BRITISH COLONISATION
SECTION 1 – LIFE IN THE PORT JACKSON AREA BEFORE 1788
Word list
aboriginal
Port Jackson
colonisation
Eora
survival
culture
territories
ceremonies
punishments
marriages
language
relatives
responsibility
shelters
campfires
shoulders
diseases
medicines
Vocabulary:
Find the dictionary meaning of the words highlighted.
BRITISH COLONISATION
SECTION 1 – LIFE IN THE PORT JACKSON AREA BEFORE 1788
COMPREHENSION: Read the passage and answer the following questions. Remember to
use FULL sentences.
What were the aboriginal people who lived in the Port Jackson area prior to colonisation
called?
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Describe the types of things that caused the groups to come together.
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Who made the laws and who took on the role of teachers?
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Who took care of children?
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Describe the housing of the Eora.
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What did the Eora use for medicine?
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Life in the Port Jackson Area Before 1788
Complete the sentence (describing the Eora’s food sources):
The Port Jackson area provided the Eora with …………………………………………………………………
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Life in Britain Before 1788
What made Britain more wealthy than other nations?
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What was the flow‐on effect of introducing the steam engine?
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What jobs were most commonly held by the poorer people?
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Hygiene was a problem. Describe some of the issues?
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Name 5 crimes that were punishable by hanging.
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What was a “hulk”?
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Why did the British government stop sending convicts to America?
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How many convicts and marine guards were on the First Fleet?
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How many ships made up the First Fleet?
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How long was the voyage to Botany Bay?
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Surviving in Sydney Cove – read the passage in fill in the blank spaces.
The First Fleet arrived in Botany Bay in __________________ _________.
Phillip described Port Jackson as ___________________________________
____________________________________ and he selected Sydney Cove as the best
place for the settlement.
There were almost ________ people who had to be sheltered and fed when the First
Fleet arrived in Sydney Cove. Of these, 36 were _______________. Nineteen the
children of _______________ and 17 were the children of ________________.
Stealing food was a crime punishable by _____________. Because of the lack of
fresh fruit and vegetables, many of the settlers became ill with ______________.
However, the Aboriginal people in the area showed no signs of scurvy. They ate
____________ ______________ and other bush foods. Gradually the settlers
began to copy the Aboriginal _________ and scurvy was brought under control.
Phillip gave ____________________________________________ to the convicts to
_______________ ______________ for themselves.
Unfortunately, the seeds which had been brought from _______________ had been
_____________ on the voyage. There was not enough farming equipment. The few
crops which were growing were ____________ by a drought and then a __________.
Some farm animals had been brought out. These included about one hundred
_________, some sheep, __________ and goats and 300 __________. As there were
no fenced areas it was difficult to keep the animals. Some wandered off and others
were ___________.
Many of the convicts stole food and ___________ to work. They ___________ the
aboriginal people, stole their fishing gear and __________, attempted to escape and
were often violent. ________________ were a common form of punishment and
hangings occurred regularly, always in ____________.
Children without parents often lived in the streets robbing people or ____________
for food and clothing. Marines stood on guard against attack by
__________________ people and rebellion by ______________________.
Surviving in Sydney Cove ‐ read the passage in fill in the blank spaces.
Solving Problems
The male convicts who were not selected for _________________ work were
assigned to free settlers. Female convicts worked as _________________ or
________________. The children often worked as ________________ for the same
master as their parents.
In February, Lieutenant King was sent with 24 men and women to Norfolk Island to
set up farms and grow food and _________.
Phillip wrote home to Britain, asking for help. In October 1788 he sent Captain
____________ on the ____________ to the Cape of Good Hope to collect food. The
journey took ___________. Hunter brought back wheat and ______________ seeds
to plant. He brought ______________ for the sick and flour and salted _________.
_______ years after Phillip’s letter was sent to Britain, the _________ __________
arrived in Sydney Cove with ____________ of _____________, but more convicts as
well. After a short time the rations had to be reduced again for the week, starving
people of the colony.
At the end of his _______ years as _______________ of the colony, Captain Arthur
_____________ returned to ______________. He was ill from years of worry and a
poor diet. He had not managed to establish good relations with the
_______________ people and had not come to understand their _______. He
believed in the ________________ of British culture and Christianity. The
Aboriginal people wished to maintain their own _____________ and belief systems.
Many had been killed by the _____________ brought by white settlers.
