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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
1Foundations: An Introduction to Anatomy
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Introduction
• Anatomy• The study of external structures• The study of internal structures• The study of the relationship between body
parts• The careful observation of the human body
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Introduction
• Physiology• The study of how the body functions• The study of mechanisms in the body
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Microscopic Anatomy
• Microscopic anatomy • The study of structures that cannot be seen
without magnification• Cytology—study of cells• Histology—study of tissues
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Microscopic Anatomy
• Macroscopic anatomy • The study of structures that can be seen
without magnification• Surface anatomy: refers to the superficial
anatomical markings• Regional anatomy: refers to all structures in a
specific area of the body, whether they are superficial or deep
• Systemic anatomy: The study of the organ systems of the body (digestive system, cardiovascular system, etc.)
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Figure 1.1 The Study of Anatomy at Different Scales
Size
meters (m) millimeters (mm) micrometers (m) nanometers (nm)
Approximate Magnification (Reduction)FactorFrom actual to artwork on this page
Unaided human eye
Hu
man
Bo
dy
Hu
man
hea
rt
Fin
ger
tip
(w
idth
)
Lar
ge
pro
tozo
an
Hu
man
oo
cyte
Red
blo
od
cel
l
Bac
teri
a
Mit
och
on
dri
on
Vir
use
s
Rib
oso
mes
Pro
tein
s
DN
A (
dia
met
er)
Am
ino
aci
ds
Ato
ms
Compound lightmicroscope
Scanning electronmicroscope
Transmission electronmicroscope
( .15) ( .12) ( .6) 20 83 103 103 103 105 106 106 106 107 108
.1nm1nm2nm8–10nm11nm10–120nm120m 10m 1–12m 2m.5mm12mm120mm1.7m
Relative size m to mm Relative size mm to m Relative size m to nm
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Other Perspectives on Anatomy
• Developmental anatomy: • Examines structural changes over time• Embryology:
• The study of early developmental stages
• Comparative anatomy:• Considers different types of animals
• Clinical anatomy:• Focuses on pathological changes
during illness
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Other Perspectives on Anatomy
• Surgical anatomy:• Studies anatomical landmarks important for
surgical procedures• Radiographic anatomy:
• The study of anatomical structures with the use of x-rays or ultrasound scans on an intact body
• Cross-sectional anatomy:• The use of radiographic techniques (CT and
MRI scans) to look at cross sections of the body
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Figure 1.2 Comparative Anatomy
Dorsal, hollow nervecord forming
brain andspinal cord
Notochorda stiffened rod belowspinal cord, usually
replaced by vertebrae
Muscular tailextends beyond
exit ofdigestive tract
Digestivetract
Mouth Heart Anus
Braincaseof cartilage or
bone surroundsthe brain
Pharyngeal (gill)arches
may persist or be modifiedto form other structures
in adult
Ventral bodycavity
contains thoracicand abdominopelvic
organs
Somitessegmental blocksforming muscles,
vertebrae, etc.
Skullsurrounds
brain incranail cavity
Limb bud
Somites
Somites
Limbbuds
Embryo
Salmon (bony fish)
Chicken
Human
Adult
Vertebraesurround
spinal cordin spinal cavity
Skull
Skull
Vertebrae
Vertebrae
The similarities betweenvertebrates are most apparentwhen comparing embryos atcomparable stages ofdevelopment.
The similarities are lessobvious when comparingadult vertebrates.
All vertebrates share a basicpattern of anatomical organizationthat differs from that of otheranimals.
BasicVertebrateBody Plan
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Levels of Organization
• Chemical/Molecular (simple)• Cell• Tissue• Organ• Organ system• Organism (complex)
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Levels of Organization
• Chemical/Molecular• Over a dozen elements in the body• Four of them make up 99% of the body
• Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen
• Major classes of compounds• Water• Carbohydrates• Proteins• Lipids• Nucleic acids
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Figure 1.3 Composition of the Body at the Chemical Level of Organization
Molecularcomposition ofthe body
Elemental composition of the body.Trace elements include silicon,fluorine, copper, manganese, zinc,selenium, cobalt, molybdenum,cadmium, chromium, tin,aluminum, and boron.
