causes eye infection,
gonorrhea-like STD
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Coxiella (11.29)
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Chlamydia (11.30)
1 = reticulate bodies, noninfectious2-4 = dense bodies, infectious upon cell lysis
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Table 11.1
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Table 11.1cont
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Table 11.2
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Table 11.3
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Table 11.3cont