![Page 1: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
11
Land-Use Planning
![Page 2: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Outline• Need for Planning• Historical Forces• Rural to Urban Shift• Urban Sprawl
– Contributing Factors– Problems with Unplanned Growth
• Land-Use Planning Principles– Urban Planning Issues– Smart Growth
• Federal Government Land Use Issues
![Page 3: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
The Need For Planning• Between 1/3 - 1/2 world’s surface
altered by humans.– Most land-use decisions are still based
primarily on economic considerations or short-term needs rather than on unique analysis of the landscape.
– Once land has been converted to intensive human use, it is generally unavailable for other uses.
![Page 4: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Historical Forces That Shaped Land Use in
North America• Land Use in the United States:
– 47% - Crops and livestock– 45% - Forests and natural areas– 5% - Intensive human use
• Differs greatly from original conditions experienced by immigrants from New World.
![Page 5: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Historical Forces That Shaped Land Use in
North America• First U.S. colonists converted
landscape to farming, and then to towns and cities.
• Waterways provided primary method of transportation.– Allowed exploration and development of
commerce.– Early towns usually built near water and
at transfer points between water systems.
![Page 6: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Water and Urban Centers
![Page 7: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Rural to Urban Shift• North America remained essentially
rural until industrial growth began in last 1/3 of 1800’s.
• Industrial Revolution– Industrial jobs to be found in cities.
• European Immigrants– Congregated in, and subdivided cities.
• Offered variety of cultural, social, and artistic opportunities.
![Page 8: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Migration from Central City to the Suburbs
• Industrial Revolution led to polluted, undesirable waterways.– As roads and rail transport became more
common, many left the waterway areas.• Agricultural land surrounding towns was
converted to housing.– Land began to be viewed as a commodity, not as a
non-renewable resource to be managed.
![Page 9: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Suburb Migration• As land prices in the city rose, people
began to look for cheaper areas away from the city.– 1950 - 60% urban population lived in
central cities.– 1990 - 30% urban population lived in
central cities.
![Page 10: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Rural-to-Urban Population Shift
![Page 11: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Suburb Migration• Convenience and personal automobiles
escalated decentralized housing patterns and diminished importance of mass transit. – Decreased energy efficiency.– Increased cost of supplying utility services.
![Page 12: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Suburb Migration• Urban Sprawl - Pattern of un-planned
low density housing and commercial development outside of cities.– Land-Use Practices:
• Zoning ordinances that isolate employment and shopping services away from housing locations.
• Low-density planning aimed at creating automobile access to increasing expanses of land.
![Page 13: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Suburb Migration• Three types of urban sprawl:
– Development of exclusive wealthy suburbs adjacent to the city.
– Tract Development - Construction of similar residential units over large areas.
– Ribbon Sprawl - Commercial / industrial buildings line highways connecting housing developments to central city. • Megalopolis - Merge of cities into large, urban
areas.
![Page 14: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Regional Cities
![Page 15: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Factors That Contribute to
Sprawl• Lifestyle– Increased wealth of population.
• Decentralized housing pattern is possible because high rate of automobile ownership allows ease of movement.
• Economic – Building on agricultural land less expensive.– Tax laws encourage home development.
![Page 16: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Factors That Contribute to
Sprawl• Planning and Policy– Historically, little coordination of effort.
• Large number of political jurisdictions.– Zoning ordinances prohibit land use mixing.
• Specify minimum lot and house sizes.– Government subsidies.
• Local governments pay some costs of extending services into new areas.
– Alleviates costs to builders.
![Page 17: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Problems Associated with Unplanned Growth• Transportation
– Little thought to transportation corridors.– Establishment of new corridors stimulates
growth in nearby areas.• Reliance on automobiles has required constant
road building.– In Los Angeles, 70% of city’s surface area dedicated to
automobiles.• Average person in U.S. spends 9 hrs/wk in an
automobile.
![Page 18: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Problems Associated with Unplanned Growth• Air Pollution
– As traffic increases, so does air pollution.• Low Energy Efficiency
– Automobiles are inefficient transportation.– Decentralized cities - longer commutes.– Stop and go traffic patterns.– Single family homes less efficient.
![Page 19: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Problems Associated with Unplanned Growth
• Loss of Sense of Community– In many areas, people do not routinely
walk through their neighborhood.• Death of Central City
– Currently less than 10% of people work in the central city.• Less income to support public services.
• Higher Infrastructure Costs– Extension of municipal services.
![Page 20: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Problems Associated with Unplanned Growth
• Loss of Open Space– Oftentimes open space planning left out
of development plans.• Loss of Farmland
– Flat, well-drained land ideal for both farmland and urban development.
– Partial transformation often leads to whole transformation.
![Page 21: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Problems Associated with Unplanned Growth
• Water Pollution Problems– Large impervious surface areas lead to
high runoff and potential flooding.• Floodplain Problems
– Many cities located on floodplains.• Flat, nutrient rich.
– Development increases economic losses.• Many communities have enacted floodplain
zoning ordinances.
![Page 22: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Problems Associated with Unplanned Growth
• Wetlands Misuse– Many have been drained, filled, or used as
landfills.• U.S. has lost 53% of wetlands since the
European immigration began (Not including Alaska).
– Wetlands play crucial role in reproductive phase of many organisms.
