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Res. Eng. Athanasios GiannitsisProfessor Mart Min
BEC2010Tallinn, EstoniaOctober 4-6, 2010
Usage of microfluidic lab-on-chips
in biomedicine
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What are the microfluidic lab-on-chips?
Lab-on-chips : A class of submillimetre size bioanalytical devices.
Perform: fluidic processes, sensing, analysis and separation of biochemical samples.
Integrate: fluidics, electronics, optics and biosensors.
Analyse: metabolites, molecules, proteins, nucleic acids, cells and viruses.
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Subsets and supersets of lab-on-chips
μ-TAS
Biosensors
Microfluidic
lab-on-chips devices
Embedded systems
MEMS (MicroElectroMechanical Systems)
Implantable
devices
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Application areas of lab-on-chip devices
Diagnostics
Biochemistry
Bioanalysis
Biosensing
Biotechnology
Biocomputing
Pharmaceutics
Drug tests
Cytometry
Cell biology
Genomics & proteomics
Water & food quality
Environmental monitoring
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Technical advantages of lab-on-chips
Portability
Modularity
Reconfigurability
Embedded computing
Automated sample handling
Low electronic noise
Low power consumption
Straightforward integration
Few moving or spinning components
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Operational advantages of lab-on-chips
Automate laboratory processes like sample transport, dispensing and mixing.
Highly reduce the time of laboratory tests.
Require tiny amounts of sample and reagents.
High reduction of contaminants due to chip sealing and environmental isolation.
Support continuous and segmented flow.
Accelerate chemical reactions due to the use of tiny samples.
Obtainable temperature homogeneity due to tiny fluidic volumes.
Relatively high throughput processing.
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Production advantages of lab-on-chips
Affordable mass production.
Affordable replacement cost.
Relatively short development times.
Short quality tests times.
Require existing commercial computer aided design software.
Require existing commercial modelling software.
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Clinical assessments that lab-on-chip devices are capable for
Nucleic acid amplification
Genenetic mapping(genomics)
Enzymatic assays
Peptide analysis
Protein analysis (proteomics)
Drug tests
Cytometry and cell analysis
Electroporation
Blood tests
Cytotoxicity studies
Bioassays
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Electric actuation methods
Piezoelectric
Electrocapillary
Capillary electrophoresis
Electrowetting
Electroosmosis / streaming potential
Electrophoresis
Dielectrophoresis
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Detection methods
Bioimpedance spectroscopy
Capacitance sensing
Voltametry
Dielectrophoresis & rotational spectra
Fluorescence & image processing
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Types of microfluidic lab-on-chips
Micropumps & microvalves
Fluidic mixers
Droplet generator chips
Electrowetting chips
Electrophoretic chips
Dielectrophoretic chips
Magnetophoretic chips
Bioimpedance chips
Electroporation chips
Microbioreactors
Cytometers
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) chips
Immunoassay chips
Microarrays
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Elastomer
pressurisation decompression
Electroactive elastomers and piezoelectric films can be used as control membranes
Microvalves
Closed Open
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Mixers
T-junction fluidic mixer
Increase of mixing
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Droplet generators
Cross-junction droplet generator
T-junction droplet generator
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Electrowetting chips
Ground
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Capillary electrophoresis chips
separation channel
V1
(high voltage pulses)
V2
Inlet of
main flow
Outlet of
main flow
collection
outlet
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Dielectrophoretic chips
Cells collected at electrodes Cells directed away from electrodes
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Magnetophoretic chips
Pipe diameter 0.004 mMagnetic strength 300 GaussFerrofluid type oil basedSurfactant hydrophobic
coils
The magnetic fluid is moving forwards
due to the action of the magnetic force
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Bioimpedance chips
Bioimpedance is capable of sensing cells or nanoparticles
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Optical cytometers
Image acquisitionCytometry
analysis
Fluorescent
image acquisition
via microscopy
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Polymerase chain reaction chips
PCR chips provide temperature homogeneity and reaction conditions
PCR requires three thermal cycles:
Denaturation step at 90-95oC for 20-30 secondsAnnealing step at 50-60oC for 20-40 secondsElongation step at 60-70oC for 5-15 minutes
inlet
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Microarrays
Cellular microarray: examines cells reaction with antibodies proteins or lipids.
DNA microarray: detects DNA / RNA, and gene expression. Protein microarray: detects proteins in liquids, protein to protein
interactions, biomolecules. Antibody microarray: detects antigens, biomarkers, and protein
expressions. Chemical microarray: detects proteins that bind on specific
chemical compounds.
Fluorescence
mapping
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Electronic circuitry on lab-on-chips
Analog front-end
Analog-digital converter ADC
Digital signal processor
Sensor
Signal
Conditioning
Front-end
ADC
Digital
Signal
Processor
Memories
Bus
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Analog Front-end
Input
Low signal amplitude
Low frequency noise
Cross-parameter sensitivity
Output
Volt level output for subsequent ADC
Low noise
Cross-parameter stability
Sensor
(mΩ, fF)Amplifier
mVV
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Future trends in lab-on-chip technology
Technical improvements
Improvement in reliability Improvements in portability Parallel sample processing Ultralow power consumption Smaller and lighter devices Wireless networking Advance user interfaces Standalone computing Standardisation of fabrication
materials Biocompatibility improvements Nanoscale channels
development
Usage benefits Personalised medicine Point-of-care diagnostics Marine sensors Monitor pollution Monitor pandemics / diseases Link to medical and patient
databases Usage as terminal testers Telemedicine Military medicine
BEC2010Tallinn, EstoniaOctober 4-6, 2010