Hydrogen62%
Oxygen26%
Carbon10%
Nitrogen1.5%
Carbohydrates3%
Lipids10%
Proteins20%
Water – 66%OTHER ELEMENTS
CalciumPhosphorusPotassiumSodiumSulfurChlorineMagnesiumIronIodineTrace elements
0.2%0.2%0.06%0.06%0.05%0.04%0.03%0.0005%0.0000003%(see caption)
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Levels of Organization
• Cell• The smallest living unit in the body
• Tissue• Many cells and some surrounding material
• Organ• Combination of tissues
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Levels of Organization
• Organ System• Combination of various organs make up a
specific system• For example: the stomach, small intestine, large
intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas make up the digestive system
• Humans are composed of 11 organ systems
• ORGANISM
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Figure 1.4 Levels of Organization
Organism Level
Organ System Level
Organ Level
Tissue Level
Cellular Level
Chemical orMolecular Levels
.1nm
10nm
10m
1mm
1mm
120mm
1.7m
Size
All of the organ systems mustwork together for a person toremain alive and healthy.
IntegumentarySkeletal
MuscularNervous
EndocrineCardiovascular
Lymphoid
RespiratoryDigestive
UrinaryReproductive
The cardiovascular systemincludes the heart, the blood,and blood vessels.
The heart is acomplex three-dimensional organ.
Cardiac muscle tissueconstitutes the bulk ofthe walls of the heart.
Cardiac muscle tissueis formed from interlockingheart muscle cells.
Heart muscle cellscontain within themcontractileprotein fibers.
Complex contractileprotein fibers areorganized from molecules.
Molecules areformed frominteracting atoms.
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Figure 1.5 An Introduction to Organ Systems (Part 1 of 2)
ORGAN SYSTEM MAJOR FUNCTIONS
Integumentarysystem
Skeletalsystem
Muscularsystem
Nervoussystem
Endocrinesystem
Cardiovascularsystem
Protection from environmentalhazards; temperature control
Support, protection of soft tissues;mineral storage; blood formation
Locomotion, support, heatproduction
Directing immediate responses tostimuli, usually by coordinating theactivities of other organ systems
Directing long-term changesin the activities of other organsystems
Internal transport of cells anddissolved materials, includingnutrients, wastes, and gases
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Figure 1.5 An Introduction to Organ Systems (Part 2 of 2)
ORGAN SYSTEM MAJOR FUNCTIONS
Lymphoidsystem
Defense against infection anddisease
Respiratorysystem
Digestivesystem
Urinarysystem
Reproductivesystem
Delivery of air to sites where gasexchange can occur between the air and circulating blood
Processing of food andabsorption of organic nutrients,minerals, vitamins, and water
Elimination of excess water,salts, and waste products;control of pH
Production of sex cells andhormones
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An Introduction to Organ Systems
• Responsiveness (irritability) • A change in activity based on a stimulus
• Adaptability • Long-term responsiveness
• Growth• The increase in size of an organism
• Differentiation• Becoming specialized to perform particular
functions
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An Introduction to Organ Systems
• Reproduction• The production of new generations of the
same organism• Movement
• The ability to change the position of something
• Metabolism• All the chemical reactions in the body
• Anabolism: the synthesis of complex molecules• Catabolism: the breakdown of complex molecules
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An Introduction to Organ Systems
• Absorption:• The process of bringing chemicals into the
body
• Respiration:• The absorption, transport, and use of oxygen
by cells
• Digestion:• The processes of catabolism that make
nutrients small enough to be absorbed
• Excretion:• The removal of wastes
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HOMEOSTASIS • Homeostatic regulation is the adjustment of physiological
systems to preserve homeostasis.• Two general mechanisms are involved in homeostatic
regulation: autoregulation and extrinsic regulation:• 1. Autoregulation, (intrinsic regulation)a cell, a tissue, an
organ, or an organ system adjusts automatically in response to some environmental change.
