Download - 10.3_Practical Implementation of Microgrid Control, Protection, and Communications_Manson_SEL
![Page 1: 10.3_Practical Implementation of Microgrid Control, Protection, and Communications_Manson_SEL](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070516/587146711a28ab55588b58ef/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Practical Implementation of Microgrid Control, Protection, and Communications
Scott MansonTechnology Director, SEL
![Page 2: 10.3_Practical Implementation of Microgrid Control, Protection, and Communications_Manson_SEL](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070516/587146711a28ab55588b58ef/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Control Cost, Quality, FeaturesHardware-in-the-Loop Testing
Both Mechanical and Electrical Systems Must Be Modeled Accurately!
Controller
Inputs
ControllerStatus
Controls
Dynamic Simulation
System
Outputs
0.961.0
Power (pu)
Frequency (pu)
1.0
Steady-State Droop Line
3
21
Transient Governor Behavior
Governor Frequency Set Point
![Page 3: 10.3_Practical Implementation of Microgrid Control, Protection, and Communications_Manson_SEL](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070516/587146711a28ab55588b58ef/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Factory Acceptance Tests Improved With Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
590 10 20 30 40
Time (s)
Freq
uenc
y (H
z)
Field
Simulation
![Page 4: 10.3_Practical Implementation of Microgrid Control, Protection, and Communications_Manson_SEL](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070516/587146711a28ab55588b58ef/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Inverter-Based Generation Has Limited Overload Capacity
Short-Term Capacity Limit
Long-Term Capacity Limit
Inverter-Based Generation
Q
P
Rotating Generators
Q
P
![Page 5: 10.3_Practical Implementation of Microgrid Control, Protection, and Communications_Manson_SEL](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070516/587146711a28ab55588b58ef/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Load Balancing Must Happen Faster With Inverter-Based Generation
Pow
er, F
requ
ency
Time
Rotating Generation Power
Rotating Generator Frequency
Power
Frequency
Load
Inverter-Based Power
Inverter-Based Frequency
![Page 6: 10.3_Practical Implementation of Microgrid Control, Protection, and Communications_Manson_SEL](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070516/587146711a28ab55588b58ef/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
FAST Load Shedding Prevents Blackouts
Grid-Tied Operation
Islanded Operation
Synchronization Systems
Automatic Decoupling
Load Shedding
Subcycle FAST
Controller
Relay
Status Trip
![Page 7: 10.3_Practical Implementation of Microgrid Control, Protection, and Communications_Manson_SEL](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070516/587146711a28ab55588b58ef/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
PF Deadband
–PF
+PF
–P +P
–PF
+PF
+Q
–QEnlargement of Origin
–100 +100
–50
+50
Deadband Control
Boundary
+28.9
PFsp1, sp2
PFactual1
PFactual1
+0.5
PF–0.5 PF
+0.5
PF –0.5 PF
Power Factor Control Limits Must Be Considered Carefully!
![Page 8: 10.3_Practical Implementation of Microgrid Control, Protection, and Communications_Manson_SEL](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070516/587146711a28ab55588b58ef/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Frequency and Voltage Define Power System Resilience
1/f
t
f
V
V
2V
63
57
Rotating Generator
Sets
1.3 0.7
Generation Shedding
Load Shedding
Allowable Operation
65
1.2 0.8
55
Inverter Technology
![Page 9: 10.3_Practical Implementation of Microgrid Control, Protection, and Communications_Manson_SEL](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070516/587146711a28ab55588b58ef/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
A
CB2 CB157
60
63
f (Hz)
B
Reliability Improved With Several Load-Balancing Techniques
CB1 Opens:Contingency
Load Shedding Island Generator
AutobalancingAka “AGC”
CB2 Opens
Underfrequency Load Shedding
Overfrequency Generation Runback
![Page 10: 10.3_Practical Implementation of Microgrid Control, Protection, and Communications_Manson_SEL](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070516/587146711a28ab55588b58ef/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
How Much “Responsive” Generation Is Required to Ensure Stability?Step 1: Identify grid time constants
+
–
–DER Frequency/Droop Controller
Steady-State Electrical Load
Frequency
+ –
Simplification
Frequency
1JS
1R
2
R1 S
DER Frequency/Droop Controller
Power System 2 (seconds)Utility 0.5 to 1.2 Microgrid 0.25 to 2.5
![Page 11: 10.3_Practical Implementation of Microgrid Control, Protection, and Communications_Manson_SEL](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070516/587146711a28ab55588b58ef/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
How Much “Responsive” Generation Is Required to Ensure Stability?Step 2: Tabulate Incremental Reserve Margins (IRM)
DER Rating (kW) IRM (%) IRM (MW)PV 200 0 0Battery (SLOW) 1000 5 50Battery (FAST) 1000 100 1000Steam Extraction Turbine 1200 0 0CHP 900 10 90Gas Turbine 1500 40 600Diesel Genset 1000 40 400Totals 6800 31.5 2140
![Page 12: 10.3_Practical Implementation of Microgrid Control, Protection, and Communications_Manson_SEL](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070516/587146711a28ab55588b58ef/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
How Much “Responsive” Generation Is Required to Ensure Stability?Step 3: Compare Total IRM to Largest Disturbance
Event kWSmall Motor 200LCI drive 2000Large Feeder 5000Small Feeder 800Available IRM 2140
50
49.449
48
Hz
DERs will trip
![Page 13: 10.3_Practical Implementation of Microgrid Control, Protection, and Communications_Manson_SEL](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070516/587146711a28ab55588b58ef/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Macrogrid
Power
Freq
uenc
y
Microgrid
Power
Frequency
Load
Freq
uenc
y (H
z)
474849505152535455
0 50 100 150 200 250 300Time (seconds)
Unstable Microgrid
Governor Controls must be Adapted for Changing load Composition
Load Responses Are Different for Islanded Microgrids
![Page 14: 10.3_Practical Implementation of Microgrid Control, Protection, and Communications_Manson_SEL](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070516/587146711a28ab55588b58ef/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Intelligent Relays Are Used to Adapt DER Controllers
Turbine
Electric Generator
Valve Turbine Controller
MicrogridMacrogrid
Relay
Microgrid Controller
Relay
Relay
Relay
Relay
RelayRelay
Relay Relay
Relay
It’s an Island !
![Page 15: 10.3_Practical Implementation of Microgrid Control, Protection, and Communications_Manson_SEL](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070516/587146711a28ab55588b58ef/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Protection Must Adapt to Changing Fault Conditions Fault levels Grounding Directions Impedances
DERt
I
Relay
20,000
20,000
2,000
2,000
![Page 16: 10.3_Practical Implementation of Microgrid Control, Protection, and Communications_Manson_SEL](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070516/587146711a28ab55588b58ef/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Fault Current Independent Protection Schemes Are Preferred Line current differential Transformer differential
Bus differential Time domain (future)
![Page 17: 10.3_Practical Implementation of Microgrid Control, Protection, and Communications_Manson_SEL](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070516/587146711a28ab55588b58ef/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Security for Critical Infrastructure
• Avoid OS and software• Made in the USA • Mature Processes• Vertical Integration• Cyber Security
![Page 18: 10.3_Practical Implementation of Microgrid Control, Protection, and Communications_Manson_SEL](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070516/587146711a28ab55588b58ef/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Conclusions
Testing reduces installation and maintenance costs Fast control systems prevent outages Reliable load balancing maintains stability Adaptive protection saves lives Security in depth is mandatory