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Changing the urban design paradigm: Mobility oriented planning Allison Dutoit Head of Gehl Studio, Gehl Architects Architect; BFA, M. Arch
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Think Mobility rather than transit Gehl Approach
Shifting the discourse in a time of scarcity
1. Exemplify change rather than lobby for it (New York City)
2. Consider Behaviour
3. What gets measured gets done
4. A smart city for people (SF)
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Think Mobility rather than transit
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It’s not just about transit…
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It’s about the experience of mobility
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And everything that comes in between
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Micro-mobility
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Mobility…. It is about bicycling and public space ...
... and about pedestrians and public transport
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It is about bicycling and public transport
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It’s about joined-up thinking
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It´s about what you create around transport hubs
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It´s about what you create around transport hubs
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Joined-up thinking to make for better quality of life…
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It’s about everyone….
It’s about everyone! It’s about everyone!
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Shifting the discourse in a time of scarcity
Shifting the discourse in a time of scarcity
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It’s about sustainability?
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….”location close to transit!”
Reduction of CO2 by locating workplaces close to transit stations has 10 times more effect than insulating new buildings from the normal standard to a higher level.
”The role of the cities in the climate strategy” Byernes rolle i klimastrategien, Frederikshavn Kommune, Sønderborg Kommune, Albertslund Kommune og COWI A/S 2009
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Reduction of C02 by further insulation of new buildings
”The role of the cities in the climate strategy” Byernes rolle i klimastrategien, Frederikshavn Kommune, Sønderborg Kommune, Albertslund Kommune og COWI A/S 2009
0,08 ton/year/workplace (From The Danish Building Code standards to the level below a zero energy house called “klasse 1”)
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Reduction of C02 by building close to transit-stations =10 x larger effect
”The role of the cities in the climate strategy” Byernes rolle i klimastrategien, Frederikshavn Kommune, Sønderborg Kommune, Albertslund Kommune og COWI A/S 2009
0,70 ton/year/workplace (Moving the buildings with in 7-8 minutes walking distance)
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There is nothing so useless as doing efficiently what should not be done at all
– Peter Drucker
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Shifting the discourse
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We need both simultaneously
Sustainability is about the viatality of the planet tomorrow: A global issue
Livability is about the lifestyle of people today: A local issue
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Good for You Good for the Planet
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Gehl Approach
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Cultures are different…
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Climates are different…
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But the way People inhabit and use Space is universal
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“Man is man’s greatest joy” (Old Icelandic saying)
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PEOPLE ARE NOT IN THE CENTER OF THE CURRENT PLANNING PROCESS
- Traffic departments
-- Data on traffic volumes and needs
-- Prognoses for future traffic volumes
- Departments for pedestrians and public life
- Statistics for the use of public spaces
- Strategies for development of city life culture
All cities have
Few cities have
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Joined-up thinking
Designing objects
Making places (creating opportunities for place to flourish)
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Two key indicators to help city leaders make wiser decisions about the city for people
• We count how many are walking – Movement
• We log what they are doing when they are staying in a space - Stationary activities
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Our work is about the interaction between FORM (buildings and infrastructure) and LIFE
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Planning for a Liveable City Not only is new quality criteria required - but also a new planning process
buildings
life
space
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5 challenges
1. Exemplify change rather than lobby for it (New York City)
2. Consider Behaviour
3. Process rather than product
3. What gets measured gets done
4. A smart city for people (SF)
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1. Exemplfy change rather than lobby for it – Urban prototyping as a way to ensure effective use of resources, time and money 2. Consider behavior - Measure systems and characteristics of things or measure people and outcomes (health, happiness, safety). Create design and policy incentives that foster sustainable behavior 4. What gets measured gets done - What is the efficiency in which mobility, accessibility to public space and the built environment delivers health and well-being in the 21st century? 5. A smart city for people - Using technology to augment everyday urban routines only increases the need for thoughtfully designed streets and public spaces