• Example: oxygen decrease- cells release chemicals- dilate bl.vessels.
• 2. Extrinsic regulation nervous system or endocrine system control or adjust the activities of many systems .
• For example: exercise-n.s. increases heart rate & n.s. reduces blood flow to less active organs(digestive)
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• nervous system directs rapid, short-term, and very specific responses. (hot stove)
• endocrine system releases chemical messengers, called hormones, that affect tissues and organs throughout the body.
• The responses may not be immediately apparent, but they may persist for days or weeks.
• Ex:regulation of blood volume and composition (starvation).
• The endocrine system also plays a major role in growth and development
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• homeostatic regulatory mechanism consists of three parts:
• (1) a receptor, a sensor that is sensitive to a particular environmental change, or stimulus;
• (2) a control center, or integration center, which receives and processes the information supplied by the receptor; and
• (3) an effector, a cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center and whose activity either opposes or enhances the stimulus.
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NEGATIVE FEEDBACK • an effector activated by the control center
opposes, or negates, the original stimulus. Negative feedback thus tends to minimize change,
• Most homeostatic regulatory mechanisms involve negative feedback. (body temperature)hypothalamus,
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Negative feedback
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POSITIVE FEEDBACK• In positive feedback, an initial stimulus produces a
response that exaggerates or enhances the change in the original conditions rather than opposing it.
• positive feedback loops are often incorporated into control mechanisms in which a potentially dangerous or stressful process must be completed quickly.
• For example, the immediate danger from a severe cut is the loss of blood, which can lower blood pressure and reduce the efficiency of the heart. clotting gets under way, each step releases chemicals that accelerate the process. formation of a blood clot, patches the vessel wall and stops the bleeding. Also labor and delivery,
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Positive feedback
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Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 1 of 12)
The Integumentary System
Protects againstenvironmental hazards;helps control bodytemperature
Hair
Epidermis andassociatedglands
Fingernail
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Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 2 of 12)
The Skeletal System
Provides support; protectstissues; stores minerals;forms blood cells
SkullAXIAL
SKELETONAPPENDICULAR
SKELETON
Sternum
Ribs
Vertebrae
Sacrum
Supporting bones(scapula andclavicle)
Upper limbbones
Pelvis (supportingbones plus sacrum)
Lower limb
bones
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Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 3 of 12)
The Muscular System
Allows for locomotion;provides support;produces heat
Axialmuscles
Appendicularmuscles
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Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 4 of 12)
The Nervous System
Directs immediateresponses to stimuli,usually by coordinatingthe activities of other organ systems
CENTRAL NERVOUSSYSTEM
Spinalcord
Brain
Peripheralnerves
PERIPHERAL NERVOUSSYSTEM
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Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 5 of 12)
The Endocrine System
Directs long-termchanges in activitiesof other organsystems
Pineal glandPituitary gland
Thyroid glandParathyroid gland
Thymus
Suprarenal glandPancreas
Ovary infemale
Testis in male
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Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 6 of 12)
The Cardiovascular System
Transports cells and dissolved materials,including nutrients,wastes, and gases
Heart
Artery
Vein
Capillaries
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Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 7 of 12)
The Lymphoid System
Defends againstinfection and disease;returns tissue fluid tothe bloodstream
