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Sylvia S
. Mad
er
Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor
BIOLOGY10th Edition
Insert figure 7.4 here
1
Photosynthesis
Chapter 7: pp. 117-132
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
thylakoidmembrane
NADP+
NADP
ATP
CalvinCycle
reactionsLight
reactions
Solarenergy
H2O CO2
CH2OO2
stromathylakoidmembrane
NADP+
ADP + P
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Outline
Photosynthetic Organisms Photosynthetic Process Plants as Solar Energy Converters Photosynthesis
Light Reactions Noncyclic Cyclic
Calvin Cycle Reactions Fixation of Carbon Dioxide C4 CAM
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Photosynthetic Organisms
All life on Earth depends on a star 93 million miles away (solar energy)
Photosynthetic organisms (algae, plants, and cyanobacteria) transform solar energy into carbohydrates Called autotrophs because they produce their own
food. Photosynthesis:
A process that captures solar energy Transforms solar energy into chemical energy Energy ends up stored in a carbohydrate
Photosynthesizers produce all food energy Only 42% of sun’s energy directed towards Earth reaches surface Of this, only 2% is captured by photosynthesizers Of this, only a tiny portion results in biomass
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Photosynthetic Organisms
mosses
garden plantstrees
cyanobacteriaEuglena diatomskelp
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
(Moss): © Steven P. Lynch; (Trees): © Digital Vision/PunchStock; (Kelp): © Chuck Davis/Stone/Getty Images; (Cyanobacteria): © Sherman Thomas/Visuals Unlimited; (Diatoms): © Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold; (Euglena): © T.E. Adams/Visuals Unlimited; (Sunflower): © Royalty-Free/Corbis
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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis takes place in the green portions of plants Leaf of flowering plant contains mesophyll tissue Cells containing chloroplasts Specialized to carry on photosynthesis
Raw materials for photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and water Roots absorb water that moves up vascular tissue Carbon dioxide enters a leaf through small openings called
stomata Diffuses into chloroplasts in mesophyll cells In stroma, CO2 combined with H2O to form C6H12O6 (sugar) Energy supplied by light
Chlorophyll and other pigments absorbs solar energy and energize electrons prior to reduction of CO2 to a carbohydrate
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Leaves and Photosynthesis
Grana
Chloroplast
Leaf cross section
granum
independent thylakoidin a granum
mesophyll
lowerepidermis
upperepidermis
cuticle
leaf veinouter membrane
inner membrane
thylakoid space
thylakoid membrane
overlapping thylakoidin a granum
CO2
O2
stoma
stromastroma
37,000
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
© Dr. George Chapman/Visuals Unlimited
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Photosynthetic Pigments
Pigments: Chemicals that absorb some colors in rainbow more
than others
Colors least absorbed reflected/transmitted most
Absorption Spectra Pigments found in chlorophyll absorb various portions
of visible light
Graph showing relative absorption of the various colors of the rainbow
Chlorophyll is green because it absorbs much of the reds and blues of white light
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Photosynthetic Pigments
Wavelengths (nm)
Increasing wavelength
a. The electromagnetic spectrum includes visible light. b. Absorption spectrum of photosynthetic pigments.
Increasing energy
Gammarays X rays UV Infrared
Micro-waves
Radiowaves
visible light
500 600 750
Wavelengths (nm)
380 500 600 750
chlorophyll a
chlorophyll b
carotenoids
Rel
ati
ve
Ab
sorp
tio
n
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Photosynthesis Releases Oxygen
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
© B. Runk/S. Schoenberger/Grant Heilman Photography
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Photosynthetic Reactions: Two Sets of Reaction
Light Reaction – takes place only in the presence of light They are the energy‑capturing reactions Chlorophyll absorbs solar energy This energizes electrons Electrons move down electron transport chain
Pumps H+ into thylakoids Used to make ATP out of ADP and NADPH out of NADP
Calvin Cycle Reaction takes place in stroma CO2 is reduced to a carbohydrate Use ATP and NADPH produced carbohydrate They are synthetic reactions
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Photosynthesis Overview
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
thylakoidmembrane
ADP + P
NADP+
NADP
ATP
CalvinCycle
reactionsLightreactions
Solarenergy
H2O CO2
CH2OO2
stroma
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Photosynthetic Reactions:The Light Reactions
Light reactions consist of two alternate electron pathways: Noncyclic electron pathway Cyclic electron pathway
Capture light energy with photosystems Pigment complex helps collect solar energy like an
