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1.12 How did the Universe begin?
11 January 2011
Out of 10, how confident are you in:
Evolution theory The Big bang theory
What is a theory?
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Aims
• Explore data and explanation associated with the Big Bang
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Galaxies
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A spiral galaxy
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Two nearby galaxies
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Exotic galaxies I
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Exotic galaxies II
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Nazirah Jetha was
brought up in Burnley.
Now she’s studying
galaxies at Birmingham
University.
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Galaxies, galaxies, galaxies
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Pedro Ferreira is a
scientist at the University
of Oxford. He’s trying to
find out more about how
the Universe began.
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Pedro Ferreira tries out his ideas by checking
predictions against observations, and also by using
computer simulations or ‘models’ like this. It shows
how galaxies are spread across the Universe.
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Joy McKenny is an
experimental scientist.
She develops special
mirrors for observing
radiation from distant
objects in space.
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A big bang
• Until the 20th century most people thought the Universe was eternal and unchanging
• Big telescopes changed everything, light from distant galaxies showed the Universe was getting bigger
• Space itself is actually expanding
• It is now imagined that the Universe was once incredibly dense, hot and small – the Big Bang theory
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The bigger bang
• The theory passed a major test in 1965. A group of scientists predicted that the afterglow of the Big Bang should still fill the whole universe
• Penzias and Wilson found an annoying background hiss on their radio antennae – they found the microwave background radiation
• Whenever you see the snow on an untuned tv channel, some of the signal is this afterglow
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The age of the Universe
• Fifty years ago scientists used the speed and distance of galaxies to estimate how long ago all galaxies were in the same place
• They made lots of assumption meaning the age of the Universe was between 10 – 20 billions years
• Later observations (2003) clarifies this date to 13.7 billion years +/- 0.2 by
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Other evidence:
• Hot big bang explains the ratio of hydrogen to helium
• The oldest stars are younger than the Universe (rather important!)
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Models of the Universe
• Cosmology is the study of the cosmos or universe
• Cosmologists often use mathematics to help their thinking
• Computer models use maths to stimulate the formation of galaxies
• Topology models physical properties
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