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#1 IntroductionSemester Ganjil 2012
PTIIK – Universitas Brawijaya
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Discrete Mathematics
Operating Systems
Computer Networks
Advance Networking
Network Analysis
Network Programming
Distributed Systems
Server and System Administrations
Multimedia Networking
Network Security
# INTRODUCTION2
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Today’s Lecture• This Course
– Goals– Outline/Schedule– Grading Policy
• Introduction to Multimedia Networking
# INTRODUCTION Slide 3
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References• Kurose & Ross, “Computer
Networking : Top down Approach”, 6th Ed., Pearson/Addison, 2012.
• Tanenbaum, “Computer Networks”, 5th Ed., Prentice, 2010.
• Hofmann & Beaumont, “Content Networking”, Morgan, 2005.
• Rosenberg, “A Primer of Multicast Routing”, Springer, 2012.
• O’Driscoll, “Next Generation IPTV Service and Technologies”, Wiley, 2008. # INTRODUCTION Slide 4
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Goals• Who can take this class?
– Almost anyone
• Learn the structure of networks and protocols used for transporting multimedia data
• Prerequisites:– Minimum: Have taken “Computer Networks” class– Helpful: if already taken “Advance Networking”
class
# INTRODUCTION Slide 5
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Outline of this Course• #1 Introduction to Multimedia Netw.• #2 Multimedia Netw. Apps• #3 Requirements of Multimedia Netw.• #4 Coding and Compression• #5 Real-time Transport Protocols• #6 Live Streaming: IP Multicast• #7 Live Streaming: IP Multicast (cont’d) • #8 Live Streaming: Overlay Multicast• #9 CDN: Solutions• #10 CDN: Case Studies• #11 QoS on the Internet: Constraints• #12 QoS on the Internet: Solutions• #13 Discussion• #14 Summary
# INTRODUCTION Slide 6
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Grading Policy Classes
− Two (2) Credits
Exercises (assistant required) − One (1) Credit
Evaluation Homework 15% Paper Reading and Presentation 30% MidTerm Test 20% Final Exam 35%
# INTRODUCTION Slide 7
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#1 Introduction to Multimedia Networking
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Outline of Introduction• Trend of Global Internet Traffic• What is Multimedia• What is Multimedia Networking
# INTRODUCTION Slide 9
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Today’s Internet Video Traffic
Source: http://www.internetobservatory.net/
Cisco VNI 2011-2016: “Globally, Internet Video traffic will be 55% of all consumer traffic in 2016, up from 51% in 2011” [http://www.cisco.com/go/vni]
# INTRODUCTION 10
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OverviewWhat is MultimediaWhat is Multimedia?• Characteristics of multimedia• Various media types
What is Multimedia networkingWhat is Multimedia networking?• User requirements of multimedia
applications on the network• Technologies associated with
multimedia networking• Overall structure of multimedia
networking # INTRODUCTION Slide 11
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What is multimedia?• Definition of multimedia
– is an integration of text, graphics, still image and moving images (video), animation, audio, and any other medium where every type of information can be represented, stored, transmitted and processed digitally
– is media and content that uses a combination of different content forms. … wikipedia.com
• Characteristics of multimedia– Digital – key concept– Integration of multiple media types, usually
includes video or/and audio– May be interactive or non-interactive# INTRODUCTION Slide 12
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Various Media Types• Text, graphics, image, video, animation,
audio, etc.• Classifications of various media types
– Captured vs. synthesized media• Captured media (natural) : information captured
from the real world (still image, video, audio)• Synthesized media (artificial) : information
synthesize by the computer (text, graphics, animation)
– Discrete vs. continuous media• Discrete media: spaced-based, media involve
the space dimension only (Text, Image, Graphics)
• Continuous media: time-based, media involves both the space and the time dimension (Video, Audio, Animation)# INTRODUCTION Slide 13
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Classification of Media Type
AudioAudio VideoVideo
ImageImage
AnimationAnimation
TextText GraphicsGraphics
Captured From real world
Synthesized By computer
Discrete Discrete
Continuous
Continuous
# INTRODUCTION 14
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Multimedia: audio
analog audio signal sampled at constant rate telephone: 8,000
samples/sec CD music: 44,100
samples/sec each sample
quantized, i.e., rounded e.g., 28=256
possible quantized values
each quantized value represented by bits, e.g., 8 bits for 256 values
time
aud
io s
ign
al a
mp
litu
de
analogsignal
quantized value ofanalog value
quantization error
sampling rate(N sample/sec)
# INTRODUCTION 15
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Multimedia: audio
example: 8,000 samples/sec, 256 quantized values: 64,000 bps
receiver converts bits back to analog signal: some quality
reduction
example rates CD: 1.411 Mbps MP3: 96, 128, 160 kbps Internet telephony: 5.3
kbps and up
time
aud
io s
ign
al a
mp
litu
de
analogsignal
quantized value ofanalog value
quantization error
sampling rate(N sample/sec)
