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Anatomy and Physiology of
Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
Dr. Krishna Koirala
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External Nasal Framework
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• Nasal Bone
• Frontal Process of Maxilla
• Upper Lateral Nasal Cartilage
• Lower Lateral Nasal (Alar) Cartilage
• Septal Cartilage
• Lesser Alar (Sesamoid) Cartilages
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Internal Nose• Openings: Anterior nares and posterior
nares (Choana)
• Vestibule of nose: lined by skin and
containing hair follicles
• Nasal cavity proper: Lateral Wall ,
Medial Wall (Septum) , Roof , Floor
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1. Septal cartilage
2. Ethmoid plate
3. Vomer
4. Palatine crest
5. Maxillary crest
6. Vomeronasal cartilage
7. Medial alar crus
8. Upper lateral cartilage
9. Nasal bone crest
10. Frontal spine
11. Sphenoid rostrum
12. Membranous septum
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Lateral Nasal Wall• 3 - 4 bony conchae are covered with mucosa to
form the turbinates
• Space below and lateral to turbinate is called
meatus
• Middle meatus contains a round bulla
ethmoidalis separated from uncinate process by
hiatus semilunaris that leads to a funnel
shaped ethmoidal infundibulum
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Meatal Drainage1. Inferior meatus: Nasolacrimal duct
2. Middle meatus: Frontal , anterior ethmoid , maxillary
3. Superior meatus : Posterior ethmoid
4. Spheno - ethmoidal recess: Sphenoid
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Ostio-meatal Complex
Complex micro-architectural pathway in ethmoid labyrinth that drains anterior group of paranasal sinuses
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• OMC Consists of
– Frontal recess + ethmoid infundibulum
+ hiatus semilunaris + uncinate
process + bulla ethmoidalis + middle
meatus
• O.M.C. pathology leads to infection of all
anterior paranasal sinuses (Naumann)
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Variants in O.M.C. Concha bullosa (pneumatized M.T.)
Paradoxically curved middle turbinate
Medially turned ( bent) uncinate process
Large bulla ethmoidalis
Haller’s cell ( orbital floor)
Agger nasi cell ( anterior to M.T.)
Mucosal pathology
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Concha Bullosa
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Paradoxically curved M.T.
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Large bulla ethmoidalis
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Blood Supply1. Sphenopalatine artery (main artery)
2. Greater palatine artery
3. Superior labial artery
4. Anterior Ethmoidal artery
5. Posterior Ethmoidal artery
1, 2, 3 & 4 form Kiesselbach’s plexus over Little’s area on anterior septum
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Venous Drainage• Ethmoidal veins: ophthalmic veins
cavernous sinus
• Sphenopalatine vein: pterygoid plexus maxillary vein
• Woodruff’s venous plexus : present on lateral wall near the posterior end of middle turbinate
• Retro - columellar vein: behind the columella
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Sensory Nerve Supply
• Long & short Nasopalatine nerves
• Greater palatine nerve
• Infra-orbital nerve branches
• Anterior ethmoidal nerve
• Olfactory nerve
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Autonomic Nerve Supply• Deep petrosal nerve (sympathetic) +
greater superficial petrosal nerve (para-sympathetic) Vidian nerve pterygo-palatine ganglion nasal glands
• Sympathetic stimulation vasoconstriction + ed nasal secretions
• Para-sympathetic stimulation vasodilatation + ed nasal secretions
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Lining Epithelium
• Skin: on the nasal vestibule
• Olfactory epithelium: upper 1/3rd of nasal
cavity above the superior turbinate
• Respiratory epithelium (pseudo-stratified
ciliated columnar): rest of nasal cavity +
paranasal sinus
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Lymphatic Drainage 1. External nose & anterior nasal cavity
Submandibular lymph nodes
2. Remaining nasal cavity
Upper deep cervical lymph nodes
3. Nasal roof (dangerous area of nose)
Subarachnoid space along the olfactory nerve
4. P.N.S. Retropharyngeal & J.D. node
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Paranasal Sinuses• Anterior group
Frontal
Anterior ethmoidal
Maxillary
• Posterior group
Posterior ethmoidal
Sphenoid
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Development of P.N.S.Appear
first First X-ray appearanc
e
Reach adult size
byMaxillary At birth 4 mth 15 yr
Ethmoidal
At birth 1yr 12 yr
Sphenoid 2 yr 4 yr 18 yr
Frontal 4 yr 6 yr 15 yr
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Physiology of Nose & PNS,
Olfaction
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Functions of Nose• Respiration
– Heat exchange– Humidification– Filtration– Nasal resistance– Nasal fluids & ciliary function – Nasal neurovascular reflexes– Voice modification
• Olfaction
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Functions of PNS
• Vocal resonance• Air conditioning of the inspired air• Pressure damper• Reduction of skull weight• Floatation of skull in water• Increasing the olfactory area
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Respiration• Inspiration
– Air current passes along mid-portion of nasal cavity in lamellar flow
• Expiration– Resistance of nasal valve & turbinates leads
to formation of eddy current in expired air
• Results in awareness of breathing & ventilation of paranasal sinus
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Respiration
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Air conditioning• Filtration : Particles > 3 μm in inspired air
are trapped by nasal vibrissae• Temperature control
– Heat exchange between blood in cavernous venous sinusoids of turbinates & inspired air, (radiation)
• Humidification – secretions of nasal & PNS mucosa;
for better ciliary function