Thymus Lymph nodes
Spleen
Lymphatic vessel
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Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 8 of 12)
The Respiratory System
Delivers air to sites wheregas exchange can occurbetween the air andcirculating blood;produces sound
Pharynx
Trachea
Lung
Diaphragm
Nasal cavity
Sinus
Larynx
Bronchi
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Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 9 of 12)
The Digestive System
Processes food andabsorbs nutrients
Salivary gland
Stomach
Large intestine
Pharynx
Esophagus
LiverGallbladder
Pancreas
Small intestine
Anus
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Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 10 of 12)
The Urinary System
Eliminates excesswater, salts, andwaste products
Kidney
UreterUrinarybladder
Urethra
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Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 11 of 12)
The Male Reproductive System
Produces sex cellsand hormones
Prostate gland
Seminal gland
Ductusdeferens
Urethra
Epididymis
Testis
Penis
Scrotum
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Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 12 of 12)
The Female Reproductive System
Produces sex cellsand hormones; supports embryonicdevelopment fromfertilization to birth
Mammary gland
Uterinetube
Ovary
Uterus
Vagina
Externalgenitalia
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The Language of Anatomy
• Superficial Anatomy• Using the proper terms to identify the
structures of the body helps physicians communicate with each other and the patient
• The terms are typically derived from Latin or Greek
• Latin or Greek is used because they are descriptive languages
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Figure 1.7 The Importance of Precise Vocabulary
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The Language of Anatomy
• Anatomical Landmarks• Anatomical position
• The hands are at the side• The palms are facing forward• All discussion of the human body is in reference to
the anatomical position• Supine: lying down (face up) in the anatomical
position• Prone: lying down (face down) in the anatomical
position
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Figure 1.8a Anatomical Landmarks Frons orforehead (frontal)
Craniumor skull
(cranial)
Faciesor face(facial)
Cephalonor head
(cephalic)
Oris or mouth (oral
Mentis or chin(mental)
Axilla or armpit(axillary)
Brachiumor arm
(brachial)
Antecubitisor front of
elbow(antecubital)
Antebrachiumor forearm
(antebrachial)
Carpusor wrist (carpal)
Palmaor palm
(palmar)
Pollexor thumb
Digits(phalanges)
or fingers (digitalor phalangeal)
Patellaor kneecap
(patellar)
Crus or leg (crural)
Tarsus orankle
(tarsal)
Digits (phalanges)or toes (digital or
phalangeal)Hallux or great toe
Pes or foot(pedal)
Anterior view in the anatomical position.
Femur or thigh (femoral)
Pubis (pubic)
Inguenor groin (inguinal)
Manusor hand (manual)
Pelvis (pelvic)
Umbilicusor naval (umbilical)
Abdomen (abdominal)
Mamma or breast (mammary)
Thoracis or thorax, chest(thoracic)
Cervicis or neck (cervical)
Bucca or cheek (buccal)
Auris or ear (otic)
Oculus or eye (orbital or ocular)
Nasus or nose (nasal)
Trunk
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The Language of Anatomy
• Head and Neck Region• Frons• Nasus• Oculus• Auris• Bucca• Oris• Mentis• Cervis• Occipital (posterior head region)
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Figure 1.8a Anatomical Landmarks (Part 1 of 2)Frons or
forehead (frontal)
Craniumor skull
(cranial)
Faciesor face(facial)
Cephalonor head
(cephalic)
Mentis or chin(mental)
Axilla or armpit(axillary)
Brachiumor arm
(brachial)
Antecubitisor front of
elbow(antecubital)
Antebrachiumor forearm
(antebrachial)
Umbilicusor naval (umbilical)
Abdomen (abdominal)
Mamma or breast (mammary)
Thoracis or thorax, chest(thoracic)
Cervicis or neck (cervical)
Bucca or cheek (buccal)
Auris or ear (otic)
Oculus or eye (orbital or ocular)
Nasus or nose (nasal)
Trunk
Oris or mouth (oral
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The Language of Anatomy
• Torso Region• Thoracis• Mamma• Abdomen• Umbilicus• Pelvis • Dorsum• Lumbus
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Figure 1.8a Anatomical Landmarks (Part 1 of 2)Frons or