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Urban prototyping as a way to ensure effective use of resources, time and money
1. Exemplify change rather than lobby for it (New York City)
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NEW YORK – WORLD CLASS STREETS
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Measuring what matters
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A CITY OF SCAFFOLDING
Quantifying impressions
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Gehl Architects · Urban Quality Consultants · Gl. Kongevej 1, 4.tv · 1610 Copenhagen V · Denmark · www.gehlarchitects.dk
Framing the situation politically
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Times Square
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Seeing places with fresh eyes
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Broadway scheme
Access is allowed but through traffic is prohibited
And space is reclaimed as the ‘Pearls on a String’ for Broadway
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Herald Square - before
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Herald Square - after
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Herald Square - before
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Herald Square - after
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DOT used in-house staff and resources to deliver the project. Estimated cost $1.5 million
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New opportunities to experience the City
Gehl Architects · Urban Quality Consultants · Gl. Kongevej 1, 4.tv · 1610 Copenhagen V · Denmark · www.gehlarchitects.dk
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Invitations to soak in the atmosphere – Times Square
Gehl Architects · Urban Quality Consultants · Gl. Kongevej 1, 4.tv · 1610 Copenhagen V · Denmark · www.gehlarchitects.dk
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40% decrease in pedestrian injuries in Times Square
74% of New Yorkers say Times Square has improved dramatically
42% of NYC residents shop in Times Square more often
84% more people are lingering (eg. Reading, eating)
The percentage of area employees satisfied with the Times Square experience increased by 72% (from 43% to 74% of those surveyed)
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17% improvements in travel time
11% increase in pedestrian numbers
63% decrease in injuries
35% decrease in pedestrian injuries throughout project
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Source: Sustainable streets index – 2010 NYC DOT
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1. Should the temporary ever become permanent? - or should it just evolve with the fast changing cultural landscape ? 2. How do we shorten the time between design and implementation of large infrastructure projects like the CPH metro (designed in the 90’s built up through 2018)
Pilot Projects & Rapid Urban Prototyping
1. Exemplify change rather than lobby for it (New York City)
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2. Consider Behaviour
Measure systems and characteristics of things or measure people and outcomes (health, happiness, safety). Create design and policy incentives that foster sustainable behavior
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World Energy Outlook 2009
IEA/OECD
By 2030, energy efficiency and behavior change will offset more CO2 than all the new wind, solar, and other alternative energy generation methods combined
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Measuring building focuses on the sustainability of building construction….
And doesn’t engage enough in capitalising on some of the human behavioral savings .
Measuring Systems and Things OR measuring People and Relations
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Ridership
ProposedActual
Investing in Sustainable Infrastructure?
1/5 of Projected Use Projected 2.2 million passengers per day - Actually 450,000
Dehli Metro Rail Corporation
Regular metro riders are being subsidized $712 USD/year Average Income in India is $510 USD/year
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Ridership
ProposedActual
Investing in Sustainable Infrastructure?
1/2 of Projected Use Flintholm hub projected at 13,270 but only 7,500
Metroselskabet
7.3 billion write off of value of project Ridership expected to fall an additional 15-23% 12 billion kr. Extension under construction
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Inviting a new user group…
…locals
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Gehl Architects · Urban Quality Consultants · Gl. Kongevej 1, 4.tv · 1610 Copenhagen V · Denmark · www.gehlarchitects.dk
A place more accessible for all
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Copenhagen Municipal Vision
Copenhagen has a vision We will become the world’s most liveable city: a sustainable city with urban space inviting people to a unique and varied urban life. We will become a metropolis for people.
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Copenhagen Municipal Vision
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Copenhagen Municipal Vision
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Copenhagen Municipal Vision
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The Portland Plan
Gehl Architects · Urban Quality Consultants · Gl. Kongevej 1, 4.tv · 1610 Copenhagen V · Denmark · www.gehlarchitects.dk
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The Portland Plan
Gehl Architects · Urban Quality Consultants · Gl. Kongevej 1, 4.tv · 1610 Copenhagen V · Denmark · www.gehlarchitects.dk
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The Portland Plan
Gehl Architects · Urban Quality Consultants · Gl. Kongevej 1, 4.tv · 1610 Copenhagen V · Denmark · www.gehlarchitects.dk
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Copenhagen
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Copenhagen’s Bicycle Account Every second year from 1995
The Copenhagen Bicycle Account 2013
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Why do Danes cycle?
