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Exotic Disease ResponseAdvanced Knowledge of Exotic Animal Diseases and Response Measures
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During this session we will cover:• Disease information• Statistical sampling theory• Statistical sampling practical• Response measures• Relevant legislation.
Training Agenda
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ObjectivesBy the end of this module you will be able to:• Prepare an information sheet on an exotic disease• Explain principles of sampling protocols and interpretation of
laboratory results• Explain how to collect, store, package and document samples• Explain the Biosecurity response for different diseases• Explain your duties and responsibilities under relevant
legislation.
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Knowledge Checks• Are not designed to Pass or Fail you!• Make sure you have understood what you have
learned before moving on to the next module.• You can refer to your reference material (processes
and procedures) if you need to.• If you haven’t achieved 100% accuracy, I’ll provide
some help before we move on to the next topic.
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1: Disease information Objective
By the end of this topic you will be able to:• Prepare an information sheet on an exotic disease.
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2: Statistical Sampling Theory Objective
By the end of this topic you will be able to:• Explain sampling protocols • Explain interpretation of laboratory results.
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Process Hierarchies for EDR
Organism Management
•Manage restricted places•Security•De population•Disposal•Valuation•Treatment
Surveillance
•Investigations•Tracing•Field visits •Provide GIS
Movement Control
•Assess movement applications•Monitor movements•Treatment of vehicles
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What we will cover on statistical sampling theory
1. Test types2. Interpreting test results3. Sample size4. Selection of sample
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Prevalence Apparent prevalence The true prevalence of disease in a
population. Can be calculated from AP and test variables.
Expected prevalence The prevalence of a disease as determined by the test.
True prevalence The prevalence of the disease you would expect for the group sampled.
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Sensitivity and Specificity
Sensitivity Measures the ability of the test to correctly identify infected animals (SE)
Specificity Measures the ability of a test to correctly identify disease free animals(SP)
Predictive Value (PV)+ve and –ve
Probability that an animal testing +ve (or –ve) is actually diseased (or not)Depends on SP, SE and prevalence
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Herd Sensitivity and Specificity
Herd Sensitivity Probability that a test classifies a truly diseased herd +veFunction of AP and number of tests
Herd Specificity Probability that a test classifies a truly disease-free herd –veFunction of SP and number of tests
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Example 1
Fig 1: True prevalence. 0%.
Fig 2: Apparent prevalence. SE=90%, SP= 90%.
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Example 2
Fig 1: True prevalence. 20%.
Fig 2: Apparent prevalence. SE=90%, SP= 90%.
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Example 2 …
18 8
2 72TEST: -ve
SP = 90%.
Disease -veDisease +ve
TEST: +ve
SE = 90%
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Test threshold18 8
2 72TEST: -ve
SP = 90%
Disease -veDisease +ve
TEST: +ve
SE = 90%
20 16
0 64TEST: -ve
SP = 80%
TEST: +ve
SE = 98%
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Manipulating the threshold
Overlap –can move cut-off to change SE and
SPTest -ve
Test +ve
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1000 pigs, 60 sampled
SE 95%, SP 60%
No clinical signs
Prevalence 5%, +ve PV = 11%
Prevalence 10%, +ve PV = 21%
Prevalence 50%, +ve PV = 70%
Example interpretation 1
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1000 sheep, 60 sampled
SE 95%, SP 85%
No clinical signs
Prevalence 5%, +ve PV = 25%
Prevalence 10%, +ve PV = 41%
Prevalence 50%, +ve PV = 86%
Example interpretation 2
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Variables affecting sample sizeExpected prevalence
If prevalence is lower, sample size is bigger.
Group size If the group sampled is small the proportion sampled is bigger – 100% for a very small group.
Confidence (%) The pre-determined likelihood that a test result is true, ie 95% confident that the animal/herd/region is -ve
Test SE Sample size may be increased to allow for imperfect test Sensitivity
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Expected prevalence
The disease Incubation period, how contagious, species affected etc
Susceptibility Susceptibility varies between species and within a species, different sub groups may be more susceptible
Management practices
Housing, movement, opportunity for spread, etc
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Example - Waiheke
Number in group Number of animals to be sampled
1-4041-5051-6061-8081-120121-180181-500501-1000
All of group40455055606570
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Group Exercise 4 – Sample Sizes
1. 1000 dairy cows 1000 hill country beef cows
2. 500 housed sows 500 sheep
3. 200 sows 2000 sows
In each pair, below, which group might require a bigger proportion to be sampled and why?
