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10-1
Chapter 10
Lecture Outline
See PowerPoint Image Slides
for all figures and tables pre-inserted into
PowerPoint without notes.
Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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10-2
The Muscular System• Structural and
functional organization of muscles
• Muscles of the head and neck
• Muscles of the trunk
• Muscles acting on the shoulder and upper limb
• Muscles acting on the hip and lower limb
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10-3
Organization of Muscles
• 600 Human skeletal muscles
• General structural and functional topics– muscle shape and function– connective tissues of muscle– coordinated actions of muscle groups – intrinsic and extrinsic muscles– muscle innervation
• Regional descriptions
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10-4
The Functions of Muscles
• Movement of body parts and organ contents
• Maintain posture and prevent movement
• Communication - speech, expression and writing
• Control of openings and passageways
• Heat production
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10-5
Connective Tissues of a Muscle
Perimysium
Epimysium
Endomysium
Tendon
Deep fascia
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10-6
Connective Tissues of a Muscle
• Epimysium– covers whole muscle belly – blends into CT between muscles
• Perimysium– slightly thicker layer of connective tissue– surrounds bundle of cells called a fascicle
• Endomysium– thin areolar tissue around each cell– allows room for capillaries and nerve
fibers
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10-7
Location of Fascia
Superficial Fascia
Deep Fascia
• Deep fascia– found between adjacent muscles
• Superficial fascia (hypodermis)– adipose between skin and muscles
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10-8
Muscle Attachments
• Direct (fleshy) attachment to bone– epimysium is continuous with periosteum– intercostal muscles
• Indirect attachment to bone– epimysium continues as tendon or aponeurosis that
merges into periosteum as perforating fibers– biceps brachii or abdominal muscle
• Attachment to dermis • Stress will tear the tendon before pulling the
tendon loose from either muscle or bone
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10-9
Parts of a Skeletal Muscle
• Origin– attachment to stationary
end of muscle
• Belly– thicker, middle region of
muscle
• Insertion– attachment to mobile
end of muscle
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10-10
Skeletal Muscle Shapes 1
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10-11
Skeletal Muscle Shapes 2• Fusiform muscles
– thick in middle and tapered at ends– biceps brachii m.
• Parallel muscles have parallel fascicles– rectus abdominis m.
• Convergent muscle– broad at origin and tapering to a narrower insertion
• Pennate muscles– fascicles insert obliquely on a tendon– unipennate, bipennate or multipennate– palmar interosseus, rectus femoris and deltoid
• Circular muscles– ring around body opening– orbicularis oculi
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10-12
Coordinated Muscle Actions• Prime mover or agonist
– produces most of force
• Synergist aids the prime mover– stabilizes the nearby joint– modifies the direction of movement
• Antagonist– opposes the prime mover– preventing excessive movement and injury
• Fixator– prevents movement of bone
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10-13
Muscle Actions during Elbow Flexion• Prime mover (agonist) =
brachialis• Synergist = biceps brachii• Antagonist = triceps brachii • Fixator = muscle that holds
scapula firmly in place– rhomboideus m.
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10-14
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Muscles
• Intrinsic muscles are contained within a region such as the hand.
• Extrinsic muscles move the fingers but are found outside the region.
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10-15
Skeletal Muscle Innervation
• Cranial nerves arising from the brain– exit the skull through foramina– numbered I to XII
• Spinal nerves arising from the spinal cord– exit the vertebral column through
intervertebral foramina
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10-16
How Muscles are Named
• Nomina Anatomica– system of Latin names developed in 1895– updated since then
• English names for muscles are slight modifications of the Latin names.
• Table 10.1 = terms used to name muscles– levator = elevates a body part– profundus = deepest– quadriceps = having 4 heads
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10-17
Learning Strategy
• Explore the location, origin, insertion and innervation of 160 skeletal muscles– use tabular information in this chapter.