antenna Occur in the thylakoid membranes
Both pathways produce ATP The noncyclic pathway also produces NADPH
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Light Reactions:The Noncyclic Electron Pathway
Takes place in thylakoid membrane Uses two photosystems, PS-I and PS-II PS II captures light energy Causes an electron to be ejected from the
reaction center (chlorophyll a) Electron travels down electron transport chain to PS-I Replaced with an electron from water Which causes H+ to concentrate in thylakoid chambers Which causes ATP production
PS-I captures light energy and ejects an electron Transferred permanently to a molecule of NADP+
Causes NADPH production
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Light Reactions:Noncyclic Electron Pathway
NADPH
2H+
H2O
electronacceptor
NADP+
H+
pigmentcomplex
pigmentcomplex
reaction center reaction center
sunsun
electron transport chain (ETC)
Photosystem II
Photosystem I
NADPH
thylakoidmembrane
solarenergy
Calvincycle
ATP
Calvin cyclereactions
ener
gy
leve
l
CO2 CH2O
Lightreactions
O212
ADP+ P
NADP+
e-
e-
e
e
ee-
e-
electronacceptor
CH2O
H2O CO2
O2
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Animation
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Light Reactions:The Cyclic Electron Pathway
Uses only photosystem I (PS-I)
Begins when PS I complex absorbs solar energy
Electron ejected from reaction center Travels down electron transport chain
Causes H+ to concentrate in thylakoid chambers
Which causes ATP production
Electron returns to PS-I (cyclic)
Pathway only results in ATP production
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Organization of the Thylakoid Membrane
PS II: Consists of a pigment complex and electron-acceptors Adjacent to an enzyme that oxidizes water Oxygen is released as a gas
Electron transport chain: Consists of cytochrome complexes Carries electrons between PS II and PS I Also pump H+ from the stroma into thylakoid space
PS I: Has a pigment complex and electron acceptors Adjacent to enzyme that reduces NADP+ to NADPH
ATP synthase complex: Has a channel for H+ flow Which drives ATP synthase to join ADP and Pi
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Organization of a Thylakoid
stroma
P
NADPH
Calvincyclereactions
ATP
thylakoid
photosystem II
Stroma
NADPreductase
NADP+
H+
H+
Pq
H+
H+
ATP synthase
chemiosmosis
electron transportchain
photosystem I
granum
thylakoid membrane
thylakoid space
stroma
ATP
NADPH
+ADPP
O22+21
Thylakoidspace
e-
H2O CO2
O2 CH2O
solarenergy
thylakoidmembrane
Lightreactions
ADP+
NADP+
NADP+
NADP+
NADP+
e-e-
H+
H+
H+
H+ H+
e-
H2O
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ATP Production
Thylakoid space acts as a reservoir for hydrogen ions (H+)
Each time water is oxidized, two H+ remain in the thylakoid space
Electrons yield energy Used to pump H+ across thylakoid membrane Move from stroma into the thylakoid space
Flow of H+ back across thylakoid membrane Energizes ATP synthase Enzymatically produces ATP from ADP + Pi
This method of producing ATP is called chemiosmosis
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Ecology FocusEcology Focus: Tropical Rain Forests
Equatorial; Temp>26ºC; Rainfall>200cm & uniform
Most plants woody; many vines and epiphytes; little or no undergrowth
Contribute greatly to CO2 uptake, slowing global warming Development has reduced them from 14% to 6% of
Earth’s surface Deforestation adds 20-30% of atmospheric CO2, but
also removes CO2 sink Increasing temps also reduce productivity
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Ecology FocusEcology Focus: Global Warming and Tropical Rain Forests
b.
-0.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
1860 1940
minimum likely increase
maximum likely increase
2020 2060 2100
Me
an
Glo
bal
Te
mp
era
ture
Ch
an
ge
(°C
)
Year
a.
most probable temperatureincrease for 2 × CO2
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
© George Holton/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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Calvin Cycle Reactions:Overview of C3 Photosynthesis
A cyclical series of reactions
Utilizes atmospheric carbon dioxide to produce carbohydrates
Known as C3 photosynthesis
Involves three stages: Carbon dioxide fixationCarbon dioxide reductionRuBP regeneration
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Calvin Cycle Reactions: Carbon Dioxide Fixation
CO2 is attached to 5-carbon RuBP molecule
Result in a 6-carbon molecule
This splits into two 3-carbon molecules (3PG)
Reaction accelerated by RuBP Carboxylase (Rubisco)
CO2 now “fixed” because it is part of a carbohydrate
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The Calvin Cycle: Fixation of CO2
RuBP ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate
3PG 3-phosphoglycerate
BPG 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
G3P glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
Metabolites of the Calvin Cycle
These ATP andNADPH moleculeswere produced bythe light reactions.
