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Possible integrated solutions to the power distribution puzzle in LHC upgrades
F.Faccio, S.Michelis
CERN – PH/MIC
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F.Faccio, S.MichelisACES workshop, March 07
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Outline
The power distribution puzzle in LHC upgrades (trackers)
DC-DC converters with air-core inductors Low Drop Out regulators (LDO)
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AC/DC DC/DC PPPP (withLin.Reg. in some
cases)
PP
Module
0.5-2m
13-15m
100m
1A/channel (analog or digital), round-trip cables, and sense to nearest regulation
Material budget (X/Xo)Cooling
Cable crowdingRadiationMagnetic field
Other general constraints:Overall efficiencyCostReliability (single point of failure)
Present power distribution schemes (in trackers)
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More channels required, at lower Vdd, hence overall more current!
More or thicker cables:Material budget !Cooling !Cable crowding!
LHC upgrades - Requirements
AC/DC DC/DC PPPP (with“LDO” in some
cases)
PP
Module
0.5-2m
13-15m
100m
Either >>1A/channel, or 1A/channel and more modules
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4 - 8 VAC/DC DC/DC PP
(with DC/DC) PP
Module
(with
DC
/DC
)
0.5-2m100m
Same cables as today can bring more power,It requires efficient DC/DC on module for cooling
24-48 V(or 4-8 V)
AC/DC DC/DC PP
Module
(with
DC
/DC
)
0.5-2m100m
Small cables can bring all the powerIt requires efficient DC/DC
24 or 48 VPP
Important considerations:Magnetic field, Radiationand Material Budget, Noise, plusEMI if inductor-based DC/DC
Possible solutions based on DC-DC
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On-module or on-chip…
To filter switching noise and/or provide local regulation and protection (over-I, over-V, over-T), LDOs will be very useful – BUT they need to be radiation-hard!
power
LDOs on module(analog and digital power)
power
LDOs on chip
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Present activities within PH-MIC
Feasibility study for development of an integrated DC-DC buck converter based on air-core inductors (1 full-time student, Stefano Michelis)
Collaboration with EPFL (1 “stagiaire” for 5 months) for the design of an LDO
First steps towards the development of an on-chip LDO in 130nm technology
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• Aiming at demonstrating the feasibility of a fully integrated (except L and passive components) DC-DC buck converter
DC-DC: Work in progress
Vin=12-24 VVout=1.5-3VI=1-2A
Rad-hard technology
Inductor
Switching noise
Controller architecture
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Selection of a technology
Design and test of transistors in the AMIS I3T80 technology
Several different transistor topologies available for high-V applications (lateral, vertical)
Layout “modified” to increase radiation tolerance
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NMOS better performance (lower gate and Ron power dissipation )
Difficult to drive in the buck converter configuration (the main switch has the source floating => need of a bootstrap)
Parameters NMOS PMOS Units
Ron*W@VGS=3.3V, VDS=0.5V 25 42 KΩ.μm
Cgs/W @ VGS=0V, VDS =0V 1.5 17.5 fF/um
Cgd/W @ VGS=0V, VDS =0V 8.5 37.5 fF/um
Cgs/W @ VGS=0V, VDS =15V 1.5 17.5 fF/um
Cgd/W @ VGS=0V, VDS=15V 0.125 0.337 fF/um
Comparison between the available MOS transistors
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The main radiation-induced problem for the NMOS is the source-drain leakage current. Irradiation in all cases under bias, with Vgs=2 or 3.3V and Vds=0 or 14V.
Vth (linear)
0.49
0.5
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54
0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59
1.0E+02 1.0E+04 1.0E+06 1.0E+08
TID (rad)
Vth
(V
)
A3
A2
A1
C1
Leakage (sat)
1.E-12
1.E-11
1.E-10
1.E-09
1.E-08
1.E-07
1.E-06
1.E-05
1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08
TID (rad)
Lea
kag
e (A
) A3
A2
A1
C1
NMOS transistors (vertical)
Vds=30V during measurement
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Leakage (sat)
1.E-12
1.E-11
1.E-10
1.E-09
1.E-08
1.E-07
1.E-06
1.E-05
1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08
TID (rad)
Lea
kag
e (A
) A3
A2
A1
C1
But leakage current can be effectively controlled with smart layout techniques
NMOS transistors (vertical)
Vds=30V during measurement
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Inductor: need of air core inductor because of high magnetic field (up to 4 T for CMS); ferromagnetic materials additionally can distort the static magnetic field
Material Max. μ Sat B(T)
Coldrolled steel 2,000 2,1
Iron 5,000 2,15
Purified iron 180,000 2,15
4% Silicon-iron 30,000 2,0
45 Permalloy 25,000 1,0
Hipernik 70,000 1,6
Monimax 35,000 1,5
Permendur 5,000 2,45
2V Permendur 4,500 2,4
Hiperco 10,000 2,42
Inductor core material
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Different commercial choices
Coilcraft
A B C D
16mm 30mm 14mm 21mm
Air-core inductors
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Study of noise implications
Simulation of magnetic field to have a feeling of the physical extension of the field
Hardware implementation of a DC-DC converter based on commercial components (controller, switchers, inductors). Evolutive concept where each component can be replaced by a custom developed one.
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Simulation of magnetic fieldSimulation of magnetic field for I=1A in 500nH air core-inductors (solenoid or toroid)
Scale 10-100uT
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Hardware implementation
500nH inductor
controller
switchers
Out capacitors
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Selection of an architecture for the controller Evaluation of the losses, and optimization
Review of the adequate architectures and choice Full-custom implementation in an ASIC
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Design of LDO linear regulator
2 concepts carried on in parallel: Stand-alone component (300mA, Vout=1-
1.5V) On-chip macro (150mA, Vout=1.2V)
Both in 130nm CMOS technology, and designed to be radiation tolerant
Macros will be validated and can be modified for different specs
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Conclusion
Possible integrated contributions to the power distribution problem: Integrated DC-DC buck converter (Vin=12-24V,
I=1-2A) Based on air-core inductor and use of high-V
CMOS technology with radiation tolerant design LDOs
Stand-alone component, I=300mV On-chip “IP block”
Work is in progress in these areas