• Increase your retention– examining models and atlases– palpating yourself – observe an articulated skeleton– say the names aloud and check your
pronunciation
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10-18
The Muscular System
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10-19
Muscles of Facial Expression
• Small muscles that insert into the dermis
• Innervated by facial nerve (CN VII)
• Paralysis causes face to sag
• Found in scalp, forehead, around the eyes, nose and mouth, and in the neck
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10-20
Muscles in Facial Expression 1
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10-21
Muscles in Facial Expression 2
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10-22
Musculature of the Tongue• Intrinsic muscles = vertical, transverse and
longitudinal• Extrinsic muscles connect tongue to hyoid, styloid
process, palate and inside of chin• Tongue shifts food onto teeth and pushes it into
pharynx
Intrinsic tongue muscles
Extrinsic tongue muscles
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10-23
Muscles of Mastication
• 4 Major muscles• Arise from skull and
insert on mandible• Temporalis and
Masseter elevate the mandible
• Medial and Lateral Pterygoids help elevate, but produce lateral swinging of jaw
Temporalis
Masseter
Lateral pterygoid
Medial pterygoid
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10-24
Suprahyoid Muscles and Swallowing
• Digastric and Mylohyoid = open mouth• Geniohyoid = widens pharynx during
swallowing• Stylohyoid = elevates hyoid• Thyrohyoid = elevates larynx, closing glottis
Digastric Mylohyoid
Thyrohyoid
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10-25
Triangles of the Neck
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10-26
Muscles involved in Swallowing
• Pharyngeal constrictors push food down throat• Infrahyoid muscles pulls larynx downward • Intrinsic laryngeal muscles control speech
Pharyngeal constrictors
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10-27
Muscles of Respiration• Breathing requires the use of muscles
– Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles– internal intercostal muscles
• Contraction of first 2 produces inspiration• Contraction of last produces forced
expiration• Normal expiration requires little muscular
activity– elastic recoil and gravity collapses the chest– inspiratory muscles active in braking action, so
exhalation is smooth
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10-28
Muscles of Respiration -- Diaphragm
• Muscular dome between thoracic and abdominal cavities
• Muscle fascicles extend to a fibrous central tendon
• Contraction flattens it– increases the vertical dimension of the thorax
drawing air into the lungs– raises the abdominal pressure to help expel urine,
feces and facilitating childbirth
Central tendon
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10-29
Muscles of Respiration - Intercostals
• External intercostals– extend downward and
anteriorly from rib to rib– pull ribcage up and outward
during inspiration
• Internal intercostals– extend upward and anteriorly
from rib to rib– pull ribcage downward
during forced expiration
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10-30
• 4 Pairs of sheetlike muscles– external oblique– internal oblique– transverse abdominis– rectus abdominis
• Functions– support the viscera– stabilize the vertebral column– help in respiration, urination, defecation and childbirth
Muscles of the Abdomen
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10-31
Rectus Abdominis and External Oblique• External oblique
– superficial– downward – anteriorly– inguinal
ligament
• Rectus abdominis– vertical,
straplike– tendinous
intersections– rectus sheath– linea alba
External oblique Rectus abdominis
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10-32
Internal Oblique -Transverse Abdominis
• Internal oblique– anteriorly– upwards
• Transverse abdominal– horizontal fiber
orientation– deepest layer
Transverse abdominisInternal oblique
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10-33
Superficial Muscles of Back
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
SemispinalisSplenius
Levator scapulaeRhomboideusSupraspinatusInfraspinatusTeres major
Gluteus maximusGluteus medius
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10-34
Muscles of the Back• Erector spinae
group– 3 columns muscle– from sacrum to ribs– extends vertebral