Phillips Achievements
The colony had survived under Phillip’s leadership. Wheat, _________, barley and
_______________ wre grown and some imported ________ trees were doing well.
There were several _________ and a few __________ buildings. Explorers had
managed to make their way __________ to a fine river and a line of
______________. The colony had expanded up the ________________ River.
Matchthewordtothemeaning1
(AboriginalHistory)Aboriginality Unfair treatment on the basis of perceived differences between people.
assimilation based on traditions and customs.
colonisation The continuity, from one generation to another, of a group’s culture, values and
attitudes, including knowledge, language, arts, rituals, performances, sites and
objects.
cultural genocide Aboriginality includes a combination of cultural heritage,
spirituality and an intrinsic link with the land.
cultural heritage A 19th century idea that Aboriginal people should be ‘improved’
by being ‘civilised’ and Christianised. From the 1930’s assimilation
was government policy.
customary law An attempt to destroy all or part of the culture of a people which
is the basis of group identity.
discrimination A process by which a different system of government is established by one nation over
another group of peoples. It involves the colonial power asserting and enforcing its
sovereignty, or right to govern according to its own laws, rather than by the laws of the colonised.
Matchthewordtothemeaning2
(AboriginalHistory)
dispossession Form of land title which recognises Aboriginal people as rightful owners of the land.
Dreaming A key aspect of Aboriginal cultures and values. It includes the importance of all
relationships, and of being related to and belonging to the land.
global perspective Rights possessed by individuals. They are universal (possessed by all human beings)
and are inalienable (they cannot be overridden by the public interest).
human rights A national and international perspective on issues concerning human rights and social
justice of all Indigenous peoples.
kinship Form of land title which recognises Aboriginal people as rightful owners of the land.
land rights Can be seen as the embodiment of Aboriginal creation which gives meaning to every‐
thing; the essence of Aboriginal beliefs about creation and spiritual and physical
existence.
native title The evolving struggle of Aboriginal and other Indigenous peoples for the absolute legal
and moral acknowledgement of prior ownership of their land and recognition of all
accompanying rights and obligations which flow from this association.
Matchthewordtothemeaning3
(AboriginalHistory)
Racism A term widely used to refer to pre‐invasion Aboriginal life, culture and social
organisation.
Reconciliation They are the indigenous group of the Torres Strait Islands north of Queensland.
self‐determination A concept in international law meaning ‘a territory belonging to no‐one’ or ‘over
which no‐one claims ownership’.
social justice Discrimination on the basis of perceived racial differences.
terra nullius A commonwealth initiative to promote reconciliation between Aboriginal and Torres
Strait Islander people and the wider community.
Torres Strait Islanders Involves the effective participation of Aboriginal peoples in all decision making that
affects them.
traditional A principle that favours measures aimed at addressing inequities. It includes the rights
of people to economic and social independence, and empowerment to determine the
direction of their own lives future.
Matchthewordtothemeaning
Year8History(MedievalTimes)
barbarian records or accounts of events; histories
homage military expeditions from the eleventh to the thirteenth century to regain the Holy Land
from the Muslims
chronicles a person belonging to a culture with no form of writing and which is regarded as uncivilised
serf a formal declaration by which a feudal tenant promised faith and service to his lord
crusades belonging to a religion other than Christianity
pagan a person forcibly kept in the services of a lord, and transferred, with the land, from one
owner to another
Matchthewordtothemeaning
Year8History(NativeAmericanHistory)
bison destruction of a great number or amount
indigenous centred on Europe or European ideals; belief that such ideals are superior
colonisation large North American buffalo with high
decimation originating in and typical of a particular area or country; native
lineage the act of establishing a settlement in another country
eurocentric descent from a line of ancestors
Matchthewordtothemeaning
Year8History(TheVikings)
berserkers a narrow bay with steep cliffs, common on the coast of Norway
Danelaw a Viking freeman who worked as a farmer, merchant or craftsman
Fiord a rich Viking nobleman or landowner
futhark the most feared Viking warriors who fought wildly and bravely in battle
karl the area of England ruled by the Vikings
jarl the Viking alphabet
NAPLAN Yr 8 – Term 3
Language Conventions – Spelling Mistakes
HISTORY – Viking Society and Government
In Viking society there were three groops: jarls,
karls and thralls. Jarls were kings, cheeftains and
noblemen. These wealthy land owners and
warriors orginised trading and raiding parties
overseas. Karls were freemen and women who
made up the magority of Viking society. They
owned land and ran most of the busineses and
the government. Thralls, or slaves, were the
lowist class of Viking society. They had no rights
and could not vote.
NAPLAN Yr 8 – Term 3
Language Conventions – Spelling Mistakes
HISTORY – Viking Society and Government.