Assume: FMD and probability 95%
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Sample groups
Cows and calves
Sheep
Cattle
Youngstock
Wethers on run-off
Ewes and lambs
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Sampling techniques Non-random Selecting sample on a basis other than
random. For example, all animals with clinical signs, first 50 animals, closest animals to the yards.
Random Randomly sampling properties and/or animals within a group. Every animal has a known, non-zero probability of inclusion in the sample (Dohoo).
Census Sampling all properties and/or all animals.
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Herd of 500 cowsSample required – 70500/70 = randomly select 1st cow, then every 7th cow through
the race or dairy
Random sampling
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3: Statistical Sampling Practical Objective
By the end of this topic you will be able to:• Explain how to select a random sample of animals• Explain how to collect and store samples• Demonstrate how to pack and document samples.
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What we will cover on statistical sampling practical
1. Sample groups2. Taking samples3. Packing samples4. Documentation5. Field disinfection.
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General rules for taking samples Bacterial Take these first to reduce chance of contamination.
Aseptic techniques. New instruments for each sample.Immediately into media (if used).
PCR Collect second (after bacto)Aseptic techniques. Immediately into media (if used)
Viral Place immediately in transport medium – ensure correct mediumChill to around 4 degrees within half an hour
Histology Keep size to 0.5 cm max widthSeparate pottle for each samplePlace in 10% buffered formalin
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4: Response Measures Objective
By the end of this topic you will be able to:• Explain the biosecurity response measures for different
diseases.
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Response measures depend on• Herd immunity• Infectivity• Cycle interruption• Portal of entry• Route of transmission• Portal of exit• Reservoir• Ecology of the agent.
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MAF response measures
GENERIC
Response measures
DISEASE SPECIFIC
RESPONSE SPECIFIC
Objectives & plans
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Overall structures
Restricted
Place
Restricted
Place
Restricted
Place
Restricted
Place
Restricted
Place
FORT FORT FORT
Response Centre
National Co-ordination
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Response phases
Initial
ReportInvestigation Response Stand-
down
Post
Response
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Phase 1: Initial Report• Farmer or vet rings MAF 0800 emergency line with
report of suspicious disease• Details are taken and decision made on whether to
investigate (Duty ED Investigator).
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Phase 2: Investigation• Objectives and plan prepared for the investigation
(Duty ED Investigator)• Investigation carried out on farm (Investigating Vet)• Investigation in lab (RC Investigators)• Notify NCC re results (Duty ED Investigator).
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Phase 3: Response• Declare response (Director Biosecurity)• Prepare response objectives • Co-ordinate response
• Prepares a response plan, • Activates and instructs FORTs, • Provides testing, advice, and management information
services
• Organism Management• Surveillance • Movement Control and Treatment
NCC
RC
FORT
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Phase 4: Stand-down• NCC declares a stand-down when the disease is
eliminated or controlled.
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Phase 5: Post Response• Surveillance continues for a set time after stand-
down.– Proof of freedom surveys– Ongoing surveillance established
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Example Response Objectives
• Maintain essential industries – milk collection
• Determine spread within 2 weeks• Eradicate disease within 6 weeks.
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5: Relevant Legislation Objective
By the end of this topic you will be able to:• Explain your duties and responsibilities under the: • HSNO Act• Animal Welfare Act• Resource Management Act.
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HSNO Act, 1996
1. Packaging, labelling and transport of biological samples
2. Use of hazardous substances – sprays, disinfectants, poisons, etc.
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Animal Welfare Act, 1999
1. Handling
2. Taking samples
3. Treatment
4. Humane killing.
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Resource Management Act, 1991
Covers anything that may impact on the environment;
1. Digging holes
2. Burning
3. Discharge of milk, etc.