column• Semispinalis group
– vertebrae to vertebrae
– extends neck• Multifidis
– vertebrae to vertebrae
– rotates vertebral column
• Quadratus lumborum– ilium to 12th rib– lateral flexion
Multifidis
Erector spinae
Quadratus lumborum
Semispinalis
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10-35
Muscles of the Pelvic Floor
• 3 Layers of muscles span pelvic outlet– support pelvic viscera
• Region is called perineum – diamond-shaped region bounded by pubic symphysis,
coccyx and ischial tuberosities– penetrated by anal canal, urethra and vagina– anteriorly = urogenital triangle; posteriorly= anal
triangle• 3 Layers or compartments of the perineum
– superficial layer = Superficial perineal space– middle layer = Urogenital diaphragm and Anal
sphincter– deep layer = Pelvic diaphragm
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10-36
Superficial Perineal Space
• 3 Muscles found just deep to the skin• Ischiocavernosus = arises ischial and pubic ramus• Bulbospongiosus = covers bulb of penis or encloses
vagina• Function during intercourse and voiding of urine
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10-37
Muscles of UG diaphragm
• Middle layer of pelvic floor contains urogenital diaphragm and external anal sphincter
• Urogenital diaphragm = 2 muscles– deep transverse perineus m. supports pelvic viscera– external urethral sphincter m. inhibits urination
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10-38
Muscles of Pelvic Diaphragm
• Deepest compartment of the perineum • Pelvic diaphragm = 2 muscles
– levator ani m. supports viscera and defecation– coccygeus m. supports and elevates pelvic floor
Levator ani
Coccygeus
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10-39
Hernias
• Protrusion of viscera through muscular wall of abdominopelvic cavity
• Inguinal hernia– most common type of hernia (rare in women)– viscera enter inguinal canal or even the scrotum
• Hiatal hernia– stomach protrudes through diaphragm into thorax– overweight people over 40
• Umbilical hernia– viscera protrude through the navel
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10-40
Muscles on Pectoral Girdle• Originate on axial skeleton and insert
onto clavicle or scapula
• Anterior muscle group = 2 muscles• Posterior muscle group = 4 muscles• Scapular movements produced include
– medial and lateral rotation of the scapula– elevation and depression of the scapula– protraction and retraction of the scapula
• Clavicle braces the shoulder and limits movement
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10-41
Anterior Scapular Muscles• Pectoralis Minor
– ribs 3-5 to coracoid process of scapula
– protracts and depresses scapula
– lifts ribs during forced expiration
• Serratus Anterior– ribs 1-9 to medial
border of scapula– abducts and rotates
or depresses scapula– throwing muscle
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10-42
Muscles Acting on Scapula
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10-43
Posterior Scapular Muscles
• 4 Muscles – superficial = Trapezius– deep = Rhomboids and
Levator scapulae
• Trapezius– rotate scapula upward– retract scapula– depress scapula
• With Levator scapulae and Rhomboids elevates scapula
• With Serratus anterior depresses scapula
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10-44
• Rhomboideus mm.– medial border of
scapula to C7-T1
Posterior Scapular Muscles
• Levator scapulae– from superior angle of
scapula to C1-C4
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10-45
Muscles Acting on Humerus• Crossing shoulder joint to humerus
– 2 arise from axial skeleton• prime movers in flexion and extension
– arise from sternum and clavicle or T7-L5 and ilium
Pectoralis major Latissimus dorsi
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10-46
• Arise from scapula– Deltoid is prime
mover• flexion, extension and
abduction of humerus
– Coracobrachialis assists in flexion
– Teres major assists in extension
– Remaining 4 form the rotator cuff muscles that reinforce the shoulder joint capsule
Muscles Acting on Humerus
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10-47
Posterior View of Cadaver Chest
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10-48
Rotator Cuff Muscles• Extending from posterior
scapula to humerus – supraspinatus– infraspinatus – teres minor
• Extending from anterior scapula to humerus – subscapularis
All 4 help reinforce joint capsule.