» Provide sediment filtration.
![Page 23: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Problems Associated with Unplanned Growth
• Other Land-Use Considerations– Geological Status
• Earthquake-Prone Faults• Unstable Hillsides• Fire-Prone Areas
– Climate• Water Shortages
![Page 24: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Land-Use Planning Principles
• Land-Use Planning - Evaluating needs and wants of a population, as well as land characteristics and value, and various alternative solutions to land uses before changes are made.– Basic rule should be to make as few
changes as possible.
![Page 25: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Land-Use Planning Principles
• Evaluate and record unique geological, geographic, and biologic features.
• Preserve unique cultural or historical features.
• Conserve open space and environmental features.
• Calculate cost of additional changes required to accommodate altered land use.
![Page 26: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Land-Use Planning Principles
• Plan for mixed uses in close proximity.• Plan variety of transportation options.• Set limits and require managed growth
patterns with compact development.• Encourage development in areas with
existing infrastructure.
![Page 27: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Mechanisms for Implementing Land-Use
Plans• Establish State / Regional Planning Agencies.– More effective than larger agencies due to
more logical natural boundaries.• Purchase Land or Use Rights.
– In many cases, owner may be willing to limit future uses of the land.
![Page 28: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Mechanisms for Implementing Land-
Use Plans• Regulate Use
– Zoning - Designating land for specific uses.• Often planners
represent business or developing interests.
![Page 29: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Special Urban Planning Issues
• Urban Transportation Planning– Four Goals
• Conserve energy and land resources.• Provide efficient / inexpensive transportation.
– Target populations.• Provide efficient transportation opportunities to
suburban residents.• Reduce urban pollution.
![Page 30: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Urban Transportation
Planning• Problems with Mass Transit– Only economical along heavily populated
routes. – Extremely expensive to build / operate.– Often crowded and uncomfortable.– U.S. government encourages personal
autos by financing highways, maintaining cheap energy policy, and not funding mass-transit projects (hidden subsidies).
![Page 31: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Problems with Mass Transit
• Mass transportation systems are often under-funded and difficult to establish because mass transit is:– Economically feasible only along heavily
populated areas.– Less convenient than private automobiles.– Extremely expensive to build and operate.– Often crowded and uncomfortable.
![Page 32: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Decline of Mass Transportation
![Page 33: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
Urban Recreation Planning
• Nearly 3/4 of N.A. population lives in urban areas.
• Until recently, urban parks were considered an uneconomical use of land.
• Facilities not conveniently located may be infrequently used.
– New outgrowth of urbanization is the development of urban nature centers.
![Page 34: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Re-Development of Inner City Areas
• Many industrial cities are plagued by high cost of cleanup and renovation of brownfields. – Vacant industrial and commercial sites.
• Brownfield Development - Degree of clean-up required to support intended use of the site.
• Another important focus is remodeling abandoned commercial buildings into shopping centers, cultural facilities, and high-density housing.
![Page 35: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
Smart Growth• Smart Growth recognizes benefits of
growth.– Advocates emphasize developing “livable”
cities and town.• Quality of environment directly affects quality of
life.
![Page 36: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
Smart Growth• Smart Growth Principles
– Mix land uses.– Take advantage of compact designs.– Create range of housing opportunities.– Create walkable neighborhoods.– Foster distinctive, attractive communities
with a strong sense of place.
![Page 37: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Smart Growth Principles– Preserve open space and critical
environmental areas.– Strengthen development of existing areas.– Provide variety of transportation choices.– Make fair, cost-effective decisions.– Encourage community and stakeholder
collaboration in development decisions.
![Page 38: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
Federal Government Land-
Use Issues • Multiple Use Sustained Yield Act– 1960 - Divided use of national forests into
(4) categories:• Wildlife Habitat Preservation• Recreation• Lumbering• Watershed Protection
![Page 39: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
Federal Government Land-
Use Issues• 1872 Mining Law– “Miners” allowed to purchase mineral
extraction rights to public land for $5.00 per acre and keep rights as long as minimal maintenance continued.• Encouraged mining and mineral supplies.
![Page 40: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
Federal Government Land-
Use Issues• Outdoor Recreation– Many people want to use the natural
world for recreational purposes as nature can provide challenges lacking in day-to-day life.• Conflicts develop because some activities
cannot occur in the same place at the same time.
– Groups argue that because they pay taxes, they “own” the land and have a right to use it.
![Page 41: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
U.S. Federal Recreational Lands
![Page 42: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
Outdoor Recreation• Agency Control
– Several U.S. agencies allocate and regulate the lands they control.• Conflicting Roles
– Forest Service » Logging vs. Recreation
– Bureau of Land Management » Grazing vs. Recreation
![Page 43: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
Review• Need for Planning• Historical Forces• Rural to Urban Shift• Urban Sprawl
– Contributing Factors– Problems with Unplanned Growth
• Land-Use Planning Principles– Urban Planning Issues– Smart Growth
• Federal Government Land Use Issues
![Page 44: 1 1 Land-Use Planning 2 Outline Need for Planning Historical Forces Rural to Urban Shift Urban Sprawl –Contributing Factors –Problems with Unplanned](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649cc15503460f94987ba7/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
Be sure to read about wetlands loss in Louisiana (291) & aesthetic pollution
(296)