1. Vikings opperated a fairly democratic society.
2. Local chieftains ruled over small rejions, but
they were controlled by an assembly called a
Thing.
3. The Thing made decisions at a meating, held
outdoors, which lasted about seven days.
4. The local Thing was a big social event, as
well as a cowncil meeting.
5. Sporting events were sometimes held at the
Things, such as horse rideing and wrestling.
6. People set up stalls with items for sale and
recited poems and storys for entertainment.
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NAPLAN Yr 8 – Term 3
Language Conventions – Spelling Mistakes
HISTORY – Medieval Age Civics and Citizenship
A military class of mownted knights and their
followers dominated Medieval European society.
The chaos that had followed the collapse of Rome
had meant such men were the only ones who were
able to impose order and restore some meashure
of piece. Creating law and order and making shaw
that a society’s resources are used are important
goals for the rulers of any society. In medieval
Europe, the system for organising how land wood
be used and for controlling peeple was called the
feudal system or feudalism.
NAPLAN Yr 8 – Term 3
Language Conventions – Spelling Mistakes
HISTORY – Medieval Age Civics and Citizenship
1. Feudalism gradully spread around Europe.
2. It placed many restrictions and controlls on the
ways people lived their lives.
3. William Normandy introdused feudalism into
4. England.
5. The feudal cystem evolved and changed over
time and was subtly different in different
areas of Europe.
6. Much older Germanic traditions of lordship
and loyalty were really the fowndation of what
became the feudal system.
7. In the medieval period, the amount of land
someone ownd was the main sign of his
or her power and influence.
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NAPLAN Yr 8 – Term 3
Language Conventions – Spelling Mistakes
HISTORY – Medieval Daily Life
Life was a constant battle for servival during the
middle Ages, particularly in the erlier period.
Childbaring was often fatal and more often left
women with ongoing illness. The death rate of
women far outwayed that of young men in
warfare. Society in the Middle Ages was very
rigidly organised and allmost impossible to move
from one class to another. Women were
considered to be inferier, and forced marriages
and even sale of girls as wives were common.
NAPLAN Yr 8 – Term 3
Language Conventions – Spelling Mistakes
HISTORY – Medieval Daily Life
1. The majority of the popullation belonged to the
peasantry, by some estimates at least 90 percent.
2. The peasants lived in villages domanated by the
castle or manor house of the local lord.
3. The villages they lived in had to be self‐sufficient,
produsing everything they needed to survive.
4. The wealth made from the produse supported
the villagers, nobles and the church
5. A serf was a person forcibly kept in the service of a lord, and transferred, with the land, from
one ownar to another.
6. Two in every five children deid before the age of
fourteen.
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NAPLAN Yr 8 – Term 3
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HISTORY – Origins of the Medieval Period
The word ‘medieval’ comes from the Latin word
medium, meening middle, and aevum, meaning
age. That is why Medieval times are also known
as the Middle Ages. The name also refflects the
notion of scholars who looked for a name to
discribe the time between the clasical age of
Rome and Greece and their own times of the
Renaissance, whitch they saw as a time of
‘rebirth’ of much knowlege that has been lost.
As a result this ‘in‐between’ time has come to
be known as the Middle Ages.
NAPLAN Yr 8 – Term 3
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HISTORY – Origins of the Medieval Period
1. The middle ages lasted arownd 1000 years
from AD 476 to AD 1500.
2. The varieus barbarian tribes settled in areas of
the Western Roman Empire.
3. They established the beginnings of what over
time would develope into most of the modern
nations of Europe we know today.
4. The Barbarian successor kingdoms were all
Christian and togethar were called Christendom.
5. This period sore the foundation of Christian
monasteries, which kept scholarship alive.
6. Between 1096 and 1270 there were eight major
crusades plus severral unofficial ones.
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HISTORY – The Vikings
The Vikings would probably be the best‐known
warriors of the erly part of the Middle Ages.
From around 790 to the middel of the eleventh
Century, people from Scandinavia rayded and
settled in other countrys. They sailed in long
ships to plases such as England, France, Turkey,
Russia and even as far as North America. The
Vikings were terrafying invaders. They believed
that only men who died in battle would go to
Valhalla (heaven).
NAPLAN Yr 8 – Term 3
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HISTORY – The Vikings
1. Some historians beleeve that the Vikings
chewed a type of toadstool that made them
go berserk or extremely aggressive.
2. Some historians have said that the attacks
carried out by the Vikings were part of a
serch for new lands for settlement.