Is it because of the environment? Copenhageners cycling
save over 90.000 t CO2 annually
5% state that it is because of the environment
Copenhagen Bicycle Account 2010
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A larger percentage bike for financial reasons ….
15% state that it is because it is cheap
Copenhagen Bicycle Account 2010
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Even more because cycling is part of a healthy lifestyle ...
17% state that it is because of the exercise
Copenhagen Bicycle Account 2010
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But most people bike because it is the most convenient, fast, direct and pleasurable way to move through the city!
63% state that it is because it is convenient and fast and most direct and pleasurable?
Copenhagen Bicycle Account 2010
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People don’t change their behavior when you tell them to;
People change when the context compels them to
Copenhagen Modal Split 63% of those who bike do so out of convenience
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København and Amsterdam: Investment per. capita approx. 180 per year, share of trips +30%
Holland: Investment per. capita approx. 180 per year, share of trips around. 30%
Capital Region: Investment per. capita 82 per year, share of trips 17%
Investment works
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How can we promote or ’nudge’ people to align their habits with the needs of the planet? •Investing in public transport is only worthwhile if it people choose to use it. •A building is only sustainable if it is part of a sustainable network •Investment in green technology is only sustainable if people behave the way we predict they will
2. Consider Behaviour
2. Consider Behaviour
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What is the efficiency at which mobility, accessibility to public space, and the built environment delivers health and well-being in the 21st century?
3. What gets measured gets done
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Learning from use and adapting
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The Third Generation of Pilot Projects places the bicycle lane next to parked cars
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50% earned in 7 extra years of productive life 20% saved on fewer days of illness 30% on health care savings
Efficiently using scarce public resources
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Safety in numbers…..
As the number of cyclists in the city increased The number of serious accidents decreased
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Safety in numbers…..
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INCENTIVES, BARRIERS, SOCIAL NORMS
Measure
Test
Refine
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1. Can we capture the social and cultural value of investments made in mobility as well as the economic and environmental ones 2. Can we create a quality criteria for mobility based on comfort, convenience, and quality of experience
3. What gets measured gets done
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Using technology to augment everyday urban routines only increases the need for thoughtfully designed streets and public spaces and networks
4. A smart city for people
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BETTER MARKET STREET
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APPROACH
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VISION – A NEW SYNERGY
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VISION – A NEW SYNERGY
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5 Thematic issues 1. Public Space
2. Street Life
3. Bicycle Facility
4. Public Transit
5. Private vehicle circulation
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PUBLIC SPACE
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PUBLIC SPACE
City Space District Scale Local Node
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STREETLIFE
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THE STREETLIFE ZONE
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THE STREETLIFE ZONE CONNECTOR
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THE STREETLIFE ZONE NODE
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THE STREETLIFE ZONE NODE
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A SERIES OF NEW EXPERIENCES
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BICYCLE FACILITY
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BICYCLE FACILITY
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TRADE-OFFS
A cycletrack reduces conflicts between vehicles and bicyclists but increases potential conflicts with commercial and passenger loading activity, including accessible services.
A shared bicycle lane retains conflicts with vehicles and boarding activity but reduces these with pedestrians. However, vehicle conflicts would be reduced with more vehicle restrictions.
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PUBLIC TRANSIT
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IMPROVING THE EXPERIENCE
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FINDING PERFORMANCE MEASURES
The RFP just stipulates •15% improvement in travel time •50% increase in transit capacity
As success criterias this is incredibly limiting – starts with the technical problem, rather than a vision that we work toward achieving.
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PRIVATE VEHICLE CIRCULATION
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PRIVATE AUTO CIRCULATION OPTIONS
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AUTO RESTRICTIONS
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1. How can we invite the people that work, live, and visit places like Market Street to meet, linger, collaborate and share knowledge? 2. What types of physical infrastructure, urban design and land uses will facilitate spontaneous or planned interaction? 3. How can smart city technology augment interaction, collaboration, mobility,
4. A smart city for people
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Think Mobility rather than transit Gehl Approach
Shifting the discourse in a time of scarcity
1. Exemplify change rather than lobby for it (New York City)
2. Consider Behaviour
3. What gets measured gets done
4. A smart city for people (SF)
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the starting point is people
The starting point
is people
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the starting point is people
The starting point
is people
Thank you.