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Medical TerminologyMedical Terminology
Genitourinary SystemGenitourinary System
Chapter 12Chapter 12
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Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and Physiology
StructuresStructures two kidneys, two ureters, bladder, urethra
monitors, regulates extracellular fluidsmonitors, regulates extracellular fluids excretes harmful substances in urine
nitrogenous wastes (urea)
returns useful substances to bloodstream maintain balance of water, electrolytes maintain balance of water, electrolytes
(salts), acids, pH in the body fluids(salts), acids, pH in the body fluids
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Macroscopic StructuresMacroscopic Structures
ren/o and nephr/oren/o and nephr/o cortex, medullacortex, medulla renal artery, renal veinrenal artery, renal vein renal pelvisrenal pelvis ureterureter urethraurethra
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ExcretionExcretion
urinationurination micturitionmicturition voidingvoiding
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nephronnephron glomerulus
glomerul/o renal pelvis pyel/
filtration, filtration, reabsorption, reabsorption, secretionsecretion
Microscopic StructuresMicroscopic Structures
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Formation of UrineFormation of Urine
blood filtered to blood filtered to glomerulusglomerulus
capillary walls thincapillary walls thin blood pressure higher blood pressure higher
inside capillaries than inside capillaries than in Bowman’s capsulein Bowman’s capsule
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Formation of UrineFormation of Urine
causes filtration of causes filtration of fluid into capsulefluid into capsule
this fluid is initial this fluid is initial urine and equivalenturine and equivalentto protein free plasmato protein free plasma
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Formation of UrineFormation of Urine
in healthy nephron, neither protein nor in healthy nephron, neither protein nor RBCs filter into capsuleRBCs filter into capsule
in proximal tubule, most of nutrients and in proximal tubule, most of nutrients and large amount of water reabsorbed back to large amount of water reabsorbed back to capillariescapillaries
salts selectively reabsorbed according to salts selectively reabsorbed according to body’s needsbody’s needs
water reabsorbed with saltswater reabsorbed with salts
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Formation of UrineFormation of Urine
nitrogen-containing waste products of nitrogen-containing waste products of protein metabolism, urea and creatinine, protein metabolism, urea and creatinine, pass on through tubules to be excreted in pass on through tubules to be excreted in urineurine
urine from all collecting ducts empties into urine from all collecting ducts empties into renal pelvisrenal pelvis
urine moves down ureters to bladderurine moves down ureters to bladder empties via urethraempties via urethra
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An An obstructionobstruction along this path along this path can set the stage for infection. can set the stage for infection. Obstruction may be kidney Obstruction may be kidney stone; enlarged prostate gland; stone; enlarged prostate gland; or tumor.or tumor.
Any blockage causes Any blockage causes stasisstasis and diminished flow of urine, and diminished flow of urine, and and bacteria thrive in the bacteria thrive in the stagnant fluidstagnant fluid
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Male Reproductive SystemMale Reproductive System
FunctionsFunctions produce sperm transport viable sperm
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Testes or testiclesTestes or testicles seminiferous tubules
produce sperm
secrete testosterone Scrotum or scrotal sacScrotum or scrotal sac epididymisepididymis
stores sperm vas deferensvas deferens ejaculatory ductejaculatory duct
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Urethra and PenisUrethra and Penis
Urethra is the common reproductive and Urethra is the common reproductive and urinary channelurinary channel
Penis is the male sex organ that transports Penis is the male sex organ that transports sperm into the female vaginasperm into the female vagina glans penis covered by prepuce or foreskin prepuce or foreskin removed during
circumcision
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Pathology of the Urinary SystemPathology of the Urinary System
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PyelonephritisPyelonephritis caused by caused by pyogenicpyogenic E. coli, Streptocci, E. coli, Streptocci,
StaphylococciStaphylococci infections usually infections usually ascendascend that originate in that originate in
lower tract or may be descending infection lower tract or may be descending infection carried by bloodstream or lymphcarried by bloodstream or lymph
any obstruction paves way for infection due any obstruction paves way for infection due to stagnation of urineto stagnation of urine
bacteriuria, pyuria, hematuriabacteriuria, pyuria, hematuria
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Acute GlomerulonephritisAcute Glomerulonephritis
common, children and young adultscommon, children and young adults often from previous often from previous streptococcal streptococcal infection; infection;
strep throat, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever.strep throat, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever. chills, fever, anorexia, malaise, edemachills, fever, anorexia, malaise, edema albuminuria, hematuriaalbuminuria, hematuria, , castscasts often present often present a degenerative inflammation of glomerulia degenerative inflammation of glomeruli
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Glomerular membrane inflammedGlomerular membrane inflammed permeable, proteinuria, casts
May have repeated episodes calledMay have repeated episodes called chronic glomerulonephritis
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NephrolithiasisNephrolithiasis Dissolved urine salts begin to solidifyDissolved urine salts begin to solidify
asymptomatic size increase may result in obstructionsize increase may result in obstruction intense radiating pain from kidney area to intense radiating pain from kidney area to
groin - colicgroin - colic stone may block flow of urinestone may block flow of urine
hydronephrosis
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NephrolithiasisNephrolithiasis
can be partially dissolved by medication then can be partially dissolved by medication then passedpassed
may be crushed by may be crushed by lithotripsylithotripsy if immersed in water - hydrolithotripsy if performed out of water - nephrotripsy
nephrolith, nephrolithiasis, ureterolith, cystolithnephrolith, nephrolithiasis, ureterolith, cystolith
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Bladder Neck ObstructionBladder Neck Obstruction
Blockage of bladder outletBlockage of bladder outlet causescauses
prostatic hypertrophy calculus, blood clot, tumor cystitis
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Benign Prostatic HyperplasiaBenign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Prostate enlarges and decreases size of Prostate enlarges and decreases size of urethral lumenurethral lumen
Retained urine - cystitis - nephritisRetained urine - cystitis - nephritis transurethral resection (TURP)transurethral resection (TURP)
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Ischemia, Nephrotoxic injuryIschemia, Nephrotoxic injury oliguriaoliguria hypercalcemiahypercalcemia
Acute Tubular NecrosisAcute Tubular Necrosis
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Carcinoma of the ProstateCarcinoma of the Prostate
dysuria, frequency, hematuriadysuria, frequency, hematuria bilateral orchiectomybilateral orchiectomy
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End of Chapter 12End of Chapter 12
Chapter 9Chapter 9
Genitourinary SystemGenitourinary System