3 ADP + 3 P 6 ADP + 6 P
These ATPmolecules wereproduced by thelight reactions.
net gain of one G3P
Glucose
CO2
fixation
CO2reduction
regenerationof RuBP
intermediate
6 NADPH+
5 G3PC3
3 RuBPC5
6 G3PC3
6 BPGC3
3 CO2
Other organic molecules
6 NADPH3
ATP
6ATP
Calvin cycle
6 3PGC3
3 C6
CH2O
stroma
H2O CO2
ADP+ P
NADPH
NADP+
ATP
O2
2
solarenergy
Lightreactions
Calvincycle
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Calvin Cycle Reactions: Carbon Dioxide Reduction
3PG reduced to BPG
BPG then reduced to G3P
Utilizes NADPH and some ATP produced in light reactions
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The Calvin Cycle: Reduction of CO2
NADPH NADP+
ATP
3PG G3PBPG
ADP + P
As 3PG becomes G3P, ATP becomes
ADP + and NADPH becomes NADP+P
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Calvin Cycle Reactions:Regeneration of RuBP
RuBP used in CO2 fixation must be replaced
Every three turns of Calvin Cycle,
Five G3P (a 3-carbon molecule) used
To remake three RuBP (a 5-carbon molecule)
5 X 3 = 3 X 5
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The Calvin Cycle: Regeneration of RuBP
As five molecules of G3P become threemolecules of RuBP, three molecules of ATPbecome three molecules of ADP + .
3 ATP
5 G3P 3 RuBP
3 ADP + P
P
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Importance of Calvin Cycle
G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) can be converted to many other molecules
The hydrocarbon skeleton of G3P can form
Fatty acids and glycerol to make plant oils
Glucose phosphate (simple sugar)
Fructose (which with glucose = sucrose)
Starch and cellulose
Amino acids
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Fate of G3P
G3P
starch
fatty acidsynthesis
glucosephosphate
+fructose
phosphate
cellulosesucrose
amino acidsynthesis10
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C4 Photosynthesis
In hot, dry climates Stomata must close to avoid wilting CO2 decreases and O2 increases O2 starts combining with RuBP instead of CO2
Photorespiration, a problem solve in C4 plants In C4 plants
Fix CO2 to PEP a C3 molecule The result is oxaloacetate, a C4 molecule In hot & dry climates
Avoid photorespiration Net productivity about 2-3 times C3 plants
In cool, moist, can’t compete with C3
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Chloroplast Distribution in C4 vs. C3 Plants
C3 Plant C4 Plant
bundle sheathcell
bundle sheathcell
mesophyllcells
veinveinstomastoma
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CO2 Fixation in C4 vs. C3 Plants
Calvincycle
CO2
G3P
3PG
RuBP
mesophyll cell
CO2
CO2
C4
G3
bundlesheathcell
mesophyllcell
a. CO2 fixation in a C3 plant, blue columbine, Aquilegia caerulea
b. CO2 fixation in a C4 plant, corn, Zea mays
Calvincycle
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
b: © Nigel Cattlin/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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CAM Photosynthesis
Crassulacean-Acid MetabolismCAM plants partition carbon fixation by time
During the night CAM plants fix CO2
Forms C4 molecules,
Stored in large vacuoles
During daylight NADPH and ATP are available
Stomata closed for water conservation
C4 molecules release CO2 to Calvin cycle
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CO2 Fixation in a CAM Plant
Calvincycle
CO2
CO2
C4
G3P
CO2 fixation in a CAM plant, pineapple, Ananas comosus
night
day
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© S. Alden/PhotoLink/Getty Images.
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Climatic Adaptation: Photosynthesis
Each method of photosynthesis has Advantages and disadvantages Depends on the climate C4 plants most adapted to:
High light intensities High temperatures Limited rainfall
C3 plants better adapted to Cold (below 25°C) High moisture
CAM plants better adapted to extreme aridity CAM occurs in 23 families of flowering plants Also found among nonflowering plants
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Review
Flowering Plants
Photosynthetic Pigments
Photosynthesis Light Reactions
Noncyclic Cyclic
Carbon Fixation Calvin Cycle Reactions C4 CAM
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Sylvia S
. Mad
er
Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor
BIOLOGY10th Edition
Insert figure 7.4 here
44
Photosynthesis
Chapter 7: pp. 117-132
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
thylakoidmembrane
NADP+
NADP
ATP
CalvinCycle
reactionsLight
reactions
Solarenergy
H2O CO2
CH2OO2
stromathylakoidmembrane
NADP+
ADP + P