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Biomolecules
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Macromolecules in Organisms
There are four major classes of macromolecules found in living
things:Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
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•Used for immediate and stored energy, and as a building material in the cell.
•Contain elements C,H,O
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Carbohydrates
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Three Groups of Carbohydrates
•Monosaccharides - “one
sugar”
•Disaccharides - “two sugars”
•Polysaccharides - “many
sugars”
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Monosaccharides:
•“One Sugar”
•Simplest of all sugars
•Can vary in the # of carbon (C) atoms, but the ratio of 2H:1O is always present.
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Glucose
•Glucose – 6 carbon monosaccharide that is the preferred energy source for most organisms including humans.
•Chemical Formula is C6H12O6
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Disaccharides
•Two monosaccharides covalently bonded together
•Examples
1) Sucrose - table sugar 2) Lactose - milk sugar 3) Maltose - grain sugar
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Polysaccharides Many monosaccharides covalently bonded together.
Divided into 2 groups based on function:
*Energy storage
polysaccharides and
structural
polysaccharides
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Examples of Polysaccharides
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Glucose Monomer
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Storage Polysaccharides
•Long polymers of glucose broken down as needed for energy.
• EXAMPLES - Glycogen
- Starch
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Glycogen
•Storage form of glucose in animals
**Glycogen & starch are similar in structure because BOTH are made of glucose monomers*
• Stored in liver and muscle cells in humans.
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Starch
•Storage form of glucose in plants
• Plant cells store starch for energy
• Potatoes and grains are major sources of starch in the human diet
*Glycogen & starch are similar in structure because BOTH are made of glucose monomers*
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Structural Polysaccharides
•Used as a building material in many organisms
EXAMPLES - Cellulose - Chitin
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Cellulose
•It is a major component of plant cell walls
•Polymer made up of glucose monomers
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Cellulose
Humans & other animals cannot break down cellulose for energy.
Still important as a source of fiber.
Bacteria have enzymes to break down cellulose
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Chitin
•Major component of fungi cell walls as well as the exoskeleton of arthropods & insects.
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TEST YOUR TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE!!!!KNOWLEDGE!!!!1. Which of the following is NOT one
of the 4 biomolecules?A) Nucleic AcidsB) LipidsC) NutrientsD) Carbohydrates
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TEST YOUR TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE!!!!KNOWLEDGE!!!!2. What is the name of the preferred
energy source of most organisms?A) SucroseB) LipidsC) LactoseD) Glucose
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TEST YOUR TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE!!!!KNOWLEDGE!!!!3. Polymers make up monomers.
A) TrueB) False
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Lipids
•Known for their insolubility in water.
•Known as hydrophobic –”water fearing”
•Made up of C,H,and O
•Our bodies need lipids for energy, storage, insulation, and cushioning
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Function of Lipids
•Fats store energy,
•Insulate the body,
•CushionCushion and and protectprotect organs, organs,
•Serve as a Serve as a component of component of the cell the cell membrane. membrane.
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Three Groups of Lipids
•Fats & Oils
•Phospholipids
•Steroids
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Fats & Oils
•Made up of glycerol + 1 or more fatty acid tails.
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Fats & Oils
•Referred to as fat if lipid is solid at room temp. Usually from animal source.
•Referred to as an oil if lipid is liquid at room temp. Usually from a plant source.
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Fats & Oils
•Classified as saturated or unsaturated
•Saturated fats have been linked to heart disease.
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Phospholipids
•Primary component of all cell membranes.
•Have a head that is polar & attracted to water (hydrophilic)
•Have 2 fatty acid tails that are nonpolar and do not attract water (hydrophobic)
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Steroids
Ex: Cholesterol
- found in cell membranes of animal cells
Used for hormone production & animlal cell structure.
Cholesterol
TestosteroneEstrogen
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Four Types of Proteins
Structural
Contractile
Storage
Transport
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Proteins
•Molecular tools of the cell
•Functions include: structure (building cells), support, movement, hormones, enzymes, and metabolism.
•Contain C,H,O, and N
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ProteinsProteins
•Amino Acids – Monomers of proteins are amino acids
–There are 20 amino acids that combine in different numbers, orders, and arrangements to form proteins.
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Proteins as Enzymes
•One very impt function of proteins is to serve as enzymes
•A catalyst triggers chemical reactions without being used up in the process.
•Organisms could not maintain homeostasis without functioning enzymes
•Enzymes trigger chemical reactions by serving as a catalyst
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Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
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Nucleic Acids
•Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides
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Nucleic Acids - Nucleotides
•Store and carry out the genetic code.
•Contain information for heredity and for making all the body’s proteins.
•Contain the elements C,H,O,N, and P
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid
•DNA–Contains
the genetic code for the cell.
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Ribonucleic Acid
•RNA –Carries
out
the instructions in DNA.
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Adenosine Tri-Phosphate
•ATP
– Provides usuable energy in all cells.
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Macromolecules
CarbonCompounds
include
that consist of
which contain
that consist of that consist of that consist of
which contain which contain which contain
Section 2-3
Concept Map
Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins
Sugars and starches
Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,
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TEST YOUR TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE!!!!KNOWLEDGE!!!!1.Which of the following is NOT a
function of lipids?A) TransportB) InsulationC) EnergyD) Cushioning
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TEST YOUR TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE!!!!KNOWLEDGE!!!!
2) The monomers of protein are
A) NucleotidesB) Amino AcidsC) EnzymesD) Steriods