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A package! I love
packages!
Contents under
pressure…I wonder what’s inside?
To:
Mundo
CAUTION:
Contents
Under
Pressure
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The Modern Revolution
Communication Revolution
Democratic Politics
Fossil Fuels
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CAUTION:
Contents
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The Modern Revolution
Quite a package! But how did these changes get
all bundled up together?
Communication Revolution
Democratic Politics
Fossil Fuels
7
But the growth was not equal
everywhere!
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
1750 1850 1900
Millions
World Population in Big Era Seven
8
Year Population in Millions
% of World Population
1750 141 19.3
1850 292 25.0
1900 482 30.0
World Population of People of European Descent in Europe, the
United States, and Canada combined.
For example, the population of European descent in these three regions grew
significantly between 1750 and 1900.
9
Growth of the Population of Boston
1690 - 7,000
1790 - 18,038
1900 - 560,892
158%
3,010%
11
Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Migration from Europefrom 1750 or earlier
12
Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Continuing Atlantic slave tradeafter 1750
13
Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Labor migration from Asiamainly after 1750
14
Major Global Migrations
Europeans overseas including
Siberia1820-1930
55-60,000,000Africans to the
Americas1811-18701,900,000
Asians overseas1850-19202,500,000
15
But a growing population meant that
human need for resources—for energy—was growing, too.
And humans dealt with
this need by using fossil
fuels. Watch!
18
The Modern Revolution
To: Mundo
CAUTION:
Contents
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Communication Revolution
Democratic Politics
Fossil Fuels
That’s in the
Package!
19
The Fossil Fuel Revolution
The biological old regime ends when vast new sources
of energy come into use:
CoalElectricity
GasPetroleum
Nuclear
24
In Britain coal mines were close to factories and cities.
In China coal mines were far from factories and cities.
How might history have been different if the closest sources of coal available to Britain were, say, in the Carpathian Mountains of southeastern Europe?
31
Cotton exports from agrarian economies to industrial economies
Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
U.S.A.
EgyptIndia
Russia
32
Textile exports from industrial to agrarian economies
Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
33
Old limits on how much
energy people could use were
gone!
And in Big Era Seven people
tore down other limits
too…
34
Adam Smith argued for ideas like these in his book The Wealth of Nations (1776).
New economic ideas
• People should be able to buy and sell land freely.
• People should be able to buy and sell labor freely.
• People should be able to buy and sell goods freely.
35
Sounds great!
But what did governments need to do to make these ideas work?
New economic ideas
• People should be able to buy and sell land freely.
• People should be able to buy and sell labor freely.
• People should be able to buy and sell goods freely.
38
In Big Era Seven,
government played a greater
role than ever before in people’s lives.
And while that happened,
people’s ideas about
government changed, too!
39
Tom Paine argued for these ideas in
Common Sense
(1775)
New political ideas:
•People should be free to choose their government.
•Government should protect people’s liberties.
•People should have equal rights.
40
Sounds democratic!
New political ideas
•A nation should be free to choose its government.
•Government should protect people’s liberties.
•People should have equal rights.
41
The Modern Revolution
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Communication Revolution
Democratic Politics
Fossil Fuels
It’s in the
package too!
42
Governments created
representative institutions.
Governments wrote
constitutions.
Governments promoted education.
43
French National Assembly
1789
United States Constitution
1787
Ottoman Turkish Regulations for Public Education 1869
45
Change the government!
The Atlantic Revolutions
United States 1776
Venezuela 1811Haiti 1791
France 1789
46
In each country, people
struggled over liberty, equality, and nationalism.
United States 1776
Venezuela 1811Haiti 1791
France 1789
48
Ascendancy of LiberalismAre the political and economic tendencies in these two boxes compatible or inconsistent?
• Rational thought and behavior
• Civil freedoms and legal equality
• Rule of law• Constitutional and
limited government • The right to vote and be
educated • Technical and scientific
progress• Free market economy• Nationalism that
advances the community of nations
• Enhancement of state power and centralization
• Increased state military and police power
• State-managed social welfare
• More efficient taxation• State economic
management• Larger-scale economic
enterprise• Imperial conquest and
authoritarian rule over colonized
• Exclusivist or xenophobic nationalism
49
Were these four 19th-century leaders champions of Liberalism?
Napoleon Bonaparte1799-1815
William Gladstone1868-94
Mahmud II1808-1839
Porfirio Díaz1876-1911
53
The Speed Revolution
One hour of optimum travel: Walking - 5 km Horse-drawn coach - 10 km Railway locomotive (1847) - 96
km Normannia steamship (1890) -
40 km French rapid train - 297 km Jet plane - 1000 km
57
The Modern Revolution
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Communication Revolution
Democratic Politics
Fossil Fuels
Communication! It’s in the package!
58
$0.00
$500,000.00
$1,000,000.00
$1,500,000.00
$2,000,000.00
$2,500,000.00
$3,000,000.00
1700 1820 1870 1913
The Modern Revolution meant powerful economic growth in the
world as a whole.
World Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Dollars as valued in 1990
60
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1700 1820 1870 1913
Eur./N.AAsia
Percentage of World GDP Western Europe and North America vs. Asia
The Modern Revolution shifted the world’s economic center.
67
The European Moment
Land surface of the world controlled by Europeans:
•1800 35%•1878 67%•1914 88%
But . . . duration of European world domination in the past 2000 years:
80yrs
68
Some elites around the
world tried to adopt parts of
the Modern Revolution to strengthen their own
governments.
Russia Mexico
JapanEgypt
70
The Modern Revolution
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Mundo
CAUTION:
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Communication Revolution
Democratic Politics
Fossil Fuels
But the Modern
Revolution comes in a package!
71
Once you open the package, you open the whole
thing!
The Modern Revolution
Communication Revolution
Democratic Politics
Fossil Fuels
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74
And they didn’t keep the ideas to themselves. They
communicated them, because it was all part of the package.
75
And powerful elites who wanted
to modernize in some ways did not
count on people demanding the
democratic part of the package.
76
The Modern Revolution
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Mundo
CAUTION:
Contents
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Communication Revolution
Democratic Politics
Fossil Fuels
I get it!
78
The Modern Revolution promises
many things to many people.
No wonder the
package is under
pressure!
79
To:
Mund
o
CAUTION:
Contents
Under
Pressure
And once the
package is
opened,
the whole world
jumps in!