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Protection of lower airway• Muco-ciliary blanket: traps pathogens in inspired
air > 0.5 μm & transports them to nasopharynx for swallowing
• Sneezing: protects against irritants• Lysozyme: kills bacteria & viruses• Immunoglobulins A & E :protection against
bacteria• Interferon: for protection against virus
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Muco-ciliary blanket• Goblet cells in nasal mucosa
secrete a mucous blanket that moves backwards like a conveyer belt into the nasopharynx
• Consists of– Superficial mucous or gel layer– Deep serous or sol layer
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Muco-ciliary blanket
GelSol
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Ciliary cycle
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Factors decreasing mucociliary function• Dry atmosphere (absence of humidity)• Smoking, air pollutants & nasal irritants• Infection• Extremes of temperature• Hypoxia• Drugs: anesthetics, sedatives, topical nasal
decongestants, beta blockers
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Ventilation of PNS• Inspiration
– Negative pressure created in nasal cavity sucks out air from paranasal sinuses via their ostium
• Expiration – Eddies within nasal cavity create
positive pressure that ventilates paranasal sinuses via their ostium
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Ventilation of PNS
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Drainage of sinuses
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• Anterior sinuses drain in lateral pharyngeal gutter
• Posterior sinuses drain over posterior pharyngeal wall
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Nasal resistance
Nasal resistance to expired air ( by nasal valve) keeps positive pressure in respiratory tract & prevents alveolar collapse
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Vocal Resonance• Nasal cavity & paranasal sinuses provide
vocal resonance for nasal consonants M, N, nG
• De-nasal voice( Hyponasal Voice) – Seen in nasal obstruction
– Nasal consonants M, N & nG pronounced as B, D & G respectively
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Nasal Reflexes
• Smell reflex : Increases secretions of saliva & gastric juice
• Naso-pulmonary reflex : Chronic, severe nasal obstruction leads to increased pulmonary resistance and pulmonary hypertension
• Sneeze reflex : Protection against F.B., irritants
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Nasal Cycle• Reflex, periodic alternation in nasal airflow
resistance between two nasal cavities • Regulated by autonomic nervous system • Due to congestion & decongestion of
venous sinusoids of inferior turbinates & anterior nasal septum
• Each cycle lasts for 4-12 hours
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Factors modifying nasal cycle
• Temperature & humidity of surrounding air • Head position • Body temperature • Physical activity • Emotional & psychological status• Hypothyroidism & hyperthyroidism • Nasal decongestants & anti- hypertensives
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Olfaction
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Olfactory area of nose
•Located on the roof of the nasal cavity•Superior part of the nasal septum •Cribriform plate •Superior turbinate •Upper part of middle turbinate
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Olfactory neural pathway
Olfactory receptors on nasal mucosa Olfactory
nerve bundles (20) synapse with Mitral &
Tufted cells in Olfactory bulb Axons unite to
form Olfactory tract flattens distally to form
Olfactory trigone trifurcates into Olfactory
striae synapse with 10 & 20 Olfactory cortex +
hypothalamus + hippocampus + amygdala
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• Olfaction is the only sensation to reach
cerebral cortex directly without first
relaying at thalamus
• Olfactory pathway incorporates limbic
system & is concerned with emotional
behaviour, mood & recent memory
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Causes of Olfactory dysfunction
1. Upper respiratory viral infection (30 %)2. Idiopathic (25 %)3. Head trauma (20 %)4. Obstructive sinonasal disease (15 %) Rhino-sinusitis , nasal polyp , neoplasm5. Neurologic & Psychiatric diseases6. Intra-cranial neoplasm7. Toxic chemicals & surgical trauma
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Classification• Conductive loss: obstruction of nasal passages
– Chronic nasal inflammation, polyposis
• Sensorineural loss: damage to neuroepithelium
– Viral infection, airborne toxin
• Central olfactory neural loss: C.N.S. damage
– Tumors, neurodegenerative disorders
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Types of Olfactory dysfunction
1. Anosmia: absence of olfactory sensation 2. Hyposmia: decreased olfactory sensation 3. Parosmia / cachosmia: perception of a
pleasant odour as unpleasant odour 4. Phantosmia: perception of odour in
absence of olfactory stimulus 5. Hyperosmia: increased olfactory sensation 6. Olfactory agnosia: unable to identify odour
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Olfactory function tests1. Supra-threshold test: only identifies odour Smell bottles Smell Identification Test (S.I.T.)2. Threshold Olfactometry: measures weakest
perceptible odour with help of serial dilution Manual Dynamic (automated)
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Manual Threshold Olfactometry
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Dynamic Threshold Olfactometry
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University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT)
• Most commonly used test of smell worldwide• 4 booklets of 10 microencapsulated odors stimuli• Scratch and sniff format• Four responses accompanying each odor• Forced choice design• Scores are compared to normal (sex- and age-
related)
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Smell Identification Test sample
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Results36 – 40 :Normal 16-35 :Partial anosmia6-15 :Total anosmia 0-5 :Malingering
Thank you !