forehead (frontal)
Craniumor skull
(cranial)
Faciesor face(facial)
Cephalonor head
(cephalic)
Mentis or chin(mental)
Axilla or armpit(axillary)
Brachiumor arm
(brachial)
Antecubitisor front of
elbow(antecubital)
Antebrachiumor forearm
(antebrachial)
Umbilicusor naval (umbilical)
Abdomen (abdominal)
Mamma or breast (mammary)
Thoracis or thorax, chest(thoracic)
Cervicis or neck (cervical)
Bucca or cheek (buccal)
Auris or ear (otic)
Oculus or eye (orbital or ocular)
Nasus or nose (nasal)
Trunk
Oris or mouth (oral
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Figure 1.8b Anatomical Landmarks (Part 1 of 2)
Shoulder(acromial)
Dorsum or(back
(dorsal)
Olecranonor back
of elbow(olecranal)
Lumbusor loin
(lumbar)
Upper limb
Cervicis or neck (cervical)
Cephalon or head (cephalic)
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Figure 1.8a Anatomical Landmarks (Part 2 of 2)Antebrachium
or forearm(antebrachial)
Carpusor wrist (carpal)
Palmaor palm
(palmar)
Pollexor thumb
Digits(phalanges)
or fingers (digitalor phalangeal)
Patellaor kneecap
(patellar)Crus or
leg (crural)
Tarsus orankle
(tarsal)
Digits (phalanges)or toes (digital or
phalangeal)Hallux or great toe
Pes or foot(pedal)
Femur or thigh (femoral)
Pubis (pubic)
Inguenor groin (inguinal)
Manusor hand (manual)
Pelvis (pelvic)
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The Language of Anatomy
• The Arm and Hand• Brachium• Antecubitis• Antebrachium• Carpus• Palma• Pollex • Axilla• Olecranon (cubitis)
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Figure 1.8a Anatomical Landmarks (Part 1 of 2)Frons or
forehead (frontal)
Craniumor skull
(cranial)
Faciesor face(facial)
Cephalonor head
(cephalic)
Mentis or chin(mental)
Axilla or armpit(axillary)
Brachiumor arm
(brachial)
Antecubitisor front of
elbow(antecubital)
Antebrachiumor forearm
(antebrachial)
Umbilicusor naval (umbilical)
Abdomen (abdominal)
Mamma or breast (mammary)
Thoracis or thorax, chest(thoracic)
Cervicis or neck (cervical)
Bucca or cheek (buccal)
Auris or ear (otic)
Oculus or eye (orbital or ocular)
Nasus or nose (nasal)
Trunk
Oris or mouth (oral
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Figure 1.8a Anatomical Landmarks (Part 2 of 2)Antebrachium
or forearm(antebrachial)
Carpusor wrist (carpal)
Palmaor palm
(palmar)
Pollexor thumb
Digits(phalanges)
or fingers (digitalor phalangeal)
Patellaor kneecap
(patellar)Crus or
leg (crural)
Tarsus orankle
(tarsal)
Digits (phalanges)or toes (digital or
phalangeal)Hallux or great toe
Pes or foot(pedal)
Femur or thigh (femoral)
Pubis (pubic)
Inguenor groin (inguinal)
Manusor hand (manual)
Pelvis (pelvic)
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Figure 1.8b Anatomical Landmarks (Part 1 of 2)
Shoulder(acromial)
Dorsum or(back
(dorsal)
Olecranonor back
of elbow(olecranal)
Lumbusor loin
(lumbar)
Upper limb
Cervicis or neck (cervical)
Cephalon or head (cephalic)
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The Language of Anatomy
• The Leg and Foot• Inguen• Pubis• Femur• Patella• Crus• Tarsus• Hallux
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The Language of Anatomy
• The Leg and Foot (continued)• Gluteus• Gluteal cleft (natal cleft)• Gluteal fold• Popliteus• Sura• Calcaneus• Planta • Hallux
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Figure 1.8a Anatomical Landmarks (Part 2 of 2)Antebrachium
or forearm(antebrachial)
Carpusor wrist (carpal)
Palmaor palm
(palmar)
Pollexor thumb
Digits(phalanges)
or fingers (digitalor phalangeal)
Patellaor kneecap
(patellar)Crus or
leg (crural)
Tarsus orankle
(tarsal)
Digits (phalanges)or toes (digital or
phalangeal)Hallux or great toe
Pes or foot(pedal)
Femur or thigh (femoral)
Pubis (pubic)
Inguenor groin (inguinal)
Manusor hand (manual)
Pelvis (pelvic)
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Figure 1.8b Anatomical Landmarks (Part 2 of 2)
Gluteusor buttock
(gluteal)
Popliteus orback of knee
(popliteal)
Suraor calf (sural)
Calcaneus orheel of foot(calcaneal)
Planta orsole of foot (plantar)
Lower limb
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The Language of Anatomy
• Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions• Anatomists and clinicians use specialized
regional terms to indicate a specific area of concern within the abdomen or the pelvic regions of the body.