# INTRODUCTION 16
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• video: sequence of images displayed at constant rate– e.g. 24 images/sec
• digital image: array of pixels– each pixel
represented by bits• coding: use redundancy
within and between images to decrease # bits used to encode image– spatial (within
image)– temporal (from one
image to next)
Multimedia: video
……………………...…
spatial coding example: instead of sending N values of same color (all purple), send only two values: color value (purple) and number of repeated values (N)
……………………...…
frame i
frame i+1
temporal coding example: instead of sending complete frame at i+1, send only differences from frame i
# INTRODUCTION 17
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Multimedia: video
……………………...…
spatial coding example: instead of sending N values of same color (all purple), send only two values: color value (purple) and number of repeated values (N)
……………………...…
frame i
frame i+1
temporal coding example: instead of sending complete frame at i+1, send only differences from frame i
CBR: (constant bit rate): video encoding rate fixed
VBR: (variable bit rate): video encoding rate changes as amount of spatial, temporal coding changes
examples: MPEG 1 (CD-ROM)
1.5 Mbps MPEG2 (DVD) 3-6
Mbps MPEG4 (often used
in Internet, < 1 Mbps)
# INTRODUCTION 18
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Multimedia networking: 3 application types
• streaming, stored audio, video– streaming: can begin playout before
downloading entire file– stored (at server): can transmit faster than
audio/video will be rendered (implies storing/buffering at client)
– e.g., YouTube, Netflix, Hulu
• conversational voice/video over IP – interactive nature of human-to-human
conversation limits delay tolerance– e.g., Skype
• streaming live audio, video– e.g., live sporting event (futbol)
# INTRODUCTION 19
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Networked Multimedia• Local vs. networked multimedia
– Local: storage and presentation of multimedia information in standalone computers
• Sample applications: DVD
– Networked: involve transmission and distribution of multimedia information on the network
• Sample applications: videoconferencing, web video broadcasting, multimedia Email, etc.
InternetInternetVideo server
Image serverA scenario of multimedia networking
# INTRODUCTION Slide 20
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Multimedia over Internet
# INTRODUCTION Slide 21
Music Streami
ng
Information
SearchMoviesStreami
ng
Finance,Brokerag
e
Digital Photos
Internet
Video ClipAttachment
VideoConference
VoIP
Wireless Wireless BrowsingBrowsing
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Consideration of Networked Multimedia
• Fundamental Characteristics of multimedia information– Large data volume
– Typically delay sensitive
– But loss tolerant• infrequent losses cause minor glitches
# INTRODUCTION Slide 22
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Consideration of Networked Multimedia
• Properties of current Internet (packet switched networks)– Suitable for unexpected burst of data
• no need to establishing an explicit connection– Limitation of bandwidth
• Bandwidth is shared statistically so data can be sent at any time
• Causing Queuing delay, especially when congested
– Best effort network• IP network is not reliable• cannot guarantee quality of multimedia
applications– Heterogeneity
• Different user requirements• Different user network conditions
# INTRODUCTION Slide 23
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Requirements for Networked Multimedia
# INTRODUCTION Slide 24
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Challenges of multimedia networking
• Conflict between media size and bandwidth limit of the network
• Conflict between the user requirement of multimedia application and the best-effort network
• How to meet different requirements of different users?
# INTRODUCTION Slide 25
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Technologies of Multimedia Networking
• Media Compression Media Compression – reduce the data volumeAddress the1st challenge– Image compression– Video compression– Audio compression
• Multimedia TransmissionMultimedia TransmissionAddress the 2nd and 3rd challenges– Protocols for real-time transmission– Rate / congestion control– Error control# INTRODUCTION Slide 26
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Multimedia Networking Systems
• Live media transmission system– Capture, compress, and transmit the media on
the fly • Send stored media across the network
– Media is pre-compressed and stored at the server. This system delivers the stored media to one or multiple receivers.
• Differences between the two systems– For live media delivery:
• Real-time media capture, need hardware support• Real-time compression– speed is important• Compression procedure can be adjusted based on
network conditions– For stored media delivery
• Offline compression – better compression result is important
• Compression can not be adjusted during transmission# INTRODUCTION Slide 27
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Generic Media Streaming System
VideoEncoder
Input videoCompressed
VideoStreaming
Server
InternetInternet
ReceiverVideoDecoder
Video Display
Error control, ratecontrol can be donehere to improve QoS
Error control, providefeedback to the sender
Compressed VideoVideo Packets
# INTRODUCTION Slide 28