1
I. ClassificationA. History of classifying
1. Aristotlea) First to classify living things
(350 B.C.).b) Divided into 2 groups: animals and
plants.c) Animals: habitat and behavior.d) Plants: size and structure.e) System used for 2000 yrs. (why was
it discarded?)2. Carolus Linnaeus
a) 1700’s; new classification based on similar structures.
2
b) Suggested terms genus and species.c) Called binomial nomenclature – two
word naming system (genus and species).
d) Used the Latin language.e) Ex: humans: genus: homo
species:sapiens
II. Modern ClassificationA. Taxonomy – study of the classification
systems.1. Divides organisms into six kingdoms.2. DNA is the newest technique of helping
classifying organism.
3
B. Classifying order1. Kingdom (very general) K King
2. Phylum P Phillip3. Class C Came4. Order O Over5. Family F From6. Genus G Great7. Species (specific) S Spain
C. Writing scientific names1. Scientific name – consists of genus and
species and must be underlined or italicized.a)Ex: humans Homo sapiens
Homo sapiensb)Genus is always capitalized but
species is not.
4
D. Dichotomous keys1. Series of paired statements that
describe physical characteristics of different organisms.
2. Simplifies classification.3. Lab on page 462-63.
III. ReproductionA. Sexual reproduction – two cells from
different parents unite to produce the first cell of the new organism.
1. Ex: sperm + egg = zygoteB. Asexual reproduction – new organism has
a single parent.1. Binary fission – prokaryote (w/o a
nucleus) copies its DNA and divides in half.
5
2. Conjugation – hollow bridge forms between two cells and genes move from one cell to the other.a) Figure 19-7 page 476 shows both
binary fission and conjugation.IV. Life Cycles
A. Alternation of Generations (plants)1. 2 stages / generations
a) Gametophyte stage – produces gametes which are haploid (1N).
b) Sporophyte stage – produces spores after two haploid gametes fuse (diploid 2N).
7
B. Metamorphosis (Insects)1. Incomplete metamorphosis –
a)3 stages: egg, nymph, and adultb)Insects emerge from the egg as a nymph
(small version of adult w/o wings).c)As the nymph matures, reproductive
organs appear and wings (adult).d)Ex: cinch bugs
2. Complete metamorphosis – a)4 stages: egg, larva, pupa, adultb)Egg hatches into a larva, which cannot
fly.c)Insects builds a cocoon (pupa) and
undergoes a drastic change.d)Fully formed, sexually mature adult
emerges.e)Ex: bees, moths, beetles
9
V. Comparative AnatomyA. Position Terms
1. Dorsal – back surface.2. Ventral – underbelly, lower surface.3. Anterior – front / head of the
organism.4. Posterior – tail / hind end of the
organism.B. Symmetry – balanced arrangement of body
parts around a point or a line.1. Bilateral symmetry – each side is a
mirror image of the other.a) Ex: humans, fish, birds, reptiles
2. Radial symmetry – appendages are arranged around a central axis.a) Ex: starfish, octopus
10
3. Spherical symmetry – animals with a round form. a) It has no front, back, right or
left.b) Ex: protozoa, bacteria.
4. Asymmetrical – has no symmetry.a) Ex: amoeba.
VI. Characteristics of OrganismsA. Levels of Development
1. The higher the organism, then the more complex it is.
2. Figure 18-12 page 459 shows the breakdown of each kingdom and its characteristics.
12
VII. Organ systems in organisms.A. Characteristics of each system.
1. Nervous system – coordinates the body’s response to changes in its internal and external environment.a) Brain, spinal cord, peripheral
nerves.2. Integumentary system – serves as a
barrier against infection and injury.a) Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands
3. Respiratory system – provides oxygen needed for cellular respiration and removes excess carbon dioxide from the body.a) Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
lungs.
13
4. Digestive system – converts foods into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells of the body.a)Mouth, stomach, small and large
intestine.5. Excretory system – eliminates waste
products of metabolism from the body.a)Lungs, kidneys, bladder and urethra.
6. Skeletal system – supports and protects the body.a)Bones, cartilage, ligaments,
tendons.7. Muscular system – produces voluntary
movement and helps circulate blood.a)Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
muscle.
14
8. Circulatory system – brings oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells.a)Heart, blood, blood vessels.
9. Endocrine system – controls growth, development, metabolism, reproduction.a)Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas,
ovaries and testes.10.Reproductive system – produces
reproductive cells, in females, nurtures and protects the embryo.a)Testes, penis, ovaries, uterus,
vagina, Fallopian tubes.11.Lymphatic system – helps protect the
body from disease.a)White blood cells, spleen, lymph
nodes, lymph vessels.