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Urban Geography
Chapter 12
What is an Urban Settlement?
• Concentrated pattern of human development
Why do People live in Urban Settlements?
• Retailing• Wholesaling• Manufacturing• Business services• Entertainment• Political
administration• Military defense
• Social and religious services
• Public services• Educational services• Transportation and
communication• Recreation• Residential• etc
What are the different scales of urban settlement?
• Hamlet• Village• Town• City• Central city• Urbanized area
• Metropolitan area• Mega city• megalopolis
Why are cities located where they are?
• Site – conditions at that point• Situation – relative location• Transportation accesses• Break of bulk (ports) • Fall Line City
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Fig. 12.10 Fig. 12.9
Urban Functions• Early functions
– Government centers– Protection– Agglomeration
• Economy sectors– Primary– Secondary– Tertiary
• Economic bases– Basic sector– Non-basic sector– Multiplier effect
Fig. 12.8
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How have cities grown over time?Largest Cities 1900
Largest Cities 2000Economics of a City
• Basic Sector – the part of the economy in which money comes from outside the city.
• Non-basic sector – the part of the ecomomy in which money is circulated within the city
• Multiplier effect – the effect of a particular basic job creating non-basic jobs
Defining Concepts
• Hinterland– Provide services/draws resources
• Incorporation– Defining city territory
• Primate cities– Large city with majority of national population
• Urbanization– Concentrating population in cities
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Urban Geography
• Three important topics– Urban functions and roles– Study of urbanization
• Different times• Different places
– Internal patterns
Locations of Cities
• Site factors– Characteristics of location
• Situation factors– Other cities– Transportation/trade routes
Central Place Theory
• Three requirements– Hinterlands divide the space completely
– Hinterlands are uniform shape and size
– Minimal distance between central place and furthest place
Urban Hierarchy
• Rank of a city based on– Size– Function– Complexity– Importance on the local/national/international
economy
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World Cities
• Control points for international production, marketing and finance– NY– Tokyo– London– San Paolo (Brazil)
Fig. 12.15
Models of Urban Form
• Four models of internal patterns– Concentric zone– Sector – Multiple-nuclei– Peripheral
• Social factors• Government • Environmental concerns
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Urban Planning
• Planning the ideal city– Howard’s Garden Cities– Le Corbusier’s Radiant Cities– Canberra, Australia
• Charter of the International Congress of Modern Architecture (CIAM)– Codified the functions of the modern city
Suburban Infrastructure
• Sprawl• High costs
– Energy– Commute / transportation
• Leapfrogging• Environmental
– Farmland– Green space
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Social Consequences
• Residential segregation and marketing
• Restrictive covenants
• Job movement and creation
• Commuting patterns– Rush hour
New Patterns• New urbanism
– Recreate small town America– Less dependence on cars
• Telecommuting
• Virtual shopping– Internet– Brick and mortar
Central Cities Decline
• 1970-1995• Economic decline
– Spatial mismatch • Population loss• Deteriorating housing and neighborhoods• Loss of entry level jobs
Central Cities New Growth
• Service sector economy– Increased white collar jobs– Finance, IT, bio-tech
• Gentrification– Rediscovering urban living– Yuppies / empty nesters
• Immigrants• African Americans
Land Use and Land Values Around Urban Areas
• CBD – central business district• Models of urban structure
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Fig. 12.19 Suburban Sprawl
Fig. 12.30 Fig. 12.31
Cities of Different CulturesCO.12