3. It is possible that a very fast rise in Viking
population ment that they simply did not
have enough land.
4. Vikings that lived allong the coast often made
their living by attacking passing ships.
5. Once the Norwegians discovered the
treasures that were held in the many
undefended monasteries, they quickly took
advantige of them.
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NAPLAN Yr 8 – Term 3
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HISTORY – Viking Beliefs
The Vikings beleeved the gods were divided into
Two families, called the Asar and Vanir. Both
Families lived in a plase called Asgard. This was
joined to Earth by a rainbow bridge, called
Bifrost. The Earth was called Midgard. The
Vikings thowht that it was surrounded by a
deep ocean full of monsters. Beyond this ocean
was a place called Utgard where the Frost
giants lived. They were enemees of the gods
and would eventually kill them in battle. The
Vikings also thought there was a place called
Niflheim whitch was deep in the Earth and full
of icy mists. Viking warriors believed they
would be taken their if they died in bed.
NAPLAN Yr 8 – Term 3
Language Conventions – Spelling Mistakes
HISTORY – Viking beliefs
1. The Vikings were polytheists, which means
that thay worshipped many different gods
and goddesses.
2. The gods had manny human‐like characteristics.
3. There were many religious seremonies held in
places such as a field, by a river or in a
clearing in the forest.
4. The Vikings believed that they would gayn help
from the gods by giving them sacrifices.
5. Many Vikings believed that a dead person’s
spirit sayld to the next life in a ship.
6. The wealthiest and most important Vikings
were burried in ships with everything they
would need in the afterlife.
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NAPLAN Yr 8 – Term 4
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History – Aboriginal People
The first people of Australia were named
Aborigines by Europaen settlers. This word
(meaning the orignal people of the country)
has been used to describe many different trybes
of Aboriginal people in Australia, including Torres
Straight Islanders, who have different cultures and
languges. Aboriginal people and Torres Straight
Islanders are known as Australia’s indiginous
people. Gamilaroi, Waradjuri and Awabagal are
the Aboriginal names of just a few of the tribes in
New South Walez.
NAPLAN Yr 8 – Term 4
Language Conventions – Spelling Mistakes
History – Aboriginal People
1. Indiginous people are the original inhabitants
of a country.
2. Aboriginal people beleive they have always
lived in Australia and belong to the land.
3. Aboriginal people use Dreaming storyes to
explain their environment and their traditonal
law. This gives meaning to their lives.
4. Aboriginal rock painting is the oldest forme of
art in Australia.
5. Initation is the introduction of someone into
a group with a formal ceremony.
6. Rituls are set procedures for religious or
other ceremonies.
7. A secret sites is a very important place of special
significance to particular Aboriginal groups; sacrede
sites are respected because of historical meaning.
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History – Aboriginal Society
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women and
men can be found in a wide variety of ocupations
in Australian Soceity. They are politicians, judges,
opera singers, film makers, dancers, actors,
teachers, busines people, lawyers and police
to name a few. We live in the same soceity,
but two features of their cultura set Aboriginal
and Torres Strait Islanders apart from other
Australians. First, their ansestry dates back at
last 50 000 years. Second, through their ancestors
they have a connection with the spirite of the land.
NAPLAN Yr 8 – Term 4
Language Conventions – Spelling Mistakes
History – Aboriginal Society
1. The Aborigines were active citisens. This
means that they readily acsept the rights and
duties involved in belonging to a language
group.
2. At meeting sights, ceremonies were held, gifts
exchanged, marriages arranged and disputes
settled.
3. Rituals, such as the initiation of girls and boys
into the secret knowlege of the groups, may
have been performed.
4. Law and order were maintaned by elders.
Elders were older men and women who had
the highest level of knowledge in the tribe.
5. In most Aboriginal tribes the men huntted with
spears and clubs. They made their spears from
wood, sometimes barbed with fish bones and
ecidna spines.
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HISTORY – Australian Colonisation
European colonisation fundamentally changed
the lifestile of Aboriginal people. With colonisation
in 1788 Aborigines came under European law.
Colonal ideas presumed that the Indigenus people
were to be disposed for their land. Disposession
was accompanied by violence and the destruction
of cultural traditions. Government policies of
protection and asimilation, with gathered survivors
together into missions and government reserves,
contributed to the inpact of colonisation by allowing
the removal of children from their familes.
NAPLAN Yr 8 – Term 4
Language Conventions – Spelling Mistakes
HISTORY – Australian Colonisation
1. A colonie is an area or country that is taken
over, populated and ruled by a different
country. Britian colonised Australia, which
meant that it took control.