• The abdomen and pelvic regions can be subdivided into four regions (abdominopelvic quadrants)
• The abdomen and pelvic regions can be subdivided into nine regions (abdominopelvic regions)
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The Language of Anatomy
• Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions• Abdominopelvic quadrants
• Right upper quadrant (RUQ)• Left upper quadrant (LUQ)• Right lower quadrant (RLQ)• Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
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Figure 1.9a Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
Right lobe of liver, gallbladder,right kidney, portions of stomach,small and large intestine
Cecum, appendix, andportions of small intestine,reproductive organs (rightovary in female and rightspermatic cord in male),and right ureter
Left lobe of liver, stomach,pancreas, left kidney, spleen,portions of large intestine
Most of small intestine andportions of large intestine,left ureter, and reproductiveorgans (left ovary in femaleand left spermatic cordin male)
Abdominopelvic quadrants divide the area intofour sections. These terms, or their abbreviations,are most often used in clinical discussions.
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The Language of Anatomy
• Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions• Abdominopelvic regions
• Epigastric• Right hypochondriac• Left hypochondriac• Umbilical• Right lumbar• Left lumbar• Hypogastric• Right inguinal• Left inguinal
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Figure 1.9b Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions
More precise anatomical descriptions are provided byreference to the appropriate abdominopelvic region.
Left hypochondriacregion
Left lumbarregion
Left inguinalregion
Right inguinalregion
Right lumbarregion
Righthypochondriac
region
Epigastricregion
Umbilicalregion
Hypogastricregion
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The Language of Anatomy
• Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions• Select organs found within the abdominopelvic
quadrants• RUQ: Most of the liver, gallbladder• LUQ: Most of the stomach, spleen• RLQ: cecum, appendix, right ureter, right ovary,
right spermatic cord• LLQ: left ureter, left ovary, left spermatic cord
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The Language of Anatomy
• Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions• Select organs found within the abdominopelvic
regions• Epigastric: left lobe of liver• Right hypochondriac: right lobe of liver, liver fundus• Left hypochondriac: stomach fundus, spleen
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The Language of Anatomy
• Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions• Select organs found within the abdominopelvic
regions• Umbilical: small intestine, transverse colon• Right lumbar: ascending colon• Left lumbar: descending colon
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The Language of Anatomy
• Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions• Select organs found within the abdominopelvic
regions• Hypogastric: urinary bladder, appendix (position
varies), major portion of the small intestine• Right inguinal: cecum, appendix (position varies)• Left inguinal: sigmoid colon
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Figure 1.9c Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions
Quadrants or regions are useful because there is aknown relationship between superficial anatomicallandmarks and underlying organs.
Stomach
Spleen
Urinary bladder
Liver
Gallbladder
Large intestine
Small intestine
Appendix
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The Language of Anatomy
• Anatomical directions• The most common directional terms used are:
• Superior• Inferior• Anterior• Posterior • Medial • Lateral• Superficial• Deep
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Figure 1.10 Directional ReferencesSUPERIOR SUPERIOR
INFERIOR INFERIOR
Anterior viewLateral view
Right Left
Proximal
Lateral Medial
Distal
Distal
Proximal
Posterioror dorsal
Anterioror ventral
Cranial
Caudal
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Table 1.2 Regional and Directional Terms
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The Language of Anatomy
• Sectional Anatomy• There are many different ways to dissect a
piece of tissue for further study. These are referred to as dissectional cuts or dissectional planes.