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis
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10-49
Rotator Cuff Muscles
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10-50
Anterior View of Cadaver Chest
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10-51
Muscles Acting on Elbow
• Principal flexors – biceps brachii
• inserts on radius
– brachialis • inserts on ulna
• Synergistic flexor– brachioradialis
• Prime extensor– triceps brachii
• inserts onto ulna
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CS Upper Limb and Forearm
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Supination and Pronation
Supination
• Supinator muscle• Palm facing anteriorly
Pronation
• Pronator teres and Pronator quadratus mm.
• Palm faces posteriorly
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Muscles of Anterior Forearm• Flex/extend wrist and fingers, adduct/abduct wrist• Digitorum = inserts into fingers• Carpi = inserts onto carpal bones• Pollicis = inserts into thumb
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Muscles of Posterior Forearm• Extension of wrist and fingers, Adduct/abduct wrist• Extension and abduction of thumb (pollicis)• Brevis = short, Ulnaris = on ulna side of forearm
Extensors
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• Thenar group = fleshy base of thumb muscles• Hypothenar group = base of little finger muscles• Midpalmar group = Interosseus mm. and Lumbrical
mm.
Intrinsic Hand Muscles
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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Repetitive motions cause inflammation and
pressure on median nerve
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Anterior Muscles Acting on the Hip
• Iliopsoas muscle– crosses anterior
surface of hip joint and inserts on femur
– iliacus portion arises from iliac fossa
– psoas portion arises from lumbar vertebrae
– major hip flexor
Iliopsoas
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Posterior Muscles Acting on Hip
• Gluteus maximus– forms mass of the
buttock– prime hip extensor– provides most of
lift when you climb stairs
• Iliotibial band– band of fascia lata
attached to the tibia
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Iliotibial band
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Deep Gluteal Muscles
• Most laterally rotate femur• Except: Gluteus minimus medially
rotates femur• Shifts body weight when foot is lifted• Quadratus femoris is adductor of hip• Piriformis and Gluteus minimus = hip
abductors
Quadratus femoris
Piriformis
Gluteus minimus
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Adductors of the Hip Joint• 5 muscles act as
adductors• Adductor magnus
is hip joint extensor
• Gracilis is flexor of knee
• Pectineus, Adductor brevis and Adductor longus adduct femur
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Pectineus
Adductor magnus
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Muscles Acting on the Knee
• 4 headed muscle attaches to tibial tuberosity– extends knee joint
• rectus femoris arises from ilium so flexes hip joint
• quadriceps femoris tendon attaches to patella
• patellar ligament attaches to tibia
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Anterior Thigh Cadaver Muscles
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Muscles of the Leg
• Crural muscles are separated into 3 compartments.– anterior compartment (green)– fibular (lateral) compartment (blue)– posterior (superficial = brown) (deep = purple)
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Anterior Compartment of Leg
• Extensor digitorum longus = extension of toes and ankle• Extensor hallucis longus = extension of big toe and ankle• Fibularis tertius = dorsiflexes and everts foot• Tibialis anterior = dorsiflexes and inverts foot
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Posterior Compartment of LegSuperficial Group of Plantar Flexors
• Gastrocnemius = flexes knee and plantar flexes ankle• Soleus = plantar flexes ankle
GastrocnemiusSoleus
Plantaris
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Posterior Compartment of LegDeep Group of Plantar Flexors
• Tibialis posterior, Flexor digitorum longus, and Flexor hallucis longus and are plantar flexors.
• Popliteus unlocks the knee joint for knee flexion.
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Lateral Compartment of the Leg
• 2 muscles in this compartment
• Both plantar flex and evert the foot
• Provides lift and forward thrust
Fibularis brevis
Fibularis longus
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Intrinsic Muscles of Sole
• Four muscle layers
• Support for arches– abduct and
adduct the toes
– flex the toes
• One dorsal muscle– extensor
digitorum brevis extends toes
Dorsal view
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Athletic Injuries
• Vulnerable to sudden and intense stress• Proper conditioning and warm-up needed• Common injuries
– shinsplints– pulled hamstrings– tennis elbow
• Treat with rest, ice, compression and elevation• “No pain, no gain” is a dangerous
misconception