2. Assimmilation means people of different
backgrounds come to see themselves as part
of a larger national family.
3. Disposession means people being taken away
or forced from their land, their economic base,
their way of life and cultures.
4. Dislocasion is the forced movements of
individual, family or community from one
area to another.
5. Native title is the form of land title which
recognizes Aboriginal people as rightful owners
of the land.
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HISTORY – Contact with Aborigines
The Torres Strait was probabley the main area
of contact with outsiders. Europeans had first
visited Australia in 1606, but it wos Indanesian
fishermen who first began extended visits to
Northarn Australia around 1750. Three decades
later, however, a new set of outsiders came to
stay. The British colonized the eastern coast of
Australia and were to have a devestating effect
on Aboriginal Australia.
NAPLAN Yr 8 – Term 4
Language Conventions – Spelling Mistakes
HISTORY – Contact with Aborigines
1. The Aboriginal people had contact with many
other groops of people before Captain Cook
arrived in 1770.
2. Many Historians believe that Australia was
visited by people from India, South‐East Asia
and the Pasific Islands.
3. Torres Straight Islanders traded with both
Australia and New Guinea.
4. Contact between Torres Strait Islanders and the
Aborigines and Papuans were so well established
that thay became part of the Dreaming.
5. Aboriginal people resisted wite invasion from
the beginning.
6. It was not until the British settled in Australia
that Aboriginal cultare and their way of life
changed in any major way.
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HISTORY – Native American Colonisation
When compairing the colonisation experiences of
American Indians and Australian Aboriginal People,
it is impossible to avoid the glaring and obvieus
similarities, both in the contact and colonial phazes
and in the pressent day. To a large xtent there has
been an attempt to ignore the dissadvantages
suffered by both groups at the hands of their
European colonisers in favour of looking at the
supposedly overwelming advantages that have
been brought by the wonders of European
civilisation.
NAPLAN Yr 8 – Term 4
Language Conventions – Spelling Mistakes
HISTORY – Native American Colonisation
1. The culture and way of life of both the
Aboriginal people and the American Indians
was different, not infferior.
2. Whilst many treaties were signed in America,
very few, if any, were ever onoured by the
Europeans.
3. The history of the contact and colonisation
experience of the American Indians is one of
broken treeties, dispossession and destruction.
4. There was 500 different nations and over 300
languages spoken by the North American Indians
when the Europeans began to arive.
5. The American Indians had contackt with the
Spanish, French, Dutch and English.
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HISTORY – Native Americans ‐ Contact
In the earlyest years of contact, European and
Indian nations were on more ecqual terms. While
the Europeans had supperior weapons and were
more willing to kill those Indians opposing them,
they were at the same time in a strange land.
European crops were hard to grow in the new
envirament and they could not call on their
governments for help. This early pereod saw
many treaties between Europeans and Indian
nations signed with great seremonies.
NAPLAN Yr 8 – Term 4
Language Conventions – Spelling Mistakes
HISTORY – Native Americans ‐ Contact
1. The most serious threat the native peoples
faced was not the supperior arms of the Europeans
but the diseases they brought with them.
2. The American Indians suffered high fatalities
from the contact with infectious diseases, to
which they had no accquired immunity.
3. The intraduction of European livestock improved
the quality of life for many tribes.
4. The arival of the horse in North America
transformed Plains Indian culture.
5. The first European Americans to encounta the
western tribes were generally fur traders and
trappers.
6. President George Washington and Henry Knox
conseived of the idea of "civilizing" Native
Americans in preparation for assimilation as
United States citizens.
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HISTORY – Native American Society
On first encountering Native American sosieties,
Europeans frecquently did not understand their
organisation, which diffared in various ways
from European types of social organisation;
subsequently, the native organisation was
modified by the British or Spanish conquerors.
Among the Iroquois, for exampel, women made
the final decisions in majour areas of government.
Native communities had different social classes
and highly organised ownarship of property.
NAPLAN Yr 8 – Term 4
Language Conventions – Spelling Mistakes
HISTORY – Native American Society
1. Social organisation among Native Americans,
as among peoples threwout the world, is
based largely on the family.
2. Some Native American societies emphesise the economic cooperation of husband and wife and that of adult brothers and sisters.
3. As among various other peoples, men's work
has been largeley separate from women's work.
4. Women usually took responsability for the care
of young children and the home, and for the
cultivation of plants.
5. Men frecquently hunted, travelled for
trade, or worked as labourers.
6. Most Native Americans beleived that every
part of nature has its own spirit.
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