• Sagittal cut (midsagittal and parasagittal)• Transverse cut• Frontal cut• Oblique cut
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The Language of Anatomy
• Sectional Anatomy• Sagittal cut: separating left and right
• Midsagittal: separating left and right equally• Parasagittal: separating left and right unequally
• Transverse cut: separating superior and inferior
• Frontal cut: separating anterior and posterior
• Oblique cut: separating the tissue at an angle
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Figure 1.11 Planes of Section
Frontal plane
Transverse plane
Sagittal plane
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Table 1.3 Terms That Indicate Planes of Section
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Figure 1.12 Sectional Planes and Visualization
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The Language of Anatomy
• Sectional Anatomy: Body cavities• If you remove an organ from the body, you
will leave a cavity• The body cavities are studied in this manner:
• Posterior cavity• Anterior cavity
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The Language of Anatomy
• Sectional Anatomy: Body cavities• Posterior cavity
• Cranial cavity: consists of the brain• Spinal cavity: consists of the spinal cord
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The Language of Anatomy
• Sectional Anatomy: Body cavities• Anterior cavity
• Thoracic cavity• Abdominal cavity• Pelvic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
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The Language of Anatomy
• Sectional Anatomy: Anterior cavity• Thoracic cavity consists of:
• Pleural cavity: lungs• Pericardial cavity: heart• Mediastinal cavity: space between the apex of
the lungs
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Language of Anatomy
• Sectional Anatomy: Anterior cavity• Abdominopelvic cavity consists of:
• Peritoneal cavity: stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, etc.
• Pelvic cavity: urinary bladder
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Language of Anatomy
• Sectional Anatomy: Body cavities• Each cavity consists of a double-layered
membrane• The membrane nearest the wall of the body
(farthest from the organs) is the parietal membrane
• parietal pleura, parietal pericardium, parietal peritoneum
• The membrane farthest from the wall of the body (nearest the organs) is the visceral membrane
• visceral pleura, visceral pericardium, visceral peritoneum
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.14 The Ventral Body Cavity
Ventral Body Cavity (Coelom)
Thoracic Cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity
Right Pleural Cavity Mediastinum Left Pleural Cavity
Pericardial Cavity
Abdominal Cavity Pelvic Cavity
• Provides protection• Allows organ movement• Lining prevents friction
Surrounded by chest wall anddiaphragm
Surrounds right lung
Contains thetrachea, esophagus,and major vessels
Surrounds heart
Surrounds left lung
Contains the peritonealcavity
Contains manydigestive glandsand organs
Contains urinary bladder,reproductiveorgans, last portionof digestive tract
Separated by diaphragm into
subdivided into includes the
also contains
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.13ab Body Cavities
POSTERIOR ANTERIOR
Pleuralcavity
Thoraciccavity
Pericardialcavity
Diaphragm
Peritonealcavity
Abdominalcavity
Pelvic cavity
Abdominopelviccavity
Lateral view of the subdivisions of the ventral body cavities.The muscular diaphragm separates the superior thoracic(chest) cavity and the inferior abdominopelvic cavity.
The heart projects into thepericardial cavity like a fistpushed into a balloon.
Heart
Visceralpericardium
Pericardialcavity
Parietalpericardium
Air space
Balloon
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.13cd Body Cavities
Anterior view of theventral body cavityand its subdivisions
Peritonealcavity
Pleural cavity
Pericardialcavity
Diaphragm
Pelviccavity
Sectional view of the thoracic cavity. Unless otherwisenoted, all sectional views are presented in inferiorview. (See Clinical Note on pp. 22–23 for more details.)
Sternum
Heart inpericardial
cavityPleural cavity
Pleura
Mediastinum
Spinal cord
Rightlung
RightlungLeft
lung
Leftlung